TA DTT i Peuensent: AOKTOP HCTOPHYECKHX HaYK, BeayuUK HayYURi cotpyaHHK Mucturyra Jlatiwexol Awepiikn AH CCCP 10. M. I'puzoposn WUD os nr! Aapneposuy M. C., Caéaxne JI. 10. A56 —- Uctopua JIatunexoi Amepuxu (¢ apeskediuux spemex Ao Havana XX B.}: Yue6uux ja By30B.—- 2-e 437, Mepe- pa6. 4 gon.— M.: Bric. wk., 1991.— 286 c.; wa. ISBN 5-06-002003-7 B yaeGauke Hanaraeten HeTopan KOHTHMEHTa, HaNHKaN c ApEBHHX UMBHAR- sannit yuaeliven 4 20 sepioza Hosedued acropun, Oraerbine Fann HOCEmILEHN Gopn6e 3a HesaBHcHMOCTE wcHantcknx KOAOHB, KeTOpHH TAKHX cTpak, xaK Bpa- suauz, Aprenrawa, Hepy, Ynaw, KoaynGus «2p. Bo Bropoe Kaasnue (I-e — 1981 r.) uaeceHs) HaMeteuHA B cBeTe nyOAHKa- kui no TeMe, nomuABATHXER & 80-€ roab. ‘4 9508010000(4399000000) — 227. 49 gy BBK 63.300) O01 (01) — 91 SBN 5-06-002003-7 © M. C. Aapneponny, JT. 10. 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Ou paspaGaTbInanH 3aaeKH HSYMPYAOB, COMK, KAMCH- MOrG yrs, K3POTORAAAH XJONYaTOGYMaaKHbIe TKAHH, KePAMHKY, IOBETHPHbIE H3Ie- M1, UPOKA ABBA LOPOTH, BEM OKHBACHHYO TOProBMO, Onhako ux CTPOHTeAbHAa IOxHKKa 3AMETHO OTCTABA2 NO CPaBHeHWO C APYTHMH BLICOKHMH KybTYPaMH ApeB- weil AMepuKH: JaxKe ABOPUbI H XPaMbI, He TOBOPA yoke O KHAKULAX MpOcTeIX MoeH, coopykasHcb H3 Jepesa HAW TpocTHHKa. OckosHo# aamHuncrpaTueHol H xosalicraenHo# eaNHMuel OSieCTBAa MyHCKOB MIWIHAACh TEPPHTOPHAbHAN OGLIWHA C KOJACKTHBHOK COOCTBEHHOCTbIO Ha 3e€M.110, Vaana ee n36npaaca. Heckoabko O6UMH OGbeLHHATHC NO’ BacTbwO BORA. TpH cOXpAaHCHHH MHOTHX MepeKHTKOB POAOBOTO CTPOR Y MYHCKOB YE HaWaIOCh COUMAb- noe pacenoeHne. OGutnHHHKH OGAZAHDI ObIIM pa6otatTe Ha NONAX 3HaTH H_XpaMos, CTPOUTeADCTBE ABOPLOB, LOPOr, KAHAJOB, BIMOAHATh Apyrhe NoBAHHOCTH, Co3aaBa- aiich H 6onee KpynHble OGbeLHHEHHA — BPEMCHHbIe BOEHHBIE COOK OOOPOHHTEbHO- Jo Wim HactynaTeibHoro Xxapakrepa. Ko propo monosune XV B. OnM TpeBpaTHaAKch NW AOBOABHO CTAGHADNDIe TEPPHTOPHANDHO-NONUTHYECKHe OGpasoBaHHA, MpeacraB- amnuine CO6oH pannve bopmbl rocyzapeTBenHocth. M3 nata TAKMX CKNaLEIBABLLAXCA «rovydapeTsy HanOorbuee suaueHe umeau Borora # Tyuxa, npasureau KoTOpBIx NocHAH COOTBETCTBEHHO THTYAbI CHITA H cake. B peaurui MyHCKOB BHAHOe MeCCTO 3aHHMaJH OOrHHA 3¢MAH H naosopoawa Ba- nye, TRope Beerensot Gor Unmunurarya, noxposnres Bororst Yn6uauym, mai seckni repolt Bounka. Ou atH1H CHAbI npHpoAb — Bory, connue, yy. Hanpamep, hucctb Sorin Boab! Cuy yerpatBasnuch MHoroguesHble npasguectBa. Ha cBauieH- ‘vom ogepe T'yatasura exerogno B NpucyTCTBUHM MHOKecTBA 3pHTeiel CoBepulaslach NePCMOHHA OMOBCHHA MECTHOTO BOOKA, MPCABAPHTEABHO oGchindBwerocA 30.10TbIM nopomkom ', Boabuioe snayenve uMen kKyabT MpenKoB. O6utasuie B Gaccednax pex Puo-Tpanje-zeab-Hopte 1 Koaopano naemena ny36.10, HacesABUIKe JOAHHb| OpHHOKO 1 Ama3onKe Ty, ryapathi, KapHObI, apapa- xu 4, 6pasHibeKne Kaliano, *XHTeH MaMnbl 1 TuxooxeancKoro no6epexkbA BOHHCT- neHHBe Manyue, O6OcHOBaBUIMECH B PasIMUHbIX patioHax COBPEMeHHIX Nepy OK Banopa MHAeHME KOMOpago, x4Bapo, canapo, nemena Puo-ae-a-TMuatet* (auarn- Thi, Yappya, KepakyH 4 Ap.) , NaTarOHcKHe TeyanbuH, HAAeut! OrncHHoi Seman (ona, wrak, YOHO) — BCe OHH HaXOAHJHCh Ha PA3HBIX CTYNCHAX MepBOGbITHOOOLIMHHOTO erpos. B oTAMUHe OT AHKHX KOYCBLIX I1eMCH, 3AHHMABILMXCA TIPCHMYULECTBEHHO OXO- Tol, pblGuol AoBNeH, co6uparebCTBOM, HeKOTOpble H3 STHX HapoxOB BeMY 1OUTH ocegablit O6pa3 KH3HH MH HMeqIH CPaBHHTeabHO PaaBuTOe xOsHiicTBO. Tak, ryapanH (mexaypeupe [lapanbl x [laparsaa) o6paGaTsimann pacunmen- Hbti MMH OT Jleca yuaCTOK 3eMAK AO TEX NOP, MOKA He HCTOMANAch NOUBA, 4 TOADKO Torga wepexoauaH Ha HOBOe MecTO. OcHosy 4x xO3alicTBa CocTaBsAAIO 3emMnenenne. Oxora, pbi6Has J0BAn, co6HpatTeAbeTBO Hrpanh BcnOMOraTerbHyIO pom. Y ryapanu 6bin0 PasBHTO PeMec.IO: TKAYECTBO, FOHYAaPHOe Ae10, pesb6a no nepesy. Kan Onn POAOBbIMH OOLWMHAMH, COBMECTHO BlaLeBLUHMH 3eMeli, Jed ee Ha HeOGAbUIHE ce- MeHHBIe Hajesbl, Kacconok zud@epennalHn MOUTH He 3HatKH, Bo rape cerenuii ' Cuawno mpeyneanuenine cpenenun 06 370M o6paxe opoanan snocaenetauH, B sHOXy eBpartell- ckoro aasoenannn Amepukn, erenay 0 GoraToH soaoToM H ApyTHMH AparoueHHOCTAMH cTpaHe Sabnopa: a0 (OT HenaHeKore «Ay jopaslo> — enosonoueHRHi>) 8 ceBepHOR vacrH JOH! AmepaKn ? Tiiemena, NpHwadwexasume K ASbIKOBBIM Tpynnam KapH6op u apaBaKou, cocTaBAaTH TaKKe nacenenue ocrponoa Bect-Miann. * Obpasosanmeii pexann Tapauoh « Vpyreaew sctyapui (pacurpennioe yethe) — saame Araas- THuecKOro OKeAHA. 15Tlo caoet coumambHo-TomMTuyeckoH cTpyxType TayaHTHHcyiio npeactasaaao TeOKpaTHYecKyiO DeCnoTuio, HaxOABUyOCA Ha CTaAHH Nepexosa OT MepBobsITHO- o6uMHHOrO K paGoBnaneabueckomy cTpow. Hnkckad WHBHaHSaUHe XapakTepH3oBasiach sHaYHTeENDHDIM PasBHTHEM 3eMuTe- AGAMA C HCNOADIOBAHHEM CTOPKHDIX HPPHPAHOHHBIX COOpyKeHHA H PHMEHEHHEM yao6pennii. Wnpoxo npaxrukopanoct Co3MaNKE Ha TOPHBIX CKAOHAX WERYCCTBENTDIX “Hacemet-reppac. HanGouee pacnpoctpaneHHbiMH MpOLOBOABCTBeEHHBIMA KystbTypa- MH ABSIAHCh KYKYpy3a W KapTodeth. BpipamnBanuce TaKx«e GOObl, ThKBA, KHHOA XJONOX, ananaci, 64nannl. BaxHOn orpacabw xosalicraa Gbia0 CKOTOBORCTBO: pag. Reqenve 7am W aabmaka, HCNOASOBABIUHXCA B KAYCCTBE BHIOUHBIX 7KHBOTHBIX, AAA noayaenns Maca HW iepcrn. JLoBoabHO BaICOKOrO YpOBHs LOCTHTAH pemecsio (n06nua 4 OOpaOoTka METAJIOB, rOHYAaPHOe 1 JOBEAMPHOE ACO, TKAYECTBO, KPACHAbHOE Mpo- H3BOACTBO) H_CTPOWTeIbHaA TEXHHKA. ~ HKH HMGIH PiyOORMeTOSHAHIA B OOACTH MATCMATHKH, ACTPOHOMHH, Teorpa- «pun, MeaqnuHHB, GoraHHKH H Apyrux HayK. Onn CocTraBHan TOUHBIM KaqeHsapb, CO- raacHo KOTOpoMy roa AeaMsICA Ha YeTeIpe cesona H 12 ayuNBIX Mecallen, yMean ae- AaTb Tpenataueo yepena, NOb30BaIHCb HeporanpuyeckuM nAcbMom. ['ycras cet GaaroycrpoeHHbIx Aopor oGulei npoTaKeHHocTbO cBbIUIe 15 ThIc, KM CBASbIBATA ctommuy Kycko c nepuiepHef. YUerko HaslaoKeHHad CHCTeMa CII€UHaJbRBIX TOHILOB {4ackH), Ha Gery nepeqasapuiux spy Apyry HanosoGue scrapers cpounple AOHece- HUA, O6echeuHBada ObicTpylO Mepemayy BaxKHOM HHOpMalHH Ha Gombe paccToa- una. JleTH BOCNHTHBaIHC B AyxXe GecnpekOCAOBHOrO NOBHHOBEHHA BbILLeCTOALLAM, HauHHas OT OTIa KH KOHYaR EquncrpexHim MaKoi. Crinopel 3HaTH «xpanitesd Mya- PocTH» —- aMayTI NpHOOULaJ4 K 3HaHAAM, OCTAAbHbIe KE ACTH He MOMYUAAH HHKAKO- ro o6pasopania, B 20-x roaax XVI B. nosto2xxenue Tayartuncytio octomuaocs BeaenerBue Ha- YaBIUHXCA BOSHCHHA, BOCCTAHHH CeBepHbIX MeMeH, BenbIXHyBwelt ymuAemnH. Tocae cmeptH Yatina Karaka BepxoBHbIM MpaBuTesem cTaq ero cTapuini cbtH Yackap {1525—1532). Oguako Ha 9Tor THTY.t UPeTeHAOBAT Hf He3akKOHHOPOXRTeHUbIT ChIH nokodvoro Cana Maku yecromo6uspit Arayanpma, orkasaBwHiicn npH3HaTh BACT cBoero caoguoro 6para. B 1530 r. mexay CTOpOHHHKaMH O6oHuX MpeTeHseHTOR pa3- ropesacb KpoBonpoanTHasa Gopp6a, 3anepumBanca noGeaoh Araya! (1532— 1533), 3axBavennpii B naen Yackap 6bin Taino ymepulpaen. Hapaay ¢ Mecoamepuxoi u Anackoi oGnactbio Kpynubim ouarom iMAelicKHx UMBHAN3AUHH ABAANACh «npoMexkyTOUHa» MeExKAY HAMM OxosoKapH6cKast 30Ha, BKAOYABLUIAA TEPpHTOPHIO COBpeMeHHEIX DkBagzopa, KoaymG6uun, Manamni, Kocta- Puku. Hayao 3emegeruA H O6pa6orKH MeTaq0B B 3TOM perHoHe OTHOCHTCA kK I PhICHYeMETHIO JO H. 9., KOLA BOSHHKMIM KYJIbTYpbl TYMaKO, MpOCAaBHBLaAcA HCKyC- Holl KepaMHKOA, 4 CaH-arycTHH, OCTAaBHBIAA BbIalouHecd O6pa3subl KAaMeHHOH MO- HYMeHTaIbHOH cKybATypH. Bf rhicaueaeran H. 3. NOAyUNa pasBuTHe UMBHAK3a- WHA KaJIHMa, SAMe4aTebHad BbICOKOXYLOAKECTBEHHLIMH MPOHSBeELeHKAMH 30A0TOR MTaCTHKH, OCHOBAHHOH Ha HINPOKOM HcrOab30BaHMM TyMOard — cMaBa 30A0TAa ¢ meabio. Ee 20cTHKEHHA BOCIPUHAAM H yCOBepUIeHCTBORATH Meena, MpMHaneKaB- UIHe K #3bIKOBOM ceMbe UH64Aa, MperKae acero KuMGalin, NocenHBUIKeCA K cepenHHe Il tucruenetHa H. 3. 8 cpenHem TeueHMH p. Kayku. Ha cxaowax Creppht-Hepainl, 8 okpectHoctax Canta-Maptbl MpHMepHO Tora Ke CO>KHAaCh BbICOKOOPraHH3OBaH- Han KydbTypa Talipona, HOCHTeRH KOTOPOH BCeM CTPOHTCbHDIM MaTepHavtam Ipen- nounTaslW KaMelb. Tosoprsuke na Tom xe ASbIKe WHGua OCesunIe 3emNeAEA_YECKHE MIeMeHa,MYHC- .6OB (UTO O3HAUAeT ) , KUBLIHE B CeBEPO-3aNaAHOl YaCTH lOKHOAMePUKAHCKO- ron MaTepHKa, Ha BbICOKOTOpHOM maTO Boctounod Kopavibepbl, cosas HaHGonee ' Tlepyanckaa pastosuanocrs npoce,avaqnTeabHbt B Oxonoxapn6ckoli o6nacTH WeHTP Apesxei unBHTH3auHN. MyuckH HbIpauMBank cBbIe 10 cOpTOB KyKypy3b, KapTOPelb, KHHOa, TOMATHI, tacos, (ppykTeI, Xa0TIOK H ap. OcHoBy HX XossiicTBa CocTaBAI0 HHTEHCHBHOe NoOJMAHOL Teppachoe 3eMaTeMerHe C NPHMeHEHHeM MHHepaJibHbIX yAOOpenHl H pasHoobpasnesx urpoTeXHHYeCRAX MpHemos. Our paspaGaTbiBain 3avleKH H3YMPYAOB, COMK, KaMen- Wore Yras, HSFOTOBAAAK XJOMYATOOYMaKHBIE TKAHH, KepaMMKy, JOBEIMPHbIe H32¢- AIMS, MPOKAALIBAAK LOPOFH, BEM OKHBCHHY!O TOPrOBsO. OAHakO HX CTPoHTenbHaH VexHWka 3aMeTHO OTCTABada M0 CPaBHeHHIO C APyrHMH RbICOKHMA KysIbTypaMH ApCB- ich AmepHkH: 1axKe 1BOpItbI M XPaMbl, He TOBOPH y2Ke O HRWAMLWMAX NpocTbix JO AeH, COOpYKAIHCh HI AepeBa HH TPOCTHHKA. OcuoBHod aamunuctparuaxol 4 xossiicrseHHoi camnuuel oGulecTRa MyHcKON BARAACh TEPPUTOPHaNbHaR OOMLMHA Cc KOTACKTHBHOR coGcTAEHHOCTHIO Ha SeMsO Caapa ee n36npaaca. HeckosbKo O6tHH OGbEAHHAANCH Nog BacTbIO BOKAR. [pH COXPAHEHHH MHOFHX MeperxKHTKOB POAOBOFO CTPOA Y MYACKOB Y2KE HANANOCH COMM AL noe paccaoenve. OGuHHHHKH O6A3aHBI GbiH paboTaTh Ha TOAAX 3HATH H_XpaMon, CTPOHTeAbCTBE ABOPUOB, HOPOT, KaHaJIOB, BHTOANATS ApyrHe TOBHHHOCTH. Co3slaBa- tcb H Gonee KpyNHble OG be LHHeHHA — BPeMeHHbIE BOCHHHIC COW3H OGOPOHHTEJLHO- ro WH HacTymatenbHoro xapaktepa. Ko stopoi moose XV B. OHH MpeapaTHaHch AOBOsBHO CTAGHAbHbIe TeppHTOPHAABHO-NOAUTHYECKHe OOpasoBanuA, npeactas- apne coGoM pakHue bopmbl rocymaperserHoctH. M3 naTH TAaKHX CKaAbIBABIIMXCst «rocyaapcTB» HaHOosbiuee 3HaueHHe HMeWH Borora 4 Tyxa, mpaBATerH KOTOpLIX HOCHAH COOTBETCTBEHHO THTYAbI CHMa H Cake. B peavran MyHCKOB BHAHOe MeCTO 3aHHMa.IM GOrnHA” 3eM4H H Mogopogna Ba- “ye, tsopen Beesenvoh Gor Gumunurarya, noKpoBHTedb Borotel Un6uauym, mau uecknii repo Bousxa. Ony yruav chap npHpoOAH — Boy, coaMue, AyHy. Hanpumep, W ueeTe Gormun Boal Cuy ycrpanpastuch MHorosneBHble mpasauectsa. Ha caaimen tom osepe TyaTapitra eXerosHO B MpHCYTCTBHM MHOAKECTBA 3pHTeNeH CoBepulALtach IC peMOHHA OMOBCHHA MECTHOTO BOK, NPETBAPHTCIbHO OGCHINABLUCTOCA 3010THIM nopowkom '. Borburoe 3HayenHe Mes KysbT MpeAKOB. OGurapuine B G6accefinax pex Puo-I'pange-geap-Hopte n Koacpaao maemena ny26a0, Haceaspuve 2o7HHbI OpxvoKo 1 Ama3oukH TYTH, TyapaHH, KapHObI, apana kk ?, OpaaHabcKHe Kaiiano, KUTEIH Nammbl H THXOOKeaNCKOrO OGepexKDA BOHICT- hennple Marly4e, OGocHOBAaBINHeCA B PasTu4HbIX palionax coppemennblx [epy 4 Jn- baopa HHneMLEL KONOpaso, xHBapo, canapo, naemMeHa Puo-ze-aa-Maates* (smarn- TH, Yappya, KepaHsu 4 Ap.), MaTaroncKHe TeyIb4uH, HHZeH ust OrHeHHon SemsH (ons, wraH, YOHO) — BCe OHH HaXOZMAMCh Ha PaSHbIX CTYMeHAX NepBOGLITHOOGUAHICOrC crpos. B OTTH4He OT AHKHX KOYEBDIX MIEMCH, 32HUMABLUHXCA MPCHMYULECTBCHHO OXO- TOA, pbIGHOH OBIE, COOMpaTeABCTBOM, HEKOTOPBIC 3 STHX HAPOWOB BETH TOUTH oceqibiit o6pa3 KHSHH MH HMeIH cpaBHnressno pasBAToe xosaitcTRo. Tak, ryapanu (mexaypeune Tlapanpi « [laparsaa) o6paGarsrnany pacummen Hbit HMH OT fleca yYaCTOK 3eMAH QO TEX NOP, NOKA HE HCTOLMMAACh NOYBA, A TOMHKE TOrAA HepeXOHAM Ha HOBOe MecTO. OcHoBy HX xossiicTBa CocTABARO 3eMACACANE Oxora, pbiGHaa JOBIA, COOKPATebCTHO HTpa.TH BCMNOMOraTeAbRY! ponb. ¥ ryapai 61100 pasBUTO peMecao: TKAYeCTBO, roHYApHOE JeA0, pesr6a no MepeBy. PKHu ont POsoabIMA OGULMHAMH, COBMECTHO BAaMeBIUNME 3eMIeH, Jean ee Ha HeGonbIUHE CC MciHble Halesibl, K1acconol AnppepenwnaHH NOYTH He 3HatH. Bo raaBe cereuni ' Cnabno npeysennienubie caeneana 06 9voM oOpaze nopoanaK snoctencTAKM, B sHOxy enpalteh ekoro sancesanus AMepiku, acreHay 0 GoraTol son070M # APYrHMH xparoueHHoctamm cTpane amAopH RO (OT HEHANCKOFO «3.4 AGPAslO» — «TOSoAOUHKL>) B ceBepHow YactH IOrHOl AmepaRH. 7 Thiemewa, npxHansekanuhe K ASKOBbIM pyDaM KAPKOOR ¥ apanakos, cocTARARAH TAK naceaenue octponoa Becr-Haaun. 5 O6pasonansnit pexamn Llapanot w Ypyrnaem actyapaf (pacurmpennoe yerLe) — saaun Aran ‘TaeekOro oKeaeCTOSVIH HaCTeACTBeHHBIe BOK AH. B upespbltaiinbix cTy¥aAX COSbIBAsICH COBeT CTape;l- WMH, PeuleHHa KOTOPOFO HOCHH OGn3ZaTeIbHbIA Xapakrep. OrzeabHbie Naemena Gni- AM CBAZAHbI MEKAY COOOH HU O6MLMM ASbIKOM. Ha manyue («ogeit seman») 4 Apyrve HHACHCKHe MmieMeHa, KuBWUHe K CeBepy or p. Maye, suauurenbuoe alunite oxagana Kyuetypa waKOB, KoTOpHe B XV B. 3a- BOCBALIH STY TEPPHTOPHIO H NOKOPHAH ee HaceaeHHE, OG10%KHB ero AaHbIO, Osnaxo rookHee p. Mayle HHKaM MpOABHHYTbCA He YAaOcb, H O6UTaBUIKE TAM HRACHUbI CyMe- JIM COXpaHHTb CBOIO caMocToATebHOcTE. K Havaay XVI B. OHH HaxogHaHcb Ha cTa- AMM POLOBOrO CTPOs c NpeoHAaAaHHeM OGULRHHOTO 3eMTeBADeHHA; NpaBala, Koe-rAe yoke HaMe4aJINCb MpH3HakH ero pasioxKenna. Manyde nepe>kuBaH B 9TO BpeMs Tle- pexOil OF MaTepHHcKoro k OTHOBCKOMY pozy. PaaBHol oTpacapio Hx xosalicrBa nBAR- AOcb 3emezerve. OHH BLIpaluuBatH 8—9 coptos KyKypysbl, 14 pa3sHoBu_HocTen 60608, poco, MHOKECTRO BHAOB Kaprodena. Boapuituctso wngeficxax naemen Bpaawawn kK Hauaaty XVI B. Take 3aHHMa- A0Cb B OCHOBHOM O6pa6orKoll seman, MpUMenAs MoLcedHO-orHeRO!! cnoco6. Boabuiyio poulb B BX XoBmiicTBe HrpadH prGonOBcrAO H OxoTa, Kus Onn OOLMHO OSuMHanUt. Semeabuble y4uacTKH TlepeslaBa/IHCb B MO/Ib3OBaHHE OTREIbHbIM CeMbsIM, HO 6e3 NpaBa Hacaejopanis. B cash c HCTOULeHHeM nO4BbI Ka Able 6—8 ver MPHXOAHIOCb Nepe- cenatbea B Apyrolt pation. B orawune of Goaee NPHMHTHBHBIX isleMeH BEYTPCHHHX o6aactel (IpHBAAMeXAaBUIHX K A3ZbIKOBDIM CeMbAM ApaBakoB, KapHGOB, TyMH, xe) y HAdeliues Gacceltua Ama3zonku (ocoGenno omarya), Tynmnam6a AraanTHyeckoro noGepexbs, MOaiisa-ryalixypy (Gacceiin p. Tlaparsaii) # exoropslx ppyrax naemen- HbIX PYM yKe MOABAAHCh NPHSHAKH COMMANDHOM CTpaTHpHKaLAn. PogctBeHuble no A3bIKy H KyAbTYpe TOMyKOYeRbIC TeMeHa XONH, 3YHbH, TAHbO, Kepec, H3BeCcTHEIe NOL O6MUM HasBaHHem ny3s6a20, K IV—VII Bp. H. 9. nepeman K OceAMOCTH, & UX OCHOBHLIM 2aHATHEM CraqO TomMBHOE 8eMaererue. Y Hux NosBEAMCD Take rowYapHOe H TKALKOe pemecaia. B Aaapuellimes onw Hauaan crporth Gonnuue TAMHOGHTHDIE Joma, BMeLtaBtMe coTHH suogef (XI—XIII ss.). Y ungetues nys6.10 CYULECTBOBA POAOBO! CTPOH CO 3HAYHTEDHBIMM 3IEMCHTAMH MaTpHapxaTa Uncsennoctb Hacedenna JlaraHcKoi Amepuku xk Koutly XV B. OlenABaeTcs yue- HLIMH 10-pasHOMy. CorsacHo nocAeAHHM NPHOAH3HTeAbHDIM MOACKETAM HEKOTOPBIX CNeUMAIHCTOR OHA MOKA UperbliuaTs 50 man. HO ncropuko-zemorpaduyeckne HCCACLOBAHHA, MpPOBEEHHbIe NpeACTABHTeTAMH «KanM@opHHHcKOH WKONEI> Ji. B. Cumncorom, fH. ®. Kyxom » B. Bopa, noka3aan, TO TOADKO Ha TepprTOpHK Mecoamepnku npoxkusaz0 B TO BpemA Gosee 27 man. Yenonek. Ucxona w3 9Toro, panuysckui uctopux TI. [ono, cesepoamepnkaucknl antponosor [. Jo6une, sanamiorepMaucknii yaeunii P. Koneuxe npearionarator, ur0 o6ulee que.10 O6uTaTe- Jeli perHota Bo3MoxKHO AOCTHra/IO dake 80 at, B Hopeliutelt Hayanoli awrepatype SCTPe4AeTCH, OAHAKO, M POPAsLO MeHSUAR Undpa — OKO 30 MAH. (WIBEACKHH uccaeqopatenb M. Mépuep}.OTKPbITHE HW 3ABOEBAHHE BECT-HHAMH, 1OKHOA H WEHTPAJIBHOA AMEPHKH EBPOMEHUAMH Ha py6exe XV—XVI pp. camo6piTHElf npowecc pasBATHA Haposos Amepnki ObLT NpepBaH EBPOMeMCKHMH 3aBOeBATEeNAMH-KOHKUCTaMOpaMH. SapoepaHne H KoLt0 NH3aiLUs| AMEPHKH, HM@BLIHE CTO/b POKOBHIE NOCACACTBHS AIA C€ KOPEHHOFO Hacesic 1H, ObLIH OGYCOBIEHDI COXHDIMA COMM A/IbAO-SKOHOMHYECKHMH MpOueccaMH, Mpo NCXOHBLUMMH B eBporieicKom O6iecTBe. PaagekTHe MPOMUITITeHHOCTH H TOPrOBaM, TOABAeHMe Kiacca GypaKyasKH, eka AUBAHHE B HeEApAaX (eoXasbnoro crpod KaNHTAHCTHYeCKHX OTHOWEHHH BbISHALN kone XV — Havaae XVA 8. p crpanax 3anaanoi Esport crpemuenue k noHcKan HoBbIX TOproBHIX TyTel, 3axBaTy cKa30uHUIX GoratcTB Boctouxot u }OoxHoM Asn C 9TO# WeAbIO B ARAbHEe H ONACHOE MaBaHhe OHA 3a Zpyroit oTnpaBaAAAUch Mope KHC SkCHeLHUAH, CHapsKasuineca riaBHbIM oOpasom Ucnauneit Flopryraaues Poas atHx Aepxkan B 3a0KeancKoil sKcnaHcH4 XV—XVI BB. onpeaedslach He TOL K Nx reorpadH4ecKHM TOAOKEHHEM, HO H HAJHUHEM MHOrOUNCTeHHOrO pasopHBMLeroe: JWOPAHCTBA, KOTOPOe MOCHE 3aBEPUIEHNA PEKOHKUCTHI He HAXOAHAO Cebe MPHMEItC tina, He BHAA BOSMOXKHOCTH OGoramenHsa Ha poaHHe, <6espa6orune» ABOpHHe Ha JCHAMCh HAHTH HECMETHBIE COKPOBHINa 34 OKCAHOM. «...3020TO GbIAO TEM MaTHYECKHA cvloBOM, KOTOpoOe rHaso HcrlaHieB Yepes ATAaNTHYeCKHH OKeaH B AMepuky,— Orme aut Dureabe,— 30aoro — BOT 4ero TepBbim 2es10M Tpe6osaa Gent, Kak TOKO 01 crylaa Ha BHOBb OTKpbITEt Gepers ! B nadaae aprycra 1492 r. ciorHans nog KOMaHAOBaHHeM renys3ia Xpucrodo pa Konym6a (kapaneam «Canra-Mapuss, «[uxtay KOHKHCTALOPOB, pacckasbiBas, YTO OHH Be- Wad 4 TONHIM HHAeMUes, paspy6a.K HX Ha YACTH MC4YAaMH, CAKHTAIH HKHBbEM, NOA- 2KapHBadH Ha MeqeHHOM OTHE, TpaBHAn COGaKaMH, HE IkaMA MaKe CTAPHKOB, *KeH- WAH H fete. B novckax COKPOBHLL 3a4B0eBATEIN CTPEMHAHCh 3aXBaTHTb BCe HOBbIC H HOBbie 3eMaH. <3os0Ta,— macaa B 1503 rv, Konym6 KoponescKol vere c AmatiKn,— 370 COBEPUICHCTRO. SOAOTO CosAaeT COKPOBHILA, H TOT, KTO BNaAeeT HM, MOET CO- BePUIHTb BCe, 4TO NOAKeNae’, H CMOCOGEH AarKe BBOAUT YeMOBEYECKHe AY B Pali» ?. B 1513 r. Bacxo Hynbec ae Baab6oa nepecek TlaHamckuit mepeuleek c cesepa Ha sor ¥ Bbliea K noGepexbio Tuxoro oKeana, a Xyan Monce ae Jeon orkppia noay- octpos Paopusy, crapwi nepBbim HcnakcKHM BaazeHKem B CesepHoit Amepuke. B 1516 r. skenegunua Xyana Almaca ae Cosnca uceaefonaia Gaccetit Pro-je-na- Tinater («Cepe6panas pexa>) *°. Toa cnycta 6111 orkppit nosyoctpos IOKatan, a Bexope Xyan ne Tpuxaapsa oGenenonaa noGepexbe Mekcnkanckoro 3anupa. B 1519 r. npw6uBune ¢ Ky6n Hemant 10x KomanzoBantem Spuana Kopreca, BLICAAMBLUACD Ha 1oro-3anlaqHoM Gepery ykasaHuoro 3alHBa, OCHOBaAU Topog Bepa- kpyc. Hcnoabsya HeXOBOAbCTBO yrHeTaeMbIX AUTeKAMH 4 BpaxXACGHbIX HM MVIEMeH, OHH CyMeJIM MpHBAeYR nOcTeRHHX Ha CBO cTOpoHYy. C Hx MOMONIbIO 3aBocBaTeAH 3aHAGH aliTeKckyi0 cToauity TenouTHtaan, a Motekyxcomy I] 4 paa, mogBnactHEIX emy npapuresei mocpeacTBoM O6MaHa B3xH B nue. Or mieHHMKOB, a Take OT OCTABLIUXCH Ha cBOGOZe BOK AeH u cTapetiuHH Koptec cram TpeGoBaTb 3o0Ta, «He repel gn Obi, He Pbluapb, a rAaBapb pas6oknoh waliku>,—-uncas o Hem Tenpux eltne *. Bo3MylieHH0e BEPOsJOMCTBOM H aTUHOCTHIO 3aXBaTYHKOB Hacesenhe TeHouTHT- Jana B Mae 1520 r. nogHano Bocctanne # H3rHato ux. Bo apema Mantueckoro GercTsa norv6a0 Goabme No7OBHRBI OTpAZa Kopreca. Ognako yueresuine Hawan yOeKnme B Tnackale, H32aBHa ABAABUICHCA 3aKATEIM BparoM aurekoB. Mrpax Ha 9THX Npo- THBOPCUHAX, KOHKHCTAAOpHI MOCTeNeHHO NOKOPHAH MiemeHa, OOHTABIIHe MexKAY 10- aanot Anaxyak 1 MexcukaCkuM 3aJ¥BOM, a 3aTeM HW CeleHHA, pacnonomennble B camoii gomune, H3canposas takim oSpasom TeouTHtsaH, onm npn cozeitcrana ' B aaaunefiem Tak craaH Hasiaat» Belo HenalcKylo KonOHWO Ha TauTH H A2Ke CaM OcTpOB. 2 flyreutectana Xpactospopa Koaym6a, M., 1961. C. 461 ® Tax Hcnanuel cnepsa nasHpaan Mapaity, 2 8 aaJbHefiiem cTaak ynoTpeOaRTD 970 NaNMeHoBAHHe B YOKOM CMBICHe TpHMeUHTEADHO K ScTYAPHH, a B Gosee WHPOXOM — KO ACEH COUMpHOH TespHTOPHH, owbsxeok Tlapanoll, Ypyreaen, Taparsaca 4 ax apmroKamt * Teaxe I. Cruxornopeans. Toswu. [posa. M., 1971. C. 236.COIOSHBIX HHAeHCKHX MleMeH, HECMOTPA Ha OT4AAHHOe CONPOTHBACHHE 3alHTHHKOB CTOAHILLI BO TlaBe ¢ ToHBIM KyayremoKom (maemaunnkom Motexyxcompl IT), B apry- cte 1521 r. oBAagzeaM ropogoM, NOYTH NomHOCThIO paspyuleHHbIM B xOAe KPOBOTIPO- JMTHBIX GoeB. PasBasHHbl ETO OblwH Mpezakb! OrHio. K xonuy 20-x. rogos XVI B..uciaHitbl 3aXBaTHAH OGWMpHy! TeppuTopHto, npo- cTHpawutyioca or Mexcukauckoro 3aquBa Jo Tuxoro OKéaHa, a TakxKe GOsbUIyI0 yacts Leitpanpuo Amepuxu. B naabneltuem Kostlonn3atopbl mponomkasK cBoe upoupHxKeHve Ha tor (IOxataH) A Ha cenep (BaaoTh no Gaccefina pex Kosopago 4 Puo-pansze-aenb-Hopte, Texaca u Kaandopuun). Tlocne stopxkenus B Mexcnky H Llentpambuyio Amepnky OTpAysI KOHKHCTAaLO- pos xabiny.H Ha IOxxHOaMepukaHcKH MaTepnk. C 1530 r. noptyraabubt MpuctynmHaK K Gosee HK MeHee MAanomepHoi KONOHH3aNHK Bpaswani, OTKyZa CTaaH BLIBO3HTE leHHylo MOpogy AepeBa «ay-6pa3k1» (OT KOTOPOrO NPOHSOWO Ha3BaHHe CTpanbl). B nepsoi noszosnne 30-x ronos XVI B. HcnaHubl, BosriaBaembe PpancucKo Mucap- po x [nero ze Aabmarpo, noxopu.iu Tepy, paspyuras unpnan3zaunio unKoB. Haya- JOM 3aB0eBaHHA rocysapcTBa TayanTHHcyA BH.IOCb KpoBaBoe MOGOHILe B roposne Kaxamapke 16 noa6ps 1532 r. B tor aeub B Kaxamapky mo npuraamennio Tlucappo npy6bia Atayanona 1 conpoBoxkzeHHH mbiulHOh cBuTh. IIpa scrpeve, cornacno 3apanee paspa6oranHomy many, MoHax Bucente ze Basibpepae 3a4unTad HHKCKOMY MpaBHTeao m0-McuAHCKH ‘neKer «PeKepuMEenTo» -— LOKYMEHTA, CONePAABMero nepeueHd cranAapTUBIX TPeGO- Nal, KOTOpbIe B MpOUecce KOHKKCTH HeH3MeHHO NpeLeABARAHCh HHAeHUAaM, 3a- sus, 470 [incappo aefictByer no nopyyexnio Kopoad Mcnanuu, nozyunBuiero 3emsIn MHKOB B Aap OT amb pumckoro, Basbsepae npeanowKna Atayaabne MpHHatb xpi- ervaneTso 4 mpH3natb ce6x Baccasiom HMNepatopa Kapaa V. Koraa ao naymaen- nore Cana HuxH gomen embica aslcrymannod uM pean Ha HENOHATHOM sabIKe, On pemumTenbHO OTBEpr AOMOFaTeabCTBa NpuMeAbUueB, a Esanreaue, nporauyToe emy MOHAaXOM B TOATBEPKAEHHE CBOHX COB, 6pocus Ha 3eMJIO. To curuany Baappepge coazatsl, NpHcyTcTBOBaBIHe pH ONHCcaHHO cieHe, Hamas Ha HHYerO He MOAOspeBaBINMX HHLeHLEB H, OTKPHB MO HAM OFOHD, nepeGuaH cornn 6esopyxKnblx Tone. Cam Atayaabna oka3aaca B mieny. 3a ero ocno6oxne- une []ncappo norpe6onaa orpomublii Bikyn. B TeuekHe HeECKODKHX MeCALER KHKH coOpaaH o6elanhoe HcnaHiaM KOAHYECTBO 30s10TA H cepe6pa. JlocTaBAeHHEIM 30.10- TOM HanlOAHHAH Wearyi0 KomHaTy, a ABe Apyrux — cepe6pom. Ho sro He cnacao ne- euacraoro Cana Hnky, koToporo Bckope npedaan cyay 10 O6BHHEHHIO B «mMaATeKC> \poTuB HcMaHckoro MOHapxa HM YAYWHIH, [LieHeHue H ru6eb BepXxOBHOTO NpaBHTenA OKa3aM AeMOPadHaylollee BO3- eherBHe Ha ero TonaaHHbx. K ToMy Ke OHH GblH MOrAOLeHbI BHYTPeHHHMA pact- PsIMH: c IPEXHAM OkecTOUEHHeM IIPOMOTKATACh MEK AOYCOOHAA BOHHA MpUBEp KCH- twn Vackapa « Arayaapnet. OraaB npenoutemie «aaKonnolt» aunacrun, Flucappo MIPYNHJICH MOsLepXKolt €e CTOPOHHUKOB HW Yepes rod Moce TparMyeckHX co6biITHA n Kaxamapke BcTynua B cToanuy Kycko. Bcaea 3a Tem mocaaHabie KM OTpAAbI NoA- “UMAJIH CeBepHBIe O61acTH HHKCKOTO rocygapcTBa (KuTo). Jlnnrasce w3 Tlepy Ha or, 3anoenaTeaH non MpeasoauTerpctBom Aapmarpo wropranes B 1535—1537 rr. 8 npeaenbt crpaubi, naapanuol uma Unan. OgnaKo, na- TOMKIYBUIKC Ha YMOpHOe CONPOTHBMEHHE OTBAKHBIX Mally4e (KOTOPLIX KCTAHILbt CTAJIY HaSbiBaTb ApAayKAHaMH) H He OOHAPyKHB OKHAAMBIX APAPOMeHHIX MeTAAOR H Jpyrux COKpOBHIL, KOHKHCTagopbl BepHyucb B Kycko. Tam Aabmarpo mpitatcd ocnapHBaTb NpaBa, MpesocraBaenuble KOpoaem Tlucappo, Ho B GoppGe ¢ nocaeA~HHM horepuea nopaxenue W Guit KaaneH. B gro xe Bpema Teapo ae Mengoca mpuerynat k KosoNH3atlnH Puo-ae-aa-TLaa- 4. B 1536 7. on ocHopaa Ha 3anaaHom Gepery 3aqHBa Hocesteithe Myspro-se-Caura Mapnst-ate-Bysnoc-Afipec ([lopt Boromatepn ao6ppix setpos). Ho Bysnoc-Aiipec 1 OAPYFHO CUOPHHIC IYHKTH KCMAaNLeB Ha ATAanTH1eckoM 1OGepeaKLe HB yeTLe Tapasuu # Ypyrsast nocrosHHO NoABeprasnch HaNafeHHAM CO CTOPOHbI BOHHCTBEHHIX ungelcKHx mlemeH. TlosTOMy WeHTp MCMAHCKHX BAaeHHH B 9TOM paione BCKOpe TepemecTHacn B rviyOb KOHTHHENTA, Ha ceBep. C Havana 40-x rogoB WanAapMoM AAA Haabuelimero 3axsata M 3akpenseHus 3emenb B Gaccefiue Puo-ae-na-llaatei craa Acyxebou, 3anoxkeunbii 8 1537 r. mp” anageaun p. [aabKomaito B [laparsal, Ogna- KO BHILY OTCYTCTBUF Tam GOuIbILHX eCTeCTREHHBIX OOraTCTR U SHAUNTeAbHBIX pesep- Bos pa6oued CHabl, a TaKxe BCeACTAHe reorpaduueckoro NONOKeHHA 9TOrO paliona KOHKACTaAOpbI He OblIH IKOHOMHYECKH SAHHTepeCOBaHbI B ero OcBOeHHH. B pesyabra- Te TYMa MpHesKalo Mato HcMAHleB, 2a HM Te OGLINHO He NpHBOSHAH CBOHX cemed. B 4617 r. nponzomen pasgen oGumpnof «npoBuHnan Puo-ne-aa-Ilaater. Ee ioxuan YacTb coxpaniaia npeknee HauMeHovanie. SemaH rke, PachonoxeHHle K ceBepy OT mecta anasenna [Taparsan B Clapany, u o6nacth Cyaiipa | eyjeauauch 8 camoctoa- TeAbHylO » Gola B 1588 r. pasrpomaena, ¥TO MpHBeno K Ocaabae- {iio Mopcko# moms Hecnannu. Bexope Kk cepepriomy noGepexnio KOoxnoh AmepnKn oruabiia SpHTancKas akcneguuss Yortepa Paan. B nouckax ckasouxoro DapAopaglo olla BoHIa B ycTbe OpHHOKO H MpoxBHHyach Ha 400 KM BBepx mo pexe. B XVI— XVII 85. Hanagenna Ha HemancKHe KoAOHHH B Ameplike Copepuraan anraniickne mH- paret Joxon Xoxuuc, Tomac Kasenaum, Teupn Mopran, ax ronaannckne «xonaern> Viopue Canapéepres, [ur Xen 4 apyrue. | >Kepreod gupatos — anranian a @psnuy30e — aBaasach rakwKe Bpasnana, OcOOCHHO B TOT NepHOA, KOT B CBA3H C BOLLapeHKem Bl lopTyramu HCNaHCKol BeTBH Juinactnu Pa6c6ypros ata mopryraAbckad KOJIOHHA OKA3a1aCb BKAIOVEHHOH B COCTaB KoJOHHabHOH AMNepHH Mcnanun (1581—1640). Uacrbio Bpasuatwn opnanena yacpkuBada ee B TexenHe HeTBepTH Beka (1630—1654) Coamanaan. Hecmorpa Ha BCe MONMbITKH MOTYLLECTBEHHEIX CONEPHHKOB JHINHT UCNaHueB H NopTyradbue’ KONOHKAHO MOHOTIOAHH, CTOKHOBEHHE HHTEpeCcoB AByX KpyimHel- winx rocyzapers — Anrann 4 ®pantun, ocnapHBaBlunx MupoBoe mepBeHcTBO, ciTO- coGeTBOBaaO COxpanteHKio Gosee caa6tma Mcnanuel n Mopryraaned Goabumactsa Wx AMepHKaHCKHX BaameHHil. 3a HcKMONeHHEM HeGombUOH CeHaHEL, TomeaeRHOi meaty Anravei, Opanunef # Toaaanauel, a Takxke Mockuroporo Gepera (BocToH- Nov noGepexbe Hakaparya) 4 Beansa (10ro-soctoK IOxatana) — o6beKTOB aHTsinit- cKor Konionnaanan, IOxHan a LenrpabHan AMepaka Bnaoth 10 Hayana XIX MpoROTKaTA OcTAaBaThCA MOA HCMAaHCKHM H TOPTYTAAbCKHM rocnogcTBOM. Jtvutb B Bect-Hnaun, 3a Koropyt0 xa npota&keaun XVI--XVIII Bp. omectouen- Wo Goposnch Anraua, Ppanuna, Tosmanana w Vcnanua (npryem muorne ocTpopa WOAMMOKPATHO NEPeXOAHTP OF OAHOH MePxKaBI K ApPyTOH}, MOSMEHH HeTaNcKHX KOAONHSATOPOB GblH SHAYHTEMbHO OCAa6aeHbI. K Konny XVIII — nayaay XIX w, am yliiocs YAep%aTb TOAbKO Ky6y, Nyspto-Puxo x Boctounyto nozoBuny PautH (Can- to Jlomaxro). 3anaauyto nojosuny Toro octpopa Ucnannu mpuuaocb no PucsuK- «koMy MHpHOMy fOrosopy 1697 r. yerynuTs Ppatitun, OcHOBaBUIeH 34ecb KOONHIO, Kovopyio CTalK HasbiBaTS Saint-Domingue (B-TpaaHUHOHHOA pyccKol tpaveKpun- wnt Can-flomuuro). Ppaunysh aaxpatunt raxxe (ene 8 1635 r.) Teaseayny uw Maptanuxy. Smaika, Oompumucrso Maapix AWTHAbCKHX OcTpOBOB (CeHT-KHTC, Venue, Anrurya, Moutceppat, Ceut-Buncent, Bap6agoc, Pperaga u ap.), Baram- cnn BepMyacknit apxanesarn nepeuan B XVII B. k Anraun. Ee npasa Ha maorae ocrpopa, (pHHaqiéxanmue K rpyame Mamstx Antiiteckex, oxoHYaTetbHO 3aKpeIHA Repeasnckiit mapsitit zorosop 1783 r. B 1797 r. aurawuane osaanean HcnaHckAM ocrpobom Tprtiaa, pacnonoxennpim 62n3 cepepo-pocTouxoro noGepexna Bene- tywt. Biagaae XIX B. OHH LOG6HMCh OPUUHAMbHOTO NPH3HAHHA CBOAX NpUTASAUKi it oerponok To6aro, bakTHyeCKH HaXOAUBUIHHCA B HX pyKax (c HEKOTOPbIMH Lepe- (utbamn) ene ¢ 1580 r. Kiopacao, Apy6a, Bonaiipe 1 apyrue ocrposa oxa3zaauce oa aaactno Toanat- ann. Kpyunefiume “3 Bupranckux ocrposos (Cenr-Kpya, Cent-Tomac, Cent- /Ukon), iepBoHavadbHo MpHnagiexapuine Henan, a 3aTeM ABABInECA OOLEK- tom Gopb6bi Mexay Axraneit, Ppanuneit 4 Toasananed, 8 30—50-x roaax XVIII a. nyt Jlanns. Otkperrne 4 KOACHH3a HA CAPONCLAMH AMCpAKalCKOro KOUTHHEHTA, FAC DALEGespasaneaDHo FOcnoOACTROBAAK AOPeoRaNbHDIe OTHOWMEHHA, OO DEKTHBHO CNOCOGCTBO- DAMM pasBHTHIO TaM HCTOPHYecKH Gonee HporpeccusHoro OGutecTBeHHOrO CTpos. Peogaubit No cBoel CyULHOCTH, OH OTAH4AMICA SHANHTCDHBIM CBOeOOpaaHeM, TAK KaK CKsla/lbIBAICA B CNEUHPHYECKHX YCOBHAX KOAOHHAABHOTO PEKHMA H Noa ONpe- ACACHHDIM BAHSHHEM HEKOTOPBIX COMMAbHO-SKOHOMHYECKHX HHCTHTYTOB, CytleCTBO- BaBIUHX B Amepuke 20 Hawaaa ee 3aBoeRaHua. Baecte ¢ Tem yKa3aHHble coObITHA HMejH OrpoMHoe BCeMHPHO-HcTOpHYecKoe aHavenHe 118 ycKOpeHHA Npowecca pasBHTHA KanHTaaMama B Eppone 4 soBnedeHHst B ero op6uTy HeoOaaTHalx TeppuropHl Hosoro Czera. «Orxpsirve Amepaxn 4 mop- ckoro nyTH Boxpyr AdpHkn cosaaa0 Aa nogbimalomeicn GypxyazuM HOBOe nore Aearenbuocta. Oct-wHicKhi B KWTAHCKHA PLIHKH, KOTOHH3alMA Amepsku, o6men © KOAOHUSIMH, YBEHUNeHHe KOHUeCTBa CpelcTB OOMeHa H TOBApOB BOOGIE AaH He- CAbIXAHHBIA AO TEX NOP TOAYOK TOproBse, MOPENAABAHMIO, NPOMbIUNeHHOCTH H TEM CaMBIM BbI3RaNK B pacHaLanileMcs peogaabHoM o6ulectBe Ghicrpoe pa3zBuTHe pe- BomOUHOHHOFO 31eMeHTa» |. OrkpbiTHe AMepHkH WOATOTOBHVIO Co3laHHe BCeMHpHOrO PoIEKa, KOTOpHIi «BbIsBaI KoTOCcaTbHOe PasBHTHe ToproBaH, MopelanaHHA 1 cpemceTs cyxonyTHoro coo6utenua» *. Oguako KOHKHCTafOpOR BAOXHOBAAIM OTHIODh He HZeH OOULECTBEHHOFO Npo- Tpecca: HX rMaBHOA LeAblo Geil 3axBaT semenb, pabouer cue M COKpOBMU. OnH Ge3- MAAOCTHO PASPYWAAK APEBHKE WMBKANBAWAK, CO3MAMHLIE KOPEHHLIM HaceTeHHeM AmepHki, BapBapcKH YHHYTOKAAH POPMBL IKOHOMMMECKOA HKHZHH, OGuECTBEHHOTO yerpofictaa, caMOOnITHyl0 KyAbTypy, AOCTHTIUHe y HeKOTOPBIX HapoAOB Hosoro Cpe- Ta BEICOKOPO YpOBHA pa3sBHTHA. ' Mapne K., Sneeave P. Cou. 2-e waa. T. 4. C. 426. 2 Tam me,KOJOHHAJIbHDBIA NEPHOL (XVI-XVIIT pp.) Crpemsich a3akpenvTh caoe rocnogcrso Had 3axBayeHHBIMH TeppHTOpHAMH, Kononnga7opHl DBs BANUHHCTpATHAHY!O eHCTeMY, MpHanatyto oGecnetHth BEtho.- wenne ato sanaun. yey vr i a ncnancksx siadennii a Césepnoi w Llentpaasioh Amepnxe a 1535 r. Ono vo3gaHo Brue-Koposesctso Hopas. Menanna co croaHuel Mexuko, BbICTPOeHHOM Ha mecTe pa3pylieHHOTO H COMmKeHHOrO HcnaHuaMi Tenouthtaana. B coctas Bulte- noposescrea K KOHUY XVII — nayaay XIX 8, Bxoguan Bea coppemennad Mexcuka (4a HeknouenHem Upsinaca) 4 ioxuag vacrb nblHeuMux CLIUA (urratbt Texac, Kaan- sbopns, Hpio-Mexcuko, Apwaoxa, Hepaga, IOra, uacth Kosopaao 4 Baiiomnura). Cepepsian rpannua Hosoi Menannn xe 6hvia rou ycranoBnexa 20 1819 r. B CBI3H < reppaTopHarbupima chopamn mexay Henanueti, Auraveli, CUA w Poccueit. He- uuuckne KosoHHH B IO>KHOH Ameprxe, Kpome Kapx6ckoro noGepexpa (Benecys1a), 4 Woro-BocTouHaa 4acTh Llenrpasbuoi Amepukn (IlaHama) oOpa3zonaan B 1542 r. iue-Kopoaescrso Tlepy, raapribim TopodoM KoTOporo cTasa JJuma, ocHoBanNan w (935 rv. Hexotopute 06.1acTH, HOMHHa.1HHO HaXOAHBUIMECA MON BMACTbIO BHUE-KOPOAA, PUKTHYECKH ABAMAUCh CAMOCTOATENDHBIMH NOTHTHKO-AAMHHHCTPATHBMbIMH eUHH- vaimn. Amn ynpapaaan renepad-Kannraybi, RoTOpple HeNOCpeACTBeHHO NOAWAHAANCH Mupitackomy upasuTenpctBy. Tak, Gdxbutyio uacth Llentpanbuok Amepakn (3a ueksnovennem [Oxatana, Ta6acko, TlaHambl) 3aHHMavto rexepasl-KanutanctTBo [Ba- temasa. Baanenus Ucnanun B Bect-Hugun 4 Ha no6epexse Kapu6ckoro mops 10 wropok noazoBHHe XVINI B. cocranasan renepaa-Kanwrancrao Canro-Jommuro. B bawKax Buue-Koponeacrsa Fepy a0 30-x rojon XVIII B. cyutectaonaso renepaa- naumraneTao Hopas Tpanana (co cronnueli B Borore). Hapsay c cosnanvem BHite-KoponeBcTs H reHepaa-kanATancTR B HanOonee Kpyil- MIX MCHTPaX HCNAHCKOH KOAORUSAIMH YUPEKAAAHCh CHeMMANbHbIe asMBHHCTpa- lunuo-cyzeOHbre KonaeriH — ayauencnn. TeppHTopHa, HaxonMeulancn non lopHc- IMKUNeH KarkdoH ayAMeHCHH, npeActaBaaaa coGoH onpeAxeseHHylo adMMHKCTpaTHB- NYO CMHALY, IpHAeM PPaHHLbl Ce B HEKOTOPHIX CiTyYARX COBNALa/M C PpaHHiaMe CO- AWW reTBYIOMETO Tenepan-KanuTanctBa. JLelictBUTeNbHOe NOAOKeHHe To HA HHO fuuoin fasteKo He BCer2a ONpemeAIOCb ee OPHAHYECKHM cTaTycoM. Tak, ryGepra- 1op (aHOBpemMeHHO raapa ayaHencnu) Una BCAeACTBHE OTLaTeHHOCTH H BOeNHOrO WUC ITOH MPOBHHUHH MO/Ib30BastcH rOpasqo Sombueli MOMMTHUeECKOH CaMO- CrastrenbHocTbio, Hem, KaNpAMep, BracTH ayauencui Uapkac x Kuro. Haparaaa, orpesauithl) OT MOps H O6pevennbii Ha HIO.TAUHIO, HOMHHATHHO AO 1776 Pr. BKOANA mme-KoposescTBo Tlepy H moqunuaaca ayauencun UapKac. Iipakruyeckn KC HM ynpanas ryGepnatop, u36upaBMIniica CaMH4MH NaparBailaMu B XVIII 8. anmunuctpatapno-nomuTuuecKoe yerpoucTBsO aMepuKANCKHX KOAO- wut Hetanut (raapietm o6pa3om ee B.tatenHit 8 LOxKHof Amepuxe 4 Bect-Hiutn) uperepnemo 3Ha4nTerbHBIe H3MeHeHHA. Hopad Ppanara bina B 1739 r. peopraniao- HHA H BNe-KOpoeBcTRO. B hero BoMAN TAKOKe TePPHTOPHH, HAXOAMBIMMECH HOA WpiteAMKnMeM ayaMoncHi Tlatami H Kito. Ky6a e 1764 7. Goi waieacna a ean.cTOATeABHOe Tenepast-KarMTaHcTBO. B 1776 r. o6pazoBaocb elle OHO HOBOE BULLe- koposescrs0 — Puo-ze-aa-[aara. Ono o6beAHHHAO C6urMpHy1O TeppuTOpHW, panee nogpaactnyio aysuexcun UapKac: Bysnoc-Alipec ¥ Apyrve npoBHHlH coppemesHolt Aprentaui, Mlaparsait, Bepxuee Tepy (aiemnsit Boausua), Bocrountiit Beper (Banna Opventans), Kak Ha3bIBatH B TO BpeMsA TeppHTopHlo YpyrBas, pacnoroxKen- Hyfo Ha BOcTOUHOM Gepery p. Ypyrrai. Ha cnenyulnit rom Gpiu10 coamaHo renepaa- kanurancTBo Benecyaaa co croumueli B Kapakace. B 1778 r. panr renepaa-kannTana noay4na ry6epuarop Unan. B 1795 r. maipuacKoe npapurenberno BLIAY2K AHO GbII0 yerynuts bpanuan Canro-Jlomanro (r. €. 4 soctounyio nonopany Tanta). B cansa @atHM ueHTp HenaucKoro Balaabtuectsa 8 Bect-Miana iepemectuaca Ha Ky6y, xyaa nepesenu ayanencni) 43 Canto-Jlomunro. Tenepaa-kanutany 4 ayanexcuu Ky6nl NOAMHHAIHCS ryGepHatopy Puopwabt H Ilyspto-PuKo, xors fopHAHecKH 3TH KONO- HHH pacCMaTPHBAAHCh KaK HAXOAMBIUHECA B HeMOCcpexcTBeEHHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Hetpononun. \~.--CUCTeMa ynpaBAeHHA AMEPHKAHCKHMH BalaneHHaAMH HicnanHH coorBeTcTBOBaaa cTpowo UcnAHCKOH PHCOMOTON MoNapxiM. Beicuast Baacr B KaxkAOH KOAOHMH MpE- Hansexkaiad hilie-KOpomo HH renepad-KanuTany. 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B CBOHX JeHCTBHSX BEILe-KOPOAM OTUHTHBaLHCh TOKO Hepes KO- poweBcKHM IpaBHTebcTBOM 4 BepxoBHbim coperom no aeiam Mian p Maapnae, Koropbli bakraueckH pykososHA Boel nodMTAKol MenaHHH 10 OTHOWeHMO K aMe- PHKaHCKHM KOnOHHAM. Ero peweHHa H pexOMeHsauMn nosekasM yTBEp%KTeHMIO Kopoan. B ropogax Ucnauckoi Amepukw cynjecTsosain MyHHUHnasbHble opraHbt — KaGHbAO WIM AIOHTAMbEHTO, BeAABLIHE MecTHBIM GaAaroycTpolicTBoM, ropoucKHMH (punancamn, pa3s6opom yroroBHbIx HW rpaamacKHX Aen. Ax 2eaTeabHOCTb KOHTPOAH- PpoBadach KOOHHAaAbHON aamuauctpauuell. Tlopryramcxo# Kononned Bpa3iavei, rani roposom Koropoit Obita Baus (c 1763 r."Piio-ne:)Kanelipo), nepponavaabuo ynpapasa renepan-ryGepuatop, a co sropolt nososune: XVII 8.— Buue-Koposb Mf noauMnennnie emy TYOepHarops npo- BREMHi, BaokHbiM 9eMeHTOM KOAMOHMaTbHOrO amnapata B JlaTHHcKolt Amepuxe aBas- Jlach KaTOAH4eCKad tepKoBb. 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Paspe- IOCh PaSBORUTb MWh TAKHE KYSIbTYPBL, KOTOPbIe HE BbIPALLHBAAHCh B MeTPO- Hoan Nockompny noxynatesmnan cnoco6noct» ocnosnoh maccn HaceaeHHA, cTpanan- Ihero OT MHOPOUKCACHHDIX TOGOPOB B NOA3Y AATHCPYHAHCTOB, KOPONA H NepKBA, ObI- 1 KOCbMa HESHAYHTEIbHA, BHYTPCHHAA TOPOBA B KOAOMMAX pasBUBasach CiaGo. (. pocty npensircrBopaaH TaK%ke rocyAaPCTBEHHEe MOHONOAHH Ha mpomarxky com, MIpTIblX HANHTKOB, TAGAYHBIX H3LeAKH, HPpAbHBIX KapT, repGoBoH 6ymarn, mopoxa apyrax TOBapoB. Topropsie orHoweHis ¢ HHOcTpaRHniMH rocysapeTBamu crpomatiunm o6pasom upeitaances. Ha nporaxkenad Gonbule YaCTH KOMONHAAbHOrO MepHosa IKOHOMU- cKHe cBi3K JlaTHHCKOH AMepakH orpaHMyuBasuch Toproaaell c MeTponoaHaMH, IMM BeCb HMNOPT H 9KCHOPT OGarasnch BEICOKHMH TAMOMKEHHBIMH MOLMIHHAMH, mapbt #3 Mcnauin B Amepuky 4 o6paTHo BiioTb 20 nocaequeit verseptH XVIIT 9. Penogivid CHEUNAbHELe QOTHUR, Onw TepHoRHuecks OTHILIBAIH HOg youteMHOn pauloi BOCHHbIX KOpab6JeH MepBOHANaAbHO H3 CeBustbH, a ¢ 1717 r—w#3 Kaauca. “ina btorHauAa Hanpapaadach B Kaptaxeny (nopt 8 Hosoi Ppanane), apyras co- pina pefiess mexay Hénanned 1 Mekcukauckum noptom Bepaxpyc. Jn» 8 60—80-x roaax XVII B. nponsowso Yacruanoe cmarsenne Topronoro IMA: HCTAHCKHe KOJOHAH B AMEpHKe OYA BOSMOXKHOCTH TOPrOBaTh MEXK/Ly fl, a HX NOpTb SblH OTKPLITE RIA TOproBlH C MeTponOAHel, NpaBUTeEALCTHO «pata I (17591788) orkagadocn OT CHcTeMbl b.1OTHAMH, ynpasaHHAO HeKOTOPHG HLIMNHbE A YMEHbUIMIO Ppa3sMepbl APYrHX. ITH MePbl ABAAAKC COCTAaBHOA HacTHIO ‘i pecbopM, NpeayCMaTpHBaBLIMX TAKE HSTHANHe HesyHTCKOTO OpAeHa HI NCEX ueintit ACnaHHh, CTHMYIHpOBaHHe rOpHOLO6bIBa OLEH MPOMbILWIeHHOCTH, COKpa- suvHie OTUHCTeHHiL B KOpOneBcKylO Ka3Hy ¢'/5 10 '/io AOAW LO6bIBaeMBIX Gslaropos- WN MCTAJOB, PHL NpeoOpasosanHit aAMHHHCTpaTHBHOTO Xapakrepa. B auasordaHom HanpaBseHnHH ida H peopMaTOpcKa® AeATEALHOCTH BCECHAIb- boro Mimuetpa Toptyraaw# mapkuaa Mom6aaa (rpetba yerseprs XVII p.). Las pa sitinn ocoGoc sHayeHHe HMA THKBHAALHA MHCCHA Me3yHTOB H MX H3rHaHHe Ha vi panit, ormeHa paGerBa HHACHUeB, paspeleHHe OCHOBEIBATH MaHyakTypbl, co3qa MMe FOprORbIX KOMMAUMH, KOTOPBIM NpeLocTaBARAMCh MoHONOABHBE pasa. Pedopaut, nponoaupumech nowrh oanospemenno Kapaom II! 4 TMom6aaom, MVC HCMAHCKOH Ht NOPTyrasbCKOM PaSHOBHAHOCTAMH MOJIMTHKL UPOCBeLeHHOrO: AOvunwrioma. MTpoAMkroBaHHble cTpeMaeHHem MpaBannx KpyroB Mcnanan 4 Hop- (Vit HaHTH AbIXO #3 ‘TYNHKA, B KOTOPbIt 3auMa SKOHOMMKa NMpenciicKHX rocy- AMPCTH, YKPCHATD CROH HOSHILHH B AMPHKANCKHX BAA MeHHAX, OHH He Hospasymenain PUK HEPEMCH B CHCTEME SKCIIAYATAILAH KOJONAI, OTAMMATHC HOAOHIEKTeAbCTBO, HaMyraHHoe peBosuounell B CoceaHeH PpatyHn, ke PeWH/AOCh NPOAOKHTE ake poOkHe MOMbITKH npeo6pasoBanHi, npeNpHHATHIe B NpeAuecTByIOWME me- pHog. Eme Gosee HegorropeynhiMn OKa3aaucb petopmp! TlomGana. Benen 3a ero orerpavenvem oT Baacta (1777) beonasbnaa 3uaTb HW LepKOBb 1OGHMCd OTMeHBI OOAbILHHCTBa H3 HHX, B YACTHOCTH JHKBHAa WAH TOPPOBbIX KOMNAHHH, 3aKpEITHA NOd- TH BCEX HOBBIX TPOMBLLLICHHBIX IPELOPUATUA, BOCCTAHOBACHHA NpeAHUX SanpeTH- TEMbUBIX: 3AKOHOB HT. A. 3axpatbipas seman AMepuku, KomONH3aTOpH rpaduan, nopa6omlaan HAM HCT- pe6aan4 KopenHoe Haceaenue. O6patienve nnaetiues B pa6cTBo 6oi10 ysaKoueHo coorsercraylouuMn KopoaescKumn yKazamnt. JLo cepeanuur XV] 8. 8 amepuxancKux konoHHax McnaHHH TpeoOaagana pagoaaarderbseckad opma skKciiyaTauMH. Hispedennble 10 NoAOKEHHA GecnpaBHbIx pa6oB, MHACHUbI COTHAMK THICAY THO- JIM OT RENOCKABHOTO Tpyaa Ha NAaHNTalMax K pyaHMKax, OF ronona 4H Gonesnei. Bap- BapCKoe OGPAaulene c HMMM, CHCTeMaTHUeCKOR HEdoedalHe, UACTBIe SNHEMHH YYMBL, OCIbI, THipa, 3aHeCEHHBIX HSBHE, pe3koe NaeHHe pork AeMOCTH NPHBEIH K KaTACTPO- cpuyeckomy coxpaujenHio 4kca aGopurenos. Ha octpopax Becr-Hagun onn Obl NOTH NOAHOCTHIO YHHYTOKEeHb! yrKe K Cepenune XVI B. B rakHx rycro Haceaenblx eTpauax AMepukaucKoro KouTHHenta, kak Hosan Mcnauua u Tepy, yucaenxocts unselickoro HaceaeHUa TOKE pesKo cokpaTHJach. Tak, B LlenTparbHoH Mexcuke ona ymenbumracb 3a noaexa nour 8 10 pas, a B Tepy x 1570 r. ocraaoc B 6—8 pas MCHBULE 0KUTEMeH, YeM HACUHTHIBATOCh HakaHyHe HcMaHckKoro 3aB0eBaHHKA. B Bpasu- ann kK Kony XVI B. HHZeiUbI B OoabINHHeTBE CBOeM 1H60 6bIK HeTpeGazenbl, 2H60 YKPLITHCS B MAMOMOCTYMUBIX MYGHHEBIX paliowax. Yrpo3a NosHOrO YHUUTOXRKEeHAT pabouelt CHAbI H HAMOrONAaTebILAHKOB BCTPeBO- ‘Ka HenaHcKOe H MOpTyraqbCKoe MpaBHTeAbcTBa, NOGYAMB HX NPHHATb Mepbl, HampaBaennble Ha YcTpanenve HeKOTOpbIx Kpahnocteli. Tlonutuky mpasaux KpyroB BSTOM BONpOCe TO WepKUBATA BEPXYUKa KaTOAMYeCKOH WEpKBH, 3aHHTepecoBaHHaA B MHOTOUNCICHHOA MacTBe, KOTOPy!0 MOrIO Gbl 9KCIVIyATHPOBATh CAMO AyxoBencTBO. PewurerbHo BosBbICH roaoc 8 3auLUTY HHAcHUeR BbMaioMMiien HcnaucKHiL MHCa- Teab-ryManner Baproaome ae Jlac Kacac. Orcranpaa nx NHTepecb! 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Psa KpyHbIX AHTHKOAOHHaAbHDIX BEICTyMeHHE HMea MecTo B XVIII B. Oguo 43 Hux mponcxoguao B 20—30-x roqax B Ilaparsae, re KpeonbcKas Bep- xywika Acyucbona emectusta ry6epHatopa HW 3aMenHJa ero CBOKM npeacrapHTerem Awrexepoa. Ho ncnaHckve Bolicka HaHecdH MopaxkeHve onomueHHio, cosmaHHoMy uacetasimuMu, a Autekepa 6but apectonan (moamHee KasHed). OnHaKo B qanbHel- item B Gopb6y CraaH BTHrHBaTECA Gomes WHPOKHE CIOM HaCeIeHHA, OG DEAMHABUINE- iH (aBHbIM O6pa30M BOKPyr MYUHUHMabHIX OpranoB. «. Ero opranu3osaan ppanuysbt Anrorvo Bepra u Antouno Tpamwccs, c KoTOpbiMa Obi cBaA3aH OoraTHi Kpeom Xoce Autouuo Je Poxac. 3aroBopulMkH XOTemH yCTaHO- BHTb PecilyOAMKY, YIPaBAeMY!0 BEIGOPHAIM CeHAaTOM, HepepacmperenuTs 3emMsO Ha OCHOBe paBHOTO HaeseHHA BCeX UTE, OTMeHKT paGcrBo. ApecToBaHHble To AOHOCY OAHOTO K3 yYaCTHHKOB 3aroBopa Bepus # Ppamioces B JaqbHeAwem morH61A. Boauewua npoucxosu.tu HB noptyraabcKoi KononuN Bpasuauu. B Koaue 80-x TOdOB B nposHHWHH Munac-)Kepatic so3HHK 3aTOBOp, BO raBe KOTOporo cTOAN KaBa- aepuaickud oduuep )Koakum )Kose ga Cuipa Maspep, 3a cBoe ymenue weuHTb 3y6nt HomyYMBWHA MposBHine Tupagentuc (3y6onep). SaropopuivKH AOGHBaAHCh HEsa- BHCHMOCTH, YCTaHOBeEHHA. PECnYOMKAHCKOrO CTPOA, OTMEHDI COCIOBHE, BBELeHHA CBOGOOAbI TOPPOBIH, AUKBHAALHH OrpakHyeHHA PasBUTHA MPOMBILTeHHOCTH H TIpOBe- HeHAA pasa Apyrux npec6pasozannii. Beregctane mpedatenbeTBa ryGepuatop y3uat 06 ux Naanax. Onn Obi apecroRanbl 4 OTAaHbI Nog cya. Tapazentuca KaSHHM, a ero TopapHuleh cocnamH Ha KaTOpry HAM MarHaaH H3 Bpasnanu. PesoaOMHOnHOe ABWKEHKE B AMePHKAHCKHX KOJOHKAX, OCOGEHHO ycHIMBLeeCA BO BTOpoli nozoBHHe XVIII B., pacwaTbiBato ycTOH KOAOHMAAbHON CHCTeMBI, ITOMy cnocoOcTBoBano H OcTaGaeHHe MeKAYHApOAHbIX nosHuK Mcnanun w Toptyraan. B pesyarare poitwe 3a Ucnaxckoe Kacaencteo (1701-1714) Henanna phi- HYKHeHa OLivia NpegoctaBuTe AHrauH MOHOMOAbHOe MpaBO BBO3Aa B CBOH AMEpHKaH- ckHe BllageHHA Herpos-pa6os 43 Adpuku (Z0roBop o npeqocTaBaeHHH TaKoil MOHO- NOJHHK Ha3blBadcA acbeHTO). BpHTancKoe MpaBHTCAbCTBO Nepesaio 3TO NpaBo Kom- mand lOxkHbIX Mopeii, KOTOpaA ocHOBana akTOPHH B PassHUHbIX NYHKTAX Mo- 6epexba Kapx6cxoro mops. He yaosaeTsopasch 3THM, aHrHiicKHe KYNUbI H MHpaThl BeJIH KOHTPa6aHAHYO TOproBsO C HenaHCKHMH KOMOHHAMH B Bect-Huaun 4 Ha Ka- pu6ckom noGepexbe. B xogze anrvio-vcnaxcKoi Bodub! 1739 r. 6puTanckan scKaspa 3axBaTHla [loptoGenbo xa Ataantuyeckom mo6epexbe Tlanamcxoro nepeuteitka.’ B 1740—1742 rr. axrauiickud aot atakosan Kapraxeny, Gepera Benecysupi, Takami u Apyre ucMancKHe Blagenua. Mocae Cemunetued nottan (1756—1763) aHTW4aHe B KaueCTBe KOMMe€HCalHH 3a BOSBpalllenve 3axpayeHHOH MMH TaBanbl 3actaBHad Ucnannw yctynuth Daopuzy 4 yaepxkuea.tn ee B revenue 20 zeT. Bo BTo- poi norosnue 90-x rogos B pesyrbTaTe Bod c Ppanunelt » Anraweit ucnanckaa MONAPXHA JTHUIMaCb BeCT-HHACKHX KosoHNA CanTo-Jlomunro Tpxuaaaa. Noptyraans co Bpemenu Bolte! 3a Ucnanckoe HacueactBo PakTH4eckH OKasa- aaCb Tog npotextopatom Auraun, Tlocaeanaan no Merysxckomy forosopy 1703 r. AOGHAAach 3HAYUTeIbHDIX TOProBElx NpuBKerHi# B Moptyranuu u Bpasusnu. B kone XVIHL 8. sapncumocts Toptyraaia or Auranu eile Goabuie ycuaHJach, YTO 1O3BOLIH- AO @HTAKYaHAaM MOUTH MOAHOCThIO MOHONOAM3KpOBaTS TOproBmo c Bpasnuineit. Kosonnanbupit pexum, ycTanopsenHbiit eppomelickuMH 3aBOeBaTeNAMH, TOp- MO3HA pasBHTHe aMepuKaucKHX KononHi. Tlostomy 8 Konue XVIII -- xagaae XIX B. TaM YCHJIWIOCh CTpeMeHHe K OCBOGOXKZeHHIO OT rHeTa KOMOHHSaTOpOR. Tloxbemy ocBo6oguTeabHoro ABMKeHHA Hapogos JlaTHHcKON AmepHk cnoco6cTBoBadH Sopb- 6a aurauiickux Kononuit B Cepepuot Amepuke 3a He3aBHcHMmoctb (1775—1783) Benukas dpanuysckan pesomtouun (1789—1794). Toa HenOcpeACTBCHHDIM BMHA- HHeM flocaeAHeH NPOHsOll.la peBomolnA Herpos-pa6os B Cax-Jlomuuro, yseHuaB- WasicA Co3MaHHeM MepBoro aTHHOAMepHKaHcKoro rocyszapeTBa Fantu.PEBOJNOWMA HEFPOB-PABOB CAH-JOMHHTO B xonue XVIII 5. Can-Jlomunro 6bi1a camok Goratof Kononnel Ppanynu ', PaGoparagerbyecKoe MaHTAlMOHHOe XO3HKCTBO, CHeHasH3HpPOBaBUeecA Tab UbIM O6pa30M Ha BLIPALHBaHHH CaXAaPHOPO TPOCTHHKA, ABIAOCh OCHOBOH IKOHOMH- ku Can-Jlomuxro m onpenersno cyulecTBOBAaBUIHe Tam OOmlecTBeHHBIe OTHOUIEHHA. Pa6, TpyauBUInitca Ha MaaHNTalnn, 6b OCHOBHHIM NpousBo_HTedeM, paGoBaAaresen- IanTaTop — coGcTBeHHHKOM pa6a, NpoAyKTOB ero Tpyaa, OpyaMii H CpencTB mpons- hogeTBa. TlomMHannona pa6oB BOSZeNbIBAJIH SEMA, HAXOMHBUIHeECA B pyKax 4— 4 Tele, MulaHTaTOpoR. Tlepnencrayomee noaokeHHe B KOAOHMM 3aHHMaada (paniyackad KONOMHaAb- Waa ALMBHHCTpalliA BO raaBe c ryGepraTopom. BpicuiHM c1oem cpean nocTOAHHEIX KHTETeH KOAGHHH GblIH KHIH KpynHBle COU TORMHHA, NOSBOAATH Ce6e POCKOUT ObBaTh BO Ppantun 4 OTMpaBAATS TyAa YUHT- ew chonx sete, Ogvako OHH He HMesM HHKAKHX NOAMTHUECKHX Npas, H MOGOH, AaxKe COMBI NOCAeIHHA 43 «MaJIeHbKHX GesbIX», Mor GesHaka3aHHO OCKOPG6HTb CBO6O2HO- to nerpa HH Myaara. Jaa HAX CyLeCTBOBA/O MHOXKECTBO YHUSHTEMbHBIX OrpaHHye- Wnt, BIAOTE 10 3anpeueHHA NOABAATECA Ha YAMUe C HACTYNJeHHeM TeMHOTHI. CroGoanple Herpbl H MyJaTHI, pasbeAHHEHHble CONMAbHBIMH Pa3AH4HAMH H puCOBLIMH Mpeapaccyakama (cBO6ogHbIi MyaT OTHOCH/ICH BbICOKOMepHO K CBOGO;- llomy Herpy, K Te H ApyrHe npesHpaan Herpop H MysaToB paGos), ObVIH B TO KE BPEMAL OOLCAHHEHE CTPEMsEHHEM NOKOHYHTS C HABASAHHBIM HM HepaBHOnpaBrem. [pa 9TOM 10 ckpbltax, TO ABHaH GopbGa «BeTHOTO» H GenOro HaceeHHA KOMOHHH Mepense- ldch ¢ Gopb6ok, BHBbIBABUeHCA KaCCOBbIMH MpOTHBOpedHAMH. ' @pannyscxan Kononns Can-Jommuro (em. ra. 3) saHkMana aanaaxyw vacte osoMMeHNOrO ve tpana, RocTONaH daeTe ero (CanTo-ZoMnnro) HaxogMaact Bo aaaqenHH Menai.K caoKuomy KayOky COMHaMbHBIX H PaCOBbIX aHTAPOHH3MOB IIpHOaBAAIMCE TPOTHBOPeUHA MeXKAY KOMOHHEH HW METPONOAKCH, KOTOpEIe B CBOIO OUeperb ele Goaee sanytbipanH 3ToT KTy6oK. Tlvantatops! 6bi1H roToBsl TepneTh NoAHTHYeCKOe rocnomcTBO MeTPONO.IAH, MOCKOABKY MOCCAHAA 3allvilada cBoel BOeHHON CHAO BbITOAHbI AIA OGeHX cro- POH HHCTHTYT pa6cTBa. Topa3go ocTpee GbWIK MpOTHBOPeUA B OOMACTH 3KOHOMH- ueckax oTHoweHHh. C 1727 r. cyulecTBoBaa 3aKOH, ycTaHOBABWKH MovONOABHOe npaso Oparuud Ha TOprowso C KOAOHMAMH, KOTOPAA MOFsla OCYLLECTRAATLCA TONKS Ha @paniysckux Kopa6.ax. STOT 3aKOH CTECHAT MpeANPHUMYKBOCTS KOAOHHAAbAIX MAHTATOPOB, Kes1aBUlUX OGecneyHTs ceGe Gotee WHPOKHA PbIHOK H OTKPbITh LOCTYMT B KOJOHHIO TOBApOR, Gozce NelleBbIX, ¥em cbpanuy3ckue. CyulectBosaan 4 Apyrue mperpagbl 19 eATenbHOCTH MaHTaTOpoR (3ampeuleHHe CCHOBLIBATb MaHyakTy phi, PASBOZUTh CeAbCKOXOSAHCTBCHHIE KYALTYPHI, KoTOpbIMH DpanukA cHaGakana cBOH 3aMOPCKHE BaqeHHA, HK Ap.}. Hrak, vaxanyne ppanuyscKoa 6ypxya3Hoii pesomounn KosoHHA npencraBaaua co6oH apeHy ocTpot GopbObl pasAM4HbIX OGWeCTBCHHELX CHI. PeBOMIOHMA CTHMYZIH- poBana AatbHellulee OGocTpeHHe STOH Gopb6nl. «Bonpulve Geabie» cpasy cyMenH Ao6uTHCA AA ce6A NpeMcTaBATerbcTBa BO PpanuyscKom HalnoHatbHOM cobpanun, 3AXBaTHTb BCe BOSHHKINNE MpegcTaBHTenBHbIe yupexgenua B Cax-Jlomnuro (npo- BHHIWaabHLle cobpanua | HT. 2.). Paannoit aque onu cavraau coxpanenne Goi eHOH CBOHX NpUBuAerHh H HNCTHTYTA paGcTBa. Cunbuelimee 6ecnoxolictBo B cpene «OOTDIINX GeAbIX> BbISLIBAT PCBOTIOUHOH- xulit epna , POA MEHMDIE OT CBOGOAHEX OTHa H MATEpH, NOyuasH LOCTYM BO BCe GY AYWHE KOOHHAIbHbIC NPEACTABHTCADHBIE yupexaenna, paccuHTbIBa.th, YTO HM yLaCTCA NOMeaTb NDOBEAeHHIO AeK- peTa 8 KH3Hb, HCMOALSYA COIBAHHOE UMA Ge3 yuacTuA MytaToa KozoukaabHoe co6- panne. Ero yuactuukn 22 aprycta 1791 r. cbexaaveb B riaBHom ropose Cepepuoit mpoBHHHH Kan-®pancs. Houbio Toro Ke DHA «Bech FOpH3OHT HCOKAAAHHO NOKPbIA- CH TYCTHIM ABIMOM, H&B HEM OTHCTANBO PasNHYaroch MaMa... TOAMe MYMKYHH, 2KCH- MIAH H AeTeH, chacMIMXxCA OT OrHA H THOEMH, Sekar CO BCEX CTOPOH H HCKasH B ropo- ge yOeknula. OT HHX CTanO H3BeCTHO, YTO paGbI BOccTaAH...>. He umes nocraTounbix CHa 2a8 MOAaBAeHus BoccTaHUA, KonoHMaabHoe co6pa- HHe NOcTapanock NPeBPATHT B COIOSHHKA CBOGOsHEIX MysIaTOB. OHO OGeulaso 3a- HATBCA BONPOCOM 0 NPeAOCTAB.EHAK HM PaBHbIX MpaB ¢ GeabiMH. Mynara Kana (rAaBibim O6pa3om WaHTaTOPbl HIM KOMMEPCaHTI) COTTACHAMCh YuaCTBOBATS B oGopoue ropons. OGpeauneHHble cHAb Genbix 4 MyAaTOB OTONAN Hananenue. Boc- CTABILMe OTCTYMHH B ropbi H eca. B 6onx nog Kaliom morn6 4x pykoBoauTeab Byk- man. Tlocae ra6ean BykMana BoccraBluux Bosraasuan Kan Dpancya 4 Buaccy, a notom Tyccen Jlysepriop, Koropomy cyxAeHO 6blO cTaTbh CaMbIM BbIaOULHMcH YeAOBEKOM B HCTOPHA CTpaHbl. Tyccex JTypeptiop, pa6 u chin paGa, poxuaca 8 1743 r. na nantauna Bpena. B percrse Obit KOHIOXOM, a T03Ke CTal KyYepOM ynpaBAMOULero MaHTauMel. Kpect- ‘nbti oren, TycceHa — CBAIeHHAK — HayYAA eTO YATATb HW MACaTb NO-(ppaHyscKy, a Take HayaTKaM JaTbIHK, Ynpapasiounit Nianralnet mo3BonW emy MOAb3OBaTb- cA KHHramMH cBoeh Gu6suoTeKH. Sra BOsMOXxKHOCTS Ips Gon_uloM MpHpoaHOM yme OHO CHbHO NOMOrAa eMy pacWHpHTb cBOM Kpyro3op. Tyccen %aqHO 0BMs HO- Bole Hen, MpHxOUBinde H3 Opanuna. Beem cunamu cBoeH AYWK OH HeHaBHAeN pa6crso. . ' Kogouua seawiacs na Cenepryio, 3anaguyo lOxnyio npoaaHian.B 1791 r. Tycces npucoexunwaca kK BoccraBul4M. OH O4eHL CKOpO NOHSA HEC XOAMMOCT BREACHHA BOCHHOM ANCHUMAMND, NPHOOPETEHHA BOCHHDIX SHAHHH H HAY, c03QaBaTb HOByIO apMHio. Bo Btopod novoBHHe ceHTAOPA BOCCTaBIUHe BHOBb OcanwaH Kan, oxasaBUink 8B CaMOM OTYaAHHOM No.iorKeHHH. B 9To BpemsA B 3alaQHOA NpPOBRHILMH BOCCTaH CH SoaHble MyatH, TpeGyA ocyWecTBIeHuA jeKpera OT 15 Mad. 970 BcKOALIXHy10 pat: HerpOB MNPOBHHLHH H YaCTb «MaJICHbKHX OeabIx», KOTOPbIe TOTOBbI GbitH NOHTH | COrmaAWEHHE C MYsaTAMM, STOGE OrpaHWuHTh AeCHOTHaM «GorDIMX Gem. 28 HonGps 1791 r. u3 Dpanunn p Can-Jlomunro npa6pian Kasnayennete Yup AMTe/bHbIM COGpaHvem rpaxkfanckue KOMHCCapbl: Mup6ex, Pym, Can-Jlexe. B | pacnopsxkenHu GbUIH, OAHAKO, CpescTBA, HeTOAHbIe AA YCTOKOeHHA OCTPOBa: KO eruTyuua Ppanunn 1791 r. H AeKper oT 24 cenTa6paA Toro xe roga. Teppan ne pa MpoctpanAsach Ha *KHTENeH KOROHMH, YTO OCKOpOAANO SeTbxX KOAOHUCTOB, BTOp ANOCILT Yap NO CBOGOAMEIM HerpaM H MYaTAM, Tak Kak OTMeKAA ReKpEr aT 15 MA Honsirka KoMHccapoB OrOBOpHThCH C BOCCTABIKMH paGaMM BbIZBaTa HX OKOH' TeAbHbI PaspblB Cc GerBIMH PaboBAaAcIbUAMH, a CTPeMeHHe HacTaHBaTb Ha OC \\CCTBACHHH CCHTAGPLCKOrO AekpeTa NoccopHio KOMUCCapoR ¢ MyvlaTaMH. Mup6ek Can-Jlexe yexanu Bo Ppanunto. B cepequne centa6pa 1792 r. Can-JloMHuro NpHO6bWIM HOBIE KoMHCCapBI: CanTtoHakc — ako6uneu, peumTenuit W BONeBOM YeTOBeK, MiaBa KomuccHH, FloabBepeab — ero BepHblii copaTHHK ¥ Ino ACHTE KUPOHAMCTCKOFO TOKA. C HHMH Gbld AekpeT SakoHogaTenbKOrO CoOpalH OGPAB/ONLHA, YTO «CBOOOAHDIC MyATHI H CBOGOMHbIC HEPPbI AOJDKHBI NOb30BaTh TAK Ke, Kak W Gerble KOAOHHCTHI, PABCHCTBOM NOMMTHYeCKHX npaB». Mm nopyyasion hoaBATb Boccranue paos. JLAA Nosep KAKA BACTH KOMHCCapOs Ha OCTPOB O14. orupaslenbt 6 Tic, ColMaT BO MaBe ¢ redepas-aeliTeHauTo JI’Scnap6om H HecKOs Ko) BOCHHDIX Kopa6zel nox aarom agmMupasa )Kupapazcua. KononnaabHoe co6panue ca6orupopao mpoBeeHhe B XKH3Hb YNOMAHYTOPO se pera. Cropony co6panua mpunasm J]’Scnap6 w renepan-ryGepuarop konoHHH Baa megan Komucca pbl-AKOOHHUbI He OCTAHOBHIHCb Hepes pociyckom KononwaAbHoro co. (AHHA, BbICbIIKOH 43 KoAOHHH Baanuienanga u JI'Scnap6a, a Take H3rHaHHeM OcTpoBa TManTaTopoB-KOHTppeBosOuMOHepoB. Hegxosombubii Jao BepHyaca | Ppannnw. . Cautonakc 4 Tloappepeab, nonuMas, YTO 408 IpoBexeHUA CROeH MOAMTHKH OF JW4DKHbI HaliTH OMOpy cpeAH MeCTHOFO HaCeeEHHA, CO3AIH AKOOHHCKHA Ky6, Ky) HOWLIO Gombulce 4ACTO «MaeHDKHX GerbIxX>. OHH OOpaTHAHCh 3a MOsLLEpAKOH K CHL foqusim Herpam H MyvtaTaM, pasqaaH uM opyxkHe. IIporne soccTaBliMx pa6os KOMHCCapbl HaMpaBHall BOlicKa NOD KOMaHAOBAlIH( uipanepos PomamG6o v JTaso. [fonbirku ovnctutb ropbl, oKpyxKaBurne Kan, 3ak0 UVIHCh NOZOPHDIM GererBoM Nod 3anlUTy ropoacKHX cTeH. IIpH arom B patione Kar acleTaOBaqa cpasnuTenbHo HeSombiuaa YacTe BOCCTaBUMx pa6os. Ockosnote CHARI BOCCTABLIMK HAXOAHAMeb y KCHAHCKOH rpanMun. B mae 1793 Ol cormacniich Ha npealoxkenhe Baactel Canto-Jlomunro nepelira Ha cvly Kt K HellaHcKomy Koponw. ITpeaoxenne 3To nocaexoBano B CBASH C HayaBeHeH mage 1793 1, sofivot mexny Opanuwed v Henamed. Coaaatam — Sanu p * Gum — Gbl0 oGeuiaHo, ¥TO NOCHE OKOHUAHHA BollHE C panuysaMu OHM OMUHAA AyiyT HPH3HaHb! CBOGOAHBIMH J0AbMH. 3a Ba Mecalla 10 OObABACHHA BOMHb! Mcnanud Ppanuwa Bcrynaa B BONY Auranen. Tabi o6esonacnTb CBOlO KONOHHIO, PpakUy3ckoe NpaBHTeIbCTBO NOCaAL fyi Honore renepaa-ry6epuatopa Faab60 B conpoBoxkAeHHH Bolick. TOT renepa WWARCRUTHH HA OCTPOBE RMLANTALHAMM, TPHOLIB TYLA, MEPEWICA B AATEPL GPOTH BK Cauirronaxca # Toabpepena, KoTOpsimM MpHutoch 6exaTb B O-ato-Kan. Orcioaa k MHCCAPhI OGpaTHnch K BOCCTaBIIMM HerpaM, KoTOpble LeAcTBOBAAH 6.143 CTOMHII Upon, MpH3aBaK HX WepeliTH Ha Cay K6Y pecnyGanKe a ycsloBHH NpemoctanaHH MM cBoOoabI. Herputanckve Boman TTIbepo H Makaita npanstn npeaaomxenne Vx Boopyxennple oTpAabl BopBatuch B Kan. MKecrokad H HeyMOuHMaA MeCTb NOCTHTa THPAHOB-padosAanerbyes. PannGo 4 Bce Te, KTO ychies cecTb Ha KopaGin, B ykace MOKHHYAK ropon. Bexope 43 KosonHa Gexaro a0 LO THe. Gerbix. Bocnoab30BaBluich MexAoycoGuLeH BO bpanuy3cKomM Can-Jlomanro, HcnaHitpl B Hione 1793 r. HayaaH HacTynaenHe. Muorve (bpanuyscKHe cosaTbl 4 odHuepEl, a take Makaiia co cBouM OTpagom nepeman Ha cTopony Bpara. B pacnopsxKewHH KOMHCCapoB OcTaBatach HeO6oubuad KyukKa dpanyacKux cowaat BO raze c /laBo, MyaaTbl (He nvlanTaToppl) H HerpHTAHCKHe OTpaLE! Ibepo. He xpataao opyxkua, gener. Hcnanusi npodonKaan wactynaenne. Bpegenve HoBoro, Hatora, HEOGXOLHMOTO AIA OPraHHsalA OGOPOHDI, BLISBAIO HeAOBOABCTBO B Cpene «MAJCHBKUX GeAbIXy, a TAKKE CBOOOAHBIX HeTpOB HM MyVlaTOB, KOTOpBle Zo TeX Nop noggepxkHBatH Komuccapos. Torga 26 asrycta 1793 r, CanTronakc 43fan ReKpeT O NOAHOM H HeMeAeHHOM OcBOGOKAeHHH BCex paGos. JlexpeT 6pl1 u3AaH CAMIKOM TOSQHO: Bepa B OCBOOOAHTEIbHYIO MHCCHIO PpaHnuHH Gita OCHOBATEbHO NOZOpBa- Ha. Boapuias Yacrp pa6os cie pakbise ycrpem#siacb B apmuu Buaccy, Kana Dpan- cya 4 raaBHbim o6pasom TycceHa, Koropbie BoeBasH Ha CTOpoHe HCHaHues. Kpome TOPO, AeKkper CREA BCeX PAHOBJaNeAbLeB — KPYNHBIX H MEIKHX — a TAKKE HX NOA- PYMHBIX CMEPTEMbHLIMA BPArAaMH ApescTaBHTeAed pepomwounonHok Dpanuuu. MMpo- THB HUX MO BceH KOMOHHA NOAHA/H MaTex PaGoBAaneMbubl BCEX WBeTOB KOXKU. 19 cextaGpa 1793 r. Havaau HHTepReHLLMW NpH3sBaHHble WMH c AMaHKA aHTviMicKne Boiicka, 3anapme CrosMny KOACHHH Topt-o-[Mpenc (3anaquaa mposunus). K cepenune 1794 ¢. paar pecny6aaKu ynep>xupanca Ha Cepepe TOKO B OKpecT- noctax Kana, rae ocraTKaMH dbpatuy3ckKHXx BOHCK H BepHbiIMH PpanunH HerpaMH KOMaHAOBas! CTaswiHi ryGepHaTopom renepat JlaBo; Ha !Ore — B paiioue Kae, rae BaCTb ObiAa B PyKaX MYAaTCKOrO reWepasta Puro, oMMpaBUIerocA Ha ApMHIO HS Mpe- AaWHEIX pechlyGanke MyWaTOB H HeGONbINOrO UHeAa HerpoB; Ha Sanage — B patione Mupa6ane, rae RoeBana MyaTO-HerpuTAHCKaA aPMHA OA KOMaHsORaHHeM MysaTa Boss. Anraniickas G20Kaga caenaaa HeBO3MOXxKHOH JocTaBky BOlicKaM MpOAOBOMCT- BHA H BOeHHBIX mpHmiacon. H Kak pag B STOT MOMeHT 43 MeTPONOAHH NpHUler AeKpeT 06 OT3bIBe KOMHCCapoB. 3a Bpema, KoTopoe mposer B Cax-Jlomanro Momppeperb u CantonaKe, 80 panunn ycranoswaace AKOGUACKas RUKTaTypa. 4 bespasa 1794 r. Kounent npanaa BOM SHAMeHKTHIK WeKpeT 06 OrmeHe padcTBa. Ox raacua: *KeHHE, KAKOe 3AHHMATH Jo hpaHitys- ‘KOH pepomouHA GeaAbie B OTHOUIeEHNH CBOGOAHHIX Herpos 4 MynaTos. Ha Cesepe MITOBOPULHKOB BOSTaBAA Texepad Buapat, Ha WOre —renepan Puro. 20 mapra 1796 r. MyvlaTcKme YacTH 3aHasiH Kan 4 apecropaan Jlazo. Bpicrpora W pewHTesmbHocTd Tyccetia cnacau nosoxKeuve. Hemernenno no scemy Conepy apecTosavH Bcex NoxospeBaembIXx B 3aroBope, Shin MOGHAM3OBaHbI MyULHE NWOHHCKHe UACTH; Herpbl, Pa6oraBline Ha MaHTallWAX, NPH3BaHI K OPy KH. SaropopmukH noHAIA GecnonesHocTe coNpOTMBAeHNA wv OcBOGOAMTH JaBo. Woficka Tyccena GecnpensitcTaenno Bown B Kan. 3a sacayru nepea PpanuyscKkoA pecny6ankoi TycceH Nowy4aa UHH 2HBHSHOHHOTO reHepada H Gbil HasHayel MOMOUL- WikOM reHepaa-ry6epHatopa. Mroram HerpHTAHCKHM O(pHUepaM SbinH NPUCBOeHDI inanha GpHraaHBIX reHepason. Bo @panuuu B aTOT Nepvog NPOH3OULM KpynHBIe H3MeHeHAs, Iaaa AKOOUHCKAA «ukTatypa. 3atem Ha cMeHy TepMHfopHancKomy Kousenty mpuua Jnpextopus, (\ KoaCHHIO BHOBb ObIIH NOCHaHbl KOMMCCapbl BO riaBe c CaHToHaKcom. Oceuto 1796 r. Jlapo n CanrouaKe noxanyan Gak-Jlomuuro B yvcae 7 aeaera- lon, H86paHHEIX Bp Copet natucor # Coser crapelmmn. Nepex ornesaom CantoxaKkc sHauHA TyCceHa TlaBHOKOM@HAYWLHM BCEMH BOOPYXKCHHBIMH CHIaMH, a TaKHM. nGpa3z0M, BPeMeHHbIM MpaBuTeseM ocTpoBa. B despane 1798 r. aolicxa Tyccena Hayaau HacTyNenMe Ha aHrKuaH, KOTOpbIe 8 OKTAOpe MOKHHyAH SaHHMaemylo TeppuTopHo. B Can-Jlomnuro He ocTaaocb HH OOO OKKYNAaHNTa, HH OAHOrO paGa, AH OANOrO paboBnagenbua. Alekpetom or | supaps 1798 r. J[apextopas noarsepxjaa cBOGogy H paBHo- Npapve OBiBUIHx pa6os. OgHaKO JeKpeT cofepxaa cTaTbH, KoTOpHIe NOsBOAAAK sppaHUySCKHM KONOHHaNbHBIM BAACTAM NOD pasMHYHbIMH MpeaToTaMH MHLLATb OC- HOGOAHBULUXCH OT PaBcTBAa HerpOB U MyalaTOB NOTMTHUeCKHx MpaB. B MoMeHT NPMHA- ‘Mt ekpera B Covere HATHCOT pasqaRaHch rosloca, Tpe6oBRaBWIHe HEMeAeHHOTO noceTakoBeHha pa6crBa. 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