On vacation / We're off / Living under extreme conditions

VOCABULARY
Cloudy
Cold
Cool
County
Favorite
Fog
Foggy
Gas station
Gasoline
Great Lakes
Heating
Hot
Lazy
On foot
Singer
Snow
Suitcases
Sunglasses
Sunny
To be cold
To be hot
To do the dishes
To feed
To freeze
To last

An accumulation of water in the sky, causing little or no

sunshine.
Adjective to describe very low temperatures.
E.g.: It is very cold in the Arctic.
Adjective to describe a temperature that is between cold and
room temperature.
Separate parts of a country with a local government.
There are 102 counties in the state of Illinois.
The preferable objective out of all possible options.
Weather condition. Low clouds which cause bad visibility.
E.g.: It is hard to drive in fog because you can't see very well.
When it is difficult to see because there are 'low clouds'.
E.g.: There is so much fog I can't see my hand in front of my face.
A place where one must pay to fill the car with gasoline.
Chemical carburant which serves as a a fuel source for myriad
machines throughout the world.
An area in the east of North America, near Canada.
There are a lot of big freshwater lakes.
The system that heats a house.
Adjective for high temperatures.
E.g.: Fire is hot.
Adjective to describe someone who doesn't like physical activity.
To get from one place to another by walking.
A person who sings.
In the winter, when it's very cold snow falls from the sky.
White, frozen water.
Children make snowmen and snowballs.
A container where we take our clothes in when we go on
vacation.
Protective eyewear. We wear them when the sun is very strong.
Adjective to describe a day with a lot of sun.
The state of feeling cold.
The state of feeling hot.
To clean utensils and dishware, either by hand or placing them
in the dishwasher.
To give food to animals.
E.g.: You can't feed the animals in the zoo.
To make something so cold that it becomes hard.
The duration of something.
E.g.: The movie lasts two hours.
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On vacation / We're off / Living under extreme conditions

To lock
To pack
To rain
To reach
To snow
To turn off
To turn on
To water
Warm
Weather
What a pity!
Wind
Windy

To close something with a key.

To prepare a bag with clothes and personal items to take on a
trip or on vacation.
When water falls from clouds in the sky.
To arrive at or obtain.
E.g.: We reached the station on time.
When frozen water crystals fall from the sky and make the land
white.
To cut the power of an electrical appliance.
To make an electrical appliance work.
To give water to plants.
Adjective to describe a temperature that is pleasant.
Between hot and cold.
The climatological conditions.
E.g.: I want to see what the weather will be like for our picnic
tomorrow.
Expression to show sympathy for another person.
E.g.: What a pity your flight was canceled!
The air that moves trees, etc. outside.
Adjective to describe weather when there is a lot of air or wind.

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On vacation / We're off / Living under extreme conditions

VOCABULARY SENTENCES
She is packing the suitcases.
There are five suitcases.
It is foggy on the beach.
It rains a lot in New England.
It snows in the mountains.
She is feeding the dog.
The Great Lakes are in North America.
Bedford is a county in the southeast of Rhode Island.
She was cold, so she put on her coat.
Can I open the window? It is very hot.
Their relationship lasted because she was always patient with him.
After she left the house, she locked the door with a key.
Did he reach the top without any help?
When it snows, it is always colder.
I like doing the dishes after I eat my dinner.
I always water the plants in the morning before it's hot.
It is nice and warm under this blanket.
This windy weather is good for sailing a boat.

SENTENCES
There's no gasoline in the car.
Can you turn on the light, please?

Turn off the television; I'm going to bed.

It is very cold. Is the heating on?
He is a lazy man.
I'm going to freeze the food.
Chocolate ice cream is my favorite.
There is a lot of wind today.

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On vacation / We're off / Living under extreme conditions

USEFUL PHRASES
I like pizza.
I like pizza as well.
I must leave now.

What a pity!
What's the weather like?
It's sunny and warm.
Do you go to school by bus?
No, I usually go on foot.
Does your daughter come to town very often?
From time to time.

SHOWROOM: PRESENT PERFECT

The door is open.
She is closing the door.
She has closed the door.
The plates are dirty.
I am washing up.
I have washed up.
He is hungry.
He is fixing dinner.
He has cooked dinner.

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On vacation / We're off / Living under extreme conditions

SHOWROOM: PRESENT PERFECT - TENSE

They're tired.
They are sleeping.
They have slept.
She wants to listen to music.
She is listening to music.
She has listened to music.
I have to meet Shelley at the library at 3 o'clock.
I am meeting Shelley here at 3 o'clock.
I have met Shelley.
You have a guitar.
You are playing the guitar.
You have played the guitar.
They want to visit Germany.
They are traveling around Germany.
They have traveled around Germany.
I have a test.
I am studying for a test.
I have studied for a test.

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On vacation / We're off / Living under extreme conditions

GRAMMAR
Pronombres posesivos
Los pronombres posesivos (possessive pronouns) sustituyen a sustantivos y se utilizan para
expresar posesin o pertenencia.
En la oracin pueden realizar la funcin de sujeto y complemento directo:
Sujeto: Mine are blue.
Complemento directo: The blue is mine.

This is my book. It is mine.

(possessive determiner)

(possessive pronoun)

(Este es mi libro. Es mo.)

These are my books. They are mine.
(possessive determiner)

(possessive pronoun)

(Estos son mis libros. Son mos.)

This is your book. It is yours.

(possessive determiner)

(possessive pronoun)

(Este es tu/su (de usted) libro. Es tuyo/suyo (de usted).)

These are your books. They are yours.
(possessive determiner)

(possessive pronoun)

(Estos son tus/sus (de usted) libros. Son tuyos/suyos (de usted).)

This is his book. It is his.

(possessive determiner)

(possessive pronoun)

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(Este es su (de l) libro. Es suyo (de l).)
These are his books. They are his.
(possessive determiner)

(possessive pronoun)

(Estos son sus libros. Son suyos (de l).)

This is her book. It is hers.

(possessive determiner)

(possessive pronoun)

(Este es su (de ella) libro. Es suyo (de ella).)

These are her books. They are hers.
(possessive determiner)

(possessive pronoun)

(Estos son sus (de ella) libros. Son suyos (de ella).)

This is its leash. It is its.

(possessive determiner)

(possessive pronoun)

(Esta es su (de ello referido a cosa/animal) correa. Es suya (de ello referido a cosa/animal).)
These are its leashes. They are its.
(possessive determiner)

(possessive pronoun)

(Estas son sus (de ello referido a cosa/animal) correas. Son suyas (de ello referido a
cosa/animal).)

This is our book. It is ours.

(possessive determiner)

(possessive pronoun)

(Este es nuestro libro. Es nuestro.)

These are our books. They are ours.

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On vacation / We're off / Living under extreme conditions

(possessive determiner)

(possessive pronoun)

(Estos son nuestros libros. Son nuestros.)

This is your book. It is yours.

(possessive determiner)

(possessive pronoun)

(Este es vuestro/su (de ustedes) libro. Es vuestro/suyo (de ustedes).)

These are your books. They are yours.
(possessive determiner)

(possessive pronoun)

(Estos son vuestros/sus (de ustedes) libros. Son vuestros/suyos (de ustedes).)

This is their book. It is theirs.

(possessive determiner)

(possessive pronoun)

(Este es su (de ellos/as) libro. Es suyo (de ellos/as).)

These are their books. They are theirs.
(possessive determiner)

(possessive pronoun)

(Estos son sus (de ellos/as) libros. Son suyos (de ellos/as).)

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On vacation / We're off / Living under extreme conditions

The weather (El tiempo)

En ingls se puede preguntar por el tiempo en varias maneras. Las ms comunes son:
What is the weather like?
O

How is the weather?

La forma ms comn es la contrada:

Whats the weather like?
O

Hows the weather?

Para responder utilizamos el pronombre impersonal it siempre con el verbo en tercera

persona del singular, seguido del adjetivo que describe el tiempo o bien de la forma continua
de un verbo que describa el tiempo.
It is sunny.
It is windy.
It is raining.
It is snowing.
It is foggy.
It is cloudy.
It is hot.
It is cold.

Est soleado.
Hace viento.
Est lloviendo.
Est nevando.
Hay niebla.
Est nublado.
Hace calor.
Hace fro.

Present perfect
Forma: El presente perfecto se forma con el presente simple del verbo to have, utilizado
como auxiliar, seguido del participio pasado del verbo principal.
La estructura para la forma afirmativa del presente perfecto sera:

SUJ + TO HAVE + PARTICIPIO PASADO

El participio pasado en los verbos regulares tiene exactamente la misma forma que el pasado
simple, y en los verbos irregulares vara.
El verbo to have significa, en este caso, haber y se conjuga como siempre (la tercera
persona del singular has y el resto de personas have).
El participio del verbo principal no vara en ninguna persona.
I have called

yo he llamado
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On vacation / We're off / Living under extreme conditions

you have called t has llamado, Ud. ha llamado, Uds. han llamado,
vosotros habis llamado
he has called

l ha llamado

she has called

ella ha llamado

it has called

ello (cosa / animal) ha llamado

we have called

nosotros hemos llamado

they have called ellos / ellas han llamado

En la forma negativa utilizamos la partcula not; como siempre, sta va colocada despus
del verbo to have, ya que es el verbo que se conjuga. Puede aparecer en la forma larga o
contrada.
La estructura para la forma negativa del presente perfecto sera:

SUJ + TO HAVE +
NOT + PARTICIPIO
I have not called
yo no he llamado
you have not called t no has llamado, Ud. no ha llamado, Uds. no
han llamado, vosotros no habis llamado
he has not called
l no ha llamado
she has not called ella no ha llamado
it has not called
ello (cosa / animal) no ha llamado
we have not called nosotros no hemos llamado
they have not called ellos / ellas no han llamado
En la forma contrada:
I havent called

yo no he llamado

you havent called t no has llamado, Ud. no ha llamado, Uds. no han

llamado, vosotros no habis llamado
he hasnt called

l no ha llamado

she hasnt called

ella no ha llamado

it hasnt called

ello (cosa / animal) no ha llamado

we havent called

nosotros no hemos llamado

they havent called ellos / ellas no han llamado

Para la forma interrogativa basta con invertir el orden de suj. + to have a to have + suj.
La estructura para la forma interrogativa del presente perfecto sera:
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On vacation / We're off / Living under extreme conditions

TO HAVE + SUJ. + PARTICIPIO?

Have I called?

he llamado yo?

Have you called? has llamado t, ha llamado Ud., han llamado Uds.,
habis llamado vosotros?
Has he called?

ha llamado l?

Has she called?

ha llamado ella?

Has it called?
(cosa / animal)

ha llamado ello?

Have we called?

hemos llamado nosotros?

Have they called? han llamado ellos / ellas?

Para hacer las respuestas cortas slo utilizamos el sujeto en cuestin seguido del verbo to
have en afirmativa o negativa, segn convenga.
P. ej.: Have you written the letter?
Yes, I have.
No, I havent.

Uso: Este tiempo verbal es una mezcla de presente y pasado. Siempre implica una conexin
con el presente; de hecho, si formamos una frase en presente perfecto podramos normalmente
hacer una misma frase en presente simple para una misma situacin.
P.ej.: Someone has put the cat in.
The cat is in.
Este tiempo se usa mucho en conversaciones, peridicos, televisin y radio, etc.
El presente perfecto se usa en dos casos:
a) Acciones y situaciones pasadas sin indicacin temporal.
P.ej.: Ive lived in Spain.
He vivido en Espaa.
b) Con el adverbio just, indicando que la accin est recin terminada. Con hechos y
acciones no acabadas o con consecuencias an en el presente.
P.ej.: Ive just had breakfast.
Acabo de desayunar.

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