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Transformers Especiales Hernán Escarria PDF
Transformers Especiales Hernán Escarria PDF
Cargas no lineales
Influencia en los transformadores
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 2
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Influencia en los transformadores
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 3
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Influencia en los transformadores
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 4
La aparicin de la electrnica
ha mejorado mucho las
propiedades de los productos
pero ha trado consigo, entre
otros problemas, la
generacin de armnicos.
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Influencia en los transformadores
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 5
RECTIFICADORES
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Influencia en los transformadores
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 6
Un rectificador de 12 pulsos produce 12-1=11, 12+1=13, 241=23 and 24+1=25 armnicos de corriente (en el caso ideal)
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Influencia en los transformadores
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 7
Cargas no lineales
Influencia en los transformadores
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 8
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Influencia en los transformadores
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 9
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Influencia en los transformadores / Conexiones
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 10
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Influencia en los transformadores
Algunos se preguntaban:
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 11
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Influencia en los transformadores
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 12
NORMAS
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 13
Utility Network
PCC 1
Substation
Transformer
MV Bus
IPC
PCC 2
Converter Input
Transformer
Other Loads
Other Loads
Converter
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 14
Total Harmonic Distortion factor (THD) Relacin del valor RMS del
contenido de voltaje armnico al valor RMS de la componente
fundamental de voltaje .. expresado como porcentaje de la
fundamental.
50
THD =
V
h=2
2
h
*100
V1
Total
Demand Distortion factor (TDD) Relacin del valor RMS del contenido
de corriente armnica al valor RMS de la com- ponente fundamental de
corriente .. expresado como porcentaje de la fundamental.
TDD =
I
h=2
I1
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 15
2
h
*100
PCC 1
Substation
Transformer
MV Bus
IPC
PCC 2
Converter Input
Transformer
Other Loads
Other Loads
Converter
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 16
The limits listed above should be used as system design values for the worst case for
normal operation (conditions lasting longer than one hour). For shorter periods, during
start-ups or unusual conditions, the limits may be exceeded by 50%.
50
THD =
V
h=2
V1
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 17
2
h
*100
Isc/IL
<20*
20<50
50<100
100<1000
>1000
TDD
5.0
8.0
12.0
15.0
20.0
Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonic limits above
Current distortion that result in a DC-offset, e.g. half-wave converters, are not allowed
* All power generation equipment is limited to these values of current distortion, regardless
of Isc/IL
Where
Isc = maximum short-circuit current at PCC
IL = maximum demand load current (fundamental frequency component) at PCC
TDD =
I
h=2
I1
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 18
2
h
*100
q
F=
6
provided that the amplitudes of the noncharacteristic orders are less than 25%
of the limits specified in the table for the 6-pulse rectifiers
Example: For a 12-pulse rectifier the characteristic harmonics (11th,13th, 23rd,
25th,) can be increased by a factor
F = 12 = 2
6
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 19
Isc/IL
<20*
20<50
50<100
100<1000
>1000
TDD
5.0
8.0
12.0
15.0
20.0
Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonic limits above
Current distortion that result in a DC-offset, e.g. half-wave converters, are not allowed
* All power generation equipment is limited to these values of current distortion, regardless
of Isc/IL
Where
Isc = maximum short-circuit current at PCC
IL = maximum demand load current (fundamental frequency component) at PCC
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 20
10
9
6 pulse rectifier
12 pulse rectifier
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
11
13
17
19
23
25
29
31
Harmonic Order
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 21
35
37
41
43
47
49
TDD
Vnet
Vharm
Xline
Xxfmr
PCC
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 22
Xline
Vnet
Xxfmr
TDD
THD
Vharm
Aplicaciones
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 23
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 24
Marine
Metals
Power
Water
Special applications,
e.g. wind tunnels
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 25
Aplicaciones tpicas
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 26
Alto DU/dt
Corrientes armnicas
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 27
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 31
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 32
6.0
5.5
5.0
VCommon
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
VSec
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
VOffset
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0
kV -3.5
-4.0
10
20
msec
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 33
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 34
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 35
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 36
3
2
Middle of
transformer window
Metal foil
Insulating cylinder
Transformadores de alimentacin de
VSD con conmutacin de alta
frecuencia en el lado de entrada
(entrada activa), las prdidas en la
pantalla puede ser dramtico.
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 37
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 38
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 39
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 40
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 41
q=
fh(pu)
Ih(pu)rms
fh^2
fh^2*h^2
Ih(pu)^2
Ih^2*h^2
1.000
0.960
1.000
1.000
0.922
0.922
0.922
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.200
0.192
0.040
1.000
0.037
0.922
0.184
0.143
0.137
0.020
1.000
0.019
0.922
0.132
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
10
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
11
0.091
0.087
0.008
1.000
0.008
0.922
0.084
13
0.077
0.074
0.006
1.000
0.005
0.922
0.071
14
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
16
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
17
0.059
0.056
0.003
1.000
0.003
0.922
0.054
19
0.053
0.051
0.003
1.000
0.003
0.922
0.049
20
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
22
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
23
0.043
0.042
0.002
1.000
0.002
0.922
0.040
25
0.040
0.038
0.002
1.000
0.001
0.922
0.037
29
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
31
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
35
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
37
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
41
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
43
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
47
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
49
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.041
9.000
1.000
8.300
1.573
0.078
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 42
Ih*h^2
LV (Secondary)
8.300
Eddy Loss multiplier
1.573
Stray loss multiplier
8.300
1.573
0.077754887
TDD
LV Losses
I2R
Power TX
designed
Eddy
22605
Rectifier
22605
New Power
60094
3.5
DISEO BASE OK
HV Losses
I2R
Total Loss
Eddy
30898
791.1
6567
Power TX designed
Max Power appl
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 43
Stray
27.9%
30898
76052
11250kVA
10000kVA
Stray
3.3
1019.6
8463
4780
7519
60094
76052
0.8889
Power Required
Power new design
10000
11250
LV (Secondary)
8.300
Eddy Loss multiplier
1.573
Stray loss multiplier
8.300
1.573
0.077754887
TDD
LV Losses
I2R
Power TX
designed
Eddy
22605
Stray
10
Rectifier
22605
2260.5
18763
New Power
63633
Power TX designed
Max Power appl
27.9%
HV Losses
I2R
Eddy
30898
30898
105431
11250kVA
8740kVA
Total Loss
Stray
10
3089.8
25646
4780
7519
63633
105431
0.7769
Power Required
Power new design
10000
12872
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Efecto de los armnicos/ Modelamiento trmico
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 45
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 46
En muchos casos complejas conexiones internas para los desfases y diseos multi-bobina
ABB tiene una posicin nica, ya que puede ofrecer la gama completa de un
sistema de transmisin con sus productos.
Colocar atencin
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 47
Evite las redes dbiles, una red tiene una potencia razonable:
SCmin > 25 * Peje
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 48
Medium Voltage
Supply Bus
Main Feeder
Breaker
& Protection
I>> Prot
I>> Prot
Main Feeder
Breaker
& Protection
I>> Prot
24-pulse
Converter Input
Transformer
12-pulse
Converter Input
Transformer
24-pulse
Converter Input
Transformer
Rectifier
24-pulse
Main Feeder
Breaker
& Protection
Rectifier
Rectifier
12-pulse
Medium Voltage
Supply Bus
MV
Supply
Converter Input
Transformer
DC-Link
Inverter
Output
Sine Filter
I>> Prot
MV AC
Induction
Motor
Common
Mode Choke
Main Circuit
Breaker
Input
Transformer
Power
Cables
Common
Mode Choke
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 50
Power
Cables
I PN
I PN
Screen
P
D
P2
C
Uv0/2
Uv0/2
Uv0/2
Uv0/2
ISN/2
ISN/2
ISN/2
ISN/2
Id/2
Uv0/2
ISN/2
P1
Screen
Screen
Uv0/2
ISN/2
Uv0/2
ISN/2
Id/2
Id/2
Udi0
Udi0
Technically a compromise
(non-characteristic harmonics)
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 51
Uv0/2
ISN/2
Id/2
Id
Id
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 52
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 53
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 54
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 55
Transformer
2 x 4-winding or 1 x 7-winding
Motor type
3 x 12-pulse bridges
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 56
H-bridge configuration
Asynchronous
Synchronous
Permanent magnet
Inverter
Inverter
One transformer :
SR
Transformer 1:
SR/2
-25
-20
-15
-5
20
MCB
MCB
Inverter
Inverter
-20
15
25
20
Transformer 2:
SR/2
Inverter
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 57
Inverter
Constantly high power factor > 0.95 at any speed and load
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 58
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 59
THD = 1.19%
Phase current
TDD = 2.95%
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 60
Lead Center
Vaasa
South Boston
Pereira
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 61
Zhongshan
Shanghai
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 62
Shanghai
Marketing & Sales Production
Zhongshan
Marketing & Sales
Pereira
Marketing & Sales
South Boston
Engineering
Production
all VSD (excl.
ACS5000)
Engineering
Production
up 10MVA (excl.
ACS5000)
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 63
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 64
railway transformers
furnace and rectifier transformers
marine & offshore transformers
variable speed drives transformers
reactors
other special transformers
transformer service
Autotransformers
Booster Transformers
Rectifier Transformers
Feeder Transformer
Customers
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 65
Customers
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 66
Marine transformers
Oil type transformers for Marine
Propulsion Transformers
Hotel Transformers
Magnetising Transformers
Customers
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 67
Marine Industry
Offshore transformers
Offshore transformers
Subsea Transformers
Converter Transformers
Customers
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 68
VSD transformers
VSD transformers
Step-up Transformers
Customers
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 69
Reactors
Reactors
Shunt reactors
Starting reactors
Earthing transformers
Customers
ABB Group
May 17, 2012 | Slide 70
Utilities
Metal industry