4 GTH Seminar Geothermal Power Plants

24-06-2011
Contents
Power Plants
Steam Power plants
Binary Power plants
Equipment
Well head
Gathering piping system
Geothermal Power Plants
Steam separators and moisture separators

Turbine generators
Condensers
Single flash systems Binary systems
NCG gas removal systems

Cooling Towers
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Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile
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Simplified single-flash backpressure schematic
Single flash power cycle

2
Separator
3
1
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Simplified single-flash condensing schematic
TS - Diagram for steam
4
2
Separator
CW
5
3
6
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Single flash process- Working cycle
One of the Design Objective
To produce as much energy as possible

from each kg geothermal fluid we extract
from the geothermal reservoir
Example:
Let us assume that we know the reservoir
enthalpy
We know the condensing temperature,
We need to estimate the separation
temperature and pressure that gives us
maximum energy
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Backpressure, an alternative
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Example
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Silica Solubility
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10
Silica Solubility
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Basics for binary Power Plants
Uses similar principle as conventional

fossil or nuclear plants.
Binary Power Plants
Instead of water/steam the working fluid

is Propane, i or n-Butane, i or n Pentane,
Ammonia or refrigerants with boiling point
much lower than water at same pressure.
Paratunka 1967, 670 kW
First indirect plant in Larerello 1912, 250
kW with water/water cycle
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Simple schematic and pressure-enthalpy diagram
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Various Cycles
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Hybrid, flash and Binary
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Single flash + Binary
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Single flow, top exhaust, impulse turbine
Geothermal Steam Turbines
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Types of steam turbines
20
Double flow, top exhaust reaction turbine
Imulse turbine
The turbine change the direction of flow
of a high velocity steam jet. The resulting
impulse spins the turbine and leaves the
steam with diminished kinetic energy.
There is no pressure change of the steam
in the turbine moving blades. All the
pressure drop takes place in the
stationary blades.
Reaction turbine
These turbines develop torque by reacting
to the steam pressure or mass. The
pressure of the steam changes as it
passes through the turbine rotor blades.
The turbine must be fully immersed in the
fluid flow (such as with wind turbines).
The casing contains and directs the
steam, maintains the suction imparted by
the draft tube.
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Single flow, multy pressure, top exhaust turbine
The Condenser
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Direct condenser
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Shell and Tube Condenser
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Non+condensable gases
In geothermal steam there will always be some

traces of non condensable gases.
The Gas extraction systems
The amount is usually in the range of 0-3% of

the separated steam flow.
In some cases up to 20%
Since the gas in non-condensable this gas must
be sucked out of the condensers, otherwise it will
simply build up there, blocking the heat exchange
between the cooling water and the steam
There are several methods to remove the gases
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Steam Ejector
Methods of removing NCG
Steam ejectors, SE
Two stages with intercondenser and sometimes
and aftercondenser
Liquid ring vacuum pumps, LRVP

Hybrid systems
The pressure energy in the operating steam is converted into

kinetic energy in the nozzle and this high velocity of the steam
entrains the gas being pumped. The resulting mixture at the
resulting velocity enters the diffuser where this velocity
energy is converted to pressure energy so that the pressure of
the mixture at the ejector discharge is substantially higher
than the pressure in the suction chamber but lower than the
pressure of the motive steam.
One stages Steam ejector + LRVP

Two stages Steam ejector + LRVP
Compressors
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Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump
Steam Ejector Velocity and Pressure
The compression is performed by a rotating ring of liquid,

usually water, as the impeller rotates in eccentric position
relative to the pump casing, the sealing liquid flows against
the casing by the centrifugal force and the sealing liquid
circulating flow is made, as the impeller is in an eccentric
position a decreasing cavity is produced inside the pump. This
cavity becomes smaller since the inside face of sealing liquid
circulating flow gradually approaches the discharge port and
compresses the gas in the inside
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Compressor
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35
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Two stage Steam Ejector
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Hybrid, Steam ejector + LRVP
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Two stage ejector system
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Air leakage and dissolved air in cooling water
Estimated air leakage into the low pressure part
Cooling
Flanges
Seals
Due to sub-atmospheric pressure in condensers
Dissolved air in cooling water

Must be taken into account if the condenser is cooled
directly
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Cooling
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Cooling tower
Rivers, lakes or seawater

Cooling with air
Cooling tower
Traditionally used for a flash cycle
Air Cooler
Often used for binary cycle
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Cooling tower Schematic
40
Unit 6 - Cooling Tower and CW-Pumps
Schematic drawing of a wet cooling tower

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Reykjanes Power Plant
Example Reykjanes Power Plant
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Reykjanes 50 MW Single flash - 3 units
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Reykjanes - Steam separator station
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Reykjanes - Brine exhaust silencers
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Reykjanes - 50 MW steam turbine
Double flow
Double exhaust
Cross over Duct
CW In/out
Condenser
Generator
Control valve
Steam strainer
Main stop valve
Steam traps
and drain pipes
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Reykjanes - Sea water cooling
Example Svartsengi Power Plant
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Svartsengi - Overview
Why construct a power plant so close to the pool?
Medical
Clinic
Blue
Lagoon
Re-injection
pipeline
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Svartsengi - Formation of the steam cap
50
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Cosmetics
Production
High Pressure
dry steam area,
Steam Cap
Power Plant
Water dominated
area
52
Svartsengi - Steam cap area and collecting pipes
Geothermal well
Steam cap
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Svartsengi Resource Park - Schematic
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Svartsengi Power Plant (2009)
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Svartsengi, Unit 5 - Turbine / Generator
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Svartsengi, Unit 5 - Condenser
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Svartsengi, Unit 5 - Water heaters
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Svartsengi, Unit 5 - Gas Removal system
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Svartsengi, Unit 5 - Cooling Tower
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Svartsengi, Unit 6. T/G - Moisture removal vessels
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Svartsengi, Unit 6- Piping
62
Cross Over Duct

MP Outlet
LP Inlet
MP Inlet
HP control valve
HP main stop valve
HP steam strainer
Oil Unit
HP=High pressure, 16 bara

MP=Medium press. 6,5-6,7 bara
LP=Low pressure, 1,2 bara
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Unit 6 - Cooling Tower and CW-Pumps
Cross Over Duct

NCG Extraction
Condenser dome
VAC tank connection
Drain from ejector syst.
CW Outlet
CW from aux systems
CW Inlet
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Unit 6, Cooling Tower - Winter conditions
Example - Binary Power Plant
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Binary Power Plant - Azores
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Sao Miguel Azores - Pico Vermelho Plant
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Pico Vermehlo - 10 MW PFD
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10 MW binary Power Plant - Plan View
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Typical well pad
Well head and safety equipment
Safety valve with a rupture disk

assembly on upstream side
Well head, steam separator, brine tank, rock muffler and

gathering pipelines
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Well head, master valve and branch valve
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Separator and brine tank
74
Typical well pad
Vertical steam separator

Brine tank and brine pups
Well head, steam separator, brine tank, rock muffler and

gathering pipelines
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Brine pumps
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Condensers, vaporizer and preheaters
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Turbine (s) and generator
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Reinjection pumps
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4 GTH Seminar Geothermal Power Plants

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4 GTH Seminar Geothermal Power Plants

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24-06-2011

Geothermal Power Plants

Steam separators and moisture separators

Single flash systems Binary systems

NCG gas removal systems

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Simplified single-flash backpressure schematic

Single flash power cycle

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Simplified single-flash condensing schematic

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

TS - Diagram for steam

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Single flash process- Working cycle

One of the Design Objective

To produce as much energy as possible

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Basics for binary Power Plants

Uses similar principle as conventional

Binary Power Plants

Instead of water/steam the working fluid

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Simple schematic and pressure-enthalpy diagram

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Hybrid, flash and Binary

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Single flash + Binary

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Single flow, top exhaust, impulse turbine

Geothermal Steam Turbines

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Types of steam turbines

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Double flow, top exhaust reaction turbine

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Single flow, multy pressure, top exhaust turbine

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Shell and Tube Condenser

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

In geothermal steam there will always be some

The Gas extraction systems

The amount is usually in the range of 0-3% of

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Methods of removing NCG

Liquid ring vacuum pumps, LRVP

The pressure energy in the operating steam is converted into

One stages Steam ejector + LRVP

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile

Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump