HISTORY

CHAPTER 1:

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THE RENAISSANCE

WHAT WAS THE RENAISSANCE?

Renaissance means rebirth the rebirth of classical Greek and Roman ideas
Renaissance person = a person who knows/is interested in many different subjects
Renaissance was caused by:

The invention of the printing press

Ideas could be spread more easily, faster, and in a cheaper way. More books,
so more people read/learned to read.

Exploration and trade

New ideas from other parts of the world were spread

Rulers, churchmen, and merchants acted as patrons

The patrons gave money to the people with a certain talent (e.g. painting,
inventing, writing) or to scholars so they could make things or learn.

Spread of universities
Because of the universities, people could learn, and different ideas came
together

Competition
Everyone wanted to be better than the others, so things kept getting better
and better, because everyone wanted to improve.

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Renaissance low countries mostly art big change: ordinary people were
painted instead of religious people

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Printing press was invented ideas could spread more easily
more people learned how to read
Paper invented in China invention discovered by Arabs came to Europe
First printing press one wooden block with carved letters later on the iron
moveable type with loose letters was invented

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Erasmus:

Was a humanist
Said: think for yourselves
Said: study the bible for yourselves
Translated the bible in other languages
Criticised the church:
- priests know too little of the scriptures (bible)
- priests should live a simple life, like Jesus
- the church was too focussed on money/wealth
The church may not split up! Must stay one!
Started the Church reform, inspired other reformers
Was inspired by humanists like Jan Hus

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Why did people go exploring?

Religious motif convert people to Christianity

Economic motif fondness of luxury goods from the East
wanting a new trade route to the East, because the
_______
Ottomans taxed those who travelled through their empire
Intellectual motif wanting to proof the world was round and not flat
Political motif wanting to reach the land before others did to conquer it

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EVERY SOURCE IS USEFUL!!!

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Problems of the church were:

Priests didnt know the bible

The church was too focussed on money/wealth
The Church accepted bribes (bribes = payment to get a certain position in the
church, e.g. bishop)
The Church sold indulgences (indulgences = tickets that could reduce your
time in purgatory)

Council of Trent from 1545-1563 improve the church

points of attention:

Education for priests

Reaffirming celibacy (celibacy = not having any romantic relationships)
The Vulgate remains the only bible version
Christians should obey the pope in religious manners
The Catholic church should explain the bible
Heretics must be burned

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Luther:

Said: study the bible yourselves

Translated the bible
Thought: if the church divides, so be it
Said: priests should live like Jesus
Started Protestantism
Caused division of the Church, and gave more power to German kings

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Calvin:

Said: God knows already if youre going to heaven or hell, but you can still
mess things up. So, live sober
Said: study the bible yourselves
Created a whole new religious order: Calvinism

Calvinism very strict e.g. no dancing, singing,

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Index = list of all the books forbidden by the Pope
Catholics afraid to lose power to protestants set up the inquisition
Inquisition pretty harsh in the Netherlands Netherlands had a lot of Protestants

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Netherlands part of Spain
Spanish king no time to rule NL sent a regent: Margaret of Parma
Problems in the Netherlands

Religion (protestants were suppressed (inquisition))

Economic (King of Spain raised high taxes, for e.g. army)
Political (noblemen wanted more power)
(the States-General only came together to talk about taxes)

The Dutch tried to make a compromise with Margaret she didnt do anything
the Dutch got angry started iconoclasm (beeldenstorm)

EXTRA NOTES
Tips for tests!!!
1. - be able to put things in context: if you have a cause, you must be able to
_ explain why it is important
- Think empathetically
2. - Study not only the sources, but also the bold-printed words
- look them up in the glossary
- also look up pif-words
3. - Read the source thoroughly
- use elements from the source in your answer (quote from
_refer to _describe)
4. - learn chronology!!!!
5. - Argue! Give arguments in favour and against!

Erasmus, Luther, Calvin and the Catholic churchs reaction