a

X . X =X

a +b

(a . b)n=a n . bn

X b = X a

a n a
=
b n b

X n=
Xa

1
n
X

1/2

{( ) ( ) ( ) }

1
E=
3

( 13 )

1
+
4

1
2

( 14 )

1
2

( 12 )

G=

92 ( 2430.2 )
81

42

[( ) ]
1

27