Definigls a> se elomains ELAsticos pue 8 A Aste ve foechs Elev momenirs ABWAVEH EVERSIA € Que € devoluinh PO VSTEMA em EUIDA. Tips <> 03 Tipe mAy Smwws DE MOlAS +H: V BAM VE TOAD | v molt HEU Cocmis » MolAs we Hyaimes ov faxe de mola’ © molag espec mis ( BoeeAcile | Bellev'le) BARA BE Dre : E conv neeion A ARMA mars smples oad mola, Aja Kioweh Ai eQuAmE Bavicas ve Ten iS, Defoe (Doble Ansulde) € BO @ASTINTE BE MOA FD DEK vans PAS equees ae Ded , GS: Tr e. Th -J4 TS JG Zz S > pewifo cialtbints T= DAQVE Ty moment? we weld pp le NOE QUE AS EQUAPES G > MOdvID re Gt SalHArewro peima JH WAS Com tec! a L = Compt me 4D (vel Hes Contec ons) OE Baie vcs 1!! K > Gnsrte ae Mol 6 > DEFlexd ANeUIe.NO CA BE UMA SECAD CiPcul AL. To-5E S- T o-32rh ke SG t O° wt 4 32 2 molt Hel ecwhs + AS wolAS HeliGriams Gueeiein vA Dia De ve EneolAa” onrA Ba ve TES fo Pere pe sma SPEER linDecs me forund ASE CRA uma thute . (NO AW De UMA BARRA DE ToS sABLMO Bue: Ga Tr . 16 PRs mech Aplichon a age wr To pa mol Cuejm Bivea) f) wolt Helecovnm) € Rewinboo pn “Confdemnaci mesivicA” an molh pe DEH (BARA m= Me AO ) pages wea > WEE UMA Ravife AmGondy (+ 23%) a b = hes PF Aanciowgy = a nt * ) ASM NO CHO PE MOI He liGn'mins Tem se: a) a BS + Socal &, ap = lee , 123P Td APARA Que SEJA Posin'vel AgUpme Tecaay Home/HhWRS € ewrlline. Necbecanevns A epuAste Anireeioe Mew MecesHe’o pefiai® uM VAR Ae! fox: WiAe, 4 ) IND CE De _ S i. = ZR s mola a bros D. WameTto MEO DA Helice ot mol m\9 A. = Whwero ww Arme mA molA nord: 0 nipice Pe MOIA petaniTe Gompaene mOIM De Dike ores Bi men yoes Lembihomra Que © sisi _ nea. £123 & ) & \ d= \ Se moltpiatans € Divinity A epi mene poe CA eudlonme NAO 9S ALIERA Bag) 2 28 4P C2128 4P 2B aL icon al weed Cc SF ppiconal - 123 4B y2ey2 . loPe , 0.6 mw Cc 2 TH « wih = GG = GPR 060: td3extended Figure 4-2. Helical spring formed from round bar.Sid. PR, [6 PR yoo mf wd? od? (Sot ie ters ("+ OBVEME gue A EQuaGhe Anretot MENece o uAloe Mm tev wis < saubtte ropif ja" levewon em Garcmenasts A Favrfie era” Que WEEE reir A ConfoemAge medina’ 20 MAE O paso weovine & © Nove ESPIPAS ArivAINS N= QtNc | Ld N8 De ESPIMAS mT vA No DE EPI PAS TOMS FATA De_CORRECHS CS UMA Baran AO HR CovormAnn © Se Inns - “hea en uma mold HelcrnAl RE um AMER NO ESTAIO PE TEVWES (vejp He. 12.3) = 16PR (14 2) — ZB. 1b PR Ks wo Cc Us => Andere Okeesio PAHO GsAlHmen7o ay |e te tek my i ‘Surah torsion barDE Flexto Ve MOIR rte lider res : (ley) De flexio - Force > TeOkemA de CASM6IANO " ENERGIA DE DERRMAHO _ TORCAD + CAL HAneW 70 pf mola He lect pal 2 wis 1h ae et 4 245 ZAG was T.€D | £-10N, Joadt 2 A= Id? 2 32 4+ Asin TEMS: a3 i Us 4EDN 4 2EDN iz arg a4 O TOLEMA de CASTIGIAWD D2 Que: 3 ye od _ BFON _ , 4FON @ oF d+G 074 Comd C=D/h Tews: 3 3 y- BFON [1+ ,)~ FON J dG ( :) d*4 Como k= Fly Temas : ve di’ wv AG123 COIL SPRING STRESS AND DEFLECTION EQUATIONS 433 18 rq 18 ng) i & qu we 2 3 13 8 acl esa a 12 fs 6 a 4 102 4 6 ei 2a? Sorin index, €= Did Figure 12.4 Stress correction factors for helical springs. where Q = F, and, for round wire, K' = J = wd4/32. Letting N equal the number of active coils (i.e., not counting the end turns that do not participate in the deflection because they are in contact with the end plates, we have = fon (EDI2ND/2) @ ) 8 Siena AE AFD? pv ‘ nd'G by 8FDN “eG SE The spring rate (also called spring constant or spring scale—and with units of Newtons per millimeter, pounds per inch, ete.) is commonly designated as k, where (12.8)OS ERT) tA Ten sho ciAlWnre ECON ARPA FPR TAniBenr Edm pee vm PEspuivtooe wn WESTING Ho IE eyo Wome 6 A.M. weil. WAHL om 1929 Pope 0S 0 SSUINTE CEBGENTE De OLPEMD ‘io +2 | aS | Nom: vhs Deve me util AIO NO A DE AeREGAMENTO Snes | hy Pere Yea. UNL >AWO NO Ao BE FAII6A V fraBos 0§ ANDES pe ORE 50’ pore Hee UNL AVE) wns eas ov =—C PB @ Kate? L___5. Aneulo we Hehe , iAbe-ve pe G. BPD kw. BP ck, = 0 AbACO 7A Revel 12.4 Petan'te O8Re. a Motes TE Kyo Chg weerrmovie . OBE Que : a. 64?én, . BPCu - de! fi G4 “Ba K-P Got 2 GA 2 Gk Oo 64RN, BCINg ACA Wewold HeWcor rhs | Avalie exnettsd A pmnlive QOHTICA A sae RenL akon UuiA princsphlMevle A Dereeonsto pp S700 BE TENE E A ewiencia mechure De MOI Hel cn'ms Fes ve AraMES FE res cbt lae. expe imen mal MENTE Byer QUE Su, , NOH DE mOlA Helier mie, € DEP DENTE 2 Dame , vEsA Re. 12.7 € prbels Conn ch eae COMPHmeNTD —(TomR AF €spis Pci ) cena L'DO EXPER ON MONTAA > menos DE 27%, DA DefoMUAc PE LONG PeHo>a OCoReE Em MOIAS PFOJETATMS 306 A covrn' BE ConpeimenTD WU'20 \ ae DASSy (Feevos0s) Tenyes AD UIE ES | S20 as Si. (A Repos € - Austeminicas ) Pee -pe Poemuacho (PRESETTING ) UMA pA) folnAd De AumenTi. A RETNA de UMA Mold pplicag. oma prc fetus co es Pe -Cefor mace AHURA NO KT ConTMAD A wm heed spycam. By < 0.45 Su (maRtias Feeeosos S/ Pee -vE FORMACHO ) Be < 0.65 Su ( fepeoses ¢/ PAE -DeReuA cho)“TABLE 4-1. STEEL SPRING WIRE, MINIMUM TENSLE STRENGTHS, vi, AND AST DESIGNATIONS, DESIGNATIONS 302 Stainless wa Hacd-Deawn Music Of-Tempered Stel. Gage’ Diameter Cass. Wire! ‘Gass 1. Gass! ‘No. io Ams A893 ALS As 2s 0204 7800 «350000 293.000 295.0 2" 0.0230 zo = M3000 239.000 2200 2 0.0258 zsom 337.000 286.00 291.0 2 0.0286 mio 332010 283.000 2s 000 a 00317 asso0 —327.000——240.000 2.000 0 ass 26 =H 774.000 230000 » oxio 255000 314000266000 275000 8 90475 248000 306000 259.000 257.000 v7 ‘00540 sg 501000253000 255.00 6 00625 Bro = 3000 247.000 288.000 1s 00770 poo 257000 24.000 250.000 ry 0.0800 ro = zon 235.000 246.000 B 0015 moo 78000 © 730.000 238000 2 0.1055 risa = 28.00) ZO 000 uw ous 21090 © 25300020000 222000 0 01380 ‘rosoo 258000 215.000 217000 9 01483 amo 5800710000 205.000 a 01600 2mm scm 705,000 196.000 1 01770 9500 245000 20.000 196000 6 on i000 241,000, 195.000 18.000 5 2070 s0c00 238000, 190.000 12.000 ‘ 02253, 186000 235.000 188.600 175.000 ain, 02500 1e2000 = 3000 ——185.000 168000 snbia, 03125, 174000 183.000 155000 asm 03750 167.000 180.000 145.000 “eS “washburn and Moen . "Values interpolated ro nearest rae ie —— TABLE 4-2. ALLOY STEEL SPRING WIRE, MINIMUM TENSILE STRENGTHS, o., Dineee GeV esi | Dame GeV es aig Amide | mA AwLI6 ao scoa our x toe oan mow | te zmow doo ost somo amon | atv 255000 fost — Srna ow | 2H 21000 Soa — esip0 nom | oa%0 sain fom ssa sooo | Gass ans es denooo | oat aon. 4000 10s 265000 oars zoom 200 ou20 sooo | same 950mm 380m e198 som doco | 050 ss00m 000, ee TABLE 4-3 CARGON STEEL VAL IE SPRING Wn, MINIMUM TENSILE STRENGTHS, oy (ASTM SPEC. 290-93) ‘Strength Pai 0093-0128 235.000 0129-0162 230.00 0163-0192 sao : 0193-0225, 0.0 0226-0250 215000 over 0.280 210.000TABLE 4-4 PHOSPHOR BRONZE WIRE, HO8 (SPRING TEMPER) UNS NO. C51000 ROUND ‘OR SQUARE WIRE, (ASTM SPEC, B159-93) Diameter, in. oF Minimum Distance Between Tensile Parallel Surtscer Strength (0025 and under 145.000 Over 0025 o 0.0625 135.000 ‘Over 0.0825 00.125 130.000 (Over 0125 00.280 125000 Over 0.250 to 0375 120.000 (Over 0375 00.500 105.000 Sn, 42-58%: Ph 003-0.35%; ‘Cu $n + Ph, remainder TABLE 4-5 SRASS WIRE. MINIMUM TENSE STRENGTH, o., FOR RECTANGULAR (OTHER THAN SQUARE WIRE, EXTRA SPRING TEMPER (ASTM SPEC. 8134-93} Copper Minimum ‘Alloy Copper Lead rom Teale ‘Ne. % Mar% = Max% = Zinc =——Strength UNS C2100 940-560 ans 00S Remainder 61,000 UNS C220 © 890-910 aos 00s Remainder 72.000 UNSCzI000 840-860 ons os Remaincer 82000 UNS Cio TRS-AL5 SOS Remainder 89.000. UNS C2600 685-715 007 5 Remainder 95,000 UNS.C2s800 630-685 01007) Remainder 50.000 UNS C70 610-640 010 005——Remainder 80.000, ——_SF} —— oO TABLE 4-6 RATIO OF YIELD STRENGTH IN SHEAR, ‘yp, ANO ENDURANCE UMIT IN SHEAR (ZERO TO. MASIMUM), 7, TOULTIMATE STRENGTH, 4 % Type e Hard.drawn wire oa 021 Music wize 04 023 Oi-tempered wie oes on 32 staniessteel wie, 188 046-020 Ce-Vand CrSialloy wre OSt_———020 ABLE 4-7 _TENSLE STRENGTH OF HEAT-TREATED STEELS FOR HOT-FORMED SPRINGS, 1-5/8-DIAMETER "yENS QUENCHED AND DRAWN AT TEMPERATURES SHOWN, 1098 Plain 6150 Chromium $262 Silicon- iiss Carbon ‘Vanagivm Molybdenum Manganese “P? “Uhimate Yield Unimate Yield Utinate Viel = “Unimwe View ss) 192000 128000 220.000 203000 206000193000 24800 212.000 ‘sy 188000 120000 198.000 485.000 190.000 170.900 314000182000, ws 172.000 107.000 180.000 168.000 174.000 150000 28R000 156.000 jee 18100092000 162.000 152.000 150000 129.000 6700 137000 2). Oe ree <= 10 * UMA ExThEM DADE FyA CA OVTPA Hule S&S XK>2.0 A ESTAR WOME ABsO4TA OCoeeE HUAVPO G ' & Mee _ b, Aim | ap | ste) = x 2Q+EFoe queen CATA ve molAS Helicororhs ; UMA ONDA FE PLOPAGA Em UMA malk Ee Refleriae NO Fiwal © PETONA. O PlojEens7> deve OBERT A AISYMAS Bimenwes A's PheA gue A PLEQUENGA DH fered pplrctol FE)a Dhetere PA FLEQUENS'A Fe W BRAAD NATUM] & Asy'm ev'omd A 2 ONG, A EQUA DA avDA GUE SeverWA UMA Wolk ENTE Zexrucmionogs preneles e°: 2 2 Oe fw Gh oy* xl ot? ONDE: Kz CoSTANTE p= moLA 3B = A€lE RAC LL = Conuper mento 2A mold ennee 05 placas Wz peu Wr mala. 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Y PA, p= hd. P ia a. FERMINACK “PlANA € SIMER; HEA er> v ESpipA rae Nezl v mrp ve espirAS | MN, = Net! XQ CompeimenTo hive | he p imet ‘) © Compt mento wire, bs. dle “ pasio , po & Neth NOTE gue NO AD to Compeinenro hue € 0 pAiIo UMA DESMS PIAS SHANDRIS DEVE se Comes on BE Avlé-mpd Be lohan Gerdf 0 Compe mento Lite & DE Rekeainton Peto espaso (area) gue A mola UM Ocuphhe . \sTERMINA CAD FectAad o> ¥ Numero ve EspiAA finlfiS, Ne = 2 V Numero TT pe Espiaas, Np= Ne! “Compaimento bi Vee , Ly = pre +3ol © Compe ment solevo bse Ahlers) & PREY, 5 Sol r ne TERMIN ACH RechAMh © ELMECI/HARA c> Y NUMERO DE epivad Awhs Ne 22 ve Nimero We ESprMAs TOMS | N= NetZ. + Compeimenro tives Ly, = pre 2k ~ CompeimenTo sono | 0. Wk vps, ps Ly -2d Ve E FE minth molb nf Ter, Newim pot Nps de TE Resi Acoes mosrraeos © EVM Peve Bee 00 UTIG2ADO UM SANCHO bu ut 2agoCama 10+ Maus Mecincss 493 AX Tg YUUUUU “gs! vemiade stensa Figure 10-2 Tipos de exremidedes pora moles de compressdc o}extreidodesplanos; (bj exremidades esquodrades: ® ‘ettromidodes esquodrodks ¢ eimerilhods: [} exiremidodes plonos ¢ esmerihades. Tabela 10-1. Férmulos pare dimensdes de mola de compressdo (N, =niimero da espiras olives} Esquadrada tae cad food eufechada _eesmerilhade Espira de ‘evromdode, N, ° 1 2 2 Expr totais, N, N Nel N+? Cemriento Toe, pyed ple PN, 23d pN+ 2d Comgriment indafecvel tsi} aN aN, din) ny, Paso, p (-d/N, LIN Il, 3d/N, U- 240m, Feet: Design Hace 1987, p32. Cos -oamento, distorgdo pode ocorrer, Se essa tensio tor muito 4 dificil controlar 0 consprimer Remogio de deformagdo aumenta a resisténcia da mola e, assim, € especialmente util quando a mola usada para propésitos de armazenagem de energia. Contudo, a remogiio de deformacio nao deve ser uss dda quando as molas forem sujeitas a faciae © a a “a Lat, Nid =n © = Plant +8tovein SOtE+ 6 bpp © B ‘9 Leone Nd Figure 12.8 Compression spring ends and corresponding spring solid-height equations. (Note: Square ends are wound with a zero helix angle.) Np 75 ve (tas wee oe RAT SRE =o, AMVRDAS (a) Squored ond ground (or forged) ends. (0) Sqvored or closed ends. Not ground. ; AVM Ny- 08 wl > MAAK ‘Ve 1.0 wing (en ent (aan ete gon Fire 46 Types of end tus wed fo compen ping - of 2 Z gure $7. End of tension ping mc by turing up bal lop. o o aoe2 GANCHo es. como MA Reuea 4.7 VAmO| Con owrAd. ost AD bwbaice: L as ' Compumentd cAneA Com peimenTo yee Meayim a Wl'no O clAsH alloupwce Recomenaioo € feud] A 10, Da MAKiOnk DEFleao pe TPA Ho Como ExisTE UMA Limimache Pe elphgo em "pelt ho DiAneio vamos AovTa uma lok LATERAL PARA eviTE mice fceenciA Fol6a Uyreral > OID Aleulo we K: caleal0 po clas Alibwace ; clas H = ON x Fume es 0,1 kis, 2 0.12" A Ilbw An ce K 90 A foes AplicaoA No Compe: menind foto wee: Fo: Fume + Fop RecA HexCongf necermern p] iF 0 CsA Mlbwanycea2. Fe 2 10S+ Ke es IOS Pr Iox012 = Nb Ibs 0 payy sesuiare EA pepeminnets Be Decl Lemarawor gue D+bhers" € en Ri6A Lard e! 01D (Le mBRe-1e gue A mol\ AUNENTA DE DAMES QuAweD Cm mi, Como existe 2 VAR AVES INRELOA ii D ctor mae Pac! 2 REewluez. o peo Blenia © poe Rana € CFO. SARA Que 1.0 < D G = 045K 225 = lol Bei $E AeoeA Admiriemas Dz 12s" pomenaas Re-chlentpe ol, Grasso: 8 - 6RD Ks cp lOleve . Bxuex har nas wsove oppouen =0057" Zomo 0 vilO® EN ton'Teinn © DikkRenh: DO AiKIMNID Remo pur Referee 0) Alclos 28 TeNTAn Va: Ui) iA o valoe De cL Avremar . ol = 0187" —> Sy- 210 BH ae SS SE nGoeA unit 2Remo| A EQuAgio a wiro = OB Cks ms CKs & Daawskes av P7 Ta? O48 x 210030 = Bx Ib EK ay Ck = 789 Trois VolTwm A Revues 12.4 pm: C-73 up CD. a> De 23%0.197 14 Zz s Observe Que Did 2y5 OK! Aeulo ve N, , i y 44, 4 Stamos Joc Kk ~ AG a> 70 - (0.152) U.sxio’) BIN B xis)? N N - 638 es eas<2 NUMERO nop VR espns Coupes MENTE GELDO fe N, 2 636t2- 8.38 db p> 888x0N7 = 1.32" A Pea (K) Fe 4 Beep A mola 124) st elomene rp Es Me = 4.27" 20 O Corupes mento live weeh’ hue heh uy G2 1324027; 260" Qoanon A tea wb Golbs c AeUKA A Mola TERA! O veg uiW re Onphs menTo : Las 260 -~ £8 90 hoe? =Qt ® a mols Heli corpnis ve Conpecsie : PROJET PARA SEPvICO EsTAT'CO: (shley) J IN ERVALO “pete nivel "papa C =x 42Cel2 7 INTERVALO "QECoMENDHDO "FARA O NiMELO De ESP mAS ATLUNDHD —> ZEN Foch operncovl maim (Fax) Faun 4 - Fs DERNINDO A KENSAO FRACONARA ATE O Com peamew TO SOliD9 (p mola ENT CompleTAMEWTE Pe cHADA) Como $ Fs 2 (145) Faxey mas Fume & 1 fs , 1050 : 7 Fs 2 (IF) Fang 2 (145 1 :) bs A paenie 0A (6uAlpmpe extemh $=! -0/43 ¥ OIS, Aivim, 7 say Recomenta Que § 20/5. —— Alem AD peopHempES DOS ATEN paw MOlK} Staley BecoMened Ay SEGLINTES CONTACORS PALA PiojETD : 42 Cele BENGIS f Zoi espeaGco™ Ng Bee 7 meee 244 "Figura te MEL TO" (Fom) <> FOM = “Gp tes custo KEIATIVO to MAEED | pds elimina, 08 Taman tas Pe BO , 0 moe vAloe Pe FOM Foenecs opecjero OPMO onmo !)Exémplo : ze UM mold Kelicorval v2 Compeesin® P= Fio MOKCAL E NEcesIRHA PARA HypoLTme UMA cAesa De 20 LF ApS FR CompaimioA 2olesans DEVIDO A CONPcoES PE PHOVETO ,A ALTURA SOLiWA NAO 00S exceren A | polesAvA € 0 Compemeniro Livee NM poe THR MRS ve 4polesarAs, Peojer A mOlA. Fane = 20 "5, Yaye = 2 FAL te SesuMincd ap Nee = 1.2 INDICE ba LiIVEALDADE = py § =0. IS 2obusTA Vatiavel pe Deas: cL 20,080" BRIA m2 14 : & Sy = 282000 Pr Como estamas UNL zw AME Pe moyica ml =0.40 ue (090 Sey = 2900 Px Alalor hf > %? Sy = 112800 2 74000 Pet Nes fo Citcalove B > Pe Blues fans = 9151.68 Pr wa* —— CHloalo pe C :wm CoD... De fo ao —_————— CAloalo re kas CoehGente pe BERESTRAS HEL . hg = 1.1534 Chleulo 7A Teves CSAiMawre: ae © = [aera 0.712, . Ge 1.1530 x Bl +018) 20 x Be 73,142 “0 pr 1 x(0.080F —= vEeBcwoe 95 G fe! AleulAr CouReTAMENTE ; Nes 2 Sey. 2800 =/.200T ok! 93-942. CAleulo 40 PiAMETRO EXIEENO : ODsad+h > A= 0.72 +0080. 0.42" CAlculoto DAAMETCO INTERNO : ID: D-l > We 0.112-0.080 3 0,632" aie NUMELO 96 ESpinas ATIUNOAS : (Ne) 4 No = Max > No = 16,66 vols 2s 3 BD" Fun _——— Nova. PAPA ACOS Ge WTS Mew VAMOS uTlizag UMA ROMINACAD Fecthimk € amet HADA ” Nps Nett = (B66 voi TAS CAlcxlo 40 ComppirmenTo slip : (Ls) Lo = Np. = 1.4934" aaa Conspemen' 70 Live: (Lo) los pn. tad MAS NAO TEMAS 0 vMOR PO PASO. lembrana QE Los Yths € Yee kK i eed G8 om Ke 0.08" xi = 10.004 Ibt/po| ODN. Bx0,712 x (6.66 3 3 F.tASy = 1x0,08xI2900 = 27.617 [bf BhgD DK 1.1834 0.02 ys SLGIL = 2.1606 pol 10.008 ———_——- boa Yrls Lp = 2.1606 + 1.49342 4.254" CONRIERANTO A mga ENTPE MAL PlpcAt Pp lawas : (d'20.8) de). & 263 D_ ceunco a Coleg & 2.63% 0,012 < 4.054" as — O AMEN RONAMENTO NAO ATENDE AS CONV GOEL INTE ARS Poe ISTO € NecesymtcO REFER BcollhsNsa uM A wrion . NOM: S€ A mOlA Deve SEL CoD em UM ORREO i De orirero -a ~foljefw yursueey AouMI EUUE LUE HEAL LTEAMENL, 18 alwe PROJET De _MolAs HEU erotis Corn ae apwina FADEA. O PimenvonAment® poe FAREA € RAT DA mera fiennA Que EM EKOS, 6y veyA, ATHVE BOS DY ASMIMAL DE SODEABEEG eu SoxbynAN, Go0~mAn n> Sun 6 Sy Ay ( $4) Je Sa 4 Sax Neg oye? Ay > fame BE waAe Neg —> PAID Be SESURANSA OByetve gue malas Heicoryth's mio ConmsprnenTeS me cAnuricos Que BEPENILVDO BA APUAD (ree puenas a ABR) oA LA ie momen ove Oviehe. ery RESYOWAVE A. no FivioA €° Rew ITAVlE bE OMA Plan Gla de Peesag é/ov OMENS §TOLNA-E NECES ero A unRRAM BA Frepuens a BE Ap AA DESES EHEC! . SPLNG FREE —=> PROPAGAGH BE orm . ( Min A Apasonte OA moln DE AbWirEe eNERs/'d- VY AYA Pees Piaxiars AguelAs WO COnsper meniTO muro Ju vinal nl6ete Que A Feeguenca narved! ps PROPRGAS DE ONOA (speing nit DEVE KO. MHDL pve O 432 Hacer fn xe fh Conupiae De molh ma <— MA Ye® Noh: PAA Maxinne, A Fae quences munmvenf NEES AZO Ne Quo Kx d*4 DIN MARY x (volume) (pew 'nmve ) mM x d*Dn p = i a /dtefoin) fx d ea (d?0n P) take DF NO AY ge moly te ACO; f = 13900 k ftey (a 4D em Polesarns) aw ND* _ 35300 bh. et (A fD O milimena) “—— ND* even plo #2: OM CAMO GIA A 6D RPM, FRZENDO Com gued APAlpHoDe whA © PEGA umn VEZ 702. Revoluss (vga RevéA) © APAPADR Deve Ra MANITYDO Em CowTATD Como Chm) ADE te umn MOA HeGienenf owns A RRA VAGA evme 300 e bOONg O Compementro Ufah De 28 tram . A Remi aA%es BA mola se MEcHioAS © Etuen'/Hins | 0 métecaR ppd mola eum AbAWE te Chemo- VAwarivm ASIN A232. Que WHE MAMET wpetharal De )MO OF GAAnIAl Ih (JHOT~Peanin’). A RewspAc4 A FGA “pestemareral Leper on pel Reeh 12.16. A mori, EN nTe of vAlotes 5 A WIAD DE PESPOAANSA . DE PROPAGARS De ove | Mini mi 2m. Spans wese sie e weesthero Que ye Mimi ze p. Heguiucn NATO Conip fox he we A MBA pave Mine pays 248 #5 vines Conpperme. Ca 10 (write De w/a) LemBke-ve gue A Féuea 12.4 MOA 9} ilowss onmos ewme 420 <2 #4. SAH All dance sera’ 10% PA rERRnAgK DE TAGHID Meh a ONDE DAES HY EXSTE Um CONDO ENTE AL ROMINADES an mola = x pis #2 =A Pokca Atupwre & Colinene. Ao cico WA molaSelemesie and G! Ne” coon 7 Figure 12.18 aos 002) TE aie ie with shot perio 1000 Totnes without ot pening (giana net 00/000 fe Sama Problem 12.2, ‘ ae ec CI) un) sn, Pretempered carbon oF Figure 12.26, Infitelif fatigue ara alloy steel high-duty spring wire, d = a . oy) 4 oost—tf a > “Pao t Poss : a ee vite Boy ai . 1 4 an leah % fore} 8 om 5 2 03 iN nee 3 aw : 2 a oral | Satie on = : 0.05 _ 23 4 8 67 8 9 0 Fata, en enh-ien dame, /D Figure 1240 Duckling conditions for helical compression springs, ‘A~end latest consti pratt ? pring "3 (Duckling occurs for conditions (buckling patiern asin Fig 5.272) ‘Stor lagna above and to the right {ueling pater sn i, 5270), -~ curves.)nW # GSD Rem A> eer /.900.090 Sclol en) Le hips ComTinuml DE 010, £070 A OVNAD DE VIIA WA aD Deve KE Aeon. OB YEDDA R6UEA 12.16 OBRm0l Bum = Boo MR. 4 MOSTAR AS TEN WES De vent vol vi WH) Y MARGEna PAD Cochcenm= BS Z suese” A heap Ture Ont propaenns own (pens sunec) Beve ve. L'asiTA AO CIAVH- AI] bari 01 TA weFled> Mama) 0 FOZ De SESUrVA REA O Menon 5 DHEA miximirne. A FlepueneA Nanni! pe eve veh! MINI MILA. 4600 © remind Boo - 661 MPa Nixa #3 Como nhc WM Hemnichs Mave com PelkeA A OL ou.D A SEGUINTE SQUARE pode Ve UTI 7AM :/ Bxbooxl0xtit = SF. TBigeain x66) - — #4 Aili 25 Ou Tou) Que healexlae. C Chy 2 Sum dg 8 Pram Wh oven 12.4 Tey: > C224 Omo D2 Cok D=470 ums ee x? Con Dine De ml: K- AP ap Ke 600 S00 ~ IZN fran Ad 25 = # b nists orf pe expiaes: Nz JG We LK Moo 2 4A epins BCI B74) (2 HT ComapRmneurD s0l00 ; Lee Na = (nt2)h op 4s- (4.rsse)xS = 34, Waren Conaphiménro io (4) Ye lg + Péstivo, Mas Pyotr = 11 KPa / “ Ls. Best wo Compimento DlrBY, TS mau — (Comprimenn) ———_ Wwe 4, 3% 18+ Linboo . 1 le FO VRE vt PE FlAMBAGEM | Tins) mova UMA Feu plreRWADUR PHA vebibiceAd De PeAaioon Atpves DO i ea KORA 12.10 | No Ao amen Fe Je —+ d= 660 2 $50 mm : 2 7 PAA Yeh AAL. FLAMBI6en AMA) py Rout (2.10 Remo gue Boule. Yb. 4. B89". \ D 47 PATA onmias 5 De Fan pp cn E = 16/,4He * 95) x (412 Comentarios + #1 0 Eixo POCO Gimp A BORPM Como A MlehucnaA war E DE 16l-4H2 wT pV Er umd ROAM DE (bay bo = NAVE A Poh PrveHA woe DE 9684/13 L060 NAS Uh Ocoee A , pete Het Use Etneauonas0 ) = 745 bem . DESONINGA\s Sec. 4:14 Helical Springs with Torsional Loading 269 ” Figure 4.10 Loading and angular deformat 1 torsional spring. Bolt y= 13 Figure 12.26 (a) Leaf spring and (6) fatigue strength diagram for Sample Problem 12.4Figure 4-10 Loading ant angular eforznation of torsion catise of the curved s « stress is larger on the inner edge of the and smaller on the outer €: adjustment ean be made by multiplying eress, as given by = Mu/Z, Eq, (10), Chapter |, by an appropriate stress con fation factoe, For wire of rectangular cross ser Ors at for inner edge 2R/h, where salar eross sections, perpendicular te th edge where ¢ = 2R/d 269ay mo lal Hel iam semen A TopcAo uma mold HeWarrel poe er HRREHAIA poe um DEpYE on pele Ao exo Axial oA MOId. ELTE TKpo De AePeGAmeurD é Eguivalenre po canresAmeuro Teconf, 0 WOVE or neler fo Bxo WH HEU ANA como UM momeVrD DE FIER OA CATIA FECA DO APAME, Yea Rove A Te eS Amantes oh We Flexk | DRI A ftwA HAVA mM mola A PENH FOR MAO. No LADO INTEEND QUE ND LADO ECR O apyoire Th Guacd P- Me ree’ Rim poe uae EF CoC CTE DE OFFER Pane ola de veh KeenlAe. - Ki 40-c-1 Ks ACeac=i “ 4¢(c-1) CS AC (c+) Leubee "gue A pebemadns pueulree €, O= us er ENERSA ACuAZEvADA em Molay AM mols [elécorphis sie Fhequevtemevre utils phew AeuAZENAMenITD ye ENERHIA. JoAnna A RASA E A Rebemads an mold wibe propoecronmns A éxlersA AbmA2en iA e 16uaf APS, onye . PP > RRA O > Feb AMAR .# A ened De Debimadt eur vuA wolk Hele oianf TE Ate ve VEY RETO vod “HAeGAnoUD ESPACE! eersin . 1 PSD, oe PRN 8 2 geq (MAS eNeng - 6 xvolume a, 1 Piz CS vate 4G 2 44 PARA UMA TH Ten Alun Tipo DE MOIAS AtmAzeniiar MAS ENERSA pod UNIBHDE De VOlUEED DE manreesef Que ovis repos. PAM fue Ye)A poivive! Corappeae A molAg Heo Ans Zon7 evTWd, A EQUAGS ANITEKOL Deve wee Tht hee 4- om UNDIES De TM AxcAf. TNMs Fo BGIME CLAMS Tou-e: G= oS)’ Pl MATENMS Hotes pas <> Fz _€ _ pcos (¥=0.50) . 2(14V) 2 eNetIA - Ox volume 6 _— PF] molAs whmerinw "A Dey Rau-ve > Enetaas| Gq z LeBow gue M=OT/le ¢ Qe T= Td 4g OB Fema VE newgin = § f x volume BEMolas Heli Cermas ve AbAme pe Sect peMGulAL PAA UMA MOlA “pA RGUPA AS TENSES Nos PoNTOS Al 2 Az SAO DEA WS Como GS. PR (poate At) ys P A a beh G=PR (pono Az) + 1.6% a, 562 A 05 vAlotES PE Ol, 0 ola So Fornec pos pela seevinire TABE/A - die Lo fi.2 [rs [1 | 2.0 1 | 0.26B 0-219 10 231 | 0.239 ]0.246 Jo 288 }0.267 |p 22 a | 0.20] 0-235]0 26%} 0 291 [0.309 ]0 336 |0.355 |0.378 P 10108 Jo lee} 0.196 |} 0 214] 0.229] 9 249 | 263/06. wi d[c\| 5-0 | 6.0 | 8.0 lo 0| ow x; | 0.241 | 0.299 } 0.307 0.312 | 0.333 2 [0 392} 0.402| MAh0.414] O42, | — p 0.291 10.279] 0.307 | 0.3i2 | 0 333 2 3.0 [40 Jaa vetlexas (SF) € debnom ouo: dt, ZU PRN pabc? 28 Spring inter, c= 28 i )m0 Uns Hebicoias Airis oon SEGUNOD WAHL (1929) APUD SPOTTS(1999), AS Fens! MEDIA € ALTSRNAWA Deven) FER coneisrens Palo Fare bs coveecho preno Cel HAMENTD (Hs) € 10 bepeIs &57FS Ten yoRs Deven Feb AplicA AS ‘as EQuAgndl Du Seomman eo OPEL « CPE Ks , Omit * (bP he de de SoomAN: By + Sur bw (St 4 Se ; Fs Sn: a> GC yy Mn DJL Jee ye 4C-! , 06 4c -4 C hg 2 | + OG C2 Ixasve Wolk : C-2k ast \ Di Asean De Vii DE PADIGA Consrite : 5 A [ PP = AQEk pe INTERESTS | Bur 4 Bu pw,jai exemplos: # uma Persiana € FeITA DE ALAme de musica NO17, © DA- -metto meno BA Helice é ve 0.8725" € 0 WVmeto oe €ipreas aval A 400. ASSuMInDD Sy =06S, © Om fine de seevAdes oul) AZ Baserw vo 1D DE Ekeonmento, CAlcule AS TawwEs No LADD INTERNO 28 relic /EVAWPO Em CommrERAsK A Cov cenT#A sh DE Tayo Fvino A evevanaa. ENCWIRE TrmBem 9 MeQUE DUS 0 TWD INTEMVO DEVE MOITPAE APKS TER DENN eol4o0 [2 VoITAS NA cove eh BE MAS ALTA Kv iho , a= 0.0540" A ThbelA 4.1 maya: => Ss, - 301000 Px CHealo nC; Cz2k . Coo a SP bed 0.05% «4 (ihe) ,2-( = 1.048 4 (16.2) (le2-0) KM aSy =p 1,048x 8 = 9.bxd01.000 Nes, z C= 86140 Px = 86,4 bxja Galo a Comprinee 7am Le al eNne es Wx 0.8% x 400. M00 tux Gflesle BA LEPoOmAg Arauinn.- O- mh r) = ee = 1.332 x No a3 Wf Ry Er PSSE Klos _ = 116,94 PAD 30 x10* x 4.1 74x PB Delle Apis TH puseveolave 12 volms & rAvt-708 : 6-122 c> O Ib. 94- l2x2T- 41.rhGO 6.6 2 414 X30 x10 "x 4.17 10 0 Peqve tery MM tH Go #2 Uma mole Hebert oz compaessi fot De Aétrne #4 = SUpOeH um EGA Spariea PE 2sp lbs, A MAKIMA Ten Wi De ; Qi inlliwenm € re GOK. ENewme 0 PAKO DH HeGce € 0 wumero KE SPAS AnivérAS Pate ven Debtor Pe sla NELE Ga ISD KH m= 0.473 [BS.un ‘bons pe =Cz ture As = 1.0406 Cc va Thea 4.1 Tones : boew — [bx 250x R ax (0.2253)?60000 - (6x250x0,616 - x2oxk_ Ix (0.2283)°x 2 Wx (0.2253)° Ra 4.696 KO vin = 0.469 tin —_——- Caleulo a0 numero Be SPAS: N= d6R mon C - 2%0.4696 _ 4.169 4Pct oa N= Q7SxK IDKO x 0.464 13.41 ES Pines 4 x250 x(4.18)4 — #3 Uk Mola Hel coins! 6 UAmETIOD CONT UAMeWTE UMA CARA vAb el. O Mie un Grten & pe Aco Tempernio ho OD | B70! a #7 E0 Pio MEDIO mp Helice Ene (3 mun. NA ONG mAs Compa'myrh A foosa ere 420.N, Mtl Bunun Be Alivio me mola A RRA Min'nA El DE 260N, UT'W PAIR 0 Pr A6MomA DE Soop! AlewlE O FADE de SHEVEMS EO NUMERO DE ESpiAps Aiibods. a TAGEIA 4:1 Pemoss A= 0177" 2 4.8 mrun Sp = 200K - 1379 MP oa Thea 4.6 Temos uss Sy = 0.45 Su 26 80,4 MPa Sy, 2 0.22 Su = 303.4 MPR26s 183 292X 1.21 3 26S 183 + 86.292x1 ox (gro < 15TK0.8 303 .¢ Nes Nes > 2.10 Constante ve mola: KK = APR. don -260. _ ie w/, Aad a _——_e a2. > 260, - 4 Bb wen K Lay NUMERO BE eSpieas : N.dGR — (4.86 x 793 1D KiB 13, 2 espi'aay 4Pct 4k 260 x (5.78)4 Ai vbiobs #4 CATA vmMA WS molAs Fea E DA Ravel AGhixo Tem 10 Spices AD vPRES & FAD fei DE Atame #12. O eho mer mA Helce & ve 0.3" A mola mW PROM pen UMA ADI Ave 05" MOL QVC A mola WA BSQUEPTA. DuAUng A HEA pe 100 KS GI AUMOD A OFA 8M wW/vElAnd — eveonme AWS TiNCA YX 100 Ibs Gan MPS [ey a ba mibelA 4) remy > x = poss" Cz 2k - 2x03 = 5,64 a 0.1055 =sa G2 2k. = 2x15 = £7 a& ae CAlelo, wAs_Foesas: Puevo = 24260 - 330N 2 = Pactermam = 4-260 - TON ae: Como esitwas TEnga/HAion Com chas® Uitetrk! Noro pd Ens Anos fired o> by = 4e-1 4 0b 40-4 c Aw > 4x5.18 =! , 068 = 1 263 4x5. 18-4 5.18 — Chloulo “pas Terehoes » Ks 214068 - pI Gm = lb PR Ke pp 16x330%!3 vItoe = 265.183 MPa Td 1x (49? : Buy = OPae As wtp (exTOK'S 1106 = $6292 MPO itd? wes)? so = UTIU AND A EQUACAD DE GoODMAN OBTEU- SE Sass Dips hw ( Sus) 2 Sus MN Se] Nes NOE Que KEE Pic twos Sus © Nf Su, Peis Sot & Sa Sie TEN es © SAI BATES.la = 82.45 Bs), BD REACH NA molA qe Esqueemd € FE EW molA wm pom Fe. ZA -0 <> 100 = Feth 2 KY 405) #RO % go = 82.48 (25 40.) -, J 20.3%" APU GW20 2M, =0 (ap maneo DE MomovT En REIASR Ao Un ej quel BO) lox -6Fe=0 160x - 61 k(Saos){10-11 Molas de Extensao AAs molas de extenslo diferem das de compresso na transmissdo de carregamento de tragSo, no fato de e uererem alguns meios para transferir a carga desde 0 suporte até o corpo da mola. ¢ por terem 0 &rpo com primido com uma tragfo nical. A transferéncia de carga pode ser feita com uma cunha rescada ou um gat ho giratorio; ambos acrescentam ao custo do produto acabado, e assim um das métodos mostrados a F ura 10-6 € normalmente empregado. AS tenses no corpo da mola de extens3o so tratadas da mesma maneira que nas molas de compre so. Ao projetar uma mola com uma extremidade de gancho. flexdo e toredo no gancho devem ser includ ra analise, Na Figura 10-7(a) € b), & mostrado um métado comumente usado para projetar & extremidad A tensio maxima de tragio em A. devido ao carregamento axial ¢ de flexi. € dada por ariel? oe Me tee (10-3 em que (K),€ um fator de corregdo de tensdo de flexdo para a curvatura. dado por (Ky = 03 A tensto méxima de torgio no ponto B& dada por an 2 0x ad em que ofator de corregdo da tensdo para curvatura. (Ky. € 4C:-1 103; eae ‘( A Figura 10-7(c) e (d} mostra um projeto melhorado devido a um difmetro reduzido de espira ‘Quando molas de extensdo so feitas com espiras em contato uma com a outra. sie eonhecidas Cot de enrolamento fechado, Os fabricantes de molas preferem alguma tragdo inicial nas molas de enrolamed Oodt OCH Si on Figura 10-6 Tipos de extremidades usadas em molos de extensdo. [Cortes da Associated Spring Corporation |Caomto 10 + Mois ae Nota: © raio «ast ne plano da espira de extremidode para 2 tendo de fled de viga curva. Ora fen au dr ‘uo roto com o espira de extramidade ara tense trionel de cislhomento, 10:7. Extremidades para moles de exieséo. (a Projeto usual tensdo em A & devida & combinacdo de forca axicl @ momento Hexor (2) Vista lateral de oa tensdio & em sua mice parte lorcao em Be] Projelo malhoreco; o lonsbo 1m A 8 devida a combinacse de foccn oxicle momento foxor {a} Vista llerel We « & waste em Be om sue mover parte foreeo Fechado a fim de manter o comprimento livre mais acuradamente. A correspondente curva de carga-defle Xfo € mostrada na Figura 10-8(a), na qual y é a extensio além do comprimento livre Lye F,é a wagio inicial ‘na mola que deve ser excedida antes que a mola deflita, A relagdo carga-deflexio &. entio, Foiithy (10-38) em que k € razio de mola. O comprimento livre L,de uma mola, medido dentro das voltas de extremidade u ganchos, como mostrado na Figura 10-8(b), pode ser expresso como bo =D ~d)+ (Ny + Dd = 20 = 14 Nod (10.39) em que D € 0 didmetro médio de espira, N, & 0 ndmero de espiras de corpo e C € indice de mola. Com os nis ordindrios (ou algas) de extremidades torcidas, como mostrado na Figura 10-8(b), para levar em con. {2.8 deflexo dos anéis na determinagio da razdo de mola k, o niimero equivalente de volts ativas de espi. ‘als V, para uso na Equagio (10-9) @ N= M+ (10-40) = em que Ge E s2o os médulos de cisalhamentoe tragio da elasticidade, respectivamente (ver Problema 10-31 A tragio inicial em umia mola de extensin & criada no process de enrolamento ao torceru fio would se fle fosse enrolado em um mandril. Quando a mola esti completa e removida do mandril.a ado inicial Dloqueada porque a mola no pode ficar nem um pouco menor. A quantidade de trac iniial que un fabri514 | Figura 10-8 a} Geometric de Fores Fe local geomébrico da extensio y de um | Tabela 10-7 io do mola de ja de extensSo; (b) geome rmolas helcaid deers) 2528 de ecto devices & trast niciol come ume nao daa do toe de extansio. de sr epee Pade rotineiramenteincorporar € como mostra na Figura 10-8, interval referivelp p P ig Pl a ot 00 (4 £=3) ogi cod 7 de extensao sod Normas para as tensdes minimus admissiveis para aplicagdesesttieas de molgs das na Tabela 10- “ensGes méximas ads (Kyo Koide pro melas elcid de extensdoem apg Pacer nah nr ary Em toreao Cocoa ee le ‘Aco% carbene potenteados,repuxcdos afro ou } ‘endurecidos@revenidos, «aco de eins go 7 <0 austenticoinoxidéve ligas nde-ferrosos a. ies inkrmacdo es boteado res squint cons coun tempera Foro mois aun requerem rocSo nica! dorado use cree oe Design Hondbook 1987, p52 Covesa ce Asmoeed enele MOlAS 96 exaeNst: exemple = DMeNRONAMENTO UMA mole Ve EXRNIM E FeiTh Fe ACOENWIREC DO Blk #20. A MOlA posvui piknetto EXTERN 22 EATIEA re O, 240" EOS WO GANCHO Ry = 0.106" 2 2, = 0,089" © UMA TRACK IAA De 1.19 (5f O Numero nz Espiehs Bo CokpO DA MOI G Te 12,17 | A paren 2 BAS INFOLMACOES FORNEC WL Alcule - . . 4 NOTA: CAREA AUIS A- oy PaRimeTeOS Fibrcos a Mold ° kine) 5 25 [bf B- VERGE A CONTIGOES ICM DE PRE -qEEA; ACO Ennurecivo , BRIA #20 => Sy. 26/000 9% ¢ oh =0,0308" Dez a-d, = 0.248 -0,0348 - 9.2132" C-D . 6.1264 ol — PHA E = 28 1.b pp hy = = 7 = (2325 @ SINS vi08 Pi NOMELO DE ESPIAAS ATIVAvAS eae Nos Wt+G | (204s E 28.7 No = 12.87 vols Alealo Wh ConiTANTE 22 molA > IC - di Boing (UI bff.€ Comprimento HVte (Lo) ep Ly (20-1 +N) h Lo = (2x 6.l264 -1 412.0) x0.0348 . 0.815" ——— DEFIeKHO doB ALGA Iz JERUICO : a yo. -Fo_ eg Sas-t-A = 0.234 Sn a 731 — . u Compementto vA moh: (. ( tell = 0.BIS + 0.234 = ea 8) Aloslo ma TENS imiccal NAD Cobb E,'DA - (G). - GED. 15, 380° PH nas N Cote erdd —_——_. TENSOR CORKS jn Wo reevelo pestetvel : . te = 33800, + cai = aa 2xp(0.10sC) és (E.) ¢mee = (7607 + 3519 ~ antec , 4088 pr —— = 1 !oy0 , A TMChe iniicctl a5 15.33 Kp ST DeniT¥o 20 ivreevAlo ‘peeferrvelmo (Wi te LAMINA, / Falke te mol AS mOlAS 22 LAMINA SAO GE rAlmeniTE FAB cADAS & MONTAOAS PE FORMA A MonTAR UM CoNyUNTTO PS LAMIWAS . ESTE CONTUNTO TAM Os € CHAMARO ae FEIXE PE _MOIAS. O ARRANJO Perms molAS Ewa FORMA De ViGAS EN SASTAURS | (Fy (2.22, * Elipre Compleh Tipos => ~” * Vn elipve « V4 else Va. eclipse O. GFL a ble wom. [| fe Fe ebk ++ — b Yo eli’ 4b oy Lb, les pe . ep @- GFL be Ml F26eLNoTA. OBYERVE Que muiTO EmBORA A Exphes ho Que CAloalA A Tensho (8) SejA A MESMA PARA OS Deis CAJOS A DSTINGA ENTLE A Exiemimnved € KEENE . ie 2F Jo - 5 =] b elipie Complem: @= GFL dhe - 3 2 ’ oz (2FL Nomi; A Foren Atpaine ASORA € I6UAI A 2vezes FI, ebb . Felke 9 malas: 0 Ferxe ve molas & umm moNTEGEM Ds UM SS > Conquaito ve moles vz Lamina va Tal FoemA Que p TENSAO NORMAL Seyh Onsmanire. +, = Consmmaire ae Wz VACA LINEARMENTE Con L_ O = cons rire a wg W = Cons Tatts € = upoie Linewemenine comL, DAEROO Ny IvEIA De TENIAD ComiTANITE SURG IU A PropOnchd De UMA plAch THANSUIAL Que FEMUIR'A Como mOlA- molk A —> Faxe pc mOlAs .oF =| 2F o» SEL srt rc a ee ee oe “EB (a » ry ‘Semi -elinie Full-elioie Figure 12.22 Basic types of beam or leaf springs. Meand ¢ ae consunt, than must be cansant Wo and are constant wo {is constant w varies nmaly with wis consan: varie parablially with Figure 12.23 Uniform-strength cantilever beams. “a 0 Figure 12.24 Triangular-plate cantilever spring and equivalent multieaf spring.I EQuiVANC’A enter MOlA TUMNGUIAL © Falke 96 mOlM : A MOIA THANGUIAR € 0 Fevxe ve molAS HO EQuivAlENTES QuANDO CAlcA(AMOS TENIDES © PEFIEKOES MMS EXISTEM WJM EXCESWOES | 2 0 ATU enTee AS LAmings cAusA UM AMORIEC'MeRIIO QUE ReWIZ A ChPACVADE pA mold; 2 0 Fare De MOIOS CONSE EE JuPORMAR CALSAS Apaw AS EM Uma vikecho . im ws Conse pe MOIR o> R-F a ol66 O Ateimy ene A) LBainpS CAUHA UM Prsotrecimen To (BAmpins } Que Leo2 A cApgcrmiee BA mold o Felxe VE mola Covsreue wpoenme, SHRHAS Em Apes. UMA Dy Rect 3 Con itanre. e Edh Le Exenplo : LMA mold Semi-~ELiPrsa LepeeRAMOA pelA Four 6 Pho jerroa Pata UMA VIDA INFINITA Guin A PAOD Bring NO CENTRO ‘ ; “Ne VARA ENTE 2690 2 Iooa N. A Cony TAniTE Be mold © SOM amr O material Deversa” 50 Hea havimenro Supebeef 2 jtunevro Be 6aAng [HA (5 AST-peeed) ,A espernsea oe Livin: 55 Thera EA Pexstinga meduica Bo méirecal was LAnings & Peplesen mang pela Rewra 12.26 (8). 0 Rixe € Compal € » S Lesinips Ung Poreerir Cenvnead © UG 20B FARA MAaltee. Ay mings OAM) MAS AEA UMA Con CenTHHVDA 2 REND. CONN Drte Kp peur ALB. en'meo Oomph meriio j7of WA. HOA & 4 LAgeven be Aa Hind CAleulo mas PEAS: Fy = Ire +200 ~ 6020N z _— MAS COMO ALO Cenritto remos : ZF . Faup . 1e000 = 26 _ dive W ] 2 f cE -2000N 7) Fy 2 207 Nlaste wns Tenses: Orig = & hab Kp ap Gxzeoxt x13 > 31BL @ bh? b x (FP a __ SAborns hve Oh / Py = Fau/fn = 0.67 Teaches A FETA Aus line. A phenia. De (0.0) €or ich wags 87 tan (M7, ) EEN ANTMDO O —Powro De CoyTATD BESTA BETA coms A UMA P/ VIDE (ahah TEMOS : ise 525 Mp —» Sao23lbtL a tio bit «2 j s : nova: DBE QE Aina was MiP Ue SeéuereA epee cf mis KE 30 N/a Lz 682 mam dee ae 2 Ese Relasiniey Conn 4 Remes: D = 0,61 662= Homer Awspwea pre 2L - (3b Fane A Lakeved a= cava Frain © OME BE ANG wrt oy se) A Dz B3 man Lin —_—o12.10 BEAM SPRINGS (INCLUDING LEAF SPRINGS) 457 The derivation of the deflection equations assumed that deflections were too small to influence significantly the geometry. For deflections exceeding about 30 percent of the cantilever length, a more precise analysis is usually needed 3. Unlike helical springs, beam springs are able to carry structural loads as well 4s spring loads. For example, the spring in Fig. 12.25 is subjected to a torque reaction about the axle shaft axis, lateral loads from cornering, and fore-and. aft loads from acceleration and braking, All such loads must, of course, be considered when designing the spring, SAMPLE PROBLEM 12.4 A semielliptic leaf spring (Fig. 12.26a) is to be designed for infinite life when subjected to a design overload (applied at the center) that varies between 2000 and 10,000 N. The spring rate is to be 30 Nimm, The material is to be shot- Peened, 7-mm-thick steel having the strength characteristics represented in Fig. 12.26b (proper load, size, and surface are reflected in the given curve), | Five leaves are to be used. A central bolt, used to hold the leaves together, causes a fatigue stress concentration factor of 1.3. Using the equations in this section, estimate the required overall spring length, and the width of each leat. eSNG Henge anid the width OF each | Soturion Known: & semielliptic leaf spring is subjected to a known fluctuating force. Find: Estimate the overall spring length and width of each leat. Schematic and Given Data: e = 100010 5000" (urs) | ie 12.26 (a) Leaf spring and (b) fatigue strength diagram for Sample Problem 12.4te) @ Ee 8 Bisige ate. ocanes cons de eh sh hh Sandas gan mao ee ‘das molas (e). = aS su oO) \ a” ‘* “ Xe K Fig. 7.10 Terminais de fag na mola-mestra: euevatura ata pino (a: oll fojado forjamento(e)curvatura a)2c 2244 Ur 6 = 8g pae ur E = qsuorsUDUN HEM pOUBI> suonenba yensn ay) 'ss0u394 poomeuepsayione'y crema or jo90 fiqensn "vo}es}U20U09 88019 a4) Ma 29412801 “eo ‘20 4140p soAeey 949 ysnoMp 2j0q & axey Spuonbayy STuLsds Joo] Ep aBed wo mynaas ay as ow Ep RPO TURAL -woRMOS ay 201 a 09 2 nds aprozaden y sou or odun -uonwoydde 2d tuexo Fusoijoy aq) 19pisu0> ‘ajnpows stun Jo asn op avexSNIL OL “asodnd sp 305 paredaid anpour jeisads e mos} punoy 2q eo ¢1-p° 813 WOT, {400g sty) Jo adoos amp puokaq ue poyeorduioo s| {Zoom amy, ‘pasn 9q 2eRuor ox We suIBAg Jo SUORD—}—p {{BWIS 10} aq) 01 paredwoa e¥ie] st uoNso[F9p Oy) LOA, MOFUL YI, zoo, imma ‘. lew sBuuds jor gt 205 soneaprantee b (oan wo (a) t Siler Loms0 42 voveem (0) e890 04 PINOY stHeaQ apUM JO UONDOLap ay) OV aNMElOH ysoWUEY Sn osuredutog ay 28: y 2s0y8 1995 eu) O1 SHajos “7 eso 30 IuDWOW OH “ETP pu 4/9 SarpLK stp 30 one1 a1p uo spuadap !y 401304 THE yy _ ae? “sMonoy 88s pus agp 20) wowenba ayy ‘suonsoyap meus og utes a4 0 poor w yes prozedea saxoynues ‘0 sures ays any sp pop 830 op ua Ut J sO Say paoddnsay ig wipin 9a S53301 po uo} a0) isso OTN 248 Stor tpucD 2x94) ‘osn s240Uv 2U0 YR IOEIUOD UE {xeys 801 pazodny are saxvo|s912048 om JEpaUTEGO. 'V "paveoyduioo st Sutsds yo adi sr Jo sisAjzue 190x9 SY otat9s Aes puv 2eosotour uy yejoodso ‘asn opin ws axe sSutidsyeay aidntay 26590 = 9LzC0 x z = age JO WORDOYSP TRO, weTABLE 4-12, CONSTANTS FOR STEEL BEUEVILE SPRING FOR Wt = 1 = 1.5 t Sees 2 be, - + ve Ie 414 Crom section trough ——t Figure las as ~2.050 k Intaly comed or Belle sprig 10 69 =1940 Ms 653 19050, i 200 “ nis550 Loss 20 os =20830 Se ts gure 415 Lond venus defection nmi ne g2 7 3 to a FEE to {4 i | “7a ; fre iA eS a eas 986 SISTA he (mete of oeey ee, pt wl saa ee Figare 616. Relasonaip between durometer harness number and mods om srtocas pore las fr rater Fire 6.17 Loud deicton crv for nee of 5 durometer ruber beeen ‘el pis tended othe rabber iS c MOlao ESPEGmn jo svg u uoUDegep pus HEwOW 69 ee ane S|) 24 i | os el? ern! repnie-nia/ Bon lereprie ng as a a om aa a" | oe suioeg jo vow2oyoq ELL 295 Et-1 Jo stmveq 001 24105 ono HEN 2 Jo} poo} ‘stuPEsUOD Huds ag) IEMA HONS ort aide wee EE Mee ST x 015 ~ an ei) baka. 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No Pliny, PROKIMO A ABTICAlACH ALAREUEA € OE 2" ENGUIAID Qus Ne PETE A LALGUEA e' 10", A MOIA AA DieE\TA Tom LAEURA UN Rome erguel & 3! ASviminvo A Aaritulnete e sum ATATO & Ag BAMA BE KoncAd egrensvel Aloe Paben A Pere . in! $}— \e 5 a Tedk . 20 xipes) 2 onze ut w% 12 A DERI No Gon Memo € 1-R/2 = 0.870" Adyar, 3 Jr (y-v7) PE 3eL expires P peas. P. y Ser Lr) A catca Tora ven’: 24163 . 326 Us == InARUcAnnnD = ZMp=O F> 60xP = 'SxIo0 P- 21 APLICAN DD ADEA DE WReepry'Sh DE EFAS - - CON DEFANDD APEKAS A exisnve:d pr Reed P yeti) Phx (U-4*-x?) oa eel dh pte not ONDE Je THEA - Viz Persian. Guo h Mola € pEACS ; E=ZOT 00 A/aue Y= 0.30 WESTL RIND 05 VHOLES Rerds J = 20, = ~ On RHeWDD A UGA ENS THA CD FH pon, A alo DE 13.N APUcAOA WA EXTEN I DbTS > eae) B PB. ox axsoy - 67 3eL 3x20 100K 0.33 4 Detled en Be: Je 5.0 + 60 xb74 = loo# NOAW DA mola Tape zoived . 2 3 Ist - [0 x025) ~ 0.01802 ct 1% 12 wo WOIA € THAezerusp Tenis gue LAnHe Hm BE UH peer AIKiGAd, blo = 0.2 wo S6ethics temos: K, 213) A reheat ¢ ween Poe: yeh BR 2 t Aities = sel, Web hye, Ue £ 3 0.3) x WSR x1 3 x30x/0° x 0,01302 1,3414K10" P, ee. PARA Pe 101A RETANGU/PL Te ngos - 2 0.003906 un* de 2 4.4731K102( %00-P,) we he 1 34808"?, $4. 931K00 F 2 1,34. /9 068? % 2 Z, 3076 x10" NW J, = 3, CU NO ur - leAVos70s e_ A tabs LARGA De WAS MOIAS ConceniTPcas (imclAd HEliornis) posi: prAmerte cxreena be 225mm € ERAT ve UM ARAME ve 38 jum ve AdmeMs . A mola INRA Posi TAMETEO EK RENO Be IGOMM © EF ™ be AeAme ve ACO (metro mince? DA OIA CKREEA) E Pasian Gz2smm . RIMOIAS ExReWA € iREWA purer 604 espirag_ An vAGAS PespecDuAMeNTE A AlweA Livle pA MIA Exretne Ee (Mm MmOL Que A InweWA. ENC A px FlexAD pe Gm mold PAeh UMA CAR6A 22 TOON. DETR MUNG Tif A AREA SUiiemnh On for chon MO/A . Rez S15 mm z, ad 79310x38* —. $27]; es Gs = = 227 N fan t 64RN 64x93. 6 ae j ‘hy. 7o3x2% 2 263A (mm a 69x E75KF - : A caesa NE CES YA para COVAL zAv pA Aimed € Acaeca wml €: 90d = lost Kd + Jom - 100182 (5274283) P op d= 28.5 mM a AMOIA Queena ie’ peblene ve Imm +E EWQuadim gue A mold INTRA BehEnAy de O Fo = 10013 + S27X9B.W = O20S4N es Fr = 203x982 = 2746_URIA WOlA Heli@rval Soman uma cAReA esmne pe [110M 0 Kumexo = _ESPitAs Anns € v6 'o € 0 PAO Memo vA Helics el pe AC MM —A)/Qunl DEVE _seh_0 TAH a spat 8055m|400) Os Can AAME DE CAO QUA DAA _e gual A RVSAO se A 8) 96 A Ola foe fom 8 AtAme PevyT® EN Ora Ee OdiAmend Sp vi aS .Qval A Potcen Mean ve Peso DE mArersal € ECONAMIZADO 56 ALOME PoDOWIK). _o@_onurAee 2? ee oe a Comp 0 -AtAme € QuemaA0o (se Trawnetsal 0) Cysb A, sol, =0.20B ; B2 014 aaa = 2xMxoox2s x10 = 1937 pad 0.1406 x FiS10. x60 —— b= 663mm _ TEL PR. No 28 454M ( 453.66 MPa) nad pours Aol of, 2 0.208%b43) —_ — — a ATEN gH Copal Haw fe Tea letra! NO Con Mo pA fl pethece Avra €' oor Pod: BL ygP 2s nxn 2 SAS MPa A (6.63) “2 PON. Gaxtoxessxw = 274 79310 xD —— 9 dfs - 7K : : _ Coo LBMG. Bec _[j obs ) ~ Bxtoo xs 8% (1708s = wd* Cf tx(7.26)* 689 tea seme > A =G63)* = 43 9SMM men 4 EQNOMI2ADA 2s. 43.95 -4.4 = 6 4hg om wala Helix onl pave evecgn. Umi foron de 2.5 1b5 Apes Re 0:10" ma Conmicnd 3 CASA mpiiak O DRAME UNU2Ang € DE BIO _€0 INmCE De mold &_1eeal AG ErConime A CALA ESTs PALA Amiga, Re 2 60 AK ENCowts Tamsin O NUMERO De _Elpindd ANVATAS | al proa#i9 —> Asoo oe , 6000 = BPeb x Ilo tx (o.cai)” P- 5.95 thsmes 2 AP wp K=SAG-20 5 349 |bs/ in be oO. aa Ks GR pp 394 2 WSK KONS BN eT 4CiN 4x64x N a Consipere A BAMA pA FiéueA Come PerRaTAMentre Havor © su PEI A Jono ‘A GiQVEHDA Pos, COCRGETE De ATE 2or9 , Choa MIA de AGO Polini: JO espieAS ADUAMAS, @NDICE BE MOlA cual AS E Amtme Bre #10 A mOlAS sve Liveed 0% TEN nid Quawo A BAREA EJ nivelan . encontee A Potca Om Chon mold eA Deflex#o NO fei, oo AN. Zsdumy Zora, 10K ot - Bla #10 > A= 0.138"= 3.429 mm Ki. Goh = Maoxsger 27.19 ¥/mm \ BON 8x 5°x 10 ae 56 P beblexte 0 [Ado Bier ma BALE & J ENMOA DEflexAs NA malt Inya esQvewoo € du = 5 290, 625 E A veFleyfo NA MOIA A DiKEIm ©: Jp: F so / oe calculo pas foacas Fpe dp We Pxeso x27 = 108% EF O ery —Foe bp Ka Ox MO x 279 2 2. wed © ors 3 2M,=0 20 U+MOFR = 6K4D O® RSM Winns AS CQUAG Oe @ om O pve © 290K (10.8165) +900 x(24-1625) = 625 XATEQancho a Lint. EIniTICA : SeGuN da War f Ditnsw (1482) A cubvAMeA ve UMA CUMIA PldnA em um Ponto — as dUdx® e ['+¢ 4(2d yy 7. dy ae x € um uMlob muito PEpyeno e pales! ceeven como d/o La dy - ax wi oY Mow & ox* et EL = pigive Flexiowal . InTeeeANDO A EPUAGHO (3) Pate: d et ay. Wy dk + Cr + mas BY Aan8 v8 ox dx ining 6 AAO p, epunck® (4) OBFem- se: x aks éLy =| [| moder]? +Cz 0 k x ery -| af muydeeexte, © ° 0 \see A menos vAS CONSTANTES DE INTECMANG C; @ C2, AiNDA INDE- -TEMMINADAS fA epacho (5) Defive A FIECHD DA VisA Em Que pven. PONTO Q EA EpuAdd (4) Dehne A DECliyi mane BA Vi6h. qn yp cubvarveds & pein Como ; = Mix) 4. fl p éLrQui 2 #2. ‘A mola de lamina da figura tem S,=115Kpsi, S, = 98Kpsi, € tensdo de endurancia de 52 Kpsi Considere o fator de concentragao de tensdv pur fauiya unildrio © observe as cimensdes dadas nna figura, Se o. camo gira continuamente qual o fator de seguranga? £ 230 MPN - a tes n Ere fe orem 7 05" lot1 Uma mola helicoidal funciona como uma dobradiga para uma porta de 20 * (veja figura). Para manter a porta fechada 6 necesséria.a aplicagao de uma forga no seu ponto mais extremo de wna libra. Para manter a porta aberta (rotaglo de 180 graus) é necesséiria a aplicaco de uma forga de {ies ras Na sua extromidade, Se o arame uliizado & no 6 e sua maxima tensdo 6 de 150,KPsi calcule : A-0 diémtero de nélice; 8 - Numero de espiras ativadas. Dados: E=30 MPsie G= 11,5 MPsi FoRGA,a : o1elog = 1/9 UMA MOA de TOLCAO & AEA A UM OX linoro wom PEO Com 4"az@io, A molad fame vs ump AFAME gus>es00 Pe Stl" DLA, O >haiento exre2no wn mold (Hele car) & Pz OS". ONdmeo de SPAS ANWARS < 05 20 , A) ENC We A Deh imacte AnaulAe micial Deduetm peld: MOlA Path sUPOLMAL ACARGA NA PoeHS sUpLuIE . B) Goode A Roees priciovil, Que DHE vot ARLADA Ao fErO BE Rem A MANTAL NA PaRcho INKHOe , C) CALtule A eNotes De Deformaqs MhuAZenain NA mo (A NApoinghd IN Feacioe. ml | , [FF 50 libs “pAmeno MEO = 6.S - 0.386 .1B75" ‘ t a . MOMADee Nae Tobh’ -0.0007947 ut ie MOMS (m) H ~ M= Sox (4405125) =218. 6250 Compermenito my oly Lo2nen = Mxetemx» (= 308 m1"DeFopmacto Aveu AL (@) > 9: me 767 @ = Zis.eesx 3eg.t7a —__, 3,516 eho B0K008 x 7.941 KF PAA UMA “Quon” De 24! Twos. Bee 20" °° 2-5 s6sz'H0 _(4 +032)" ee lo¥o, A eometo rom sava!: 0-3 51+5.565 = 1c o = OGL ~ 9.0812 x30woex 7.9410 ~S% BIZ Ib. o “308 7741 A FORCA Necesphea sera: Fe S56. 98% gy 14 138| ibs - 4.312 = psa Wolome a> Vz Bf Pei x3tv TH = 37.966 us A Pave ASIC AoA A porto Lopate Gee a3/y f= 2is Ges xO,1veer _ 4259S. 125 Pau 7-941K10* Ss ee ae Eneeein a> Oxy = 379.10 lb uy 6xKE Torso ASOC.AGA NA PONCHO NFLDR: O = 856 BISKOIsees = 109493.99 Pir RICO ES a enetsia o> (109493.9) x3. 11 — 2528, 13 bur 6 x 30x08 Aamenttd NX ENEREIA De peformAcaD > Meera Enid 22528, 13-374 ,10 sane Bol ENCONTeS fr FOOcd NeceseMbia PAE Move, © That FO _ DA Mew MosTtAgm NA evéd A UMA STAVE DS 1, 7S" De OM WS LMS AS Tawearttes AS MOlAS Palma - ENGCaM NB ERNAL ENNIS AS TAYE) De FleKysS NAS MOLAS3 = MoMeND pe wend: T=dle -2sx00.%5) = 3.2ssK0 ut . : ae S- 92 Ie A Deke Mo pon memo’ "OBIS" Jeli) a Pe Nxsenr BET . (vx Pz 0.816 3xs01ibe3.2500- 105 12s (1 -0. 3%) x (12% NOT QZ AS MolAS ve DEfORMAM GM CLAS mEMUCAS com OS FONTS De INFIEXAD NA METADS A ALWFA - CARE Tote = 163K2 = 326 bs ——-IQ PlacAS 3" espeswuen y 36 "LAesoms 4a ENONTIS A Deblexhs CovsnoA pola CALA © A TDUBI De FlOUD NAS PIAS . 3. T-bW -36x(0.75) - 1.2656 ut jizz 12 Yell-v) Be [sa(l-a)-x*] ae bed 6eL KiB Ye 0.x Soox 8 (28x38 ~64) = 0 488% replat bx3ox/0% 1.2656 pele 10s Bx 0.1885 = 1.084" Qe Me 2 wx8x0.3W = 1182 pol 28S Ksi pita 1.2686 —— eeeENTS 0 VALE TA FRAP se A FarcA de Cov7ATO €' De IBA, CALLE A Defias NO PONTO. AS EAminas HB P= ACO, OW Maas De Espesswveh € lative DE lomm. oan ai jum mon. loxb. is) =0, 3516 mut 12 (2. 2 My=0 _ GO¥P= 13x10 a> P= 21.670 — <=> UTILIZBKIG _O cai THO pe suplponcte De GFaws . yel-v ghee Qast-x2) tuectlo (A-C) olez Y= 5.20 se ro : Oud qawos? A 5.%) + 60) : loo an19 “ja | = ., Ss ri Va _ So0lbs ENGNTE A cAgan supoemins pod cama LAmind , A Lém ind. (WOIA) mA eSQuenA © DIANA THVPE2m aL DE 2" Dg LARoUAs NA Atnica!A to € 10" pe LARGE NA PHREDE (QV GAsMmaU?O ) , A mola aA laTA € UNiPoEME € Ve [ALoieA SonvsanTE 943”, A fitrcala cho € sam fAuTa G& INGTEN Hus! , PAA fk MolA TH PE 2 WAL: Lo _— ic Ty = both = lox(o.2s) - 0.01302 ud aes Wz UVM ne A eves 413 E> dfhy=0.2 Ky =13! 3 Ye G- RL, = 0.003489, BET, == 3 eB Pee) A mola ReMne la > T=bh -3x0.25) IZ iz T=0.003406 wit 3 Jrol- VIR L (032) v12x (oo sel 3 30 10"K 0.003706Es 20 004473 (300 -?)) Como Si eM . 0.003433? = 0 0044 73 (300 -Pi) [R=109. Tf AToecA R C WRUENE THA FAIL AS EXROMIDNDES DAsMO/AS HE TOARM . ONGNTIE O UAOL BER . Ve Q Labsuita = 1S uadg Souun \ —— 5 Ae n as 3 Lamina peoe: TT -bk = TSxGo) = 168,70 uh ; Iz 3 £ oa york = Z0x(is00) = 00204026 ABEL Bx z07x0xIe@Tm UB , 4 MINA INFOL: T = looxesy . 130208 wer 3 1a YyeRl = 2eniswe eT —-ABKaoTVI0*x 130208 = 0,00S521920.0040z6y2 +0.00SuBe -38 2/9ot Qui2 : UMA mola Heb tor oa AeA 4 aapessifio € ED we Aas de MRA € we BITOUA #13. 0 DiAmeEo EKRENO DA mo/A & F116" € 0 Wd CompemenTo Avec & tour! A 425" se A molA pani 20 cif ATI VAD) © EX Theme’ oper fecHhrnt filoule: 4) 0 FAIZ DE seGUmWSA Pree REV Nie A PAD GA. B) A PlequavevA CH'TICA me 0 petast. NOMA: A CARGA DE OPEMCh VARA pe S A 35 IiBEAS. uTIW2e A epunche okGinAP De GooDMOW, 6 KA, Seg Sux Su Su NesIntroducing... “Sees CU Sie aed BOC ha -aeRecues eUns with an epoxy matrix composite material. Adapted from the aerospace industry, this material provides: Celle WE ee mule Bi (a-ak knee Ree ete Cerner Sa Ma Pon tec ens Ee ECM ne eum eed combine to make the CLS a high performance/cost eee eee ae) daisies) RT, INDIANA 46947 Een vere a ee oeeee) Perera beret eters ‘The CLS is significantly lighter than steel (70% on avg.), retains it's design arch (no sagging/chassis inconsistency) and provides more side bite off the comers. The HYPERCO CLS is truly a cost effective, high performance alternative to steel. It allows teams rings eat Porat pao CHRYSLER LEAF SPRINGS He ABE 1a os wea e we a 231 cy wa o ane 131 GOOFREY STAEET / 0. 20x S40 LOGANSPORT, INDIANA 45347 800. 265. 26¢8 = $74, 753. 6822 FAX 574,753, 818% www.hypercol independ setae ome| Custom Suspension Systems Explained by TRENTON McGEE eo‘Although i's not as higivtech as some of the other fabricated suspension systems in this «le, a sprngover is usualy a custom suspension that takes far amount of homegroum ‘neering to come outright. On mary vehices, suchas Joop, the stock suepeneton ryt leat springs located under the adehousings. As the name ples, a springower Imes rte ating the springs above the axes. This provides ait of 48 Inches and ncreasas the vehicle's ral prowess because in many cates the stock splngs with» soft pring rate are retained, le allows more tex than most convention- product ofa springo that the truck can develop a severe case of alo wrap and driveline vba corrected with traction bars (bars connected tothe top ‘or bottom ofthe axlehousing andthe trame to prevent the using fom rotating under load), and In some cases the 7 ld the axle Is torced to say perfectly aligned with the truck, yet there no it to por down travel. Afournk can also utilize Your parallel bars mounted perpendicular to "using with a track ba, sh ‘wont suspensions. 3 three-tnk usualy uses two lower links and one large upper nk. The ‘upper ink normally utizes two moun | Ing polats on the frame for better | structural otegty, but the principal is | ame as 8 fourlink. Both 2 nk ad fourtink Fotating under load, x0 axle ‘wrap te oiminate. otters no prowsions for locating the ‘uarteroiptie Is often used wht a three: or four lnk ys tom (the upp inks are not shown here). A quater elipe otters resi the axl; the aac flex with some designs, enabting the aie t twist nearly vertically when the system is propery englneered. A colover suspension fs similar in principle to quarter-lipte but instead of est springs uses coll springs incorporated into the bodies ofthe shocks | (comes. ar-xoan apa. 1999