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Preparatory Notes
(IGC 1)
Q2: Three main reasons why an organization has to manage health &
safety.
Moral
Relates to the moral duty that one person has to another. This is
morally unacceptable that people are killed, injured or made sick
by their work.
Legal
Relates to the framework of laws, an employer has a duty to
provide a safe place of work, safe plant & equipment, safe
system of work, adequate training & supervision, and competent
employees.
Economic
Relates to the fact that accidents and ill health cost money.
When an accident occurs there will be direct & indirect costs
associated with that event.
Q3: Why might the management of an organisation not consider
health and safety to be a priority?
Competes with other business aims:
Requires time and resources.
Seen as a cost to business:
Ignorance of true costs of injury/illness.
Ignorance of legal duties.
Ignorance of hazards.
Q4: An employee has been injured at work. Identify potential, direct
costs of the accident, indirect costs of the accident?
Identify possible costs to an organization following an accident in the
workplace?
Direct costs include:
First-aid treatment, sick pay,
Lost production time.
Professional Safety Training & Consultancy
Q10: Why might the health and safety policy of two organisations be
different?
Why isnt there a prescribed, one size fits all approach to
developing a policy?
There is no one correct format or set of contents for a health & safety
policy. The hazards & risks, the size, & the complexity of the
organization may be different. For example the safety policy of a
small, low risk manufacturing company may be different from that of
a large, high risk oil & gas multinational.
Q11: Key elements of health & safety policy?
Health & safety policy is usually found in three parts.
Statement of intent
Accident records.
Sickness rates.
Absenteeism.
Staff turnover.
Compliance with safety rules.
Worker complaints.
Staff morale.
b)Definition of perception: the way that people see the world or the
way that people interpret information that they take in through their
senses including sight, smell, hearing etc
c) Suggest reasons why two people may perceive hazards differently?
Sensory impairment/disability, senses impaired by PPE or background
noise, etc, illness, stress, fatigue, drugs/alcohol, previous experience,
training and education.
d) Ways of improving worker perception of hazards?
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To Prevent:
Death and personal injury.
Other types of loss incident.
Breaches of statute law, which might lead to enforcement action
and/or prosecution.
The direct and indirect costs that follow on from accidents.
b) What are the 5 steps to risk assessment?
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Lack of experience
Physical & mental immaturity
Poor perception of risk
Peer group pressure
Eager to show a willingness to work
Less developed communication skill
Hazardous chemical
Biological agents
Manual handling
Extreme temperature
Whole body vibration
Ionising radiation
Night shift work
Stress, violence
Elimination.
Substitution.
Engineering controls:
Isolation, total enclosure.
Separation, segregation.
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Partial enclosure.
Safety devices.
Administrative controls:
Safe systems of work.
Reduced exposure.
Reduced time of exposure, dose.
Information, instruction, training and supervision.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
Benefits of PPE
Interim control.
Some situations only control option.
Emergency back-up.
Cheap (short-term).
Immediate protection.
Limitation of PPE
Doesnt remove hazard.
Only protects the wearer.
Requires good fit.
Relies on wearer.
Requires training.
Uncomfortable.
May increase overall risk.
Incompatibility.
Unpopular, so often unworn.
Fails to danger.
No good if wrongly selected.
Contamination.
Expensive long-term.
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Cancellation
Signature of the authorised person stating that the isolations had been
removed, the area had been accepted back and that the equipment can
be restarted (known as cancellation of the permit.).
Extension may be a section allowing extension of permit.
Q26: what is meant by active monitoring?
Active monitoring is concerned with checking standards before an
unwanted event occurs. E.g. tours, inspections. The intention is to
identify:
Conformance with standards, so that good performance is
recognised and maintained.
Non-conformance with standards, so that the reason for that nonconformance can be identified and corrective action put in place to
remedy any shortfall.
b) What is meant by reactive monitoring?
Reactive monitoring is the monitoring of data generated after
something has gone wrong and learning from mistakes.
c) Examples of active monitoring techniques?
Safety tours, surveys, sampling, inspections, audits
D) Examples of reactive monitoring techniques?
Accidents, Dangerous occurrences, Near-misses, Ill-health cases,
Worker complaints, Enforcement action.
Q27: What topics could be considered in a general workplace
inspection?
Professional Safety Training & Consultancy
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Statutory requirement
The activities carried out & level of risk
Risk assessment may suggest inspection
Manufactures may make recommendations
Presence of vulnerable workers
Finding from previous inspections
Accident history and result of investigations
Enforcement authorities may recommend inspection
Whether workers have voiced concerns
Type of inspection.
Frequency of inspection.
Allocation of responsibilities.
Competence of the inspector.
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Objectivity of inspector.
Use of checklists.
Action planning for problems found.
Training for inspectors.
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