IEEE Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers Including Those With Solid Cast and/or Resin-Encapsulated Windings Ce ae ne Coe og fee eae eee DPA a ‘Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society a IEKE €57.12.01-1989 ig a Sr de pusIEEE (57.12.01-1989 (Revision of SSI/TERE car 201.1979) IEEE Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers Including Those With Solid Cast and/or Resin-Encapsulated Windings Sponsor ‘Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved February 2, 1989 IEEE Standards Board CoSecretariat Institute of Electrical and Electronies Engineers ‘National Electrical Manufacturers Association ‘copy © 1950 by ‘The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. ‘345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2304, USA. No part of his publication may be rprodaced in ay frm, without the prior writen permission ofthe PublisherIEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Com: tmittees ofthe IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve volun- {arly and without compensation, They are not necessarily members of the Institute. The standards developed within IEEE represent a consensus of, the broad expertise on the subject within the Institute as well as those activities outside of IEEE which have expressed an interest in participating in the development of the standard. Use of an TERE Standard is wholly voluntary. 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Box 1331 Piscataway, NJ 08855-1381 USA Standards documents are adopted by the Institute of Elec trical and Electronics Engineers without regard to whether their adoption may involve patents on articles, materials, or processes, Such adoption does not assume any liability to any patent owner, not does it assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting’ the standards documents.Foreword (Thin Forewords not part of IEEE 57120-1980. ‘rant ncuting Tow With Sod Cast andor Het Standard General Rouiementsfor Dry Type Dstriuton and Power pela Winns) ‘This standard, together with its companion standards documents, represents a new milestone in standards for dry-type transformers, which are becoming increasingly important with the elimination of Askarel insulating Muids in new transformers, ‘This standard isthe result of an effort encompassing the interests of users, manufacturers, andl others dedicated to producing voluntary consensus standards primarily for dry-type transformers. ‘This revision was developed to recognize dry-type transformers with solid cast and resin-encapsulated ‘windings, The working group that developed this revision identified requirements for IEEE C57.12.01-1980 for items 31 through 5.10, 5.12, and 6.52, incorporating dry-type transformers with solid cast and resin-encapsulated windings. New materials and coil design techniques necessitated this revision to recognize factors that differ from conventional design of dry-type transformers, Tn preparing the revision of IEEE C57.12.01-1979, the working group has attempted to consider the significance of the General Agreement on Tariflsand Trade (GATT) Code and the US. Trade Agreements, ‘Act of 1979, which have appeared since the C57.1201 standard was originally published, These docu. iments encourage “harmonization” of US, Standards with International Standards such as IEC and TSO. Progress has been made in this direction, and further study and effort are planned toward improved. harmonization of such items as "Hottest -Spot Increments,” and the correlation of calculated and tested values of "Hottest Spot- Increments’ “This revision was developed by the working group of the Dry-Type Transformer Subcommittee ofthe IFEE Transformer Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society. “This standard is a voluntary consensus standard. Its use may become mandatory only when required bya duly constituted legal authority, or when specified in a contractual relationship. To meet specialized ‘needs and to allow innovation, specific changes are permissible when mutually determined by the user ‘and the producer, provided such changes do not violate existing laws and are considered technically adequate for the function intended. ‘At the time this document was published, it was under consideration for approval as an I Standard, The Accredited Standards Committee on Transforme: Regulators, and Reactors, C57, had the fellowing members at the time this document was sent to letter ballot: K. Linsley, Chairman C.HL White, Secretary Organization Represented [Name of Reprevetaice American National Standards Tatitote ss son G Tags Blectrie” Light aad’ Power ‘Group sun W. Cale GGaanels PE Orne Di, Sofia Ue 2 Gallen 1 Volagaer Tontgte of lactrcal and Electronic Bngioors 1 Savio if teh iar ao ae Hapuiann cao) ‘Rendall Etatey Meorice [Natooal Electrical Menufactorea Auosation .. vif: PP eee = i BHEStrnesewonee: 2 e &At the Lime this standard was approved, the members of the working group were as follows: 4 mre ©. Compeon ‘The following persons wer ‘the IEEE Standards Board: EI Anes ie is on D Dou 1K Baler ul Futon hu Boiman DA Giles Gurnee Fe Goins gon Koenig, Chairman HE Ga RIL Holler ACL Manning ex Mas ‘on the ballot ing Retipron Ce Honey C Hans Capper ©. MeMion Seach © fli RW'Simpson a. Upc Papine ng committee that approved this document for submission to RE Minot, Se. pease Vi Thenappes ona iS ioe Hae PctWhen the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on February 2, 1989, it had the following membership: ‘Dennis Bodson, Chairman Marco W. Migliaro,Vice Chairman Andrew G. Salem, Secretary Aron A Bide! eooeth D, Hendrie Joho E May, de Freche Bostey ‘Theodare W. Hy, J. interes ¥! Mccall ‘ents Clapp Jake We Horch [Bruce McClane damon Me Daly Daa Ws Hatehins Dona bicecte Bisphea Dion Pronk D. Kirchner Riche E Mowher Bomid € Recteoneln Fiat 6 ihe Si Rinoe canoe P.Fopery ono Ls Roepinge™ Teoh oikine dey Porters wivindin Gary 8 Robionce ‘Thomar U Hessen Bosatd W! zine ‘Member Emertor1. Scope. 2. Terminology 3, References... 4. Service Conditions 10, 41 Usual Service Conditions: 42 Unusual Service Conditions Rating Data ....... 5.1 Cooling Classes of Transformers 52 Frequency 7 53 Phases 54 Rated kVA 55 Voltage Ratings and Taps 56 Connections 57 Polarity, Angular Displacement, and Terminal Markings 58 Impedance BO Losses... sess 5.10 Insulation Levels - 11 Temperature ise and insulation System Capabity 5.12 Nameplates: Construetion . 61 Tank Presure Requirements 62 Finish 7 63 Transformer Accessories - 64. Terminals 65 Grounding Short-Cireuit Characteristics 71 Short Circuit Requirements 72. ‘Transformer Categories. 73 Short Cireuit-Current Duration and Magnitude 74. System Zero-Sequence Data 75 Application Conditions Requiring Special Consideration 76 Components Base kVA and Base Currents 78 Effects of Temperature on Transformer Windings During Short Cireuit Conditions 79 Calculation of Winding Temperature During a Short Circult ‘Testing and Calculations 81 General « 82. Test Classifications 83. Routine, Design, and Other Tests 54 Calculations Tolerances... 91 Ratio... 982 Impedance... 93, Connection of Transformers for Shipment.Fig FE? Table Table Table Table Table 7 Table Phase Relation of Terminal Designations for Three Phase Transformers Designation of Voltage Ratings of Single- and Three Phase Windings Dielectric Strength Correction Factors for Altitudes Greater than 3300 ft (1000 m) Preferred Continuous kVA Ratings ee : Relationships of Nominal System Voltage and Basie Lightning impuise insulation Levels (BIL) for Systems 345 kV and Below Interrelationships of Dielectric Insulation Levels for Dry-Type Transformers Used | on Systems with BlLs 200 kV’ and Below 4A Limits of Temperature and Temperature Rise for Continuously Rated Dro-Type Windings 4B. Examples of Materials Used in Insulation Systems 5 Nameplate Information See eie 6 Values of K’. Dry Type Transformer Teats 8 Tolerances for Single-Phase and Three-Phase Transformer Losses Unusual Temperature and Altitude Conditions Al 2%, Aa, A Unusual Temperature and Altitude Service Conditions Effect of Altitude on Temperature Rise . ‘Operation at Rated KVA. Operation at Less than Rated kVA Table ‘Table Al. Maximum 24 h Average Temperature of Cooling Air ‘A, Rated KVA Derating Factors for Altitudes Greater than 3300 ft (1000 m) PAGE: 13 La un 12 “4 14 2 7 27 7 a on lerIEEE Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers Including Those With Solid Cast and/or Resin-Encapsulated Windings 1. Scope 11 This standard is intended as a basis for the establishment of performance, interchangeabilty and safety requirements of equipment described, land for assistance in the proper selection of such equipment, 1.2 This standard describes electrical, mechani- cal, and safety requirements of ventilated, non ventilated, and sealed dry-type distribution and power transformers or autotransformers, single and polyphase, with a voltage of 601 Vor higher in the highest voltage winding 1. This standard applies to all dry-type trans. formers except as indicated below: GQ) Instrument transformers (2) Step-voltage and induction voltage regula (8) Are furnace transformers (4) Rectifier transformers (5) Specialty transformers (6) Mine transformers 1L4_ When this standard is used on a mandatory basis, the word shall indicates mandatory require ments; and the words should and may refer to matters that are recommended or permissive, but hot mandatory NOTE, The foreword of this volutary consensus standard Aiserte the reumstance ner wich the stand ay oe ‘hed on a mandatory bass 2. Terminology Standard transformer terminology available in ANSI/IEEE C57.12.80-1978 [11] shall apply Other electrical terms are defined in ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1988 [17] 3. References ‘This guide should be used in conjunction with the following publications ‘When the following guides are superseded by a revision approved by the American National Stan he latest revision shall apply. SSI CB7.12.50-1981, American National Standard Requirements for Ventilated Dry Type Distribution Transformers, 1 to 500 kVA, Single Phase; and 15 10 500 kVA, Three: Phase with High. Voltage 601 to 84500 Volts, Low-Voltage 120 to {600 Volts? [2] ANS1C57.1251-1981, American National Stan dard Requirements for Ventilated Dry'Type Power ‘Transformers, 501 KVA and Larger. Three-Phase with High-Voltage 601 to 34 500 Volts, Low Voltage 208 ¥/120 to 4100 Volts, "Te numbers in brackets correspon to those ofthe fer can asin Seandards mt, 149 ro20 80 [a] ANSIC57.1252-1981, American National Stan dard Requirements for Sealed Dey-Type Power Transformers, 501 KVA and Larger, Three Phase with High-Voltage 601 to 34 500 Volts, Low. Voltage 208 ¥/120 to 4160 Volts, [4] ANSI.C57.1255-1987, American National Stan dard Dry-Type Transformers in Unit Installations Including Unit Substations-Conformance Stan dard, {5] ANSI €57.12.57-1987, American National Standard Transformers — Ventilated Dry-Type Network Transformers 2500 VA and Belov, ‘Three-Phase, with High-Voltage 34 500 Volts and Below, Low-Voltage 216 Y/125 and 480 ¥/277 ‘Volts Requirements, [6] ANSI €57.12:70-1078 (1987), American Na tional Standard Terminal Markings and Connee. tions for Distribution and Power Transformers. [7] ANSI C57.96-1989, American National Stan- dard Guide for Loading Dry-Type Transformers. [8] ANSI C84.1-1982, American National Stan dard Voltage Ratings for Electric Power Systems and Equipment (60 Hz) [9] ANSI/ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPV), 1986, refer to Section VIIL, Pressure Ves: sels, Division Lor 23 [10] ANSI/IBBE.C57.12.56-1986, Test Procedures for Thermal Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Ventilated Dry-Type Power and Distribution ‘Transformers [11] ANSI/IEEE €57.12.80-1978 (81986), Term nology for Power and Distribution Transformers. [12] ANSVIEEE €57.12.91-1979, Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers, [13] ANSI/IEEE: C57.94.1982, Recommended Practice for Installation, Application, Operation, and Maintenance of Dry‘Type General Purpose Power and Distribution Transformers. [14] ANSI/IEEE €57.98-1986, Guide for Trans- former Impulse Tests Department. American Nafuoal Standards Ivotlate, 10 Broadway, New Yor: NY 10018 orth Ameren Soc) of Mechanal npineers, Orde Deparment 39 (aw Dro 0p. Fai. NI UTOT 200, “ANSI IEE publeatons are aval fom he lataeof Pectreal and Eeteone Engineers, Serie Center 44 Hoss lane, Pacatnas: MI RES 91, othe Sales Departmen Atvfcan Natural Standard Inte 1490 Beene New ‘ork oi (GER STANDARD GENERAL REQUIRE (ENTS FOR DRY-TYPE DISTRIBUTION AND POWER [15] ANSI/IEEE €62,2-1987, Guide for Applica tion of Gap Silicone Carbide Surge Arrestors for Alternating-Current Systems [16] ANSI/IEEE Sta 99-1980, Recommended Practice for the Preparation of Test Procedures {or the Thermal Evaluation of Insulation Systems {or Electric Equipment [17] ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1988, IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Blectronies Terms. [18] ANSI/IEEE Std 815-1975, IEEE Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronics Diagrams. 4. Service Conditions 4.1 Usual Service Conditions 4.11 General. Transformers conforming to this standard shall be suitable for operation at rated kVA under the following usual service condi tions. 4.1.2 Temperature 4.1.2.1 The temperature of the cooling air (ambient temperature) shall not exceed 40 °C, and the average temperature ofthe cooling air for any 24h period shall not exceed 30 °C. 4.1.2.2 The minimum ambient temperature shall not be lower than -30 °C 4.1.8 Altitude. The altitude shall not exceed 8800 fe (1000 m) 4.1.4 Supply Voltage. The supply voltage wave shape shall he approximately sinusoidal, and the phase voltages supplying a polyphase transformer shall be approximately equal in magnitude and of approximate equal time phase displacement. 4.1.5 Load Current. The load current shall be approximately sinusoidal. The harmonic factor shall not exceed 0.05 per unit, Tos [0 4.1.6 Operation above Rated Voltage 4.1.6.1 Transformers shall be capable of (2) Delivering rated output in kVA at 5% above rated secondary voleage, without exceed- ing the limiting temperature rise, when the power factor of the load is BO% oF higher. Operating at 10% above rated secondary voltage at no load without exceeding the limiting temperature rise. Fulflling the foregoing requirements for rated voltage, rated frequency, and rated AVA for any tap, 4.1.6.2 The maximum continuous trans former operating voltage should not exceed the @ @‘TRANSPORMERS INCLUDING THOSE WITH SOLID CAST AND OR RESIN-ENCAPSULATED WINDINGS levels specified in ANSI 841-1982 (8) —Rat- ings for Electric Power Systems and Equipment (He), NOTE: system conditions may rege voage transformation ato inating ap tage higher han the maximum sen) ‘nla for rsulstion purposes, Howes, the appropiate ‘mau iemvoagesulibe hee nde operating 4.17 Location 4.1.71 Sealed and non-ventilated transform. ers shall be suitable for indoors, or outdoors, or indoor and outdoor operation as specified 4.1.7.2 Unless otherwise specified, ventilated transformers shall be suitable for indoor opera: tion only 4.1.8 Step Down Operation. Unless otherwise specified, dry type transformers shal be for step- down operation, NOTE: See alo Table 5 Note 4.1.9 Tankor Enclosure Finish, Temperature limits and tests shall be based on the use of a pigment coating finish 42 Unusual Service Conditions 42.1 General. Conditions other than those de scribed in 4.1 are considered unusual service, and ‘when present, should be brought to the attention ‘of those responsible for the design and applica tion of the apparatus, 42.2 Unusual Loading. ANSI C57:96-1989 (7), provides guidance for loading under unusual tonditions, including (1) Ambient temperatures higher or lower than the basis of rating. (2) Short-time loading in excess of nameplate VA with normal lfe expectancy. (8) Loading that results in reduced life expeet- ancy. NOTE: ANSI C8796-1960 [7] sno 9 standard Ik prvies {here ncen general normaton forthe loading rae formers under varus condions based on pce winding {neulation ste and tf base spon the Best eer ‘Roma wie athe tie earn. the Ka ‘ngs, which may mi the capa of erandtorers to Ieee quite: When specie contraction feature (cio, Ines tap changer et) shalbesupped so thatthe lly “componencs wilt in hemsehes ithe shore me adn {orl than that whic wil elim ben hrm Me (ob cover sd cat andi resin eneapeulated wings 4.2.8 Unusual Altitude Service Con ‘The Appendix provides guidance concerning oper ation above $300 ft (1000 m), including effects of altitude on temperature rise, operation at rated VA and reduced ambient temperature, and oper: ation at less than rated kVA. n esr 201 is 4.24 Insulation at High Altitude 42.4.1 The dielectric strength of trans: formers that depend in whole or in part upon air for insulation decreases as the altitude increases due to the effect of decreased air density. When specified, transformers shall be designed with larger air spacings, using the correction factors of Table 1 to obtain adequate air dielectric strength at altitudes above 3300 fe (1000 m). ‘4242 The insulation eve at'3300 f (1000 m) ‘multiplied by the correction factor from Table 1 shall be not less than the required insulation level at the required altitude 42.5 Other Unusual Service Conditions (2) Damaging fumes or vapors, exeessive or abrasive dust, explosive mixtures of dust ‘or gases, steam, salt spray, excessive mols ture oF dripping water, constitute service ‘conditions for which some dry-type trans formers are not intended and, therefore, may have detrimental effects on trans former life NOTE: The setiousnes ofthe effets ofthe unusual Condon aed in (1) ares dey, Sopending po the" dy ype teaformer lobe Whe ‘ch conditions rayphave be rn fet om sat isted dry type eransformers, they may nave ‘vows eects on ventuated dy pe raster e Abnormal vibration, tilting, shock, or seis ‘mic conditions Ambient temperatures outside the normal range Unusual transportation or storage condi- (5) Unusual space limitations. (6) Unusual maintenance problems, @ « Table 1 Dielectric Strength Correction-Factors for “Altitudes Greater than 3300 ft (1000 m) Atuude Faceetoe eo) (eters) Dilece Sten io 1300 oi fon 00 one co ae oa soo a0 O88 ‘on i os obs ai os NOTE: An atid 015.008 (400 m) considered amaneee, i201 1980 ce (1) Unusual duty or frequency of operation, impact loading Unbalanced alternating-eurrent voltages, or departure of alternating current system voltages from a sinusoidal waveform, as identified under item 4.1.4 Loads involving abnormal harmonic cur rents, such as those which may result where appreciable load currents are con trolled by solid-state or similar devices. Harmonic currents may cause excessive losses and abnormal heating. Limits for usual service conditions are identified under tem 4.15. ‘Multiwinding transformers with a specified ‘combination of KVA outputs and power factors for each winding Unusually high, low, or unbalanced alter- nating-current system impedance. Overexeitation exceeding 110% rated volts per hertz, Planned short circuits as part of a regular ‘operating oF relaying practice ‘Short-cireult application conditions requir ing special consideration as described in item 75. Special insulation requirements oF unusual transient voleages present on the alternating current power supply, including resonant fr switching-related disturbances. Unusually strong magnetic fields. Unusually high nuclear radiation, Parallel operation. @) oO) ao) ap «ay aay aay a6) an as) NOTE: Wile parallel operation i not unl & Geiae tt uss as manafataren paral ing with other raratormers planed, and ent, ‘he transformer so wo, 5. Rating Data 5.1 Cooling Classes of Transformers (1) Ventilated self-eooled: class AA. (2) Ventilated forced: air-cooled: class APA. (3) Ventilated self-cooled/forced-air-cooled class AA/A. (A) Nonventilated self.cooled: class ANV. (5) Sealed self-cooled: class GA. 5.2 Prequency. Unless otherwise specified trans. formers shall be designed for operation at a fre quency of 60 Hz 5.3 Phases ‘BAA General. Transformers deseribed in this standard are either single-phase or three-phase Standard ratings are included in the product R STANDARD GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DIY-TYPE DISTRIBUTION AND POWER standards for particular types of transformers When specified, other phase arrangements may be provided. ‘5.2 Scott: or T-Connected Transformers ‘5.3.2.1, For rarely used connections such as Scott: oF T-eonnected transformers, see ANSI (657.12.70-1978 (6), 5A Rated kVA 5.4.1 General. The rated KVA of a transformer shall be the output that can be delivered for the time specified at rated secondary voltage and rated [requency without exceeding the specified temperature-rise limitations under prescribed conditions of test, and within the limitations of established standards. 5.4.2 Preferred Continuous KVA. Preferred continuous kVA of single phase and three-phase distribution and power transformers stall be as shown in Table 2. 55 Voltage Ratings and Taps ‘35.1 General. Standard nominal system volt- ages are listed in ANSI C84,1-1982 [8]. Voltages available on standard transformers are included in the produet standards for particular types of transformers, 15.5.2 Voltage Ratings. The voltage ratings at no load shall be based on the turn ratio. The ratio Of voltage is subject to the effect of regulation at various loads and power factors. Table 2 Preferred Continuous kVA Ratings‘TRANSFORMERS INCLLIDING THOSE WITH SOLID CAST AND/OR RESIN ENCAPSULATED WINDINGS 5.53 Rating of Transformer Taps. Whenever a transformer is provided with taps from a winding, they shall be full-capacity taps. When specified, other than full capacity taps may be provided, and this shall be stated on the name plate. 5.6 Connections. Standard connection arrange ‘ments are described in the product standards for Particular types of transformers, 5.7 Polarity, Angular Displacement, and Ter ‘minal Markings 5.7.1 Polarity of Single-Phase Transformers. ‘The numbering ofthe terminations of the H Wind: ing and the terminations ofthe X winding shall be applied so that when the lowest numbered # termination and the lowest numbered X termina: tion are connected together, and voltage is ap plied to the transformer, the voltage between the highest numbered H termination and the highest ‘numbered X termination will be less than the voltage of the H winding. When more than two windings are used, the same relationship shall apply between each pair of windings. QTE This arrangement sao know as wba 5.7.2. Angular Displacement Between Voltages of Windings for Three-Phase Transformers. The angular displacement between high-voltage and low-voltage phase voltages of three-phase trans formers with 4-A or Y-¥ connections shall be zero degrees. ccor1200 Kh ‘The angular displacement between high-voltage and low-voltage phase voltages of three-phase transformers with Y-A or 4-Y connections shall bbe 30%, with the low voltage lagging the high volt: ‘age, as shown in Fig I. The angular displacement fof a polyphase transformer is the time angle expressed in degrees between the line-to-neutral voltage of the reference identified high-voltage terminal (#,) and the line-to neutral voltage of ‘the corresponding identified low-voltage terminal %) 5.73 Terminal Marking. Terminal markings shall bein accordance with ANSI C57.12.70-1978 (6 5.8 Impedance. Standard values of impedance are included in the product standards for partic lular types of transformers. 5.9 Losses, The ‘otal losses of a transformer shall be the sum of the no-load loses and the load Tosses, The load losses shall be based on a refer: fence temperature equal 10 the rated average Winding temperature rise plus 20 °C. (See Table 4A for average winding temperature rise values.) 5.10 Insulation Levels 5.10.1 Line Terminals 5.10.1.1 ‘The line erminals of winding shall be assigned a basic lightning impulse insulation level (BIL) to indicate the factory dielectric tests that these terminals are eapable of withstanding Fig Phase Relation of Terminal Designations for “Three-Phase Transformers L\A 3-3 conNECTION Wt YG 13 As ya connection Axex CSt201 180 5.10.1.2 The basic lightning impulse insula tion levels (BIL) are given in Table 3A. The lowest BIL is 10 KV and applies down to and including 120 V ratings. Table 3B lists low-frequency insula- tion levels corresponding to line-terminal Bll for both fully insulated windings and windings with reduced neutral insulation, Table 24 Relationships of Nominal System Voltage and Basie Lightning Impulse Insulation Levels (BIL) for Systems 34.5 kV and Below Nominal Base Lighning inpube fsuation Levels (Ba) ‘Suter in Common ne Cres (N10 2090 45 oS 0 125 10 om Fd sia 1 Opa ie koe where expose to neat ‘an be apie with ower spare owe te ‘Table 3B Interrelationships of Dielectric Insulation Levels for Dry-Type Transformers Used on Systems with BILs 200 kV and Below Feeavoney aaa ‘hokage ut Minna faye elt 1255 pe Fiamover wo rm oD “The atest ation of ANS IEEE C22 198715] soul be ‘peeled for information concerning coordination wth eal "Them fequeny oka te vel for trun ¥ we: ines salbe 10k excep fr windings 138 ani ch "A pate platy impulse wave frm shall be se “ HEE STANDARD GENERAL, REQUIREMENTS FOR DRY-TYPE DISTRIBUTION AND POWER 10.1.8 ‘Transformers designed for Y connec tion only, with @ neutral brought out through a terminal, shall be assigned a BIL for Hine ter nals, and neutral terminals shall be insulated in accordance with 8102 5102 Neutral Terminals 5.10.21 The neutral terminal of a winding ‘whichis designed for grounded ¥ connection only ‘may have an insulation level lower than that for {he tne terminal Such neutral terminals shal be boted to the equipment ground pad on the trans former frame and to the sjstem ground Windings oftransformers and autotransformers designed for V connection only with the neutral brought out and solily grounded directly or through a current transformer shall have neutral insulation as deseribed belo. (1) Windings with inet line voltages of 1200 V or fess shall have the neutral insulated for 4.4 KV low-frequency applied voltage test. (2) Windings with ine tone voltages higher than 1200 V shall have the neutral insu lated for a 10 KV low-frequency applied voltage test. (8) When specified, the neutral shall be de signed for higher insulation level 5.1022 Yeeonnected windings with an un founded neutral shall be treated the same a8 8 ‘S-connected winding having the same phase to phase voltage, and a BIL shall be assigned tothe neutral termina $10.23 The insulation level of the neutral end ofthe winding may difer from the insulation level ofthe highest voltage neutral termina. for whieh provision i made in the transformer: In this case the dielectric tests onthe neutral shall bye determined by whichever is ower: the insula tion ievelof the neutral end ofthe winding. or the Insulation level of the neutral terminal 5:10. Insulation Tests 5.1031 General. The following insulation tests shal be performed in accordance withthe procedures described in ANSI IEEE C37 1291 1987 U2} NOTE: In the ting tet descriptions, the word “phase” eles athe ine terminal ofa winding and wot thc Dace of winding cog he corstrctan of windings 5.10.32 Low-Frequency Tests () A winding-to-winding and_winding-to round applied voltage test shall be made in accordance with Table AB on 3 and Y connected windings when the neutral is ‘ungrounded.(2) Forinternally solidly grounded ¥ windings (a) A lineterminalto-ground test voltage shall be induced from another wind Ing. This test voltage shall he twice the ‘operating line terminal to-neutral volt- ‘age, with the neutral grounded. () Arphase-to-phase test voltage shall be induced from another winding. which will develop tice the operating phase. to-phase voltage between line terminals (3) Twiee the rated turn-to-tumn voltage shall bee developed in each winding 5.10.3 Low-Frequency Tests — Exceptions. ‘Tests are subject tothe imitation thatthe voltage- ‘o-ground test shall be performed as specified in 5,103.2 on the line terminals of the winding with the lowest ratio of test voltage to minimum turns “Then test levels may otherwise be reduced such that none of the tests required in 5.1032 need be exceeded in oFder to meet the requirements of the others, or such that no winding need be tested above its specified level in order to meet the test Fequirements of another winding. '5.10.3.4 Impulse Tests. Impulse tests shall he performed in accordance with Table 3B. 5.10.3.5 Partial Discharge Tests. Partial discharge tests shall be performed in accordance with Table 7 5.104 Taps. Transformers may be provided with taps for voltages above rated voltage without yereasing the insulation level, provided that the ‘maximum system voltage is not exceeded. 5.11 Temperature Rise and Insulation-System Capability .11.1 Life of Insulating Materials. ‘The life of insulating materials commonly used in trans: formers depends largely upon the temperatures to which they are subjected and the duration of such temperatures. Since the actual temperature is the sum of the ambient temperature and the temperature rise, the ambient temperature largely determines the load thar can reasonably be carried by trans formers in service Other factors upon which the life of insulating materials depends are (GZ) Blectrie stress and associated effects (2) Vibration or varying mechanical stress (8) Repeated expansions and contractions (A) Exposure to moisture, contaminating env ronments, and radiation (5) Incompatible materials ‘These factors, in combination with time and temperature, may inerease the rate of thermal esr s201 8 degradation of materials and conteibute to early failure, The winding temperature-rise limits and insulation-system materials for dry-type trans: formers are so chosen that the transformers will have a satisfactory life under usual operating ‘conditions based on insulation-system thermal ‘evaluation, Unusual ad emergency loading are discussed in 422, ‘5.11.2 Classification of Insulation Systems 5.1.21 General. Experience has shown that .e thermal life characteristics of composite inst lation systems generally cannot be reliably in- ferred from information concerning component materials, when some component materials have ratings lower than the temperature rating of the insulation system, To assure satisfactory service life, insulation systems need to be evaluated by service experience or accelerated life tests on models. Accelerated life tests are being used increasingly to evaluate systems using the many new synthetic insulating materials that are aval able, thus shortening the period required before they ean be used with confidence, Tests on com: plete insulation systems are necessary Lo confirm the performance of materials for their specific functions in the transformer. Insulation system testing for dry type transformers should be con: ducted in accordance with ANSI/IBBE C57.12.56- 1986 [10}, NOTE, There curently underway P 5712608 Standard isc Procedures or Perna Brat of ralaion tes forse Cat sed Renn capalted Power a Deaton 5.11.2.2 Insulating Materials. Insulating materials are processed compositions or recog: nized individual raw materials and simple com. binations thereof before they are fabricated, processed and placed in position in dry-type transformer coils or other structures identified with specific parts of the transformer. ‘5.11.2. Insulation System. An insulation system is an assembly of fabricated, processed, {nd in-place combinations of component insula: ting materials with related structural parts as used in dry-type transformers or in a form rep. resentative of such use through simulation of ‘operational conditions while portraying the effec tiveness ofthe physical support for the insulation and paisa wl come a pare ofthe Reference of (is ‘Standard C6t120- Io, TEE Standard General Roque iene: for pType Disrbettn and Power Transformers Inctaing Thne With Sod Cast and or Resin Eveaprlated NindinCor201 1980 and the severity of forces (including environmen: tal) tending to disrupt i BAL24 System Limiting Temperature. Limiting system hottest spot temperatures and associated maximum winding temperature rises fare described in 5.11.2 and are approved only ‘when used in the insulation of apparatus within the scope of this standard. These temperatures should not be confused with the values used for the identification and classification of the mate rials themselves, The electrical and mechanical properties of the insulated winding shall not be impaired by the application of the hottest spot temperature per mitted for the specific insulation system, The word “impaired” is here used in the sense of causing any change that could disqualify the insulating material from continuously performing its in tended function, whether it be ereepage spacing, ‘mechanical support, or dielectric barrier action 5.11.8 Limits of Temperature Rise for Con ‘tinuously Rated Transformers 5.11.8.1 The average winding-temperature rise of dry-type transformers above the ambient temperature, when measured by the resistance method and tested in accordance with the ap cable provisions of ANS/IEER C57.1291-1979 [12], shall not exceed the value of Table 44. ‘541.32 Transformers with a specified tem: perature rise may have an Insulation system that utilizes any combination of materials by temper: ature-tise insulation definitions, provided the Insulation system has been evaluated in accord fance with 6.112 Insulation materials used in the individual windings of the transformer may have different system temperature limits. When this i the ease, the individual windings and thele corresponding average temperature rises shall be listed on the transformer nameplate. Materials, or combinations of materials such as, those listed below in Table 4B, may be used in windings and insulation structures involving the various paired combinations of "Insulation System Temperatures (°C)" and “Average Winding- Temperature Rise by Resistance (*C)" listed in Table 4A provided that such insulating materials (or combinations of materials) have been shown. by experience or accepted tests to be adequate for such service application in the type of trans former involved in Table 44, 5.11.33 Metallic parts in contact with or adjacent to the insulation shall not attain a tem: perature in excess of that allowed for the hottest ‘spot ofthe windings adjacent to that insulation. IER STANDARD GENERAL REQUIREMENTS POR DRY-TYPE DISTRIBUTION AND POWER, Table 4A Limits of Temperature and Temperature Rise for Continuously Rated Dry‘Type ‘Transformer Windings* Winding Tempera se hy Reacance “Thi table doe not rcognite the diferent Hote spot sllgnance that may oni eran pgbeatons arty ‘ihe average winding temperature ss by resistance may appt the manufacturer proves thermal eng tet its Stan tat tempeet re hints ofthe lslation rabte 8 Examples of Materials Used in roulton Syoteme fs me ‘Aramid Sheets Fibers ‘Polyimide Resins sree ese oa Diet They are only intend to etily peel sme 5.1.3.4 Metallic parts other than those described in 5.11.33 shall not attain temperature rises that would impair the functional capability of the transformer 5.11.8.5 Temperature of external parts ac cessible o operators shall not exceed the follow ing temperature rises over ambient temperature at maximum rated load Readily accessible Not readily accessible wert part oeated a helps greater than 6 (38 m) eh siecle tal 5.11.4 Conditions Under Which Tempera- ture Limits Apply. Temperature limits shall not"TRANSFORMERS INCLUDING THOSE: WITH bbe exeveded when the transformer is operating fon the connection that will produce the highest ‘winding temperature rise above ambient temper ature and is delivering (2) Rated KVA output at rated secondary vot: age ifthere are no taps, Rated kVA output at the rated secondary voltage for that connection if tis a rated KVA tap connection At the rated secondary voltage of that connection, the KVA output corresponding {o the current of the tap ifthe connection is a reduced kVA tap connection. NOTE: As used here the terms rated secondary ota and “re cre pentheate ath manor 5.11.5 Reference Temperature for Efficiency, Losses, Impedance, and Regulation, The refer ence temperature for which efficiency, losses, Impedance, and regulation are stated shall be the rated average winding temperature rise plus 20°C. @ @ 5.12 Nameplates 5.1 General. A durable nameplate shall be affixed to each transformer by the manufaeturer. Unless otherwise specified, it shall be made of corrosion-resistant materials It shal bear the rat: ing and other essential operating data as speci fied below. For transformers where the nameplate is mounted on a removable part, the manufacturer's name and transformer serial number shall be permanently affixed to a non-removable part. 5.122 Nameplate Information for Ventilated and Nonventilated Transformers. Unless other- wise specified, the minimum information shown, fn the nameplate shall be that specified in Table 5 and associated notes 2.3 Nameplate Information for Sealed ‘Transformers. Unless otherwise specified, the ‘minimum information shown on the nameplate shall be that required in 5.12.2 plus the following additional data (C2) Insulating gas identification and weight by ‘compartments. If the insulating gas is nite sen, the cuble fet (cubic meters) at 25 and 2 psi (198 kPa) shall be furnished Instead of the weight. (2) Maximum operating gauge pressures: pst ( kPa) postive, (8) Tank designed for psi ( kPa) negative for vacoum filing NOTE. Vacuum ig apes ony to saan ses D CAST AND/OR RESIN ENCAPSULATED WINDINGS w eee esns200 198 (A) Gas fling gage pressure at 25 °C (5) Temperature limitations of gases condens- ing at temperatures higher than -30 °C shall be stated, (6) The taps shall be identified on the trans former nameplate and on the tap-changer. position indicating plate by means of letters in sequence of Arable numerals. The ‘numeral I or letter A shall be assigned to the voltage rating providing the maximum ratio of transformation with tap changers for deenergized operation 1m addition to the weights listed in Table 5, Note 7, the "untanking” weight (heaviest piece) shall also be listed o Gir CAA APA 2) tae ratings). Ten ween sedhitua wining ie Pony ingle phase eranformer) Base hehing imple nsltion wk (BL) (6) Approximate weit ponds (7), nection sagem (3) Instron and operating ntti reference Conductor mater ‘number, and voltage ratings shall have & minimum height of | (0128 ct (S18 ma heer engraved stamped. The feign eer eters and numerals sha e opeunal ih the 12} Where te cas of ranafrmer oles more than one forced cot equipment shal be ndcated, 13) The eltageratingoftannormer salle deigate twthewohagr racing ofeach minh separated y dacs) ‘etnias abe eg ped ne wane tale fr ¥ connec, he nme ‘Winding tne ramet shal show the ¥ wala onthe hh. Schaar ans hn hasan (4) The tap wotages of winding shall be designated ty Sting the winding veage each tap separated ty ant (Ciera iin form he a atch UA an smaller wih aps uniform 20" step, they my teow as percentages of aed tageC57.12.08-1980 Tapa een he rane epi by Numeral or the iter Ashallbe assiged to the age Fatng Providing the mesioarn rato of teaformaton eth tap hangers for deemed operation "he normal poston shal edetpate iy te ter Nf lou ap changers (See ANS Ex CT 12 107 (11) The ‘ane range prions sal be deigated by. numer in secnding oder crezendng nrg pa ota pts shal be degra by memerain ascending ede, responding to decreasing output vohag, towed bythe Sis seta ly te “he ated urns fal windings athe hphest KYA rating 01 AA and lane (6) The percent impedance of two nnaag eranformers sal be gen onthe Fed volgen ad Hated oreranformers wit more than wo winding he percent Impedance stl een Bence eck pal af waning The ‘kage base sal be sate fllowint ach percnt Impedance ‘ee anh ante hos more ano (6) Pallwave BIL fy owls of tne terminals shal be dst an th allowing example ou a ‘neutral eal sas a BIL shal be sina “G) For tensormers rated 0 4VA a es, the weit may valle showing the approximate weight of the transformer FReratngemale than hon for whch ais reso onthe rramepite “The total approximate weigh shall be shown for tans {orm lange tran 3b AA and thru 60 Hv “Thelin approkmat wets shal be shown fo ans sore re tha 30 VA aa (8) All winding terminations shall be identi on the ramepate on the connection agra rnettn ols shale permanent ark ogee with the ‘Schemateeurati In general the schematic ww ould tratranged to sow the low vlage side athe bot ad ‘help vag ermal tthe top ef (Phr arangeent ‘may be modo i particular ese sich ax ue inding {tansfoersequpped wth temiral chambers peas oF {raraarmers tan terminal oestans not conrming he Sst arrangement) cif pt eres pot es oan and lnaion Metifcaton of cure tansormers sabe shown i aed for meena reine or be drop ‘ompensation. (Polarity need na be shown carer ae ‘iene and tera ar permanent ‘ters a marie tat wil permit convenient ference and ‘llebratesonanon wath ermine! and polar maeng sere in ASH IEEE Sts 319-105 [18] Anywnainggrone ‘hal be edeated (0) Ihe rasformee argc than 50 VA and wat abe for sep up operation’ the nameplate shall so sate 18 IGE StANDARO GENERAL REQUIREMENTS POR DRY-TYPE DISTRIBUTION AND POWER 6. Construction 6.1 TankPressure Requirements. The tank pressure under rated conditions of sealed trans: formers shall not exceed 14.7 PSIG unless the requirements of applicable sections of the ANSI/ ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, (BPV) 1986 [9], are met. 62 Finish. The finish for transformer cases or tanks shall consist of a nonmetallic pigment coating OTE: This applies to sealed nest not apon vented ‘ry type Meche ak contingy such a anim, es ahd SSTon! have proper that tease the temperate Te of ‘atloer seep ie sgh, Fempertre os 6.3 Transformer Accessories. Specific informa: tion concerning accessories Is contained in the product standards applying to particular types of transformers, 64 Terminals. Transformers shall be equippped with suitable insulated cable or bar arrangements ‘of bushings, The BIL of terminals shall be atleast equal to that of the windings to which they are connected, unless otherwise specified. See Tables SA and 3B for BILs of terminals, 6.5 Grounding 65.1 Transformer Grounding. Transformer ‘grounding facilities shall be furnished in accord: lance with the product standards for particular types of dry type transformers 6.5.2 Grounding of Core. The transformer core shall be grounded for electrostatic purposes to the transformer frame and enclosure (it supplied. 7. Short Cireuit Characteristics 7A Short Cireuit Requirements. Transformers shall be designed and constructed to withstand the mechanical and thermal stresees produced by external short cireuts under the conditions spec- ified in 7.3, The external short cireuits shall include three-phase, single lineto-ground, double line to-ground, and line-to-line faults on one set of terminals only, and with no more than two sets of terminals supplied with the maximum fault power. For other fault conditions, the requirements shall be specified by those responsible for the applica: tion of the transformer.{TRANSFORMERS INCLEDING THOSE: WITH SOLID CAST AND/OR RESIN/ENCAPSULATED WINDINGS tis recognized that the short-ireult withstand capability can be adversely affected by the cumu: lative effects of repeated mechanical and thermal ‘overstressing, as produced by short circuits and overloads. Since means are not available to con tinuously monitor and quantitatively evaluate the degrading eects of such duty, short-circuit tests, when required, should be performed prior to plac ing transformers in service Tt is not the intent inthis paragraph that every transformer be short-circuit tested to demon: strate adequate construction. ‘When specified, short-circuit tests shall be performed as described in ANSW/IEEE (57.12.91 1987 [12] 7.2 Transformer Categories. Three categories forthe rating of transformers shall be recognized: Single Phase Three Phase Category AVA, kVA, r 1-500) iT 501-1667 501-5000 i 1668-10000 5001-30 000, [NOTES (1) Autotransormers of S00 KYA or as (qubabnt Soong shal cae eaten "2 All Wik ratings are mina nameplate KYA forthe pncpal windings 7.3 Short-Cireuit-Current Duration and Mag- nitude 7.3.1 Short-Cireuit-Current Duration 73.1.1 General. Por categories I, 1, and Ill ddry-type transformers, the short-circuit current duration shall be limited to two seconds ‘When used on cireuits having reclosing fea tures, transformers shall be capable of withstand ing the resulting successive short cireuts without cooling to normal operating temperatures be- tween successive occurrences of the short circuit, provided the accumulated duration of the short rents does not exceed two seconds 7.3.12 Duration of Short-Cireult Tests. The uration of each test shall be 025 5, except that fone test satisfying the symmetrical current re ‘quirements shal be made fora longer duration on category III, and I transformers. The duration of, the long test in each case shall be as follows: Category I: tas Category IE t= los Category Il t= 058 For special applications where longer fault durations will be common in service, special long: uration tests shall be specified at purchase. 19 ces71201 1089 When making consecutive tests without allowing time for winding cooling, care shall be exercised to avoid excessive temperatures 7.32 Short-Circuit-Current Magnitude 792.1 Category: The short-circult-current ‘magnitude will normally be limited only by the transformer impedance, but maximum symmeti- ceal-current magnitudes shall not exceed 25 times base current 732.2 Categories IT and IIT: The symmet rical short-cireult current shall be calculated as follows, but shall not exceed 25 times base current. (1) The symmetrical short-cireult current shall, be calculated based on the sum of the transformer impedance plus a value of sys ‘tem impedance (including the appropriate KVA base) specified by the user. Alterna: tively, the user may specify the system MVA available at the transformer. NOTE tn determining stem impedance (or stem vA vai) where rotating machine are con ted vo the ansorme termina relr to 75 (0) (2) In the absence of system information from tthe user, the system symmetrical short circuit current available at the transformer terminals shall be assumed to be 36 KA for hominal system voltages 34.5 kV’and below. NOTE: This corresponds to a rou breser fest, {ele or momentary caren of 564A. (For a [38 BU ‘Ysten, ts i usent toa ser wh appeos ‘Nate 730 WA homial nterupting du) (2) When specified or when the system imped ance is known to be neglighle (for example, ‘station service transformer located close to @ generator), the symmetrical short circuit current shal be caleulated using the ‘wansformer impedance only: 7.9.8 Stabilizing Windings. Stabilizing windings in three-phase transformers (4-connectest ‘windings with no external terminals) shall be apable of withstanding the current resulting from any ofthe system faults specified in 71, rec ognizing the system grounding conditions. An appropriate stabilizing winding KVA, voltage, and {impedance shall be provided, 73.4 Dry-Type Autotransformer Windings. Dry type autotransformer windings shall be de- signed for a maximum withstand capability limit of 25 times base current (symmetrical). 7.3.5 ShortCireuit-Carrent Calculations 78.5.1 Symmetrical Current tn Es symmetrical short-circuit current, in rms amperesSeo. 1080 where Ty © rated current on the given tap connec: tion, in rms amperes 2; = transformer impedance on the given tap connection, in per unit on the same apparent power base as Jy Zs = impedance of the system or permanently connected apparatus, in per unit on the same apparent power base as Jy = Ls = symmetrical short-circuit current, Ty, Wh multiples of normal base current 7.8.5.2 Asymmetrical Current. The first eyele’ asymmetrical peak current which the transformer is required to withstand shall be determined as follows: a (Dk asym) = Khu where Ke [14 (e622 ain 8] VT ‘¢ = base of natural logarichm = are tan © , is radians ae = ratio of effective alternating current reac tance to resistance, both in ohms, is the total impedanee whieh limits the fault current for the transformer connections ‘when the short eireuit occurs. When the system impedance is included in the fale ‘current ealeulation, the 2/r ratio of the external impedance shall be assumed ‘equal to that of the transformer, f not speeitied Values of K are given in Table 6, Keven nTabie bare calculated em thr approximation ad sre nturte to within ofthe value calated ty eat 7A System ZeroSequence Data. For category IL transformers with solidly grounded neutrals, the ratio of system Xy/X; should be speeified by the user, In leu of specified Xy/X, ratio, a value of 20 shall be used. 5 Application Conditions Requiring Special Consideration. The folowing situations affecting fault-current magnitude, duration, oF frequency ‘of occurrence require special consideration and should be identified in transformer specifications. (2) Transformer terminals connected to ro: tating machines (such as motors oF syn chronous condensers) which can act as generators to feed current into the trans former under system-fault conditions. B STANDARD GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DRY TYPE: DISTRIBUTION AND POWER Table 6 Values of K Dons Powe 02 20 The system impedance for such casos should be derived by the user, considering ‘the subrransient reactances of synchronous machines and the locked-rotor reactances of induction motors, such as those used in calculating frst-eyele oF momentary duty. Three-winding transformer applications Operating voltages higher than rated, main tained at the unfaulted terminal(s) during 4 fault condition Frequent overcurrents arising from the ‘method of operation oF the partieular appli cation (such as furnace transformers, starting taps, applications using grounding switches for relay purposes, traction feed ing transformers). Station auxiliary transformers directly con nected to a generator which may be subject {o prolonged-duration terminal faults as a result of the inability to remove the voltage source quickly e) @) @ oy 7.6 Components. Transformer components such as leads, bushings, load-tap changers, deenergized tap changers, current transformers, ete, which ‘carry current continuously, shall comply with all the requirements of 7.3, However, if not explicitly"TRANSFORMERS INCLLDDING THOSE WIT SOLID CAST AND/OR RESIN ENCAPSULATED WINDINGS specified, load-tap changers are not required to change taps successfully under short-circuit conditions. 117 Base KVA and Base Currents 7.71 Base KVA of a Winding, This is the sel ‘cooled rating of that winding as specified by the nameplate, or as determined in accordance with 773, 7.7.2. Base Current of Windings Without Auto- transformer Connections. For transformers with ‘ovo or more windings without autotransformer connections, the base current of a winding obtained by dividing the base KVA ofthe winding by the rated kV of the winding on a per-phase basis 7.73 Base Current of Windings with Auto- transformer Connections. For transformers with ‘two or more windings, including one or more autotransformer connections, the base current and the base kVA of any winding other than the series and common windings are determined as described in 7.72. ‘The base current of the series winding is equal to the base kVA per phase at the series line termi: nal (H) divided by the minimum fullcapacity tap voltage at the series line terminal (H) in kilo volts line to neutral The base current of the common winding is ‘equal to the line current at the common winding terminal (X) minus the line current at the series ‘winding terminal (H) under loading conditions resulting in maximum phasor difference. Alcon ditions of simultaneous loading authorized by the nameplate shall be considered to obtain the maximum value, Base currents are caleulated based on self-cooled loading conditions or the equivalent 7.8 Effects of Temperature on Transformer Windings During Short-Cireuit Conditions. The winding temperature will increase during a short circuit, and care shall be exercised in the winding ‘design and the application of conductor material ‘to avoid a significant loss of yield strength in the period of fault duration. In most applications of dry-type transformers with normal application limits for fuses and tireuit breakers, the duration of a short circuit is Timited to a few cycles, and the added temper ‘ature-rise effeets are minimal, Where itis deter mined that the fault duration is more than a few ‘cycles, and a need exists to determine by calcul tion the temperature rise for a specific app tion, it may be calculated as described in 79. esr 2011989 The effeet of the calculated temperature in ‘crease on a transformer in a specific application may thus be determined, and proper allowance made to minimize permanent reduction in con ductor mechanical strength due to annealing, and to coordinate any temporary reduetion in con ductor strength with the applied forces at any 7.9 Calculation of Winding Temperature Dur. ing a Short Cireuit. The final winding tempera: ture 7; at the end of short cireuit of duration ¢ shall be calculated on the basis of all heat stored in the conductor material and its associated turn insulation ll temperatures are in degrees Celsius T= (e+ T,) m(1 + E+ 06m) +7, where Met ome) ‘These equations are approximate formulas, and their use should be restricted to values of m= 08 and less. For values of m in excess of 06, the following more nearly exact formula should be used: 1 > (T+ T) [Ver ERD 1] + where {= duration of short cireuit in seconds i, = 2345 for copper 225 for EC grade aluminum, The appro priate values for other grades may be ‘sed. TT, = starting temperature. It is equal to: (1) 80 *C ambient temperature plus the average winding rise plus the manufacturer's recommended hottest spot allowance; or 30 °C ambient temperature plus the limiting winding hottest spot temperature rise specified for the appropriate type of transformer. = base of natural logarithm, = 2.718 per-unit eddy-current loss, based 0 sistance loss W,, at the starting temper ‘ature EE, @ me Ket with ir E, ~ per-unit eddy-current loss at reference temperature. reference temperature; = 20 °C ambient temperature plus rated average winding rise. tr,C1201 1980 W, = short-circuit resistance loss of the wind ing atthe starting temperature, in watts per pound of conductor material wWxt 7 net, Tot W, = resistance loss of winding at rated cur rent and reference temperature, in watts. symmetric short-circuit magnitude, in times normal rated current. weight of winding conductor, in pounds. average thermal capacitance per pound of conductor material and its associated turn insulation, in watt-seconds per degree Celsius Ie shall be determined by iteration from either of the following empirical equations: © = 174 + 00225 (7, +7) A + 10 4 tor copper C= 405 +01 +7) A +860 4 for aluminum A cross sectional area of turn insulation ‘ross sectional area of conductor. 8, Testing and Calculations A General. Unless otherwise specified, all tests are defined and shall be made in accordance with ANSI/IERE C57.12.1-1979 [12]. Unless otherwise specified, tests shall be made at the factory only. 8.2 Test Classifications. Test classifications are ‘defined in ANSI/TEBE C57.12.80-1978 (11 8.8 Routine, Design, and Other Tests for Trans: formers. These are listed in Table 7. Routine tests shall be made on all transformers. ‘These are listed in Table 7 When specified (as individual tests), “other” tests shall be made on transformers as listed in Table 7 84 Caleulations, When specified, transformer regulation shall be determined for the rated volt: age, KVA, and frequency by means of ealeulations Dased on the tested impedance in accordance ‘with the procedure given in ANSI/ IEEE C57.1291 1979 [12]. The reference temperature to which the load loss, impedance voltage, short circuit 2 Ten STANDARD GENERAL REQUIREMENTS POR DRY-T}7% DISTRIBUTION AND POWER. Impedance and regulation are to be corrected, shall be the maximum winding temperature rise fs given in Column 2 of Table 4A plus 20 °C, [NOTE When a rarer has windings of diferent nl ibe cued at eo elcing co he wading ving he Niger tation stem temperature 9. Tolerances 9.1 Ratio. With rated voltage impressed on one winding of a transformer, all other rated voltages at no load shall be correct within 0.5% of the ‘nameplate markings. Rated tap voltages shall correspond to the vot age of the nearest turn Af the voltage per turn ‘exceeds 0.5% of the desired voltage. 92 Impedance. The tolerances for impedance shall be as follows: (1) The impedance of a wo-winding trans ormer shall have a tolerance of =75% of the specified value. Differences of impedance between two duplicate two-winding transformers, when two or more units of a given rating are produced by one manufacturer atthe same time, shall not exceed 7.5% ofthe specified value. ‘The Impedance of transformers having three or more windings or having zigzag windings shall have a tolerance of 10% of the specified value, Differences of impedance between dupli- cate three winding oF zigaag transformers, \when two or more units of a given rating are produced by one manufacturer at the ‘same time, shall not exceed 10% of the specified value. The impedance ofan autotransformer shall have a tolerance of 10% of the specified value. Differences of impedance between dupli- ‘cate autotransformers, when two o more units ofa given rating are produced by one manufacturer at the same time, shall not exceed 10% of the specified value ‘Transformers shall be considered suitable for operation in paralle If thelr resistance and eeactances come within the limitations of 82 (1) through 9.2 (3), provided turn ratios and other controlling characteristics are suitable for such operation. @ @ oy‘TRANSFORMERS INCLUDING THOSE WITH SOLID CAST AND OR RESIN ENCAPSULATED WINDINGS ee Table 7 Dry-Type Transformer Tests Taam a Sar Resistance Meaaroments ‘Of al mvangs on the rated voltage ap, “ess onthe rate voltage connection and on Party ava Phase Relation . “feat on the razed velage connection Noland Lass at Estrin Carrot - ‘cru ia he raed ane Impedance Votage ond Lad Lose "rate cuent and rated frequency onthe ‘Seed age consectonm and tthe ap ‘xtreme ofthe et of tne dei aperture Rie ‘Ent un om anew don, May teomite {eat of tray dpheat o aera ‘pled lage . Indeed vote : Inaaton power factor ‘ibe Sound tv Sort Cireit Capability Meche lor sald transtormers) ” “ “ * Satta sampling may be wed fo his est (This doesnot apy to 501+ KVR) ‘Partial discharge est maybe perfor onthe wings ofa ps ory types transformers but are considered oui tts ‘or transformers above 12 KY has sold cst anor resi encapauetd windings a par ofthe ulation ston ‘here specifi cast col dy ype tranforer deni has been shown co have ong service, paral dcharge ets may be perlormed a's deg test ly. These types are general transformers the rang betwee 8 6 0 A sit 1K eas ‘hen an impulse est ered, ks rece the applied and idee age st 193 Losses. The losses represented by testing a transformer, oF transformers, on a given order shall not exceed the speeified losses by more than ‘he percentages given in Table 8 10. Connection of Transformers for Shipment Single-phase and three-phase transformers shall be shipped with both high- and low-voltage wind: Ings connected for their rated voltage. Table 8 Tolerances for Single-Phase and ‘Three Phase Transformers Losses NoLoad Taal Nomber of tints ass ot “amen! Lames none Order” Determination)” Dor mar Aeracot 0 °i201. 1980 Single-phase transformers designed for both series multiple and three-wire operation shall be Shipped connected in series with the midpoint ‘out for three-wire operation. Single- and three phase transformers designed for series:multiple [EEE STANDARD GENERAL RAQUIREMENTS FOR DRY-IYPEDISTRINUTION AND POWER ‘operation only shall be shipped connected in ‘Three-phase transformers designed for both and Y operation shall be shipped connected for the ¥ voltage Fig2 (a) Designation of Voltage Ratings of Single-Phase Windings (Schematic Representation) ent (ion Nomercatare Nameplate Marking 200 ow can) 20 10" we 2400 4160Grd¥ wa 12 e706ra¥/7000 ye Bae 120/240 nee 240/120 ‘Tl & a vx¥ 240 480 Wining gran os sensed Usage Gude shal nate a winding of Els which sale for concen on an Evo tem, [EY shal indica a winding of B vols ‘Siem or or eonnectn oo an voltae /E,Gra¥ sha indicate a winding of wets ving reed iealaton hin suai fr ‘lan Ey soem, reform astral fee thet) wounded Grd shall inate a winding of ots vot eee tnsultn tthe ret end The ‘ruta end may be comnected diet to the ‘neff phase operation onan ‘att syote, provided the neueal end of the ‘Nida ofctely rounded 21 shall inlet a winding he sections of wich ean become in pra fo pera {Ete or which canbe connected meree {ecoperaion at 24 vols cr connected in senes Evosbreween'hecener ermal and.each ot E/E shall nate « winding for 2 vale full A beeween extreme ermine ny rom mot teach exe Vi shal nde 9 winding for para of ‘ere operation nly but not suitable for three (Command on page 5)meee "TRANSFORMERS INCLLDING THOSE WITH SOLID CAST AND/OR RESIN ENCAPSULATED WINDINGS esr 20 18 Fig 2 (continued) (b) Designation of Voltage Ratings of Three Phase Windings (Schematic Representation) eens “yp ton Nomenclature Nameplate Marking Winding Dagan Condensed Usage Gute Oar 200 shall indicate winding which perma ey connected for an ook ces Om RY sieov Ey sha ncate a winding which perma seni Y connected without netral ought ot (isolated) for uperation mam Ey tle exe «1001/2400 ,¥/8 shat indicate winding whic per smatnty ¥ connected th uy sale ctrl ought fr eatin hav System, wath E wlesweaiable fog line ex BEY aAn0aL6OF /E,Y shal indeate a winding which may te conected for operation onan 0 sate oemay be connected without @ neatea Broth out (lated) for operation om vit ste x) Bee aon arov-a400 2/08 sal nda a wining whieh may be 3 connected for operation ona Ev ‘en ormay bed connate with ly sae ‘eutal brought for opeation ont at 2X —BGrs¥/ 4 SaOGa/ 19800 E,Gra¥/E shall adicate a winding with ee ‘ace nsulation and permanently ¥ connected ‘nth a neutral brought ou and effective [Bounded for eperation on an Ey wie mse ‘eth vor slab from ine ko estat Cv BLE Grave eM L2SFeG ONO E/E Gr shall inate a wining hang Stem mith E sols ovable frown ie to Socata tan “neordhe lage rating (adie be "i dadabuiy SES Ker By = JOEAppendix (is Appendix rt. part of REX C57. 1201-1880 IEEE Standard General Requirements for Dry Type Disraton and Powe ‘raters Inching foe With Sod Catan ot Resin Enapeulates Winding) AL. Unusual Temperature and Altitude ‘Service Conditions ‘Transformers may be applied at higher ambient temperatures or at higher altitudes than specified in TEEE C57.12.01-1989, but performance may be affected, and special consideration should be given to these applications A2, Effect of Altitude on Temperature Rise ‘The effect of the decreased air density due to high altitude is to inerease che temperature rise of transformers, since they are dependent upon air for the dissipation of heat losses. AB. Operation at Rated kVA ‘Transformers may be operated at rated KVA at altitudes greater than 3300 fe (1000 m) without exceeding temperature limits, provided the aver lage temperature of the cooling air does not ‘exceed the values of Table Al for the respective altitudes NOTE: See IEEE C57.1201 1989, 424. fr transformer ins Tin cpabity at atid about 39001 (1000) Ad. Operation at Less Than Rated kVA ‘Transformers may be operated at altitudes greater than 3300 ft (1000 m) without exceeding {emperature limits, provided the load to be car ried is reduced below rating by the percentages sven in Table A2 for each 350 ft (100m) that the altitude is above 3300 f (1000 m), Acknowledgment Acknowledgment and thanks are extended to those who have provided their knowledge and time to complete this revision, Table Al Maximum 24 h Average Temperature of ‘Cooling Air, in Degrees Celsius Save Reape oawo R320 8 ‘ype of Apparatas (1 m) (2000) (300 m) (40000) Dry types clans AR ‘anne wn mo soe > us > 4 BB Bene w 2 Fe Deyype class AAPA and APA, are > wk = nh Bon 135-C/ 300 oo 8k 10-c moh 8 NOTES. (1) The data cade Table Al applytoventated ‘iy tape srantormery and elude sol ea ao Fei ‘reayeaiared windings This data not appable oad Sint ronventates ary ype transformers Data for sealed ‘taraornrs wl be included, when seb CGieecommendg at ear emote feadings When the outdoor ai & he cole med, the [Nera of the asumom nd ius day temperate maybe ined ‘The value obtaied inthis mater © sual, ‘ight nips ty aot more tan 0 Cy ua the re daly ‘Table AZ Rated kVA Derating Factors for Altitudes Greater than 3900 ft (1000 m) Decaing Pastor ype of Coote o Bry apes seco rr