David Kaplan now to him) are spies. Second, we can weaken the assumption of Ralph's special ideas about spy sies by using only the well-known face that ewo persons can not be born at exactly the same time at exactly the same place (where the pice of birch is an interior poiot of the infant's body). Given any four spatial points, fe, not ina plane, we ean tse the rations: 1 6 eavlier than f, andy is closer to al ed) than pris, to order all pace time points, We can then form such names a ‘the Teast spy’ with the meaning: "that spy whose spatio- temporal locaton at birth precedes tha ofall other spies™ Details aside, the point is that exportation, as represented in our current version of Bel, conflicts with the intention that there bea ‘vast difference between (2) and (10) Stil, Tam convinced that we are om the right track, That tick, roughly speak ing, és this instead of tying to introduce a new primitive relation like Quine’s Bel, we focus on tying to define it (or something a5 close to it as, wwe can sensibly come, remember moda! logic) using. just the dyadic B plus other logical and semi-logcal apparatus such as quamtfers, A, ete. and also possibly other seemingly more fandamen- tal epistemological notions. Some years ago I thought thar this task was hopeless and took basically the sume attitude toward such quantifed belief conterts 25 Quine takes toward quantified modal loge." At that eatl= ier time I used to argue with my colleague, Mont- gomery Furth, who shares my attitude toward Frege's theory, about the meaningfulnss of such quantification® in asin (10), (This was after mo ticing the difficulty, indicated above, in our cur rent analysis") Furth suggested tha a solution might lie in somehow picking out certain kinds of ‘names a8 being required for the exportation. But this just seemed essentials all over again and we ave up. Although sil uncerain that (10) makes sense, I thnk I can show that it comes to some- thing like what Purth had in mind. Indeed, the analogies between the relational senses of Belief tnd necessity ae so strong that Ihave often won dered why Quine’s scepticism with regard to Nec did snot extend to Bel ‘There is even an inadequacy in our proposed analysis, 2), of Nee parallel to that displayed for four propor analysis, (25), of Bel. Although our analysis of Nec avoids esseniatism, it also avoids rejecting: the number of planets’ nine), (42) Neel’ eS which comes out true on the understanding: (43) 3x (Af, nine) & Na = the number of planets ) in view ofthe facts that N "the number of planets = the number of planets and A(‘the number of planets’, nine). In a sense, we have not avoided essentisism but only inessentilism, since so many of nine’s prop- exties become essential. Small consolation to know ‘of our essential rationality if each blunder and ‘ervor it equally ingrained, "The parallel inadequacies of our versions of Nee and Belare now apparent. Our analyses credit nine ‘with an excess of essence and put Ralph en rapport with an excess of individuals, vor What i wanted is “e fankly ineqvalitaran ati tude toward various ways of specifying the number [nine)™." This euggests 10 me that we should restrict our aftention to + smaller clas of names; ames which are so intimately connected with What they name that they eould not but name it T shall ay that sic a nae ncoarily dents its object and Tsall use “Ay” to symbolize this more discriminating form of denocaton. Such a cation is avilable; based on the notion of sandard name. A standard name is one whose denottion is xed on logical, or perhaps I should say Tings, grounds slone, Numerals and quo tation names are prominent sming the standard names” Suck names do in the aproprite sense, ecesarily denote their denoratins. Russell and some others who have avempted to treat proper names of persons as sandard names have emphasied the purely referential fonetion of such names and their apparent lak of descriptive content. But consideration ofthe place value sys tem of erabic numerals and our conventions forthe constraction of quotation names of expressions should convince us that what is at stake i not pe reference inthe absence of any desrptive Structure But rather reference ced of erircal vicissinades. Numbers and expressions, like every