Chemistry 103

Lecture 9

Outline

I. Chemical Bonds - Ionic Compounds (CH6)

Electron Dot Symbols

Lewis Dot Diagrams
Predicting Formulas

Bonds

Chemical bond: attractive force holding

two or more atoms together.

Bonds

Ionic Bonds - electron transfer process.

Typically between a metal and a nonmetals
Covalent Bonds - electrons shared.
Typically involving nonmetals.

The Representative Elements

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Rules for Electron Dot

Symbols

1. Representative elements in the same

group of the periodic table have the same
number of valence electrons
2. The number of valence electrons is
represented by dots around the symbol of
the representative element.
3. The maximum number of valence
electrons for any representative element is 8
- Octet Rule.

Learning Check Aluminum (Al)

1. Number of valence electrons in aluminum is:
A) 1
B) 2

C) 3

2. In Al, the change in electrons to achieve an octet is:

A) loss of 3eB) gain of 3e- C) a gain of 5e3.

The Ionic charge of aluminum is:

A) 3B) 5-

4. The symbol for the aluminum ion is:

A) Al3+
B) Al3-

C) 3+

C) Al+

Learning Check
1. Number of valence electrons in sulfur is:
A) 4eB) 6eC) 8e2. Change in electrons for octet requires a:
A) loss of 2eB) gain of 2eC) a gain of 4e3. Ionic charge of sulfur is:
A) 2+
B) 2-

C) 4-

Predicting Ionic Charge

The number of electrons an atom loses is related to its position

on the periodic table.

The Periodic Table and

Ions

Group IA metals - +1
Group IIA metals - +2
Group IIIA metals - +3
Group VIIA nonmetals - -1
Group VIA nonmetals - -2
Group VA nonmetals - -3

Salt is An Ionic Compound

Sodium chloride in table salt is an example of an ionic
compound. Chemical Formula: NaCl

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Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

11

Chemical Formulas
of Ionic Compounds
For a neutral species, the number of electrons lost
and gained must be equal.

The amount of positive charge must equal the

amount of negative charge.

Formulas of ionic compounds

Symbol for the positive ion is always written first

The charges on the ions are NOT shown in the
formula
The subscripts in the formula give the combining
ratio for the ions

Lewis Dot Diagrams

Using the Electron Dot Symbols, write the

Lewis Dot Diagram and the Chemical
Formula for

Na and Cl

Ionic Formula of NaCl

In an ionic formula,

The symbol of the metal is written first followed by the

symbol of the nonmetal

The charges of the ions in the compound are not shown

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lewis Dot Diagrams

continued

Example: What is the Lewis Dot Diagram

and the chemical formula for the ionic
compound formed between Mg and Cl?

Charge Balance In MgCl2

In MgCl2

An Mg atom loses
two valence
electrons
Two Cl atoms each
gain one electron

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Dot Diagrams & Chemical

Formulas

Write the Lewis Dot Diagrams and give

the chemical formulas for the ionic
compounds formed between the following
elements

Na and O

Ca and O

Al and O

Writing Ionic Formulas from

Charges
Charge balance is used to write the formula for
sodium nitride, a compound containing Na+ and N3.

Na+
Na+

N3-

Na+
3(+1) + 1(3-)

Na3N

Ionic Chemical Formulas

Give the chemical formula for the ionic
compounds made from the following
elements:
1. K and F
2. Mg and S
3. Al and S
4. Li and N

Chapter 2 - Measurements

Measurements

Sig Figs

Identifying
Rounding
Math Operations

Dimensional Analysis

Percent Factor
Density

Chapter 3 - Matter (and

Energy)

Chemical vs.Physical

Matter Classified

Element
Compound
Homogeneous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture

Chapter 4 - Atoms &

Elements

Periodic Table
Symbols for Elements
The Atom

Atomic Symbols

History
Subatomic Particles
Isotopes, Ions

Atomic Mass (amu)

Chapter 5 (Ch4) - Electronic

Structure

Electromagnetic
Radiation
Classical vs Quantum

History

Quantum Numbers
Electron Configurations
Orbital Diagrams
Valence
Atomic Radii

Practice Problem

The density of diamond

is 3.51g/mL. What is
the volume (in liters) of
the Hope diamond if it
has a mass of 44.0
carats?
(1 carat = 0.200g)

Practice Multiple Choice

1). Which species has 16 neutrons?
a. 31P

b. 34S2-

c. 36Cl

d. 89Br-

(p = 15)

(p = 14)

(p=17)

(p=35)

e. none of these

2). An isotope of which element is used as the standard for the relative mass
scale for atoms?
a. nitrogen

b. oxygen

c. hydrogen

d. gold

e. none of these

Practice Multiple Choice

3). Which of the following elements is expected to be chemically similar to calcium (Ca).
a. K

b. Sc

c. Cl

d. Mg

e. Al

4). A g-orbital has an l quantum number of 4. How many total electrons can this subshell hold?
a. 4

b. 6

c. 18

d. 10

l = 4, ml = -4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4 (9 values = 9 orbitals x 2 = 18 electrons)

e. 14