L 01 Introduction RCD 2

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Reinforced Concrete
Design-II
By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
www.drqaisarali.com
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Reinforced Concrete Design II
Course Content
Mid Term
Introduction
One-Way Slab System Design
ACI Coefficient Method for Analysis of One-Way Slabs
Two Way Slab System Design
ACI Analysis Method for Slabs Supported on Stiff Beams or Walls
ACI Direct Design Method for Slabs with or without Beams
Course Content
Final Term
Introduction to Earthquake Resistant Design of RC Structures
Introduction to Pre-stressed Concrete
Introduction to Bridge Engineering
Introduction to Retaining Walls
Introduction to Miscellaneous Topics
Grading Policy
Midterm
= 25 %
Final Term
= 50 %
Session Performance = 25 %
Assignments
= 10 % (6 Assignments )
Quizzes
= 15 % (6 Quizzes)
Lectures Availability
All lectures and related material will be available on

the website:
www.drqaisarali.com
Lecture-01
Introduction
By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
www.drqaisarali.com
Topics
Concept of Demand and Capacity
Flexural Design of Beams using ACI Recommendations
Shear Design of Beams using ACI Recommendations
Example
Concept of Capacity and Demand

Demand
Demand on a structure refers to all external actions.
Gravity, wind, earthquake, snow are external actions.
These actions when act on the structure will induce internal

disturbance(s) in the structure in the form of stresses (such
as compression, tension, bending, shear, and torsion).
The internal stresses are also called load effects.

Capacity
The overall ability of a structure to carry an imposed

demand.
Beam
will
resist
the
Applied Load
(Demand)
applied load up to its

capacity and will fail
when demand exceeds
capacity

Failure
Occurs when Capacity is less than Demand.
To avoid failure, capacity to demand ratio should be kept

greater than one, or at least equal to one.
It is, however, intuitive to have some margin of safety i.e., to

have capacity to demand ratio more than one. How much?
10

Failure
Failure (Capacity < Demand)
11

Example 1.1
Calculate demand in the form of stresses or load effects on

the given concrete pad of size 12 12.
50 Tons
Concrete pad
12
12
12

Example 1.1
Solution: Based on convenience either the loads or the load

effects as demand are compared to the load carrying
capacity of the structure in the relevant units.
50 Tons
Demand in the form of load:
Capacity of the pad in the form
Load = 50 Tons
of resistance should be able to

carry a stress of 765.27 psi.
Demand in the form of Load effects:
In other words, the compressive
The effect of load on the pad will be
strength
a compressive stress equal to load
12
divided by the area of the pad.

Load Effect=(50 2204)/ (12 12)
concrete
pad
765.27 psi (demand).
12
= 765.27 psi
of
(capacity) should be more than
13

Example 1.2
Determine capacity to demand ratio for the pad of example

1.1 for the following
capacities given in the form of
compressive strength of concrete (i) 500 psi (ii) 765.27 psi

(iii) 1000 psi (iv) 2000 psi. Comment on the results?
50 Tons
12
12
14

Example 1.2
Solution: As calculated in example 1.1, demand = 765.27 psi.

Therefore capacity to demand ratios are as under:
i.
Capacity/ Demand = 500 / 765.27 = 0.653 (Failure)
ii.
765.27/ 765.27 = 1.0 (Capacity just equal to Demand)
iii.
1000/ 765.27 = 1.3 (Capacity is 1.3 times greater than Demand)
iv.
2000/ 765.27 = 2.6 (Capacity is 2.6 times greater than Demand)
In (iii) and (iv), there is some margin of safety normally called as

factor of safety.
15

Safety Factor
It is always better to have a factor of safety in our designs.
It can be achieved easily if we fix the ratio of capacity to

demand greater than 1.0, say 1.5, 2.0 or so, as shown in
example 1.2.
16

Safety Factor
For certain reasons, however, let say we insist on a factor of

safety such that capacity to demand ratio still remains 1.0.
Then there are three ways of doing this:
Take an increased demand instead of actual demand (load),

e.g. 70 ton instead of 50 ton in the previous example,
Take a reduced capacity instead of actual capacity such as

1500 psi for concrete whose actual strength is 3000 psi
Doing both.
How are these three situations achieved?
17

Working Stress Method
In the Working Stress or Allowable Stress Design method,

the material strength is knowingly taken less than the actual
e.g. half of the actual to provide a factor of safety equal to
2.0.
18

Strength Design Method
In the Strength Design method, the increased loads and the

reduced strength of the material are considered, but both based on
scientific rationale. For example, it is quite possible that during the
life span of a structure, dead and live loads increase.
The factors of 1.2 and 1.6 used by ACI 318-11 (Building code
requirements for structural concrete, American Concrete Institute
committee 318) as load amplification factors for dead load and live
load respectively are based on probability based research studies.
Note: We shall be following ACI 318-11 throughout this course
19

Strength Design Method
Similarly, the strength is not reduced arbitrarily but

considering the fact that variation in strength is possible due
to imperfections, age factor etc. Strength reduction factors
are used for this purpose.
Factor of safety in Strength Design method is thus the

combined effect of increased load and reduced strength,
both modified based on a valid rationale.
20
10

About Ton
1 metric ton = 1000 kg or 2204 pound
1 long ton: In the U.S., a long ton = 2240 pound
1 short ton: In the U.S., a short ton = 2000 pound
In Pakistan, the use of metric ton is very common; therefore

we will refer to Metric Ton in our discussion.
21

Example 1.3
Design the 12 12 pad to carry a load of 200 tons. The

area of the pad cannot be increased for some reasons.
Concrete strength (fc) = 3 ksi, therefore
Allowable strength = fc/2 = 1.5 ksi (for Working Stress method)

200 Tons
Concrete pad
12
12
22
11

Example 1.3
Solution:
Demand in the form of load (P) = 200 Tons = 200 2204/1000 = 440.8 kips
Demand in the form of load effects (Stress) = (200 2204)/ (12 12)
= 3061.11 psi = 3.0611 ksi
Capacity in the form of strength = 1.5 ksi (less than the demand of 3.0611 ksi).
There are two possibilities to solve this problem:
Increase area of the pad (geometry); it cannot be done as required in the example.
Increase the strength by using some other material; using high strength concrete,
steel or other material; economical is to use concrete and steel combine.
23

Example 1.3
Solution:
Let us assume that we want to use steel bar reinforcement of yield strength fy =
40 ksi. Then capacity to be provided combinely by both materials should be at
least equal to the demand. And let us follow the Working Stress approach, then:
{P = Rc + Rs (Demand=Capacity)}
(Force units)
Capacity of pad = Acfc/2 + Asfy/2
(Force units)
Therefore,
440.8 = (144 3/2) + (As 40/2)
As = 11.24 in2 (Think on how to provide this much area of steel? This is how
compression members are designed against axial loading).
24
12

Example 1.4
Check the capacity of the plain concrete beam given in figure

below against flexural stresses within the linear elastic range.
Concrete compressive strength (fc) = 3 ksi
2.0 kip/ft
20
20-0
12
Beam section
25

Example 1.4
Solution:
M = wl2/8 = {2.0 (20)2/8} 12 = 1200 in-kips
Self-weight of beam (w/ft) = (12 20 0.145/144) = 0.24167 k/ft
Msw (moment due to self-weight of beam) = (0.2416720212/8) = 145

in-kips
M (total) = 1200 + 145 = 1345 in-kips
In the linear elastic range, flexural stress in concrete beam can be

calculated as:
= My/I (linear elastic range)
Therefore, M = I/y
26
13

Example 1.4
Solution:
y = (20/2) = 10 ; I = 12 203/12 = 8000 in4
=?
The lower fibers of the given beam will be subjected to tensile

stresses. The tensile strength of concrete (Modulus of rupture) is
given by ACI code as 7.5 f , (ACI 18.3.3).
f = 7.5 3000 = 411 psi
Therefore, tension = 7.5
Hence M = Capacity of concrete in bending = 411 8000/ (10 1000)

= 328.8 in-kips
Therefore, Demand = 1345 in-kips and Capacity = 328.8 in-kips

27
Flexural Design of Beams Using ACI

Recommendations
Load combinations: ACI 318-11, Section 9.2.
Load Combinations: ACI 318-11, Section 9.2.
U = 1.4(D + F)
(9-1)
U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
(9-2)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
(9-3)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
(9-4)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
(9-5)
U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
(9-6)
U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
(9-7)
28
14

Recommendations
Strength Reduction Factors: ACI 318-11, Section 9.3.
29

Recommendations
Design:
Mn Mu (Mn is Mdesign or Mcapacity)

For Mn = Mu
As = Mu/ {fy (d a/2)}
30
15

Recommendations
Design:
min = 3 fc /fy 200/fy (ACI 10.5.1)
max = 0.851(fc/fy){u/(u + t)}
Where,
u = 0.003
t = Net tensile strain (ACI 10.3.4). When t = 0.005, = 0.9 for
flexural design.
1= 0.85 (for fc 4000 psi, ACI 10.2.7.3)
31

Recommendations
Design:
max and min for various values of fc and fy
Table 01: Maximum & Minimum Reinforcement Ratios

fc (psi)
3000
4000
5000
fy (psi)
40000
60000
40000
60000
40000
60000
min
0.005
0.0033
0.005
0.0033
0.0053
0.0035
max
0.0203
0.0135
0.027
0.018
0.0319
0.0213
32
16
Shear Design of Beams using ACI

Recommendations
When Vc/2 Vu, no web reinforcement is required.
When Vc Vu, theoretically no web reinforcement is
required. However as long as Vc/2 is not greater
than Vu, ACI 11.1.1 recommends minimum web
reinforcement.
33

Recommendations
Maximum spacing and minimum reinforcement
requirement as permitted by ACI 11.4.5 and 11.4.6
shall be minimum of:
smax = Avfy/(50bw),
d/2
24 inches
Avfy/ {0.75 f bw}
34
17

Recommendations
When Vc < Vu, web reinforcement is required as:
Vu = Vc + Vs
Vs = Vu Vc
Avfyd/s = Vu Vc
s = Avfyd/(Vu Vc)
35

Recommendations
Check for Depth of Beam:
Vs 8 f bwd (ACI 11.4.7.9)
If not satisfied, increase depth of beam.
Check for Spacing:

Vs 4
f bwd (ACI 11.4.5.3)
If not satisfied, reduce maximum spacing requirement by one

half.
36
18

Recommendations
37

Recommendations
Placement of Shear Reinforcement
Sd = Design Spacing (Vc < Vu )

Smax = Maximum Spacing (Vc > Vu)
Vu is the shear force at distance d from the face of the support.
Vc and Vc/2 are plotted on shear force diagram.
38
19
Example 1.6
Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:
Design the beam shown below as per ACI 318-11.

W D.L = 1.0 kip/ft
W L.L = 1.5 kip/ft
20-0
Take f c = 3 ksi & fy = 40 ksi
39
Example 1.6
Solution:
Step No. 01: Sizes.
For 20 length, a 20 deep beam would be appropriate

(assumption).
Width of beam cross section (bw) = 14 (assumption)
W D.L = 1.0 kip/ft

W L.L = 1.5 kip/ft
20-0
20
14
Beam section
40
20
Example 1.6
Solution:
Step No. 02: Loads.
Self weight of beam = cbwh = 0.15 (14 20/144) = 0.292 kips/ft
W u = 1.2D.L + 1.6L.L (ACI 9.2)

= 1.2 (1.0 + 0.292) + 1.6 1.5 = 3.9504 kips/ft
41
Example 1.6
Solution:
Step No. 03: Analysis.
Flexural Analysis:
Mu = W u l2/8 = 3.9504 (20)2 12/8 = 2370.24 in-kips
3.9504 kip/ft
Analysis for Shear in beam:

Vu = 39.5 {10 (17.5/12)}/10 = 33.74 k
33.74 kips
39.50
SFD
2370.24
BMD
42
21
Example 1.6
Solution:
Step No. 04: Design.
Design for flexure:
Mn Mu (Mn is Mdesign or Mcapacity)
For Mn = Mu
Asfy(d a/2) = Mu
As = Mu/ {fy (d a/2)}
Calculate As by trial and success method.
43
Example 1.6
Solution:
Design for flexure:
First Trial:
Assume a = 4
As = 2370.24 / [0.9 40 {17.5 (4/2)}] = 4.25 in2
a = Asfy/ (0.85fcbw)
= 4.25 40/ (0.85 3 14) = 4.76 inches
44
22
Example 1.6
Solution:
Design for flexure:
Second Trial:
As = 2370.24 / [0.9 40 {17.5 (4.76/2)}] = 4.35 in2

a = 4.35 40/ (0.85 3 14) = 4.88 inches
As = 2370.24 / [0.9 40 {17.5 (4.88/2)}] = 4.37 in2
Third Trial:
a = 4.37 40/ (0.85 3 14) = 4.90 inches
Close enough to the previous value of a so that As = 4.37 in2 O.K
45
Example 1.6
Solution:
Design for flexure:
Check for maximum and minimum reinforcement allowed by ACI:
min = 3
3 3000 /40000 = 0.004
200/40000 = 0.005
Therefore, min = 0.005
Asmin = minbwd = 0.005 14 17.5 = 1.225 in2
f /fy 200/fy (ACI 10.5.1)
46
23
Example 1.6
Solution:
Design for flexure:
max = 0.851(fc/fy){u/(u + t)}
t = Net tensile strain (ACI 10.3.4). When t = 0.005, = 0.9 for flexural design.
1= 0.85 (for fc 4000 psi, ACI 10.2.7.3)
max = 0.85 0.85 (3/40) (0.003/(0.003+0.005) = 0.0204 = 2 % of area of

concrete.
Asmax = 0.0204 14 17.5 = 4.998 in2
Asmin (1.225) < As (4.37) < Asmax (4.998) O.K
47
Example 1.6
Solution:
Design for flexure:
Bar Placement: 10 #6 bars will provide 4.40 in2 of steel area which is
slightly greater than required.
Other options can be explored. For example,
8 #7 bars (4.80 in2),
6 #8 bars (4.74 in2),
or combination of two different size bars.
48
24
Example 1.6
Solution:
Design for flexure:
Curtailment of flexural reinforcement:
Positive steel can be curtailed 50 % at a distance (l/8) from face of

the support.
For Curtailment and bent up bar details refer to the following figures
provided at the end of this lecture:
Graph A2 and A3 in Appendix A of Nilson 13th Ed.
Figure 5.15 of chapter 5 in Nilson 13th Ed.
49
Example 1.6
Solution:
Design for Shear:
Vu = 33.74 kips
Vc = (Capacity of concrete in shear) = 2
f bwd
= 0.752 3000 1417.5/1000 = 20.13 k (=0.75, ACI 9.3.2.3)
As Vc < Vu, Shear reinforcement is required.
50
25
Example 1.6
Solution:
Design for Shear:
Assuming #3, 2 legged (0.22 in2), vertical stirrups.
Spacing required (Sd) = Avfyd/ (Vu Vc)

= 0.750.224017.5/ (33.7420.13) 8.5
51
Example 1.6
Solution:
Design for Shear:
Maximum spacing and minimum reinforcement requirement as

permitted by ACI 11.4.5 and 11.4.6 is minimum of:
smax = Avfy/(50bw) =0.22 40000/(50 14) = 12.57
smax = d/2 = 17.5/2 = 8.75
smax = 24
Avfy/ 0.75(fc)bw = 0.2240000/ {(0.75(3000)14} =15.30
Therefore smax = 8.75

52
26
Example 1.6
Solution:
Design for Shear:
Other checks:
Check for depth of beam:

Vs 8
8
f bwd (ACI 11.4.7.9)
f bwd = 0.75 8 3000 14 17.5/1000 = 80.52 k
Vs = Vu Vc = 33.74 20.13 =13.61 k < 80.52 k, O.K.
Therefore depth is O.K. If not, increase depth of beam.
53
Example 1.6
Solution:
Design for Shear:
Other checks:
Check if Vs 4
If Vs 4
f bwd (ACI 11.4.5.3):
f bwd, the maximum spacing (smax) is O.K. Otherwise
reduce spacing by one half.
13.61 kips < 40.26 kips O.K.
54
27
Example 1.6
Step 05: Drafting (Shear Reinforcement)
3.9504 kip/ft
33.74 kips
39.50
kips
20.13 kips
10.06 kips
x1
x2
x1 = (10.06)(10)/(39.50) 2.5 ft
x2 = (20.13)(10)/(39.50) 5.0 ft
Note:
As Sd Smax we will provide sd up to 7.5 ft from
the face of support. Beyond this point, theoretically
no reinforcement is required, however, we will
provide #3 2-legged stirrups @ 12 in c/c.
55
Example 1.6
Step 05: Drafting (Flexural Reinforcement)
#3, 2 legged
vertical stirrups @ 12" c/c
#3, 2 legged vertical stirrups @ 8.5" c/c
2 #4 bars
s/2 = 4.25"
C (5 + 5) #6 Bars
1" Spacer bars @ 3' c/c
B
L/8 = 2.5'
7.5'
5.0'
L = 20.0'
5 #6 Bars
L/8 = 2.5'
7.5'
2 #4 Bars
2 #4 Bars
#3, 2 legged
stirrups @ 8.5" c/c
5 #6 Bars
20"
#3, 2 legged vertical stirrups @ 8.5" c/c
2 #4 Bars
#3, 2 legged
stirrups @ 8.5" c/c
20"
#3, 2 legged
stirrups @ 12" c/c
20"
(5 + 5) #6 Bars
(5 + 5) #6 Bars
14"
14"
14"
SECTION A-A
SECTION B-B
SECTION C-C
56
28
3D Model
SketchUp Model
57
References
ACI 318-11
Design of Concrete Structures (13th Ed.) by Nilson,
Darwin and Dolan
58
29
Appendix
Exact curtailments lengths for simply supported positive moments (to be measured from face of the support)
59
Appendix
L1
L1
L2
L2
L1
L2
L2
8
L2
L1
Figure: Cutoff for bars in approximately equal spans with uniformly distributed loads
60
30
The End
61
31

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

One-Way Slab System Design

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

ACI Coefficient Method for Analysis of One-Way Slabs

Two Way Slab System Design

ACI Analysis Method for Slabs Supported on Stiff Beams or Walls

ACI Direct Design Method for Slabs with or without Beams

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Introduction to Earthquake Resistant Design of RC Structures

Introduction to Pre-stressed Concrete

Introduction to Bridge Engineering

Introduction to Retaining Walls

Introduction to Miscellaneous Topics

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

All lectures and related material will be available on

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Concept of Capacity and Demand

Demand on a structure refers to all external actions.

Gravity, wind, earthquake, snow are external actions.

These actions when act on the structure will induce internal

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Concept of Capacity and Demand

The overall ability of a structure to carry an imposed

applied load up to its

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Concept of Capacity and Demand

Occurs when Capacity is less than Demand.

To avoid failure, capacity to demand ratio should be kept

It is, however, intuitive to have some margin of safety i.e., to

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Concept of Capacity and Demand

Failure (Capacity < Demand)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Concept of Capacity and Demand

Calculate demand in the form of stresses or load effects on

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar