Cambridge FC Writing

CAM B RI DG E FI RST CE RTI FICATE
Writing
NEW EDITION
Richard MacAndrew
Cathy Lawday
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Contents
Map of the book
IV
Acknowledgements
vi
Introduction
Foundation unit
-)
1 A funny thing happened

2 On the road
3 Learn a language
4 A tall, dark, handsome
5 Through the grapevine
6 Being green
7 Work to live!
8 Bestsellers
9 Family life
10 Shop till you drop!
11 Jobhunting
72 Getaway
13 Crime doesn't pay
9
15
20
stranger
27
JJ
37
45
52
57
62
66
72
77
14 Customer relations
15 Food for thought
L6 Literary figures
77 Stay healthy!
18 Sport for all!
103
Review unit
71,1
82
8B
94
99
ilt
Map of the book

Topic
Foundation
Plartnittg
unit
A funny thing happened
anecdotes
2 Onthe road
;;i
3 Learn a language
language learning
Vhat are your eripectations?

ordering events
'florv diagram'
Through the grapevine

listing advantages
d
Being green
Work to live!
I
I
work
layout)
'brainstorming'
A tall, dark, handsome stranger
checking and polishing
listing questions (letter
media
lnrPruuing
organising ,vour work
and
what lve rvrite
isad va ntage.
deciding
priorities
clear handr.vriting
Bestsellers
hooks ,
self-assessmenr I
ielecting,ielevant iiiformation
using resource$
Family life
farnily
using 'headlights'
learning useful explessions
1O Shop till you drop!
11 Jobhunting
jobs
,2
Getaway'
holidays
13
listing
questions
,sing a
'spidergraph'
Crime doesn't pay
crlme
planning irr the exarr
opcnrng
sentences
checking and polishing in rhe exsm
$'liting the correct number of

u ords
14
l5
Gustomer relations
Food for thought
food
16"'filetaly figures
, ' gifts and books ,',
17
r.r.r;Lrrrging
deciding priorities
reading and answering the question
Stay healthy!
health
fS
'brainstorrnin g'
Sp- 1 *ot atf,l
,r r:,rspoitiandleisure
Review unit
Lrsinq
l.orr. ,,,, ;...1.'gr,:icS
cl-recking
time in the exarn
in the exam
revie*' oi planling techniques the future '
H,,,, :r-.:-:r :
H - .,- -.
-. rrr
t\\\
.rL.out the exam?
-rr--.rircr rl.out planring?
.,.,
Map of the book
Exam question
Skl/ls
narrative: short storv
past tenses
time linking words
formal letter: requesting

infornrarion lPart I Ta.k1
letter-rvriting rules
makir-rg requests
discussion essay
paragraphrng
talking ahout adr antages and
Skills 2
disadvant
formal letter: recommending

(Part
selecting relevant informati
or-r
interpreting abbreviations
Task)
discussion essav
opening and closing paragrirphs
recognising ho'nv a text links
together
formal letter: application
recognising topic and illustlative
rnaking applicatiorrs
senten ces
narrative: short storv
discussion essav
using direct speech in narrirtives
making youl rvriting more

interesting
giving and justifl,ing opinions
reportlnE! oplnlons
u.riting a palagraph
INVEISION
Hor.v much do yor-r remember about the Exam Tips? Hor,v prepared are 1,ou?
Hrtu. ttond rrc rr^rr .t -nlichi-o
r.nrrr rrrrtrL')
lntroduction
Who is this book for?
This book provides writing practice for students preparing for the writing paper (Paper 2 lYriting) of the Cambridge FCE exam. It may also be used as a general writing skills course
at this level. It aims to provide both skills development and exam training; to cover a wide
variety of topics and functions; to draw students' attention to the 'process' of writing
through the stages of planning, writing and improving; to give interesting, motivating tasks.
How is the book organised?

The book is organised into eighteen units. Each unit focuses on a particular type of First
Certificate question and concentrates on the language and writing skills students will need to
answer that task.
How is each unit organised?

Each unit starts with a preview section introducing the topic dealt with in the unit.
This is followed by a planning section which introduces students to one of a variety of

planning techniques which they are encouraged to experiment with throughout the course.
Two skills development sections follow, providing practice in language and writing skills
that students will find useful in performing the writing task.
A further planning section gives students the opportunity to put into practice the technique
learnt earlier in the unit. This second section can be done in class or, if time is short, for
homework along with the exam task.
An exam-type question, for use either in class or as homework, provides realistic First
Certificate practice.
The unit is completed with an improving your work section to be tackled after the writing
task is finished. This section encourages students to revise and polish their work. It also
gives practical learner training ideas and activities both to help students prepare specifically
for the exam and to enable them to develop their writing and general language learning
skills.
How should the material be used?

The course may be used in strict unit sequence. Alternatively teachers may wish to develop
each exam question type in sequence.
Each unit provides about an hour's pre-task work. There is scope for flexibility, however,
and the Teacher's Book suggests ways of extending or reducing the time needed. The examtype task can be done either in class or for homework. Timed practices of 45 minutes
will be necessary towards the exam. The improving section should be done in a follow-up
lesson and will take 15-20 minutes depending on the task and how it develops.
lntroduction
What special features are there?
'
The book begins with a Foundation unit which is designed to increase students'
awareness of key aspects of writing.
'
Each unit begins with a mini-syllabus to show students exactly which type of exam task
and which skills are covered in the unit.
Each unit contains Exam Tips which summarise key points to remember for the exam.
Some units also contain Study Tips which give useful advice on how to improve your
writing generally.
'
The detailed Teacher's Book provides practical suggestions, ideas for further activities,
and guidelines on timing.
The book finishes with a Review unit which brings together as much essenrial
information as possible for a final revision session.
Fosssxda*p*sx
assxg'
What are your expectations?

What do you expect to learn from a writing skills course? Read and discuss these comments
from students.
I would like to learn the kind of

vocabulary necessary in each
case, for example, in a complaining
letter, in a report, in a story, etc.
I want to pass the First

Certificate, so I need to
practise the kinds of
writing for that.
Which points are important to you?
Foundation unit
What sorts of writing does the First Certificate exam require?

For Paper 2 of the First Certificate exam you have to do:
two tasks
of 120-180 words
in one and a half hours.
The paper is in two parts:

Part 1 - This is a compulsory question. You will have some information to read. You will
then have to use this information to write a letter. Your letter will ask for something to be
done (e.g. asking for information, making a complaint), or it will be a response to a request
(e.g. you may have to give information).
Pat2 - You can choose one of four
questions which
will offer a variety of different types of
writing.
You should be able to produce different forms of writing, and may also choose to write
about one of the set books:
letters (both formal and informal)
article
report
an
a
compositions:
narrative
descriptive
discussion essay
-)
-+
-+
-+
-+
for a magazine or newspaper

giving facts and suggestions
telling a story
describing a person or place
putting forward an idea or argument
In this book you will practise the skills you need for both Part 1 and Part 2 of the exam. The
mini-syllabus at the beginning of each unit tells you which part of the exam the skills in the
unit are important for:
some skills are especially useful for Part 1 (e.g. combining information)
some skills are especially useful for particular questions in Part 2 (e.g. the language and
style of reports)
some skills are general writing and language skills that are important for all types of
writing (e.g. punctuating correctly, ordering adjectives).
Foundation unit
Look at the extracts below and decide which form of writing they are. Some extracts may
have more than one possible answer.
informal
letter formal letter

narratlYe
essay article
report description
discussion
l)hu.
Lre-
hd/
lonu
alo,k tlvee- or
fiur
.;les, Otu atq;tu
s,'td,/,e,r).j otGJtr;L Lo makQ.. s*ar..1u flo,ses. Eveatod,il iL
s671ed--90'1tel,\ T lo&.ed y"no ptu(,yryu

to rr,ye[, 'ok nit. No pletr,ltt'
3t G *
fh
.6.^ .-*!+*
t.
?"d
-L-"o.
ar*.- .r.o.^tl L-r*

A
* q*
Ad
t"
St @
/U*r*
\,, ft
e..*
(p*
9,^n
"î *,* J. Lr
vwvz lwo fockalts a^d abotr,troor.,t r

?stai/t avd a.vj+xttoLl,
d^rutag-roc,v\ a^d a lv,vtg foow Mg {avo*r,k (oott ts l,,t_pktrcka.n; + tt a l*g",avg fo6vn, a,i a bear*iful vtp.ta
over
We-
Ou-r
gardtn.
Cla*,rtwrra
1\*
dpymowus
aftv,ttlooud, on
' 4
4;
ue d.akt)W
owrlatA
ll,d. 'lr,
a,
A o\
0^4d ,^re)L-+r4rut+\ed Ea& lqa,s
flTJrlfrnr
0",,J"
dlzt W
a"
ffi,n'M
dL'. ttL
*nc,Bf,!,u-)
!*, *Lr^ rt't
*Lr^
;lk d*+t
X* o J*t
n*1D.3
ude(
!*'&
"*
o-vel.
On<- e4vc^t-15e o[ ,* l>
o.\onq L tU^f
Io* nrn/(r \o.r.

*rgqMe-*.t:c oveÂ..rst\e_ U
"5\s "(-se,s +\e ,--.r aSh*.3 T
5^ Qah o-Qt-o^5S ao&.{^ rJ\.,g b,^ r-r"^..t {vr TV.
t+-.A,.
Foundation unit
lvtqn aan l @
nt\d n6vt[ h
tu1u4
wJ
fi.arte\
The
ual
irytueztd h q* -rtuu Walu 1a4//

wntd y*il .,u +fTEr
4ry
nar.Soafaadu,
What does the First Gertificate exam expect?

Which do you think are the most important factors when writing? Pick the four most
important from the list below and compare your answer with your partner's.
spelling correctly
using correct grammar
answering the question fully
using the right register/formality
using correct punctuation
writing the correct number of words
organising your answer clearly
writing legibly
having a positive effect on the reader
using a wide range of vocabulary
not leaving out any important points
using the correct layout/format
How do 'good'writers write?

1 You have offered to write
an article for an English language rnagazine in your country.

Look at the nine stages below which show the process of planning and writing. Work in
pairs and number the stages to show how you think the writing process works.
making a rough outline or plan
identifying the target reader
revising and redrafting the article
having an idea you want to write about
writing out a neat copy ready for publishing
making notes on the topic
getting your ideas together
writing a first draft

checking the reader
will
be interested
Foundation unit
2 Which of these pieces of writing would you plan very carefully

less carefully?
and which would you plan

Mark them C for carefully planned, P for planned or U for unplanned.
birthday card to a friend

letter to your American penfriend
postcard to your family
short story
note to a close friend
Ietter applying for a job in Australia
notes for a speech at a wedding
English exam composition: 'Things I like to do'
letter of complaint to a mail order company
note to pin to your door while you go out
love letter
3 How would you change
the order of the stages in exercise 1 above to show how the

writing process works for an exam composition?
Remember - very little writing is totally unplanned.
Even on a simple birthday card to a friend we may
spend some time thinking of something amusing,
revising our ideas a few times before finally putting
pen to paper.
How can I evaluate and improve my work?

Do you agree or disagree with the statements below? Work on your own first, then compare
your answers with other people in the class.
1
It's useful to work in

The teacher should show me
where I have made a mistake.
but allow me to correct the
pairs, discussing and

correcting each other's
mistakes.
answer myself.
It's helpful to
see different
answers to a question - to decide

which is best and try to say why.
You must not make any mistakes.

Correct English is essential.
Foundation unit
One way of helping to learn to correct your own work is to use a correction code. Look at
the code below and fill in the gaps.
Correction code
Symbol
Meaning
V/rong
Sp
spelling
tabel
punctuation/capitals
i speak english
verb/tense
He come yesterday.
number
She watch
form
This book is bored.
\ro
word order
I like very much
\xnx/
G
TV.
eggs.
Today it's shiny.

grammar
Right
He doesn't listened.
He's at the work.
omlssron
He tall.
word too many
It's the his book.
paragraphing
N/A
not appropriate
wrong register
don't understand
not quite right
good
Today it's sunny
Dear Sir/Madam,
Send me information
He's at work.
Unit ff A funny thing happened

:
Langnage sAil/s;
Plawning tcelmique
ordering events;'fl o.rv diagram'

past tenses (Pans 1 6c2)
tinre linking words (Parts 1
fuarflqaesfiot:
Impmuing:
&
2)
narrative: short story Pan2l

checking and polishirrg
Preview
Work in pairs. Choose one of the subjects belc.rw and tell vour partner about it.
Planning
Read this letter and do the activities below it.

Der.r
{o,
uW for qoor loku v
ll
wN
Somo.
ji*
lo hax
ûr,loos
Chnsfu'*s ord
fro^ jo,t.
N\or AÎS, VJa had a
is whaf happuo/..
VJo,
had
.ttsl spul tkta
wa had bau uhng a bwnboo h'k on l4.r0,

ad lo ba buk ia n'i*nila 6J Chns(N\^s so
ll
was a
\pial
lropical N\or
Rgu, -tho had oqalsol fira
ity)
ho(
llic1rt, v
hor
tha
ot
id.
VJa
,'taltrud alo,tj tha baach
lo
rn,.d,
ugbo$ v l4,u "'ta loott- fho s-all boa

thw v')0. vJtr.o. hk-ot lo
Aftar a shorl (rma (ha pilo( a"n'tol. VJa
Whon wo arn'loj
'rla soon
aftu".tark u'to, loott- off. Al firs{'

airvaft. liovlNu, aftu
had htua off
",ta
ao, fla"'t o,tar so,*o. of l\0, r'osl spot/:ac^tloe
I
I
Unit 1 A funny thing happened
frna\, a(
abo,* L2 o'do(k ,,tu bgaa
lo
pilol was
lalki,t3 on lha mdio lo l4â cnnlrol lowu ,,,trn

fu- **U. S.rldl.^b, l.o anaoulrud +1â( +Le,
panr/ruille,-b* ++'nn
aasiV oru- llo,,.tlrltr.,
fuu.tark
aoflî13 lunblu surno{
lo
ha maalr( {ho, mdio
happon
fuq
tho, plol
lransrsisSion
ft.w minulas lalar.
'*::;
d fu o
rv,osl
? a&
a*nil [^
i!*1,^1)' '*n,^s'
totu,
Robin
Work in pairs. Which four paragraphs in the letter tell the story?
Put the sentences below in the correct order to match the story, then write them in the
boxes to give yourself a complete diagram. This is called a'flow diagram'.
The pilot arrived.

'We
met the other passengers.
The transmission failed.
The plane took off.
We had been staying on Boracay.
We went to the airstrip.
\7e booked a flight.
\We landed at
Manila.
The pilot spoke on the radio.
10
#rif
i"
:'
ii
i
f,
? A funny thing happened
A 'flow diagram' is a useful way of planning

a narrative composition or any other piece
of writing which describes a sequence of
events. Note down random ideas and
arrange them in order before beginning to
write.
ti
n
u
i:i!:i:!!ll!i!!!)-4ii!d!:!l!:!l-):,lli3,Nr1?;';.iir;,,1;'';!j;1r1$!r:jr.r9r11rr1;:f,.r.t?!t!t:
3 Now match the headings on the right to the paragraphs

Para
in the story on pages 9 and 10.
first events
final events and outcome
Para 2
background
later events
Para 3
Para 4
Remember this paragraph order when you want to

plan a narrative composition or any story.
You can even do this with very short stories, e.g.

I was wa[king along the street on my way to work
(background) when a dog ran in front of me lfirst
euentsl.I was watching the dog (later euentsl and
stepped into a huge puddle (final euents and
outcome).
Past tenses
1 Look
at this table. Fill in the Use column from the explanations on page 12. Fill in the
Examples column with examples from the text in Planning 1.
Tense
Use
Examples
Past simple
Past continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
11
U*i{ 7 A funny thing happened

a)
b)
'$7e
use this form to emphasise the duration of an action/state in the past.

If we are akeady talking about the past, we use this form to refer to an earlier past
time.
c) We use this form to emphasise the duration of actions/states which occurred
continuously up to the past moment we are thinking about.
d) \(e use this form to talk about an action/state ata particular time in the past.
Put the verbs in brackets in the correct past tense in the text below.
(be) once when we
My most frightening experience
(walk) in Scotland. We
in the morning and
...
......,
. ...
(start) out at six o'clock
(go) for three hours when suddenly the fog
...
(come) down, A few moments earlier we

(be able) to see the top of the mountain and the vrllage where we
(spend) the night. Now we . ....,-
We
,.
awful discovery.
(can) only just see a tree twenty metres away.
.-
(stop) to get out the map and compass and
......
.. ,
, ,.
.,..,..
,,,,,, . ... (make) an
(leave) the compass on the table in our hotel room.
Time linking words

1 Find all the time linking words and phrases in the text in Planning
'Cross? I'm absoluteLy furious.
12
1 and list them below.
Cross out the words or phrases which could not be used in the following sentences. There
may be more than one correct possibility.
About three years ago I had a job as a sales representative. I travelled all over the country
visiting different shops. One day
(i ) | was driving along some deserted country
When
roads, my car
(2) started making a strange noise
At first
(3) | thought it was
then
the engine; but
quite soon afterwards
(4) it started to bump along the road and I realised
when
had a flat tyre I stopped to change the wheel The jack was old and didn't work very well, but
(5) I managed to get the wheel off
A few minutes later

Ouite soon afterwards
After
I
was putting the spare tyre on, another car stopped behind me. The driver got out, with his
After
own jack, came over and started lifting up the other side of my car.
When
(8) he had
Afterwards
got tt about 3O cm off the ground, I went round and asked him what he was doing. 'You take
those two wheels and l'll take these two,' he said He
discovered it was my carl
Compare your answers with a partner.

13
Planning 2
Look at these pictures. Work in pairs to make up a story which involves all the items drawn
below. Organise the main events in a'flow diagram'.
Exam question (narrative)

Your school is holding a short-story competition. The first prize is three English videos of
your choice. Write your entry for the competition in 120-180 words. Your story must begin:
lWhen I woke up that morning, I knew something was going to happen.
Use the plan from Planning 2.
lmproving your work

Checking and polishing
Compare your story with a partner. Go through each other's work, checking for mistakes.
Look particularly at the use of past tenses and time linking words. When your story is as
good as you can make it, write out a neat copy and give it to your teacher to mark. Keep
both the draft copy and the neat copy together in your file.
SruDY TIP T
You will not have time to write out a neat copy in
the exam, but it is useful to do it now so you have
something to look back at and revise from later.
14
Unit X On the road

Planrtng tcc.lniqw: lisring questions (letcr layout)
giving advice (Paas t & 2l
Inngtage srtills;
punctuating corrcctl-v (Parts 1 & 2)
informal letter: giving advice (Pan 2)
Exen Qaesllon:
Itrprutittg:
self-assessmenr
Preview
Ar e v o u,'
f:,?-!.:::J*l'JJ1,,,""s
t::"T;':;;;r;
for caeh-or
Choose :r, b or c
ii.,." ,ai
uP
)our
"
'',:;",T,;:
s. iVlrr,
e,ow
not'
good traveller or
,':,:,t,";,i:;",r.moner,
1'ou do lirsti
,l't
J
[rassy.
ts,ta
'lllliiJ
y,ur t'tight
a Wait irr the ;t
b (io ro rhc lrr
r Chcck inttt a
'l
adies anC
rntend
getttlctten
please ilotitt pantc
f.'";.,.
do'
""
i'i::
a.broad' Som'eonc
You dre in a cafi
do
vort do:
what
'1 ;ii*,i,oeciali'tv
r.
you to try
dish'
15
llnit 3
On the road
Planning
Work in pairs. Imagine you are going to travel through Africa together on holiday. A friend
of yours is an expert on Africa. Write down the questions that you would like to ask him or
her before you go.
Think about topics such as health, climate, bureaucracy, etc.
Giving advice
1
Put the prompts into the correct column in the box below.
Whydon'tyou...?
You'dbetter...
You really should . .
You ought to . . .
Swggestions
Whynot...?
Strong aduice
What advice do you think your friend gave you in answer to your questions in Planning
above? Make sentences from the prompts above and the pictures below.
16
If I were you, I'd . . .

It might be a good idea to .
t,tnit
On the road
Think about what your reader

wants to know. Making a list of
questions is often a useful way of
collecting ideas before you start any
writing task.
Punctuating correctly
1
Complete the table below by putting in the correct name for each feature of puncuation,
and then using a coloured pen, correctly punctuate the sentences on the right.
Feature
ABC
Name
IJse
Example
to start sentences
we need a visa to go there.
for names
tunisia and algeria
with'I'
Tomorrow i leave for Egypt.
to end sentences
Travelling by train is cheap
to separate
items in a
list (but not
before'and')
cholera malaria polio and
to add
information
You must see the River Nile

which flows through Egypt.
to start
list
Take a mixture of currency

d sterling, French francs
and US dollars.
to add an
typhoid
explanation
Avoid drinking unboiled

water it is a major source
of disease.
to separate
items in lists
of phrases
So remember what you need:

lots of money the right
vaccinations the right visas.
to show
Youll need a vaccination
letters
certificate.
Ieft out
to indicate
The travellers main problem
possession
is time.
1l
jtzir
Z On the road
Now rewrite the passage below putting in the correct punctuation.

you should take clothes for hot and cold climates the desert even though its in africa gets
very cold at night in addition dont forget the small essentials water purifying tablets a needle
and cotton a pair of sunglasses and one or two good books i also take a penknife a sleeping
bag and a stove
Planning 2
Work in pairs. A penfriend from another country is coming to stay with you. Make
the questions you think they will want to ask before they arrive.
list of
Look at the layout of the informal letters below. Are the following statements trwe or false?
#rW
ffi
a"*[l
f
1 You must not
divide the letter into paragraphs.
2 You begin 'Dear . . .' and use the forename of the person you are writing to.
3 You need not put the date.
4 You must put the full address and postcode.
5 You can finish 'Best wishes' or 'Yours'.
6 You sign the letter with your full name.
18
Unit
On the road
Exam question (informal letter)

A penfriend from Canada is coming to stay with you for three weeks. Write a letter to them
giving advice about any arrangements they need to make before they come, and what they
need to bring with them. Do not write any addresses. (120-180 words)
lmproving your work

Compare your letter with a partner. Go through each other's work. Check for mistakes look particularly at the expressions of advice and the punctuation. Has your partner left out
any good advice? Have they got any good advice that you missed? When your letter is as
good as possible, write out a neat copy. Keep both the draft copy and the neat copy together
in your file.
Se/f-assessment
Look back at the mistakes you have made in your last three compositions. How do you feel
about the standard of your writing? Add to the list given in the table below and tick the
appropriate boxes.
Good
Okay
Poor
Organisation of ideas
Spelling
Tenses
Grammar
Punctuation
Vocabulary
C)thers
Which areas need extra work? Your teacher will suggest ways you can improve your
weakest areas.
iiII
tT
ii
il
u
lr
Work out which mistakes you make most

often and concentrate on getting rid of
them. Draw up a chart of what you need to
improve, and how you could practise.
Cross items off when you feel you have
SPELL/NQ
;7-6;Nr5f$TJNCTUAT IO N
improved them.
I
I
i,,t
19
UnitS Learnalanguage
Preview / Planning
'Brainstorming'
Wgrk in pairs. You are going to spend four weeks in the summ er at alanguage school in
Edinburgh in scotland. write down as many ideas, words and phras., ,, "yo.r".* i" L"ch
column below. Do not write senten.., - roi", are okay. Do noi worry about any mistakes.
concentrate on getting as many ideas as possible. you have five minutes
'V/bat
you want to know
about Edinbwrgh
What you want to know

about the school
Compare your ideas with another pair.
\Yhat yow will take witb you
{Jrcff ,3
Learn a language
Letter-writing rules
Laying out a letter
ttalsintrl
s/zlll
fuor
fv1oro!,
?;"'ff^
:Li
d'akes tt'ak'ru;k mc'
tula4 ortt- qo*
11"o*,1o*.up
'bol
Arnu,jf
flnrru
M ha.
qow cohld fi'"d" owt
J'*
';til";t-.r;
l I
in .fc&lur/-l
. uo ôs| ol ;t.
* b;E ab* tlto(tw bnchoru IoL ,t!
1 rea(tl oaprcc;okc t (
fur, hpru
T'w=t
& ,Y* (l"nk J'
nuter
6dttn.i.
to .lng
i* (,'"r's'i'-rr ,Jc t1"eru is to &
,r^*^lt'l^J**5-'#"i,o
6t
Cldhes
'o"d
O*H- a-r.., Ltorvlc/ .Iun.

outs;/.e. Eay't'tX.
aouu
srlit
6L'241,L
'a-'iu
I lst to 240" J'4'
Itoa is tl"at for go* '
l-1,rolr".rcLots
dua,a
i,n, EX,'nAurgt.-
,-
uth
qd,^.
(^'2
d;i
b'
aw;L.
uta;t titt{o!J'
UPPlandsgatan 2
214 70 Malmd
Sweden
Eerol' uc;,rf''os
['lllarjo'' L;;saThe PrinciPal

The Scottish Language
Princes St
Lentre
II
3rd February 1999
Edinburgh
Dear Sir or Madam
next July for one
I am thinking of coming to Edinburgh
month to leam English'
special
details of your classes' any
Please could you send me
charge?
you
much
how
y", ;ff"r and
."*...
I would
also be gratefui
if
you- could
t":,tlf::.T"'on
:"1d
own
Does the centre have lts
to
somewhere
find
to
have
I
will
accommodation servrce or
staY mYself?
if you could let me have details
Finallv I would appreciate it
u" able to take at this time'
il;;;;;,oiation
;ffii;ui-,i.itii'ra
I look forward
to hearing from You'
Yours faithfullY,
Eva,?*sbn*
Eva Petersson (Ms)
UnitS Learn alanguage

Work in pairs. Look at the letters on page 21. Which is formal and which informal? Study
the layout of the letters and tick the correct column(s) in the table below. The first one has
been done for you.
You usually begin Dear
lnformal
Formal
letters
letters
r'
r'
You put your name in the top

right-hand corner.
You put your address in the

top right-hand corner.
You need not put your full address.
You should put the date
under your address.
You write the name and address

of the person you are writing
to in the top left-hand corner.
You do not put paragraphs.
You can finish Yours sincerely
Yours faithfully.
You always use the first name

of the person you are writing to.
You can sign your full name.
You can finish Best wishes
/ Love from.
You should put your name under

your signature.
You can use contractions (e.g. I'd, I'll).
In Part 1 you have to write a letter.

Remember letter-writing rules. They are
not particularly difficult. If you know
them well, you can guarantee to get them
right in the exam.
22
Neither
UwitS Learn a language
Starting and finishing a letter
Fill in the table with words and phrases from the boxes below:
Finishing
Starting
Intimate
-+
Family
-+ hta fro^
Friendly
-)
Formal I
Da.ar
Formal II
Do.ae
Alta
,5{or
lils
(Wdrn,..
Lo'1u{ro^
Da/ig
Doar Mre
--)
You,s f^,fl^frtly
of lo'ta and kisscs
(t^
Dotr ],ii.a
Done
5r or fl/u,da,,\
Yotrre sinc,oro!
hopu
Eosf wishos
Making requests
1 Look
at the two letters in Planning 1 and write the expressions used to make requests in
the table below.
Polite
Friendly
Formal
Compare your answer with a partner and together add any other ways you know of
making requests.
2 How do you
decide whether to use a friendly, a polite or a formal request?
23
Unif S Learnalanguage
3 Work in pairs or small groups.
How would you write these requests to (a) your best

friend and (b) an elderly relative you don,t know very well?
are going on holiday for three weeks and you write asking if they will visit your
flat a couple of times a week to feed your goldfish.
You write asking if you can call round nexl weekend to collect a book they offered to
Yo,
lend you.
You write asking if they could send you rhe address of a mutual friend.
Your car has been totally destroyed in an accident and you write asking to borrow
enough money to buy a new car.
You write asking if they will guarantee a bank loan for you.
Planning 2
Look at the ex-am question below. Write down as many ideas and useful words and phrases
as you can in five minutes. Do not worry about the accuracy of what you write.
When you have done that, compare what you have written with a partner. Add any good
ideas of theirs and give them any good ideas of yours.
Then organise your ideas into a sensible plan for the letter.
'Do
you know anotber word for tbesaunts?'
Exam question (formal letter)

You want to spend three months studying in the United States. You would like ro improve
your English and also study another subject in English.
Read the advertisement and the notes carefully. Then write a letter (120-180 words) to
South Maine College asking for the information you have noted. You may ask for other
information too. Do not write any addresses.
SOUTH MAINE COLLEGT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS

KENNEBUNKPORT, ME
Arts .
Languages .English . French. Spanish

Politics . Sociology . Economics . (others on request)
t**
3 wk. 6 wk and 12 wk courses
hor-trs
pu "Juk?
Amurr.n llislog?
lud ol Elglish
sla*
noussorjT
dalw?
how much?
9p, ol aua^ odahoa?
#ms*S Learn a language
lmproving your work

Compare your answer with a partner. Go through each other's work. Check for mistakes look particularly at the layout of the letter and the language used to make requests. When
your composition is as good as possible, write out a neat copy. Keep your original plan, the
draft copy and the neat copy together in your file.
Organising your work

Answer the following questions (honestly!):
done? Yes/No
pli-r,.q: ror.th-o^{lll:tn
lf vour answe,t,'ru.i
questr.ns:
i' 'vtt:"'r'tn ihink about these
work you have

Do you keep the written
:tlll"
iiffi ;ffi;i
..,|
ll
B:
[:
[1T
for it' etc
Oo Vou keep
d)
Do you look at
D;
the mark vou got

the topic vou wrote about'
the final version?

vou used together with
-^ ^L narac
plans yr
and nlans
notes "nrl
the rouoh
and the corrections?
.t
;i
2
'
[ il.;';::[lflll;it'
ntffit 'itl'kes
y., ever look at anY of it?
ol English
Do you collect examples
*i',linn'
Yes/No
about rt!
;;;;;;^'wer is'No" then think

think aboutthese
ii ffi; ilil;''t'vtt1'-tr'tn
questions:
f ormal letters' informal

of different types of writing:
examples
keep
you
a) Do
in the
raberthem' write notes
or
words
r,
iJI'li,l'itXfi,'.',lil]"n'*
particutar phrases'
"'0"':::do'o'
*o'ot'
ti
u'ntiution''
gi"
margin,
'nltttine
;ln
stru cture s?
.t
anY of them?
Oo Vou ever look at
25
Lhit3 Leatnalanguage
S'ork in pairs and discuss n-hich of the ideas given in the questionnaire you think could be
useful to You.
Which of the suggestions would help you to:
- learn from your mistakes
- remember more vocabulary
- learn useful phrases
- write more correctly
- revise more easily
Decide now which ones you are going to try.
Get into the habit of organising your work.

This will help you write better, improve
faster and remember more easily what you
have learnt.
26
Unit 4 A tall, dark, handsome stranger

uslng a lspidergraph'
adiectiqes for desqubing.pnople (?ans 1
ordering adiectives (Farts 1 & 2)
&
2)
description: person (Part 2)

adding intere$t and per.sonalisatien
Preview
Work in pairs. Look at the people in the photos below and discuss them. Can you guess
their ages, nationalities, and jobs? What sort of people do you think they are? Decide on
their characters, their likes and dislikes, and their hobbies.
7#
When you have decided, compare your answers with another pair.
2l
Unit 4 A tall, dark, handsome stranger
Planning 1
The diagram below is sometimes called a 'spidergraph' or 'mind map'. It helps you to plan
out your ideas before you start to write.
In pairs, complete the diagram using the words in the box underneath it.
personal details food

music
physical appearance character
colour
style
A 'spidergraph' or 'mind map' is a useful way

of grouping information. It also helps to plan
paragraphs.
28
size
nose
clothes job sex

nationality good points
&jaaif
A tall, dark, handsome stranger
Adjectives for describing people

1
The words below can all be used to describe people. Work in pairs and put the words into
three or more groups. Each pair should decide for themselves how to g.oup the words.
friendly slim
stubborn dark plump short independent

shy scruffy smart fair attraciv; curly
honest wavy thin blond generous
handsome tall
Compare your grouping with that of other pairs.
Whlch (if any) of the words in the lists could be used in a negative or critical way when
describing a person?
Using the box below, make sentences about the people in the Preview exercise. Then make
up some more sentences of your own.
a
He
looks
like
as
if
film star
attractive
he's had a bad day
she's friendly
honest
She
a boxer
d;; ; ;;;
;;;,i; ;,;;iii,* n
Ordering adjectives
If there is more than one adjective in front of a noun, it
is important to get them in the right
order. The order depends on the type of adjective.
1 First match each type of adjective to its example:

Typ"
colour
material
Example
wonderful
large
origin
old
round
Italian
wooden
shape
blue
size
opinion
age
29
l}t'tf{ 4 A tal!, dark, handsome stranger
2 Now look at the phrases
below, work out the order for different types of adjectives in
English and complete the table.
a
a
a
a
a
a
beautiful Chinese silk blouse

small red Italian shirt
horrible wide yellow tie
large old black hat
round pink face
large square cotton handkerchief
Order oI adjectiues
5
3.................
7....,..........,,,.....
4""""shoDl,
"'1""""""
Now rewrite the phrases below putting the adiectives in the correct order.
a)
b)
c)
a(n) blue/stylish/Armani jacket

a leather/fashionable/short skirt
brown/attractive/short hair
d) a(n) redluglyllarge nose

e) small/leather/black shoes
f)
blue/large/roundeyes
IfL_t
Ll
TtrNTU
trDtrtrtrL
trntrnno
pr&OcweS
30
Unif 4 A tall, dark, handsome stranger
Planning 2
Draw a 'spidergraph' for someone you know well - a good friend or a member of your
family. Fill in as much detail as possible.
When you have finished, compare your work with that of other people in your class.
Exam question (description)

One of your friends is going to Australia. Your Australian penfriend has invited them to stay
for a few days. Write a letter to your penfriend accepting the invitation and giving a
description of your friend. Do not write any addresses. (120-180 words)
lmproving your work

Compare your description with a partner. Go through each other's work. Check for
mistakes. Look at the use and order of adjectives. Can you improve your partner's or your
own description? When your description is as good as possible, write out a teat copy. Keep
your 'spidergraph' plan, your draft copy and your neat copy together in your file.
Adding i nterest and personalisation
1 Work in pairs. Look
at the exam question below. Which of the following extracts from the
exam answers is better? Why?
Write a letter to your English-speaking penfriend, describing yourself. Tell your penfriend
about your family, job, hobbies, etc.
witfi hir
z llve Wt one siEler. )V',du ddef than vvlo^

*he, ts c^ vtvtv* , SVda -FAtt and slCrn,
5ne's Etr- rt'*e brwr't herr. WZ qo ot*
toW+W(
to lol5" o( differq,fi place5. Ne Vv,ve c^ ,liru

ttwe" )owetivneb we- $o or^ lnolid.o.4
fie+her.
31
Ljnif 4 A tall, dark, handsome stranger
Which of the following make the extract interesting?
It uses longer words.

It uses a wider variety of adjectives.
It has longer sentences.
It gives details.
It gives general information.
It is more personal - tells you what the writer thinks.
It is longer.
Rewrite this passage in a more interesting way.
[l,J
tÂlVw
Wlrw y.,{livrrA qrrn &h,A,{S',
Try to make your answer
as interesting
as possible. Use a wide variety of
adjectives and try to link your ideas

together in longer sentences. Give details
where you can rather than just vague
information. Add your opinion
this
makes the text more personal and

automatically more inreresting.
32
SA)
Unit
Preview
Find someone in your class who, in their own countrv:
reads a newspaper every day

-FFTTE,E!((...ffirsr!r..@{as.!!.
doesn't have a television in their home

never listens to the radio
thinks they watch too much television

has had their picture in a newspaper
Planning
Work in pairs. Make a list of the advantages and disadvantages of pocket televisions.
Aduantages
Disaduantages
This technique is very useful for planning

discussion essays. It is especially useful if you
h*rretordiscuss two sidis of an argp4eug.
'>a
l-lrlft
$ Through the grapevine
Paragraphing
'An increase in the number of pocket televisions will not benefit society.'
\ff/hat do you think?
Work in pairs. Look at the answer to this question below. The paragraphs have been mixed
up. Read the four paragraphs and put them in the right order. Write the correct letter in the
table below.
There are, however, some advantages. The pocket TV is very convenient, We can take it
anywhere and never miss an important programme Another good thing is that sports
enthusiasts can watch important events wherever they wish And one further benef it ts the TV
information services These will be available at any ttme
B Twenty years ago Walkmans did not exist Now everyone
has
them Will the pocket television,
one of the latest inventions, be as popular in 20 years'time?
C ln my opinion the most
important factor is its convenience This will benefit society as long as
we do not let it take over our lives,

is the tiny screen lt is so small that it may damage
people's eyes Another problem is that it is so convenient People may watch one in meetings or
at parties, perhaps even while driving. This is not acceptable and could be dangerous A further
disadvantage is that people may watch TV even more than they do now
D One major drawback of the pocket television
Letter
['rt rs
I'lt t'lt
Heading
[rrrra
lrrt r.r +
Now give each paragraph a heading from the box below.
op,.rror-r ndur,l,rg.,
irr,rod.r.rion
disadvantages
Check your answers with another pair.
This Parsqvaplt ordcl is a good u'rtv of stntcrLu'ing

a discussion essay. A similar structure can be used
with the 'opinion' type of discussion essay - see
Unit 9.
The important thing to remember is that there
is a clear beginning and a clear end.
34
Unsf
Talking about advantages and disadvantages

Look through the composition in Paragraphing on page 34 and write in the box below all
the phrases used to introduce advantages and disadvantages.
advantage
One further
Now work in small groups or pairs and use these expressions to talk about the advantages
and disadvantages of the following:
having a telephone
having a fax machine
being famous
allowing free copying of
audio and video cassettes
Planning 2
Using the technique practised in Planning 1, list the advantages and disadvantages of
censorship. Also list ideas for your introduction and conclusion.
Introduction
Aduantages
Disaduantages
Conclwsion
35
Unit 5 Through the grapevine
When you have finished your lists, compare them with one or two other people in your
class. Add to your list any good ideas that you have missed and give othei people any good
ideas that they have missed.
Exam question (discussion essay)

Your class has been discussing the advantages and disadvantages of censorship and your
teacher has asked you to write a composition giving your views on the following staiement:
''We are at the start of the 21st century in a modern world. Censorship is an old-fashioned
and unnecessary idea.'
Write your compositiorT in 120-180 words.
lmproving your work

Compare your composition with a partner. Go through each other's work. Check for
- look particularly at the paragraphing and the expressions used ro talk about
adYantages and disadvantages. When your composition is ai good as possible, write out
neat copy. Keep both the draft copy and the neat copy together in your file.
mistakes
What we write
What do you write? Tick the appropriate boxes in the table below and add as many things
to the list as you can.
tn your own
in Englisb
langwage
notes
messages
letters to friends
business letters
letters of complaint
descriptions
formal compositions
narratives (stories)
Which of these are for your own personal use and which are intended to be read bv other
people?
What types of writing do you need for the Cambridge First Certificate exam
36
Unit W Being green

Planniag techniq*e: using a questionnaire
Language skrrrs..
avaluating information (Parts 1 U2l
evaluadng layqor (Part 2)
linking wor,_ls for reason and result (Pans
Exam qaestion:
rport (Part 2)
Impruting:
why we write
E( 2)
Preview
Rearrange the letters below to form words. Then write the words in the correct column in
the table below.
rpeload
sag
seeabttri
idwn
arillgo
ehawl
eonhricros
yiierelcttc
eaunclr owrep
lasgs
perap
ocla
luuniamim
ytrse
adapn
Sources of power
oHaue
endanger
sp
Things tbat can be recycled
Endangered animals
you got an
cie s exp
ort licence ?'

a1
Unlf 6 Being green
Planning
Look at the questionnaire. Complete it by adding some sentences of your own. Then fill in
your opinion by ticking the appropriate column. Finally, get together with a partner and fill
in his/her opinion.
Use phrases from the box below where appropriate.
Agreeing
Disagreeing
Absolutely.
Yes,but...
Don'tyouthink...?
Exactly.
I (quite)
agree.
That's exactly what I think.

I couldn't agree with you more.
I'm not sure I quite agree there.

I'm afraid I don't quite agree there.
You
agree
Animals
Animals should not be used
to test cosmetics,
We should do everything
necessary to avoid the
extinction of any species of
animal.
Pollution
Nuclear power is the
'cleanest' form of power.
The nuclear programme must
be developed further.
Natural Resources
Widespread deforestation
must be stopped.
Food
38
Partner
disagree agree
disag ree
#ruI*
i;lr:r:r,',::,,:,',::,,:i;:':":!i',"i:'
6 Being green
',:ili;i'',1":i t.,':i;:i:t,.i;'"
:!i!, iii:tl:::iiillli
,
ti;illi:ili;,,,i,r:,:|,,.i.:::l::,,l.;i
liii'r:i:lii::iiil;;
',:i,,i:;iilii',tllt,',:,,,iiiii:lil:iii,:.iii!:',
li.
,it
'
One of the biggest problems with writing

can be having enough ideas. Try to think
of as many ideas as you can by asking
yourself questions about the toprc.
\^lr\AT Do
, FEEL A9oul
fdlrtt-
rl
i to r
..?
A4RaE
wtr4.
lii !:i:i
7/
i::!:li:!:i
r:il
4i
Evaluating information and layout

Darlingham Council, Darlingham, New South Wales has underspent its budget by $20,000.
They are trying to decide what to do with the extra money.
They are considering plans. Different committees have been asked to report on how they
think the money should be spent.
Read the information below and do the exercises on pages
Dases 40 and 41.
DIRLINGII[M COUNCI[
i.a
REPORT
TRANSPORT COMMITTEE
4th November
eullcJr].llauL:ris
Tht last ten v
Darlingham'
5o'soo rh" r
increaseti fro
at weekends'
a-'-'-
1999
nr.unt of uaffic in
fronr 25,()00 to
[rom outside has
serr
anrl considerably more
fJ":if SlJlll,i*o
ffi".uu,".,,.u::li:'[.i:silS.E:l[li:,i:ff
in the
town
- esPeciallY
over the last ten Years'
;"J,H;ifJ*TJ'n":*"
servrces
running; train
Recrrntntend atltlt't
our recommendâ!1on
carried out our promises'
should be used to
Siuct'rr'e have not vet
U'ag"t
y"u'
this
irnderspent on
'
is th.rt tlre S2(),000
olll
a1.a11 1l'trrk trn
pi.'*tia
transPort Program me'
39
{-lnlf
# Being
green
-' -' -' -
D[RL'INGII[fll C0UNCI['
-' -' -' -
. food for the hungrY

. wells for those without clean water
. skills for the unskilled
. education for the unskilled
. funding for local development initiattves'
-!:i;-'I - r -
Df,RLINGHflM C0UNCI[_.
REPORT OF THE
ENVIRONi\4ENTAL
_. _._
CONII\IITTEE
The c'nvironlnent is
the n.rutor conccrn
of our age. Many people
rhe-v u.uuta.ilk;;,,r
feel
l*:fl i*iu:":;.:"J,,.i1[1[J;fJ:n*t;;il'::ffi i
Planting trees not onlv
I
creares a more pt"ururt 1"-?.,l11store t]re balance of nature bur also
-a
. ou r a
p ran i
;,I;: ;1' t, o,i
ffiffi}il
ili flJ:J,J :
[::,P
;;
Let's plant a foresrl We

can ImproYe the air
with it! we can wark
Itr wJ.an'.n;JiiJ,' ""
in
Evaluate the information in the three possibilities above by deciding which plan is the
best and which is the second best from the different points of view in the left-hand
column of the table opposite. Put T (Transport), H (Hungerlink) or P (Plant a tree) in
one of the right-hand columns according to what you think. For example, if you think
planting a tree is the best plan from the point of view of the effect on local pollution,
put a P in the Best plan column.
40
Unit
Best plan
$ Being
green
Second best plan
effect on local pollution

effect on loca1 people
eflect on council's political status
easy
to carry out
usefulness
efTect on 1ocal environment
benefit to rhe rnost people

long-ternr benefit
popularity with local people
Which plan do you think is the best overall? Which is the worst?
Now compare your answers in pairs and small groups. Give reasons for your choices.
Be critical. Think about the options

carefully before you choose.
rt,;5!ti!:i!r+iia&r:!;fii!:;:,:*;!.:rl,iiiihii.is:trl;:,;.!ii;i!iiti
Look at the layout and presentation of the three reports and answer the questions below:
Which report has the clearest layout? \7hy?
Which has the least clear layout?
Which report gives the most information?
When you write a report, plan

the layout carefully.
41
{Jmif
S Being green
Linking words for reason and result

Look at the three reports on pages 39 and 40 again. Underline all the words and phrases
used to show reasons and results (e.g. since, as a result, etc.).
2 Now complete
the report from the Budget Committee below using some of the linking
words you found.
DIRL,INGIIAM COUNCll.,
'-'-
-r-
-''-'
r-'-
Budget Committee
n-"*r,
r"
r"'-"received
:'
TransPort Commi ttee
'o Charitv Committee

Committee
L'nvironmental
s"aagtr9
rt'nding',the' moneY to
J i t be nc ri t
"t
Hr.r n serr i nk
lilliJ
: I'
drrtr'
does not lrelp local ficollltnlollc\''
1:r,tpirsal
spr'rrtl local 1't'ople's
tlot an apPrt)P'"'''' t"t' ttr
-
I Thc Charin C(1lllnllItt'c tt'f(]l]'llllendr
---i--il;::
2TheEnvironmentalCommitteervoult'ITil'"tt:fl
5it^ppJ,'"a
::"r:
:i:ti;ff
iLIl li,
'
tt r
lf we plant a lorest' however'
-"' ''"' ''il'
town. It would,
much and might be unPoPular'
3 rhe rransport Committee
very
not uenefit the local people
has not
1T.*H*'"'#:tfn:?il$f:
bus and
end the money imProving
re PeoPle r'vou1d use Public
transPort'
Recommendation
would benefit the

the Transport Commi'ttee
We feel the proposal of
0)
we
and
t"t'i'o'lment
oeople of ourli'-tgtlur'im'Jtnt
spent on the public transport
is
...o*-..,d that the iio'ooiit"tp*s
programme'
42
Unit $ Being green
3 Now read through the report of the Budget Committee
again and decide whether you
agree or disagree. Give reasons.
-E ct\".bo. J
"Thk
is
Mr Trimp from the Town and Country plonning Department. Hels

demonstrate the proposals
jor
the old tov)n,,
here to
Planning 2
Read the exam question below. Make a list of questions that the people in your town might
want to ask about the two projects.
Compare your list with your partner's. Discuss what the answers might be and decide which
project you think is best.
Exam question (report)

An old and historic building in your town is going to be renovated. The town council
intends to spend a large sum of money turning it into either a leisure centre with sports and
recreational facilities, or supervised accommodation for old people. You have been asked to
write a report for the council, describing the benefits of both projects and saying which you
think is the best and why. (120-180 words)
lmproving your work

Compare your answer with a partner. Go through each other's work. Check for mistakes
look particularly at the reasons you have given for your answers and the way you have
expressed those reasons.
43
Unif
6 Being
green
Why we write
Vhy do you write? Tick the appropriate
boxes
in the table and add to the list.
to give information
to make a complaint
to apply for
job
to describe someone
to pass an exam
Remember why you are writing. It will

affect what you write and how you write
it. A social letter to a friend will be
different from one to a friend apologising
for forgetting a dinner invitation.
44
WHY AM
UneX Work to live!
Preview / Planning
Vhat is important to you in a job? Choose the five most important factors and arrange
them in order of priority.
l1 long holidays
[ ] free lunches
1 i high salary
i
Il
flerible working hours

job satisfaction
[-.r some responsibility
LJ opportunity for travel
Il
having amusing colleagues
l-l socially useful

!l normal hours of work
I long lunch breaks
I close to home
I working with other people
J good career and promotion
prospects
Discuss your answers with a partner.
Number your ideas and organise

them in order of priority before you
start to write. This is a very simple
but effective planning technique.
45
lJ*it 7 Work to live!
Selecting relevant information

Look at the job advertisements and complete as much of the table opposite as possible.
Underline the information that you transfer from the advertisements to the table.
growth
Due to our continued
Jack in the Box

require a
tf
NURSERY COOK
you are 23_45

we can offer you:
for uP to
to provide wholesome food
situated
nursery
iod'"-ni'J*" in a day
in Central Oxford'
are
Recoqnised craft qualif ications

on
prefeired, however full training
range
age
catering for this special
will be Provided'
Call now for more information
on
rR[[P[orlIE 0s00 099Si

and ask for Thonas
ndams.
Or,, ,rlllr^l,r^r-Ujls for

tons-rern enpt0ynent
to 3Pm'
Hours are Mon-Fri 7 30am
t4'75 Per hour'
need apply.
ixpenence isn't necessary.
uommrtment is.
and an apptication form

Head Office on
our
contact
please
,* f"nh;;f*;i"n
ott80
147676'
C
Gold Touch Retail Secuity Ltd are seeking
applications from experienced store detectiaes to
coaer prestige retail clients within Bath and Bistol.
EARLY MORNING SHOP FLOOR

CLEANERS
llequired in Banbury to\\rr) centre
7 9arl Mondav to Satnrdav.
A salary range of between f5.50 & f6 hour is on

offer depending upon your experience.
Also required
40-45 hours week on average.
EVENING CLEANER
5pnr-7pnr, 4 days per r.veek. d5 per hour.
Training eiven. Call M. Harris ou
0112 052113
PART-TIME
REC/TYPIST/CLERK
Computer literacY and Word
Perl-ect exPerience would
be Pret'erred'
Hours to be agreed'
Pleose serul CY tu
Sttmlev-
Mrs M Clarke
Limited' StonLe't House'
D"liriif,"3'xt'f#il''
46
AU PAIR/
NANNY
Earn 85OO
per week!
DRIVE A BMW!
NANNY BEOUIRED
ASAP
Boysl&3,Bloxham
-Tel.Bam_6pm
Jane on
01 19_0249121
Ring now
o99t-060606
Utzi{
qualifications/
duties
tralnlng grven
uokiaq lor
NUR5ERY
full lminig
LOO
.lob
hours
pay
N\on4a
t+ls
7.3O0e,,-
hoor
7 Work to live!
contact
experience/
skills needed
COOK
d\ildM 3i'lu
3P-
pu
+\ud offiu
OLLSO
74+6+6
Which job appeals to you? Why? Discuss your answers with a parrner.
It's important to be able to decide which

pieces of information are relevant and
which can be ignored. This is a very
useful skill, especiaily in Part 1.
Beleva I z
lnterpreting abbreviations
Work in pairs. Look at the job advertisements again and decide what the following
abbreviations mean.
a) am
b)pc) CV
g) PA
d)Mon
h)ASAP
e) Fri
f) K
41
Unit 7 Work to live!
Do you know what the following common abbreviations mean? Work in pairs. Use a
dictionary to find out as many as you can. Your teacher will help you.
e.s.
b)Tel.
c) RSVP
a)
'.
'l
i;,
-,,::,1.i--r-'
d)MP
g) km
e) BA
h)
f)
i)
esp
' ?.,,:,ir:::.:::f.::t:",..: :r :; .,.:;..:.

.1- :j .-.-
PS
i) Ms
k) oNo
NB
t) kg
i.:
Learn some common abbreviations.

You may need to know them especially in Part 1.
Planning 2
Look at the exam question below. First underline all the information that will help you write
your answer. Then plan the structure of your letter using a different technique.

You work in an employment
agency. Read the letter from
Amanda Forrest. From the job
advertisements opposite, choose
the one you think would be most
suitable for Amanda. Write a
reply to her letter, recommending
which job she applies for and
explaining why you have chosen
it. Do not write any addresses.
(120-180 words)
Dear Sir/I\4adam,
After two and a half

to the Publishing
Director of rhe Butt
new posr in which r can
therefore, writing to you.to
enquire if 1,ou knovu of any, job
opportunities which might suit
nre.
dev
;ilffi::::f
The post at the Butterfield press

was my first job after
in-e $ere. I have developed
ls includin-s auclio typing. I
for
a number
ing directll, w,ith authors,

responsibility
of public ron.,ioirlo"iderable
I am looking for a challenging post

that
develop my skills. I woulJdso
fik" u,
curent salary of f 12,500pa

I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours faithfully
Aând,a Forros(
Amanda Forrest
48
fi'
will further
ir.."ri'u, _,
{"Ixlf 7 Work to live!
RecePtionist
c.816,000
Ua-mprhi* ---l
t---
I
r
HOUSE
f t3.000_f
1
Otfice Recruitment
0191 747 0033
*oox;[,:;xi:*
SECRETARY
on W4W
Technical audio tYPing
inistration'
urld rotn" adm
Please send CV to:
Roser Richardson
House,
SurreS.Street,
-50
London tVlS 5E\..
,1'O AGENCIES
----J
glIT
,,Yl'1,,':"x;l
Hampshire
L--
14,000
i r;:il;* H{flrf,;.;"Jfi
I
t
I
I
FRIENDLY OFFICE
SMALL
"- .._ BUSY FULL-TIME
REQUIRES
RecepTroNrsr/TElEpHoNrsr
i
I
I
I
To woRK
tN A uNtvERstrY?
AD ilt t N t srnAro B/s
E c B EA';i
;,;oo
_;;
Matirice & APPlebY
Chartered SurveYors
ReeencY Building
45 Maviair Road' St Albans
t"tt OttZZ 0548L2

soon as possibJe.
Tel: 0107 010 82t0

ee Royat
c,i"*, _,;::::,:triiitr^,,
PERFECT JOBS
lmproving your work

Compare your answer with your partner's. Go through each other's work and check for
mistakes. Look especially at the information that your partner has used in his/her letter.
When your composition is as good as possible, write out a neat copy. Keep your original
plan, the draft copy and the neat copy together in your file.
49
Unit 7 Work to live!

Clear handwriting
Look at these students'writing and answer the questions opposite.
kit, flan,o, il, tna*u
ilr lel!, q/rlal ffi+y A5,rn . /u hu q.

,ko& hait otnd btown ofir. /,2 lab w biX
lu4
0Q
A a, vqoool, ,(y t *d, antd 4+ tl ntfiV
Wl
Mp^
50
tu'tt
4y^ru
dn
Uzsit
7 Work to livel
&und narh is Aroanrorna (Je uE_

oMq rSoJa.ocfl , Lde ktttc eOCr,
t3
6th!r
yeors 9go. lfte, yt1at ux cl_angect
-Ha+- scrrocrs , SlLo (ek$:t) a- orill*.-t sc,trooL
t'lrg besu
b>gildn<r un -tl,\e,
to {ttr
rr1q, bLr.t r-oe coniu,r-<_- dre ra.(astoo

eu-n nor.:. She 'i* lnra.s< brar.^rt
;ha.r,
g\.lae eg<
s- Sh4 i s
ot
u.rLj
tuu
C-uatu
andJshe
hqs Freceths .
iloword isc ea&er
p,g.6.yq\ he rs
"f
ncn6rC tonSura5e
H"isc.Teeiet Far.$e
iWA+r+q. uelt ^tc4 and frtaadLy

He aQooy Lil.<s L" b. ^ farn ,otrh aai,rr;'-L
Hal* L*t<s abut Jat st,o-n3. H. has a black eys
and blacl< hqia
1 \7hich handwriting
is the easiest to read? IJ7hy?
2 Which is the most difficult to read? Why?

3 \7hich student has corrected their work most carefully? How?
I ook back at your work over the last few units. How would you grade it on the
scale
below?
(vtnv NEAT AND

ro nEa.o)
EASY
0 """
'--' 1 """"""
J1/ .............
+......,......
(uNr IDY AND
'
DrFFrcuLT
ro
neeo)
Ask other people to grade your handwriting. Do you agree with them?
Make your writing legible and your corrections

tidy.
REMEMBE,R!
" The examiners can only give marks for what
they can actually read! Don't forget they have
several hundred scripts to mark.
" If your work is tidy and clear, rhe examiner is
more likely to think well of you!
" If your work is untidy, the eraminer may think
you have not put much effort into it - even if this
is not true!
It
" -is more difficult for examiners to follow what
you are saying in your answer if it is difficult to
read.
51
Unit
8 Bestsellers
Preview
write down the titles and authors of three books that have greatly impressed you.
work in pairs or small groups. compare your choices and explain why you chose
what you did.
Planning
You have to write an article for the class magazine about a book you have
read recently.
Look at the list of points below and cross ou"t those that you think would
not be relevant in
such an article.
- The characters are very real.

- The author understands the criminal mind well.
- The book is 224 pageslong.
- The plot is clever and original.
- I found it easy to identify with the main character.
- My sister likes reading too.
- The ending is exciting.
- The picture on the cover is striking.
- The story is set in Arizona.
- The descriptions are vivid.
- The blurb on the back is interesting.
- The book paints a fascinating picture of life in the depression.
- My friend Sue liked it.
- It conveys a powerful socialist message.
- The author had written three books before this one.
- The author uses language in a simple yet effective way.
- The author pays great attention to historical accuracy.
- I've never been to Arizona.
Compare your answers with a partner. Are there any points you disagree
about? Discuss any
differences.
52
Unit
..;)
r
;l
ta
; i ' ''
';
.."
Bestsellers
,.
You don't have to use all vour ideas

when you plan a composition. Choose
the most relevant and important ideas
you have noted down.
;r.li;i!ri,i,il:i::,:,::
r:!;,i i i;i;!;!i;
l;::f;
i:,1 i;ri!!:l; l;lil rl;l ii:!:,]
!: l!:,:!:!t l!:fiqt,j;,r1!;,,,!;!J;5iri,;,;!i{,:i;
Organising an article (title and structure)

Read the article and answer the questions below.
Ifyou're
This book has everything.

is murder, mystery and
ofdetective stories,
The story begins with the brutal
lhen Skinner's Rules is a must.

Quintin Jardine's electrifying
first novel. set in the streets of
murder of a successful young

lawyer. When this is followed
by a series of apparently random
There
Edinburgh. captures some of the

picturesque charm and the grim
reality of life in Scotland's capital
city.
killings. the police begin to

suspect that a serial killer is at
perspective involving Japanese
large. However, when the lawyer's

fianc6e is also murdered. Skinner
quickly makes an arrest.
and the SAS. There are politics
a fan
The hero. Bob Skinner.

Head
of
is
At this point the case seems

but Skinner is not
Edinburgh's Criminal
Investigation Department. Karate
expefi, widow, father
of
solved
entirely satisfied.
Despite
nineteen-year-old daughter, he is
pressure from his superiors to
a tough but Iikeable
leave things alone,
work and a direct way of dealing
continues his investigations and

discovers a clever and dangerous
with people.
consprracy
character
with an intelligent approach to his
Skinner
suspense
and conuption in high places.

There is romance between
Skinner and... well, find out for
yourself!
This is an excellent book And
the really good news, if this is

your first Skinner novel, is that
there are five more already in the
bookshops
I Liked Skinner's Rules
b) A Book I Read Recently
cl Skinner's Rules - Scottish crimebusting at its best!

d) Edinburgh Murder Mystery - Read All About It!
Give your article an interesting
title.
t
international
businessmen, Israelis, Palestinians
Choose the best title for the article from the list below.
a) Why
within the main story.
There is an
{iet,
Unii
Bestsellers
choose an appropriate heading for each paragraph from the list below.
How the story develops

The hero
Introduction and background
Paragraph 1
Paragraph
Paragraph
Paragraph
Different elements of the story

The opinion of rhe reviewer
The beginning of the story
2 | .................
3 | .......................
4 | .,...-,,,,-..--.-...........
Remember to organise your
aniclc. trt doesn't ma$er

how you organise it but
you mu$t organiseit.
Expressing attitude
work in pairs. complete the table below.
Verb
Ad jectiue
amuse
amuslng
lmpress
interesting
!,.!,;-;---i;.rr;,,.,,..........1.
exciting
thrill
boring
convince
delight
.qrr..!rJdaa
fascinating
offend
depress
annoy
rrntatlng
5+
Use your dictionaries
if necessary.
#*lr 5 Bestsellers
Look at these
f-z--'-';,---:.,-
fn.,..,i'. f"r'.rY.rrl)
\-
anno\,me. /
U-/-/
Work in small groups. Choose six of the following types of books. IJse some of the words
from the table opposite and tell each other what you think.
storles westerns
books novels
comic books grammar books
romantrc
science
detective
fiction
stories
biographies
cookery books
travel books thrillers
this book
w{K^$ -^haltp vi)rdzf et drd i[.
*4,6esrs
art
Planning 2
Choose one of the books you talked about in the Preview exercise and make a list of points
about why you like this book. Try and think of six to eight different reasons.
Exchange lists with a partner. Read your partner's list and decide
list are relevant. If you think some of them are not, discuss them.
if all the points on their
Exam question (article)

Your school is producing a student magazine. You have been asked to write an article for
the magazine about one of your favourite books. Write the article (120-180 words). If you
want to, you can write about one of the set books.
55
Umit
Bestsellers
lmproving your work

. Go through each other,s work. Check for mistakes _
language and how they have expressed their attitudes.
possible, write out a neat copy. Keep your draft and
Using resources
1 which of the following
resources are available to you (in school or outside)?
English-English dictionary
bilingual dictionary
coursebook
English-language radio and TV programmes
English-language films ar the cinema
English-language books, magazines, etc.
English speakers to talk to
Can you
think of any other resources?
Make enquiries to find o.ut whether you can find other resources you think might be
'unavailable', for example:
- 4tk local newsagents' shops and bookshops if they could order English-language items
for you.
- If your school has. a librarr, alk if they could get more English-language books.
- Ask at the local library for information about English clubs.
- Ask your teacher for informarion abour gerting an Engrish-speaking penpal.
- Ask your teacher or bookshop to recommend good coursebook, or"grr--ar reference
books.
- Ask other students in your school if they could lend you English-language books.
- $t\ family or friends who travel abroad to bring back Engli"sh-1""g;rg;.rewspapers,
leaflets,
etc. for you.
Make a written note_of things such as the times of English-language radio and TV
programmes, the addresses of English-language clubs, penpal organisations, etc.
There are probably more resources

around than you realise. Find out
about them. Use them.
ti
I
I
!
r
I
56
Family Iife
Preview
Work in small groups. Discuss the following quotations. Do you agree or disagree with
them? Give reasons.
happy families resemble one
ther, but each unhappy family

appy in its own way.
iJ*rr
Family life
Planning
You have been given this title for a composition:

'Looking after old people should be the responsibility of the family'. Discuss.
Work in pairs and plan your composition by adding notes to the diagram below.
cM ne[/
a$z.t
lOoK
hidrcA
Reasons FoR
otd peDpe ivthg
RtAronS AafitNSl
ot* peDpte liviA!
aamilt65
+ArlAilies
wtth rheif
'Headlights' are a useful way of planning

discussion essay. They help you to collect
your thoughts.
"l
58
blame all my problems on coming from

a broken egg"
Wirh
*eir
Uni?
Family life
Opening and closing paragraphs

1 Look
at the four paragraphs below. Which would be the best opening for the composition
in Planning 1? What is wrong with the others?
My next door neighbour is 73 years old and she lives on her own. Her son lives quite nearby.
He comes round twice a week to check on her.
B Throughout this century it has become more and more common
in the western world for o d
people to live on their own or in old people's homes rather than with their families. People
from other cultures often find this practice barbaric, but are they rightT
C Of course
old people should be looked after by their families

children when they were young.
after all they looked after their
ln some ways it is a good idea for old people to live with their families, and in some ways it is
not. Some people might be very happy to have their old relatives livrng with them. Some old
people might not want to live with their family.
Now look at these four paragraphs. Which would be the best closing paragraph for the
composition? What is wrong with the others?
ln my country we do not have the terrible situation of old people living in hospital because
they have nowhere else to go. Furthermore, because we look after old people in the family,
there are very few old people's homes.
B They have great knowledge and experience which they can pass on. lf they have a pension,
they can help financially. And of course they can help with the babysitting and housework and
so on.
C As you can see this
is a difficult matter. lt is both a moral and a practical problem. My feeling

is that each family should consider all the arguments carefully and decide what best suits
them.
D I will never
live with my family when I grow old. N,4y cousin's parents lived with him and they
both survived into their nineties. He never had any independence at all.
3 Now cross out the items below
which are not true.
An opening paragraph should:

give examples
give your opinion
show there are two sides to the question

make a general comment on the subject
talk about what the question means
talk about someone yo., know who is relevant to the question
A closing paragraph should:

add some extra points of interest and information
summarise the arguments very briefly in one or two sentences
add extra arguments to support your opinion
state your own opinion
give examples to support your opinion
state any conclusions you reach
59
Unft
Family life
Now work with a partner. Look at the exam question opposite and work out a good
opening and a good closing paragraph.
Think carefully about the first and last

paragraphs. They make a big difference
to your composition.
Recognising how a text links together

Look at the text below, which was written in answer to the question in Planning 1. Mark
the text to show how some words are used to refer backwards and forwards. The first few
have been done for you.
roughout this
old
become more and more common in the western world for
to live on their own or in old people's homes rather than
irom other culturejf
oft en
There are many reasons
familieE
barbaric; but
a good idea
nt$ to lrve wrt
i"16
stresses that families are important and teaches the grandchildren a proper respect for the
elderly. The grandparents are able to help the parents with the benefit of their knowledge and
experience; and to give practical assistance with things like housework, baby-sitting, and so on.
There is also the moral argument that the grandparents looked after the parents when they were
children so now it ls time for them to repay the debt.
There are, however, reasons why it is not such a good idea. People do not always get on very
well with their parents-in-law and if the grandparents try to interfere in the life of the family too
much it could cause serious problems. Furthermore when the grandparents become very old
and frail, it may take a lot of time to look after them. This sort of care is best provided by experts
in an old people's home.
Planning 2
Look at the exam question. Use the techniques you practised in Planning 1 to plan your
composition. Use the opening and closing paragraphs you worked out in exercise 4 above.
When you have finished, compare your plan with your partner's and
yours or theirs.
60
see
if you can improve
Unit
# Family life

Your class has been discussing the advantages and disadvantages of large families and your
teacher has asked you to write a composition giving your views on the Ioflowing statement:
'Some people say thar children from large families are happier. Do you agree?,
Write your composition in 120-180 words.
lmproving your work

Compare your answer with a partner. Go through each other's work. Check for mistakes.
Check also the first and last sentences and how the text links together. When your
composition is as good as possible, write out a neat copy. Keep your draft and neat copy
together in your file.
Learning useful expressions
How do you learn useful words and expressions?

Which of these do you do?
rWrite down the English and

a translation.
'W'rite
down the English and an explanation in English.
'W'rite
down an example sentence.
Keep groups of similar new words and phrases together.
Write new words and phrases on small cards, keep them in a pocket, and look at them
frequently.
Record new words on a cassette which you listen to regularly.
ril/rite new words on pieces of paper which you
stick on the wall in your bedroom.
Look through your lists of new words regularly so that you don't forget them.
Tty and use the new words when you speak.
Try and use the new words when you write.
Talk to other people in your class. Find out how they learn new words and expressions.
What new techniques can you use to help your memory?
Try out as many different learning techniques

as you find useful.
61
Us-s&*
K0 Shop
till you drop!
Preview
lmagine you are in a department store. Which department would you go to to buy the
following items? Put them in the right column in the table below.
a doll
a tennis racquet
a rugby ball
a novel
a
a
a
a
sweater
tie
toaster
vase
Menswear
Books
a shirt
a travel guide
a shuttle cock
a light bulb
Electrical
China
a dish
a teddy bear
a food processor
Toys
an encyclopedia
a bowl
a model boat
Sports
goods
Now add one or two items to each column.
Planning
1 Imagine you and your partner are putting together a directory of shops in your local area.
You have to draw up a questionnaire that you can fill in for each shop. Make a list of
questions to include on the questionnaire.
Think about:
62
size
location
range of goods
quality of goods
service
methods of payment
any special features, etc.
Llrrlt '8 Shop till you drop!
Choose a shop you both know well. Work out what answers you might give for the shop
you have chosen.
Before you write a report, think

about the questions that the
reader will want you to answer.
The language and style of reports

Look at this extract from a report on a department store and answer the questions below.
NAI\,IE AND ADDRESS OF STORE:
Claridge's,
LOCATI
1u1-24
Market St, Salisbury SP1 1BG
N:
The store is situated on the comer of Mitre St and Market St, close to the centre
of town. Even though this is not the ideal location, it is close enough to the
High St to attract many casual shoppers.
DE
PARTME NTS:
It's a really big shop and there are lots of different departments. I'm going to put
a complete list at the bottom of this report. I fbund almost all the departments I
expected but I was pretty surprised when I discovered they didn't have a music
department which sold CDs and things like that. I mean I expect to be able to
buy CDs in a depaftment store.
RANGE OF GOODS:
Although there is a wide range ofproducts, there is not a great choice ofbrand
names within each product. The electronics department, for example, sells every
kind of device you could possibly want. However, there are only two different
brands of television and three makes of cassette recorder.
OUALITY:
Despite the narrow range ofbrand names, the quality is very high. Products
have been chosen for reliability, excellence and value for money.
One of the paragraphs above is written in an inappropriate style. Which paragraph is it?
What is wrong with the style?
2 Work in pairs
3
and rewrite the inappropriate paragraph in a more appropriate style.
Read through the other paragraphs again and underline any words or expressions which
you think might be useful when writing other reports.
63
{Jnit 'i8 Shop till you drop!
Linking words for concession and contrast

1
Study the sentences below which have been taken from the report about Claridge's and
put a circle around the linking words of concession. One has already been done for you.
ven thou
is not the ideal location, it is close enough to the High St to attract many
casual shoppers.
Although there is a wide range of products, there is not a great choice of brand names within
each product.
The electronics depaftment, for example, sells every kind of device you could possibly want.
However, there are only two different brands of television and three makes of cassette
recorder.
Despite the narrow range of brand names, the quality is very high.
List any other linking words of concession that you know.
Rewrite the four sentences above using a different linking word of concession. Make any
changes necessary so that the sentence is grammatically correct.
Change the sentences below so that they are grammatically correct. One sentence is
correct and does not need changing.
a) Despite the staff are generally polite and efficient, we did meet one unhelpful assistant.
b) Even although credit cards are not accepted, Claridge's has its own storecard.
c) There are stairs and escalators, however there are no lifts.

d) The restaurant is pleasant and serves good food although the coffee is expensive at
f,2.00 a cup.
e) In spite the smallness of the book department, they can order any book you want and
f)
get it very quickly.

The gift department is large. But it is not very imaginative.
Planning 2
Read the exam question below and make a list of the questions that your report
answer.
will
need to

Your teacher has asked your class to conduct a survey of the clothes shops in your town.
The results of the survey will be put up on a noticeboard in your school for the information
of the other students. Choose two clothes shops in your town. Write a report on the
shops comparing them from a number of different points of view: price, quality of service,
appeal, etc.
Write your report in 120-180 words.
64
Unit tr$ Shop tillyou drop!
lmproving your work

Compare your answer with a partner. Check for mistakes. Look particularly at the way you
have expanded the information from the advertisements.
Se/f-assessment 2
1 Look back at the last few compositions you have written. How do you feel about the
standard of your writing? Add to the list in the table below and tick the appropriate boxes.
Good
Okay
Poor
Organisation of ideas
Spelling
Tenses
Grammar
Punctuation
Vocabulary
Paragraphing
Now compare your answers with your self-assessment in Unit 2. Which areas of your writing
still need extra work? Your teacher will suggest ways you can improve your weakest areas.
;:
;
Ger rid of those mistakes quickly
before the
exam.
I
3
-!.3..i.!ii:-.:.rftr.i
ii..7is
r-Gi:-..!:::1ys!.rrrr?rtF.&rsE::r:.:x?rislwJt::;trzr,."ro.w;:;:r:.*i
s.e...
How do you feel about your performance on the different types of quesrion in First
Certificate? Tick the appropriate boxes.
Units
narratives (stories)
reports
6, 10
discussion essay
5g
descriptions
informal letters
formal letters
article
HaPPv
Okal,
Unhappy
3,7
Which questions do you need to work on most?

65
Unit ff Jobhunting
listing questions
recog5uising topic and illusuative sentences (Farts 1 & 2)
making applications (Part 2)
for,mal letrer: application (Pan 2l
planning in the exam
Preview
Arrange these jobs in order of appeal.
pilot
most appealing
4
stockbroker
______;i,
cupUNcTURt STs'
coNvENTloN
teacher
,rr/
,,,rtr///,
office cleaner
chef
lion tamer
surgeon
banker
confidence trickster
police officer
least appealing
Compare your answers with a partner. Give reasons for your answers. Be prepared to report
back on your partner's opinions.
Planning
Look at the four job advertisements below. Imagine you are going to interview candidates
for these jobs. Work in pairs and make a list of the questions you would ask in each case.
THE BAY TREE

RESTAURANT
TIAVE VACANCIES FOR
WAITERS & WAITRESSES
EVENINGS/WEEKENDS
APPLY IN PERSON.
66
QUALIFIED NANNY WANTED

to look after three children
aged
l-7.
Accommodation & full-board.

Use of car.
Salary'& hours to be negotiated.
Please send c.v. & tlvo references to:
Nlrs T. Morris, Box 802.
i^.,*it ?"t Jobhunting
St Anne's School
Eden Zoo require o
Chiswick
require a teacher of
FRENCH & RUSSIAN
from September
ApplV,in writing to
Ms. R. Jameson M.A.
Headteacher.
Appliconts must hqve previous

experience of working with
onimols, preferobly repiiles.
Applicotions lo fhe Director,
Eden Zoo, Monchester MC6 TR9.
SNAKE HANDTER
Put the questions into groups according to the kind of information they are trying to find
out about the candidate. Compare with another pair how you have grouped your questions
and discuss the reasons for your groupings.
Paragraphing: recognising topic and illustrative sentences

Paragraphs are (usually) a series of sentences around a particular topic. When the topic
changes, you start a new paragraph.
Study the paragraphbelow. The underlined sentence is the 'topic sentence', the sentence
which introduces the topic, or subject, of the paragraph. The four sentences which follow
are 'illustrative sentences', which give more information, more details, examples, to expand
on the topic.
I really like mv new job. The people I work with are friendly and helpful, The job enables me
to travel quite a lot- both in this country and occaslonally abroad. Although it's not terribly
well paid, it's not too stressful and the holidays are good. This means that I have both the free
time and the energy to enjoy lots of interesting hobbies!
Find and underline the topic sentence in the paragraph below.

The firm gave me a really good party last Friday, I was retiring after 29 years with the
company. I shall be sad to leave all my colleagues and friends, Marjorie has got lots of jobs
for me to do in the house - so I don't think I shall be bored.
Look at the jumbled letter of application on the next page. Put the paragraphs in the
correct order by matching eachparagraph with a heading from the table below. Then
order the sentences correctly within each paragraph and identify which is the topic
sentence in each paragraph. Complete the table with your answers. The first paragraph has
been done for you.
Paragraph
Heading
Sentences
Topic sentence
Reason for writing
ed
Qualifications
Experience
Languages
Reason for application
67
Unit ?7 Jobhunting
12 Priory Road
Scarborough
North Yorkshire
19th November 1999
The Personnel Officer
Angus Hotel GrouP
75-81 Sauchiehall
St
Glasgow
or Madam,
4"t
en
in ho
r
a
in'a
w't^'d in
(c) ln previous posts I have

housekeeping' "ttp'io'-t'
the Scarborough Fiesta'
de-""'
nt'
ot areas including
oi
'
personnel and restattrtrttt'
will see from my c.v., I have the qualifications, experience and

language proficiency you require.
(e) I would like to apply for the post of Hotel Manager at the Glasgow Angus
as advertised in this month's issue of 'The Caterer'.
(d) As you
hotel which deals with

rhree years'
1.,.1
Years'
lived in France for three
tluently having
te) The first. French' I speak
and some rtalian'
sp'nish
if,l i;il:;"t g""a lansuages well'
i';' i ;;.;k.J"'-fo"ign
(i)
(k)
There are a number of reasons for my applying for this.post'

varied and
Furthermore, I would like to work in , irig.. hotel with a more
international clientele.
I would also like to live and work in Glasgorv - the citt' *'hc're I
frierrcls still live'
was brought up as a child and where most of my familf irnd
read'
I
(m) First. hr',rlg worked as a deputy manager for.several ]'erlrs' norv feel
manager'
a
to take on the challenge and responsibility of being
(l) irra fi.r"tty
G) lr.r"
included ones on health and hygiene, fire prevention' and interviewing
skills and techniques.
Hotels'
(o) I have both an external qualification as well as internal certificates from Fiesta
of training courses run by Fiesta Hotels'
ioi ," addition to that, I have attended a number and
Catering Institute of
iqi i"iii^ffy I obtained a diploma from the Hotel
Management Association.
I look forward to hearing from You.

Yours faithfully,
/ P
?-c'/'1
f. D. Ferguson
68
a,w14
Unit 5'l Jobhunting
()rgartise rhe informrrriou in cach pr,rr,rgrrri-rh

ertrcftrllr'. Kcep the Jiit'ercrrr r]'l'res oi
iniorrtrrrrion in srprrretc par:rgrirphs.
Making applications
Now look at the complete letter of application on page 70. Underline any words or
expressions which you think might be useful in otherletters of application.
:i:
l$
ir
Make a note of useful formal expressions

that you can use in other letters and be
sure to revise them so that vou can use
,n.- if you have to write a similar letter in
the exam.
aa
Planning 2
Look back at the questions you wrote in Planning 1 and answer as many of them as you can
about yourself relating to the composition question below. Organise the information into
groups as you did in Planning 1.

You would like to become a tourist guide for English speaking tourists in your country.
You see the advertisement below in the local paper. Write your letter of application in
120-180 words. Remember to set out your letter correctly. Look back at Unit 3 if necessary.
{lcntrotours \vuEcIr
edge of their local
deal with people'

Successful applicants
En
reasonable
=",0,.",.,*9,Y*I:"Is'"YJP*?"*wide'1oca'lionsror
arear
!
The Managing Director
PO Brlx 147' SouthPort'
Uazit
7l Jobhunting
12 PriorY Road
Scarborough
North Yorkshire
19th November 1'999
The Personnel Officer
Ansus Hotel GrouP
75:81Sauchiehall
St
Glasgow
Dear Sir or Madam'
as
at the Glasgow Angus
the post -91I":l Manager

f'o* mv c'v'' I
I would like to apply for
.rrr. c",;;.;:."i; you will
"t
advertised in this -";;h,;'i;r;. "i
proficiency you requrre'
have the
qrrli{it"tio""'ltil;;
'nd
lntg"ge
ates from Fiesta Hotels'
Institute of Management
of training' courses run
ne, fire Prevention' and
nlques.
jffiff$lttX5t"
in hotel Tlnasem:nt' For
I have considerable experience
Fiesta' In previous post
the last
been deputv
a wide
*'""*Ji;;il;'itntt'oto"gh
ttttption' personnel and
.f ,.;;;;.i;;;; h.r,Jkttpi"g'
variety
speak{luentiv' having lived

welr.,The first, French,I
languages
foreign
t feel this
;:HT;.e
go'oiii'"iJ '"a t"me Italian'
three;*;':;;i;;
for
in France
with clients from all over
'p'ut'
t"r.r"il."if
I1Xlr.
,,.'
usefui
woutd be
fri.i;li.h;t'ls
lT.:J:
as
numher of
rer
"
cleputv man:rgcr for
responsirrilitl'ofrrei.gar
[::l;:'*il'liL]:Ui
,,
ftitt.tdt still live'
*y}"-ifv
;;il
"nd
from You'
hearing
to
I look forward
Yours faithfullY
/ P k4
'4'/1'd1''a
J. D. Ferguson
Now turn back to Exam Tip 27 onpage 69.

70
i post' First' having'Io'k'd

io t'kt on the challenge ano'
'
ii",f,lirl'J|Ji:'"ll;i:1""
where
ht up
as a
child and
Anit X Jobhunting
lmproving your work

Compare your letter with your partner's. Check for mistakes. Look particularly at the
organisation of the paragraphs, the structure of each paragraph, and the language used.
Planning in the exam
1 In the exam you have 45 minutes for
each composition.
How will you divide that time
between planning, writing, and improving?

One possibility is:
planning
10
minutes
writing
30
minutes
improving
5 minutes
Whatever you do, the planning phase is going to be much shorter than usual. It is therefore
a good idea to get used to planning compositions quickly. It is also a good idea if you use
your planning time to write down some of the words and expressions that you are going to
use in your composition.
You might divide your time like this:

thinking of ideas - 4 minutes
organising ideas into paragraphs - 3 minutes
noting useful words and expressions - 3 minutes
On your own decide:
how you will divide up your time for each composition.

how you will divide up your planning time.
Now plan compositions for one or two of these titles in the time you have allowed
yourself:
1 Your teacher, Mrs
Ferguson, is leaving to become the Head of a new school in a

neighbouring town. You have been asked to write her a letter from the students
thanking her for her hard work and wishing her luck in her new job.
You have been on holiday in your country for a couple of weeks. \7rite a letter to
penfriend telling him/her what you have been doing.
'Keeping pets inside one's house is a disgusting practice.'Discuss.
3
4 \frite
a story that ends with the words '. . . the little boy ran up the stairs shouting,
"He's here! He's here!"'
I
+
used
]i
i:
ii
tg
t
I
t1
{",irnit
,,12
Getaway
Planning technique: using a 'spidergraph'

Language skills:
organising descriptions (P art 2)
prepositions following adjectives (Parts 1 & 2)
Exam question:
description: place (Part 2)
Improuing:
checking and polishing in the exam
Preview
Work in groups of six. Choose one of the following holidays for each member of the group.
Persuade the other members of the group to let you have the holiday you want.
a cruise down the River Nile

a month on a Pacific island
a Kenyan safari
a camel journey across the Sahara
a week in the European capital of their choice
a cycling holiday in the Himalayas
Planning
A 'spidergraph'
(see Unit 4) is often a useful way of noting down information about places.
Complete this diagram using the words in the box opposite, adding some ideas of your own.
LOCAL
INFO(MATION
72
..,''."'.
nightclubs train
history
bed and
''
Getaway
breakfast art galleries travel

guest houses monuments discos
cinemas accommodation architecture
Organising descriptions
1
Read the text and answer the questions that follow.
It is a maze of rooms,
o matter from what direction You
approach the Potala, it always appears
as
unspoilt by its surroundings - it looks
altars, temples, halls and
there
,f it t-tna ,-to,hi.,g to do with them, floating
Chinese
the
west
on its mountainside. To its
dominant colours.
sight of it.
sevenThe present palace was built in the mid
Lama'
Dalai
Fifth
great
te..rth c".tt.,iy by the
a century
and it took thousands of workers half
metres up'
to complete. Standing over a hundred
the steps
switchbacks'
of
it is reached by a series
ues of Buddha in all his forms'
And at the very heart of the paiace is its heart
the enormous chamber containing the

tombs of the former Daiai Lamas' The biggest
Thirteenth
shrines are those of the Fifth and the
indeed
Dalai Lamas
- the former is covered with
300,000 ounces of gold'

Lama's living quarters'
Paladin
(adapted from Dartziger's Iralelsr Nick Darrzigcr'
988)
73
i..!*,{. "i.i: Getaway
1 \7hat
2
3
4
5
6
writer describe
in
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
the first paragraph?

the second paragraph?
the third paragraph?
the fourth paragraph?
the last paragraph?
\fhy do you think he has followed this order?
Do you think he began with the most important thing?
\7hich adjectives has he used to describe the palace?
Which senses has he focused most on: sight, sound, taste, smell, etc.?
What do you think is the best part of the description?
does the
2 Think of a famous
place near where you are now. Discuss with a partner and make notes
about how you would organise a description of it.
The text gives one example of how to

organise descriptions. You and your
classmates have probably thought of
other ways.
Remember
organise your writing.
Prepositions following adjectives

1 Look
at the text on page 73 and find prepositions to complete the phrases below.
unspoilt
hidden
concealed
decorated
covered
its surroundings
...view
.., a vast curtaln
, rich materials
300,000 ounces of gold
.........
,.
'Isn't it exciling, Ralpb, 1'ue n@e/ beil

tbis larlrom a McDonald s belore
74
i":':l'ii'':"'i' GetawaY
Now look at the following sentences. Fill the blank in each with one of the followino
prepositions
to
of
for
with
pleased
She wiu;
Local people are often very generous ..................... foreigners who pass through
their village.
Boats between the islands are quite capable
.......... arriving a day late or even
verl
,,.,.,.,..
her holiday photos.
more.
4 The scenery here is similar

.......... that in the south of the country.
5 The tour company were responsible
....,...,. our luggage.
6 I became extremely angry ...,.,......
them when our suitcase disappeared.
7 The architectural style of this palace is related
........., that of the early fifth
century Greek temples.
B I suddenly became aware
pocket.
9
3
..........
someone tryrng to take my wallet out of my
Going on a cruise is not suitable .....,................ people who get bored easily.
Tell your partner about:
a place you are familiar

a type of transport you are fond
..-............
something your family is famous
Now complete the boxes below:
to
with
of
for
Add other adjectives to the boxes as you come across them in the next few weeks.
Remember that some adjectives can take different prepositions in other contexts.
75
l)ryit 32 Getaway
Planning 2
Look at the exam question below and draw a'spidergraph' including on it all the
information relevant to your answer.
Compare your plan with your partner's.
Exam question (description)

Insight magazine - an international English language magazine - is running a series of
articles in which students describe the place where they spent the most enjoyable holiday of
their lives. Write your article describing where you went and saying why you enjoyed your
holiday. ( 120-180 words)
lmproving your work

Compare your answer with a partner. Check for mistakes. Look particularly at the way the
description is organised and the use of prepositions.
Checking and polishing in the exam
You will not have time in the exam to write out a neat copy, so now is the time to start
writing your compositions only once. You will have to do the checking and polishing and
make any changes to your first copy.
Make sure that you make any alterations neatly and legibly. Make quite sure that it is clear
to the examiners which is the correct version, and which is crossed out.
If
necessary,
write on alternate lines so that you have enough room for corrections.
Go through your work systematically. Look for the mistakes that you know you make the
most often.
How long willyou need for checking and polishing? Decide now. Make sure you leave
enough time.
76
Unit V3 Crime doesn't pay

Planning ttchniqwe: opening sentences
Langaage s&dlls; using direct speech in narrarirres (Pan 2)
making yotrr wridrrg more irteresting (Parts 1
fuam question: narrarive: short srory (Parr2)
Intprcuing: wrlting the correcr number of words
UZI
,
Preview
Work in groups of three or four. Look at the sentences below. Decide if you agree or
disagree. If you disagree, change the sentence so that every member of the grorp agrees
with it.
a) AII murderers should be execured.

b) Corporal punishment should be reintroduced for certain crimes.
c) People who drink and drive should lose their driving licences for ever.
d) k should be illegal for parents to smack their children.
e)
Prisons should be as uncomfortable as possible.
f)
Judges should retire ar the age of 60.
Planning
Read the passages below. Each contains the first sentences of a novel. Work in pairs and
discuss how you think the plots in the various books develop.
The woman was lying dead on the floor when he came in. She was already dead and covered
up from head to toe but \Texford only knew that afterwards, not at the time. He looked back
and realised the chances he had missed but it was useless doing that - he hadn't known and
that was all.
I rnet the boy on the morning of the kidnapping. It was a bright and blowing day. The wind was
from the sea, and the piled r.vhite cubes of the city sparkled under a swept blue sky. I had to
force mvself to go to work.
fi-esh
Tom glanced behind him and saw the man coming out of the Green Cage, heading his way.
Tom walked faster. There was no doubt that the man was after him. Tom had noticed him five
minutes ago, eyeing him carefully fiom a table, as if he weren't quite sure, but almost. He had
looked sure enough for Tom to down his drink in a hurry, pay and get out.
77
l-t*ft
li{ Crime
doesn't pay
Using direct speech in narratives

at the passage below and then choose the best answers to the
questions which follow.
1 Work in pairs. Look

'S7hen
Saltfleet came back from shopping, three hours later, Geraldine was sitting on the doorstep.
He was delighted, but then immediately began to worry.
'\7hat are you doing here?'
She kissed him. 'I got bored so I thought I'd come and see you and Mummy,' she explained.
They went into the kitchen, and he unloaded his purchases on the table. Geraldine opened the
refrigerator and poured herself a glass of milk.

'I'm dying of hunger . . . Are you doing anything nice this afternoon?'
'\7e thought we'd go to Regent's Park and have tea there.'
'Oh good! Can we go to the zoo?'
'I expect
so.'
1 \7hat are inverted commas (") used for?

a) to stress words
b) to show which words are actually spoken
c) to show who is speaking
2 \7hich of the following
can separate the spoken words from other words?
a) a comma
b) a question mark
c) a full stop
d) an exclamation mark
e) nothing
3 'SThere is the punctuation mark separating

follow?
a) inside the inverted commas

b) outside the inverted commas
\7hen is a new line started?
a) whenever someone speaks

b) when the speaker changes
c) for each new sentence
5 lWhen is a paragraph
a)
b)
c)
78
indented?
only when it starts with narrative

only when it starts with direct speech
both
the spoken words from the words which
Unit 13 Crime doesn't pay
2 Work in pairs and use what
you have just found out about direct speech in narrative to

punctuate the passage below.
You don't like me much do you Inspector. I wouldn't say that replied Morse defensively, lt's
lust that you've never got into the habit of telling me the truth have you l've made up for it
now I hope Have you Morse's eyes were hard and piercing, but to his question there was
now Morse remained silent for a while You think it's better this way
quietly But again there was no reply, and Morse passed across the statement
and stood up You've got a pen Sheila Phillipson nodded, and opened her long, expensive
no reply, Shall I sign it
he asked very
leather handbag,
Make sure you know the rules for

punctuating direct speech. Using direct
speech ciin mirkrl rr nitrrilrivr'
n'lore Interestrt'lg.
l'n'id ;rnd
Making your writing more interesting

1 Look
verb
at passage C in Planning 1. How many different words can you find to do with the
see?
You will make your writing considerably more interesting if you do not always use the
simple words such as walk, say and see. There are plenty more descriptive words in
English that you can use.
Look at the word squares below, find as many words as you can that mean something
similar to the word that has been circled and write them below. You will find the words
horizontally, diagonally and vertically.
awm)s H x
}Tz{TUT
NUS URRI
D N Q S OR
EALHLYT
R MS X L V
ZOC HAS
O
E
PROMISE
flzr A NUA
/nlu v R s GD
\v/p o G r c v
Ycc u s Er
VSQETSS
OADMI TE
G
L
A
N
C
E
P
SE
TN
AO
RT
EI
HC
SE
79
Areit '13 Crime doesn't pay
Now work in pairs and rewrite the passage below to make it sound more interesting.
Hopkins walked into the bar and sat down. He looked round but no one was looking at him.
The barman walked up.
'Beer,' said Hopkins.
'Budweiser?' said the barman.
'Yes,' said Hopkins.
Just then a man walked into the bar. Hopkins turned and looked at him. The man walked up to
the bar. 'You can keep the beer,' he said to the barman. Turning to Hopkins, he said, 'I'm
'West
Goodman.
Sussex Police. You're under arrest.'
Using a variety of language will show

your range of vocabulary and structure
and make your writing more interesting.
.<fr, ?rrfr
ir
5y001 1 CRY
L*.,LAt14
t,
ti
&l
t'
il
L'
2:*Giqi#!1/.hrli!diiii:#i;:Jnr1.\ir;,;!r;!5r*r!.frrr"s=q...14!:!ii;;9?rlfa.iBqa!,!;*nii{?;:r:i*:-
r6r..iibi,n;;qqiii
Planning 2
Look at the question below. Think of a good first sentence or two and write them down.
Exchange sentences with a partner and speculate as to how the plot might develop. When
you have exchanged ideas, draw a'flow diagram' (see Unit 1) to illustrate how you will
develop the story.
Exam question (narrative)

An English Language Association has recently been formed in your country. The association
is holding a competition with prizes for the best short storie.s written in English. The stories
must end with the words:
.. . she felt a hand on her shoulder and heard a voice say, 'Lisa Altman. I arrest you in the
name of the law.'
Write your com
in 120-180 words.
"OK, sergeant, Scotland Yad'll handle it nowwhere exactly was tbe body found?"
t"tnit"t3 Crime doesn't pay
lmproving your work

limit for checking in the exam. Check through your work within the
time limit. Look particularly at your use of language and your punctuation of direct speech.
Remember your time
Writing the correct number of words

'The question paper asks for 120-180 words. How many words should I write?'
Less than 120 words: Too short. You will lose marks if you write less than you should. For
example, if you write 90 words (three-quarters of the length), your best possible mark will
be three-quarters of the total marks.
120-150 words: Okay. A lot will depend on the quality of what you write. However, you
probably hayen't written enough to be able to show the examiners quite how good your
writing is.
150-180 words: Very good. Just the right length and you have given yourself enough space
to show how well you can write.
180-200 words: Good. The extra few words won't count against you and they may help the
general impression that your answer will create. The examiners will only mark the first 180
words. However, they can give credit for anything extra that is relevant. So if you need the
extra words to finish what you are writing, that is okay.
Ouer 200 words: Too long. The extra words won't count against you, and they may
possibly add to the general impression of your answer. However, you will have wasted a lot
of time writing more words than you needed to when you could have spent that time
checking the 180 words that are important.
No/e: The examiner will not count the words in your composition but he or she will
immediately realise if your composition is too short or too long. You will probably know
without counting the words how much you need to write. However, if you want to feel safe,
count them.
'lfrite
the correct number of words, but

don't waste roo much time counting.
Have an idea of what 150-180 words
Iooks like in your handwriting.
81
{s V
Customer relations
Exam questioi::
Imp,roaing:
:,
Preview
Tick your answers on the questionnaire below and then work out your score. Compare your
answers with a partner.
HOW GOOD ARE YOU AT COMPLAINING?

1
^
You order souP in a restaurant'

do?
Wfr., it arrives it is cold' What do you
A Eat it and
B
C
saY
nothing'
Call the waiter and send

Say nothing but
it back'
don't leave a tiP'

you
When
You have some photos developed'
rotice that
you
envelope'
the
ok. ;h.- o.rt oi
do?
il;;i;;. reproduction i' poot' what do vou
bad photographer' :.;;;;;

r"urself for being a
and.ask them to try agaln'
shop
the
to
i;k; them back
B
else'
"C
;;;;;hi.g u"t tnkt vo" next fiim somewhere
local supermarket'
"3 You buy a bottle of milkdoat yourdo?
When you try 1t'
You
it tart.s horrible' What
awaY'
it
Throw
A
s i;k. l, i"ck and ask for another bottle'
C Drink it anYwaY'
you get home'

department store' When
do
What
You do?
le unde. the arm'
notice it'
B
C
Take it back and ask to change

Mend the hole'
it'
points for each A'

for each B, 1 point for each C' 0
Try to get a
.what u gro,_r.l-ri you complain about absolutell' everything'
10 and over:
something is important
attitude to life and know when
Score 3 points
:'i':;:fi'#'l?l;r"""0,e
;:::-J.H.':il$:t}::::l,..tru.r
82
all over vou'

At the moment vou ret people walk
Anit 14 Customer relations
Planning
You have had a terrible meal in a restaurant and are about to write to the manager to
complain. Look at the list of points below and cross out those which you would not
mention in your letter.
- The soup was cold.

- My wife was wearing her new dress.
- The table wasn't ready when we arrived.
- Lobster was not on the menu.
- The 'fresh' prawns were frozen.
- The napkins did not match the tablecloth.
- Our table was near the door to the street.
- The person at the next table was smoking.
- The service was slow.
- \7e had to wait 35 minutes for our first course.
- The waiter was rude to me.
- The waiter was not wearing a tie.
- The wine waiter spilt wine on my trousers.
'We
had to wait 30 minutes to get the bill.
-
'Tonight's specials are: Sueetbreads en Brochette,

i I' Americaine and Brook Trout Meuniire.
And tonight's topic of conuersation is: the slout seruice
Lobster
Linking words for attitude

Read this letter of complaint and cross out the two wrong options in each box.
43 Wimbledon Ave
Wendover
Bucks HW3 5TO
23rd March 1999
The Manager
Plum Tree Restaurant
Hampstead Court
Wendover
Bucks
Dear Sir,
I
am writing to complain about the meal we had at your restaurant last Saturday.
not what I expect from
with your reputation We arrived at
surprise
having booked a table earlier by phone,
2
To my
the head waiter had no
Fortu nately
To make matters worse
83
r'f ?4 Customer relations
knowredse or our bookin,
or perhaps
the resraurant was not
E:J'hJl
HmI
Obviously,
naturatty, 4l
full and we were able to stay
When we had ordered our meal, the waiter told us there would be a short delay. lt was
then 7 45 We sat and waited for our f irst course until g.45
too long to wait for one's f irst course.
feel that an hour
is
you do not
Moving on to the food, the menu had stated that the soup was 'homemade' but it
rorlunatety
n
lo c rl',
came from a tin. We also ordered
'f
resh' prawns but these were
to make matters worse

as they were still frozen in the middle
To make matters worse,

To be honest,
Clearly,
when we tried to complain the staff seemed to take no interest at

I
all
do not feel that the service or the food was worth the fl48 g0 that we
had to pay. I am therefore enclosing a copy of the bill and would be grateful if you would send
me a complete refund as soon as possible
Yours faithfully,
I
fr,AtLA
cl.l\Ntfl,t
Aileen Snaith (Mrs)
Use linking words to make your
writing
more fluent.
;t:
iti
:i
:t
'i'
84
ii:
Anit 74 Customer relations
The past in sequence

1
Study these two sentences from the letter on page 84.
When we had ordered our meal, the waiter told us there would be a short delay.
the staff seemed to take no interest at all.
2 \7hen we tried to complain,

'Why
is when followed by past perfect in sentence L, but by the simple past in sentence 2?
In which sentence can you put after instead of uthen? Discuss your answer with a partner.
2 Now join these sentences together with uben or after. You may need to change the tense.
1 She saw the fly in her soup. She complained.
2 The waiter brought my steak. The head waiter asked if everything was all right.
3 She saw the advertisement in the estate agent's window. She went in and asked about
the flat.
4 The plane took off. The terrorists announced there was a bomb on board.
5 \X/e took our washing to the launderette. 'S7e had a cup of coffee.
6 Our washing finished. We took it out of the machine.
7 I saw the dog in front of me on the pavement. I crossed over the road.
8 I picked up the newspaper. I saw the result of the election.
9 She arrived at the hotel. She registered at receptron.
Planning 2
Look at the exam question. Write down five important points that you should include
in your letter and five points that you do not think you should include. Look back at
Planning 1 for some ideas if you need to. Make sure you mix up the points.
Now exchange lists with
a partner and see
if they can identify which are the five points to be
included.

You sent for the jacket shown in the advertisement on page 86, but when it arrived it was not
what you expected.
Read carefully the advert on which you have made some notes. Then, using this information,
write a letter of complaint to the manufacturer, saying what is wrong with the jacket and
what you want them to do about it. Your letter should be polite but firm.
Write a lelter ofbetween 120 and 180 words in an appropriate style. Do not write any
addresses.
85
{."lrpit'i4 Customer relations
Stay dry while you work or play!!

WATERPRO OF, BREATHABLE
Not.
Eroto apu
oâ
IACKET
The WEATHERMAN jacket is macle lrorl a revolutionary nes. frbric

urd is gnaranteed 100% r'rterproofl The speciirl fleecy cotton lirring keeps
vou urf,rur rvhile the lantf,stic outerjacket keeps you clry - rvhatever the
4s
Fleec,v cottol lining to keep you u,arnr

Taped seams make it rotrlly waterproof
*'Strorg, hearry-dut1 zip frstener
* 1 rvo Lrrgc pocker. wirh .tuJ fa\tener.
* Large zipped rnap pocket at lront
is
loo
fu,o
* Tightly-fitting
rvr
liood
is
t
*
*
nol
rm
an
c1
too"A
,.tafuproof
Zippod potutk
Nol
laks in
hu'g
mia
cuffii ro keep hands
drv
Can be rvrshed or dl.-cleaned

Sizes to 6t everyonc 36" :t0" ,+.+" .1t3"
Attractive tlrrk blue or drrk green
fulNho"bla
At the amazing price of d42.50 (includes postage)
Weathermrn Clothilg C)olrpary, 18 Ash
Iloribla
jrut
lld,
Green Lanes Estate
byf(
ulorr
lmproving your work

time limit. Look particularly at the sequence of tenses, and at any words you have used to
convey attitude.
Remember your time
86
Urcit "t 4, Customer relations
Brief and accurate writing
Look at these three passages from letters of complaint. Which do you think is best and why?
I hrtaanfi a
v'6hop v,/Lu\h l,w,l
,ts vYtumo
writing as brief and accurate

Don't leave out important
information. Don't put in unnecessary
information.
Keep your
as possible.
81
gffi Food for
thought
Preview
Match the words to each picture.
butter egg orange chips burger fish steak bread

apple tomato biscuits sugar coffee cream cflsps
carrots sweets banana
Now divide the items into rwo groups:
things which are healthy to ear

things which are not so healthy to eat
Compare your answers in pairs.

88
ir
Planning
?S Food for thought
'Brainstorming'
You have:
three minutes to add to your list of healthy foods as many things as you can
three minutes to add to your list of unhealthy foods as many things as you can
Giving and justifying opinions

The library in your town is going to be closed. There are three plans for the building:
1 to turn it into a fast food restaurant
2
3
to turn it into a health food caf6

to turn it into a private club
Read the following extracts from letters to the local council and do the exercises below.
ln my view a private cjub would

ontyl-ui-.uO by older
people and a fast food restaurant
by
people so
we ought to have a health food caf6 u*;;;,
whici could be used
by everyone
tv\t h-o)iaq
is thal sufury
i*pri *" ial
rtp
a,taj]"
pn'tafu cl.'ub^
{aô
vo'tk il
is an w'dlonl
fr'y v'tant lo'
idaa
I think that a health food caf6 is

because it would encoura peo
;e
n good iden
ln mt1 opinion ahealth food cafd.rlyld.be

these
,urri'pr|opl, eat fnr too much rubbish
dnys'
lf soar^s ?o *,0, ilâaf paopl

oalr or1, in ,fhis fown.'\nla
l-1^n acJz^
,-- - l,AA
l4qa
rastra,tran?s.
,lhoruforu, is ,lha?
^
&rl,"S,
\
a
fu*;|' food, ras,trattra.n( is f-ia rnosf sonsibla idoa.
r
89
Unit 75 Food for thought
1 Which extracts support
each proposal? Write letters in the appropriate boxes.
fast food restaurant
health food caf6

private club
2 Make a note in the boxes below
of the language used to express opinions and to give
reasons.
expresslng oplnlons
ln
1y
opinion ..,
grvrng reasons
aS
3 What do you think should happen to the old library? Write

reasons to support
down your opinion. Give
it and reasons why you do not favour the other
suggestions.
Go round the class. Read out what you have written to other students and find out what
they think. Make brief notes on what your classmates say.
In a report you often have to give

an opinion and justify it. Remember the
language that you will need!
90
xir ?$ Food for thought
Reporting opinions
A committee of the local council then had to write a report on how the townspeople
felt about the different proposals. Read these extracts from the report and then do the
exercises below.
restaurant would
lluny p.opt" predicted that a fast food
in
in noise and litter the town centre'
i""Ji"'""in.i.ur"
The majority of people thought that

the best iaea was . ..
Look at the table below and write letters in the appropriate column.
FOR
fast food restaurant
AGAINST
A
health food caf6

private club
other
How do you think sentence H should finish?

91
U*fr ?5 Food for thought
Look at the extracts again and list the verbs used to report opinions. Think of other verbs
to add to your list.
Look back at the notes you made before about your classmates' opinions. Write five
sentences reporting the opinions of your classmates. (Jse some of ihe verbs from exercise
2.
Planning 2
Look at the exam question below and write down 25 words and ideas that you will need for
your composition.
Now use another planning technique to order what you have written.

Your_ school/place of
work is thinking of providing new canteen facilities. The

Head/Managing Director has asked you 6 write a report on what people would like. Write
yoar report in 120-180 words commenting on:
people's eating habits

what sort of facilities they would like
where they should be
price, etc.
lmproving your work

Remember your time
time limit. Look particularly at the language you use to give,
iustiiy ard report opi.riorr.
Managing time in the exam
You should now have. done. some timed practice questions and be aware of how long it takes
you to plan, write and check your exam answers. Now is the time to make any final"changes
to your plan.
92
{"lnit
t5
Food for thought
You have to write two compositions of 120-180 words in one and a half hours. Fill in your
time plan below.
Actiuity
Minutes
reading the paper and choosing

which two questions to answer
first composition: planning

wrltrng
checking
second composition: planning
wrrtrng
checking
final check
Make sure your time plan is clear

before you go into the exam. It can
be flexible, but it must exist.
93
gW
Literary figures
Preview/Planning
What do you look for when you choose a book to read? Number the sentences below in
order of priority (1 = most important . . . 10 = least important). When you have finished
compare your answer with a partner's.
tr It musr be cheap.
tr It must have an exciting plot.
tr It must be by a famous author.
tr It must be about the present day.
tr lt must have an atrractive cover.
tr It must have been recommended by a friend.
tr It must be long.
tr It must be non-fiction.
tr It must have interesting characters.
tr If i read the first page, it must make me want to read on.
tr Something else?
Getting the reader's attention
1 Look at the opening paragraphs of different articles below. Which
ones make you want ro
read on? Which do you find less inreresring? Why?
I saw Moonrnker
I hate ]ames Bond! When I was sixteen'
d1oY,l^"
with Roger Moore as Bond' I hated.the c*,h"
everything
clothes f," *o.", his smug smile - absolutely
I
start?
shall
about him. Why? We1l, where
disappear,;;;;* hf_
L-,,- -, JLudu uoes rn anne Tyrer,
, tuai)io,iiJ:r: Hi:
lot of sympathy
ry
and three children? This is

what
for her and I like her O".ur."

the author
makes the character and her
crisis so real
94
?rr
.An1'critic.ri srudv of'the qenrn
Literary figures
nFf,-.,.., ....-:-j_-- .,, ---. -,-l
iH*Tii"l_}",j"::Jlli:?x,:liirde,he
{1+::".1il,i,;:ffi
Gaiman's Neyerwlmc, lvho s.rdclenly;,r;;."
, new and ver] weird

u,orld beneath the streets of Londm
,"t .r",îog.rher with a girl
named Door, he has a series of
strange
r,vith the
i,habitants of this r,vorld, resulting
i"', "r.orrrr..,
;;ililg
,"
advenrure
srory that is
irxightful allegory on nrodern life
in the hustle and bustle of a
I:.
busy capiral.
is Jane Eyre' the heroine of

My favourite character in fiction
way Jane develops
'. ---^-r--t,,1 ln*c srorV. I like the:.^.^
Charlotte tlro
-:--r into a^ tonfident
^^-f;.lcnr and
.ung girl
^nd
i,:il,:t;i#:
intelligent
2 Look
ma
Rochester'
at the quotes below. Which paragraph(s) above does each quote refer to?
Do you agree with the quotes?
95
d-!*it 76 Literary figures
In an article your opening paragraph

should catch your reader's attention.
They should sit up and take notice!
Relative clauses
Look at the sentences and underline the relative clauses.
a) The person who wrore that book lived in Antibes.
b) Phillip Swallow, who is a university lecturer, travels to a conference in the United
States.
c) You would like the romantic novel which I bought for my sister.
d) The book which would inreresr you most is cry The Beloued country.
e) This novel, which I read lasr week, has a wonderful plot.
Answer the following questions.

a) $7hich sentences have commas around the relative clause?
b) Which relative clauses contain extra information?
c) XThich relative clauses contain essential information?
Now.complete the top two lines of this table. Use your answers from question 2
to help you.
Type of relative clause
defining/non-defining
Sentence letters
Extra
informarion I . tbot can be used instead I . thot cannor be used

of who or which
pronoun can be
omitted if it is the object
of the relative clause
no commas
o relative
| . relative pronoun
I b. omitted
| . commas are used round
cannot
the relative clause
96
Usiit tr6 Literary figures
Join each of the two sentences below to make one sentence beginning with the words
given and using a relative clause.
1 I liked that book by Graham
Greene. I read
it last month.
I liked . ..
4
5
John Grisham is the world's best-selling author. He writes legal dramas.

John Grisham ...
Count Fosco is a character in \Tilkie Collins' The 'Woman In lYhite. He is one of
literature's most evil creations.
Count Fosco ...

Jack Stanton is the 'hero' of Primary Colors. He closely resembles a real US president.
Jack Stanton ...
My sister would like one of the books. It's the biography of Virginia 'S7oolf.
The book ...
Make sentences from the box below.

love
people
books
like
'm fond of
'm not very fond of
don't like
can't stand
which.
that ...
who ..
films
characters
teachers
Planning 2
Look at the exam question below. Choose the character that you are going to write about.
1 Make a list of all the important
points you want to make about the person's character.
2 Make a list of all the important things that the person does in the story.
3 Look at your list and number the different points in order of priority.
4 Decide how many different paragraphs your article will have and what each paragraph
will
be about.
5 Decide
how to catch your reader's attention in the first paragraph.
Exam question (article)

You see this announcement in an
international magazine.
HE I n ternq
ti o nal E n g tisl, CHA
R A C TERS
IN FICTIoN Co}IPETii;;"n,
"^'
!!lWin a set of c.Iassjc

English novels!!!
Write your article in
120-180 words. You may
write about a character
from one of the set books
if you wish.
Many characters in ficti

"r"'.',1,'.0.,J'''," ", r,
-j
.
u a.,, .' ; ; ; ;.
:
f i.,.
::,.J
l,
rnsprres
;
parricularly strong
feelingr,n'rorl,,*.,,.
;:,:':;:;.:'scri
br
ng
h''h"u't'i;;;'.;;i.;,,,
U*it ?6 Literary figures
lmproving your work

Remember your time limit for checking in the exam. Check through your work within that
time limit. Look particularly at any relative clauses you have used.
Reading and answering the question
Look at the questions and the students' answers below. Which students read the question
properly? Which students answered the question fully? Which students do you think will get
the highest marks? Discuss your
".,s*err.
Think about a book you have read recently which did not end as you expected. Why did
it not end as you expected? How did you feel about the ending? What did you think was
going to happen? Do you prefer the author's ending or yours?
,n +lâ<. l,,aXs
hz urw^l/. nat
r'w Ju^* fitw,l'ril"'LaAlrt of letrs'. A+t+u a..,r, 4 t+u"

ut1lw
d" W
tW,'yl^L
1^ rw
rraa
'Tfu
,,s
yyaÛ
ry
nilw
+o
.rtafi
l"t ^
%.*b^" "it|,L
,7-
+),i^k +hrt
ru ilfl4/' lill
Tel.oafu,a.
uta,i d, nu*trettl,
.,{auU,
ntuo l,r{<. ,
tv."
il"rill*
b.*. f twi t.fl

l;k,o..1
Lta& beh a" be,fro."
nnt %oL ai a.t/
./ r;u".1<tn fu
6ou
br6k- Der140n,6+r^r,
un
aa ,lL
<*feiuL. ,tnA
ati A,*rory
Remember to read the question carefully

and answer everything the question asks
),ou. Underline the important parts of the
question so that you don't forget to
98
o&1
,4dt rct1,/*a
aaL
hL
Trf
u'ilo{",
8x
g7 Stay healthy!
Preview
Find someone in your class who:
has never been to hospital
is a vegetarian
takes some sort of exercise every day
hasn't had a cold for two years

always goes to bed before midnight
Planning
1 Look
at this composition question.
\7hat do you think are the main reasons that people live longer now than
100 years ago?
Add to the notes below:

Medical care
Diet
improved facilities
available to more people
people eat more healthily
people are more aware
Fitness
Educatic.tn
When you have finished your notes, compare them with a partner and discuss how you
would organise your composition.
99
ff f7 Stay healthy!
iii:iii: ili;1]1r::':il.t;:
lilrilili:::,,:;:1,1;!!,,::r;,liiis:i:y:i,I
ri
Use bores to collect information
for
discussion essay.
tt
,i
Writing a paragraph
1 Look
at the paragraph below and match the correct label to each sentence.
One of the main reasons that people live longer is that there has been considerable progress
in the field of medical care Not only have knowledge and facilities improved but medical
services are also available to more people than ever before Many countries, for example,
have national health systems which provide free treatment for the whole population In
addition to this, people have become more aware of the importance of staying healthy As a
result, they take greater care of themselves and thus avoid many fatal illnesses and diseases
Sentence
Sentence 2
Sentence 3
Sentence 4
Sentence 5
example of illustration 2
illustration 3
result of illustration 3
illustrations 1 and 2
toprc sentence
Paragraphs usually consist of a topic sentence (see Unit 11) and illustrations and
development of the point made in the topic sentence.
Looking atyour notes in Planning 1, write another paragraph that might appear in your
answer to the composition question.
When you have written it, exchange paragraphs with your partner and
label each sentence in a similar way to the exercise above.
see
if they can
Think about how you organise your

sentences into paragraphs.
iil
)21
,11
!i
ti
ir:
r!:
,ii
xt
,rrr:
. !il .:ii . 1,ri..1;,
100
:i
i ;r.",,,,..irlrrrrij.te:;i.rr"r.:ri,.ir.;r-..j
tir-...::rir;..t:rrrr.riirr.i.ii..:r:ii,;i.ii,rr:..iiii
,r,,,i;';!irili-;,j.rrlrii,.rr.a:,;e,:iirra..ri:liitit::!!!.r:rr.r::rt:i;l;:itti,i.:rrrtr.:rtr:1)]:1r,isr.rf;lrtri:!:;rriil
Unlt"iT Stay healthyl
lnversion
Study this sentence taken from the paragraph in exercise 1 on page 100.
Not only have knowledge and facilities improved but medical services are also available to
more people than ever before
The writer could also have put:

Knowledge and facilitles have not only improved but medical services are also available to
more people than ever before
What is the difference between these two sentences?
2 In each sentence below underline the inversion
of the subject and the verb and circle the
phrase which causes that inversion.
Now write a short and colourful paragraph

about an imaginary and particularly unhealthy
person. [Jse some of the phrases above.
Planning 2
Look at the exam question on page 102. Use the table to help you organise your ideas.
When you have finished compare your notes with a partner. Decide how you will organise
your composition.
101
it
'tX Stay healthy!

You have been having a discussion in class about the caring professions and why people
choose to become doctors and nurses. Your teacher has asked you to write a composition
giving your views on the following question:
Why do you think people want to become doctors and nurses?
Write your composition in 120-180 words.
lmproving your work

time limit. Look particularly at the structure of your paragraphs and any inversions you
Remember your time
have used.
Checking in the exam
In the exam, which mistakes are you particularly going to look out for? Look back over
your last few compositions and note down what sort of mistakes you make most often.
In the exam you don't have very much time to check, so make sure you look especially at the
areas where you are most likely to go wrong.
Check especially for the mistakes you

know you make most often.
r:i
102
&W
Sport for all!
Preview
Work in pairs or small groups. Decide if the following are sports or games or neither.
chess football fishing rowing table tennis

crosswords swimming hunting juggling jogging
karate cycling yoga bridge poker
Try and define a sport and a game.
Planning
What, for you, are the most important aspects of any sport or leisure activity? Number the
sentences below in order of priority (1 = most important ......... 10 = least important). When
you have finished compare your answer with a partner.
E It must be cheap.
E It must make me think.
E It must involve hard physical activity.
E It must involve meeting other people socially.
E It must be something I can do on my own or with only a few other people.
E I must be able to do it at or near my home.
E lt must be comperitive.
E It must be a ball game.
E It must be something I can continue to do when I get older.
E It must involve animals.
Combining information
Read the two leaflets and summarise the information in the table on page 105.
103
Unit ?8 Sport for all!
Come and visit the NEW
L00I(
Barton Sports Centre
centre)
(incorporating the BEACT|VAIEfitness
Afterathreemonthclosureforredecorationandrefitting,theBartonSports
on uly 14th with
that it will be reopening
pleased,o"u"n-*rn"e
is
centre
and courses'
;it,;;
and dynamic new facilities
sQUrsH
H:lJ::: ;il;m'jffiH:lxx1lli?J:;H::['
to one week in advance'

art
learning the ancient chinese
keep fighting fit while
onlv'
rs for besinners
of self defence' il'i;;"* "ouit"
from 10-12'30'
Wednesday and Friday mornings
uP
O T,[I GHI -
oR0ttERHoGIGY_within-lineorordinaryskates.Participantsmusthave
This season promises to
some exper'"n"" of skating'
t"ui' *ill' for the first time' play
be very exciting al tf''"
Wednesday and Friday
in a local r"ug'L' i'uining
at weekends'
evenings 6-8 o'm' Matches
And our usual activities continue:
TheFooTBII,I,teamwillmeetonTuesdayeveningsfortrainingandonFriday
talent is always welcome'
evenings for a match' New
p'm'
TheGYGI,INGsquadshavecontinueddespiteourclos.u.reandtherearestilla
p'm' or Friday evenings 6-8
few places left' Wednesday afternoontl-s
new members are
afternoon from 3 p'm' and
every
go
joggers
I0GGING
The
join them'
alwaYs welcome to
US AT
COME ALONG AND JOIN
Tne NEW
104
Ir00[
Barton SPorts Centre
i*
Sport for all!
(o
Cotro-
'g
arrd .bo,s( ft4-..e-ss
c-a"'^t''rQ-
(otnla
irr
Enrol now on our new courses:

Come
physical and mental fitness"
The relaxing-*uY to i"'l-t:-"
evenrng
o YOGA:
Tuesday
itO a'm't or a
along on a Monday mormng
(6 P'm')'
o tuDo:
rhe
classic
at 11 a'm''
JJT,}",H;
Your mind
l,l't;llt
fitness at the same

muscle tone' Fun and
at 11 a'm''
AEROBICS: Music' movement'.and
on u tttotsday' Mornings
time' Come and join u'
evenings at 8 P'm'
oBADMINTON;Ifyoudon'tknowhow-toplay'comealongandlearn'Wednesday
onlY - from 6 P'm'
"'Ln'ng'
wErGHrsj
t#::Ti:*:'l?H"J$J,1:x["i,::vo,,r,uno
a suitable
flEACT|VAIEis
Monday
now part of ttre NEItrI
Tuesday
Prograr
t00K
e'
Barton Sports centre)
\X/ednesday
Tbursday
Friday
mo_rnlng
urabtcs ll- a.m.
afternoon
evenrng
badr in%n
lrom 6 p.ru'.
105
{."rnJf
Sport for all!
You may need to combine information

from different sources - especially
in Part 1.
Verbs which take the gerund and/or infinitive

1 Look
at the following pairs of sentences. Underline the
-ing and infinitive forms.
Find the incorrect sentences. (Sometimes both sentences in a pair are right.) Look at the
other sentences and decide if there is any difference in meaning when the verb is followed
by a gerund and when it's followed by an infinitive.
1 a) He began to run after the doctor had told him to get fit.
b) She began running in 197 5 when she went to school.
2 a) She isn't very keen on sport generally, but she enjoys swimming.
b) She enjoys to swim in the morning when the pool is empty.
3 a) They tried to walk faster but the wind was too strong.
b) Their feet were cold so they tried walking faster.
4 a) \7hen I got to the top of the hill I stopped to look at the view.
b) \7hen I noticed the time, I stopped looking at the view and set off home.
5 a) Jim promised to play football with me on Saturday
afternoon.
b) Although the weather was terrible, he promised playing football with me.
6 a) She continued cycling even though her legs ached.
b) She continued to cycle until she was 86.
Now put the verbs from the sentences above into one of the boxes below.
106
verbs which only take -ing
verbs which only take
verbs which take -ing or

to + infinitive with no
change in meaning
verbs which take -ing or
to + infinitive
to + infinitive with
change in meaning
[fil# fS Sport for all!
Now write down:
a sport you enjoy doing

something you neyer remember to do
a place you want to visit
a book you intend to read
a terrible meal you remember eating
Compare your answers with a partner.
Now add these verbs to the boxes on page 106. Continue adding (to add) verbs
come across them.
as you
Planning 2
Think back over the time you have been using this book and make a list of all the different
techniques you have used to practise planning your compositions. Try and remember them
all - but when you get stuck, have a look at the Contents page.
Is there any technique you use more than the others? If so, which? Are there any techniques
you don't use? Compare and discuss your answers with a partner.
Read the exam question on page 108 and choose one or more of the techniques you have
discussed to plan your answer.
107
it n
Sport for all!
Choose planning techniques which are

appropriate to the exam question you
choose to answer.

The NEITI [00K BARTON SPORTS CENTRE has just reopened and is asking its customers
to make suggestions for improving the activities they offer.
Look at the note from the NEW t00K BARTON SPORTS CENTRE and the REACTIVATE
fitness centre and the timetable of their activities with the notes that you have made.
Then write a letter to the Director of the sports centre making suggestions for
improvements. ( 120-180 words)
INVITATION
The management of the NEIII t00I( BARTON SPORTS CENTRE
and the BEACTIVATE fitness centre invites all its customers to
write in with comments and suggestions on the service and
the activities we provide. We look forward to hearing from you
at your convenience.
108
ir
should havo dass
litru,
rvrorU
badr infun
\
morning \
afternoon
?S Sport for all!
ho"t abool Naî^q
oftU
sossio^s
lit;-0, iod,o?
Monday
Tuesday
\X/ednesday
Tbursday
yoga 10 a.m.
judo L1 a.m.
T'ai Cbi
10-12.30
aerobics
11 a.m.
sqttash
squash
squash
squash
ueight training
2-5 p.m.
weight training
2-5 p.m.
2-5 p.m.
weigbt training
2-5 p.m.
tueight training
2-5 p.m.
jogging from
jogging from
3 p.*.
jogging from
jogging from
logging from
3 p.*.
3 p-*.
trammg
p.*.
Friday
Yr"--%
@-"
p.*-
to-,
cycling 3-5
squash
evenlng
judo
7 p.m.
squash
squash
football
tralntng
badminton
from 6 p.m.
yoga 6 p.m.
roller hocketr
squash
judo
squash
7 p.m.
cycling
6-8 p.m.
aerobics 8 p.m.
roller hockey
6-8 p.m.
6-8 p.m.
football match
squash
\10t3
ô
srâll
0r
Pro1ran\N\o,
patu
a( ,,MkLndS
sqwash
- .ity ao(?
squash
squash
nothi,t3
squash
for
boSinnots
skafu hirul
lmproving your work

Remember your time limit for checking in the exam. Check through your work within
that limit.
You should now feel confident about

tackling the writing activities in the
First Certificate. Remember what you
have learnt and . .. Good luck!
":
.::
109
Unit 18 Sport for all!

The future
Where do you go from here? You probably won't stop learning English or learning to write
English even if you have taken the First Certificate.
Work with a partner and discuss how you might continue learning English. Here are some
suggestions:
Enrol in another class.

Think about taking a higher exam: Oxford Higher
Cambridge Advanced
Cambridge Proficiency
Find a penfriend in an English-speaking country.
Join a library which has English books and read one a month.
I(eep a diary in English.
Study in an English-speaking country.
Start an English newsletter with your friends.
Make two resolutions and write them helow.
110
ffis w
e6Kl-X8
How much do you know about the exam?

Are the following questions about Paper 2 true or false?
1 You haye to do three tasks.
Z You are given one and a half hours for the whole paper.
3 You can use English-English dictionaries.
4 One of the questions could ask you to write a speech.
5 In Part 2 you have to write a letter.
6 You have a choice of question in Part 1.
7 You must answer a question about the set book.
B You will have to use the information provided in Part 1.
9 The examiners will count each mistake.
10 It's important to be aware of the number of words you write.
How much do you remember about planning?

In this book you have practised eleven different techniques for helping you to plan your
writing tasks. Some planning techniques will help you with particular types oftask. Match
the technique on the left with the type(s) of composition onihe right thai you might use it
for. One has been done for you.
'flow diagram'/order of events
order of priority
listing questions
NAITATIVCS
'spidergraph'
descriptions
listing advantages and disadvantages
articles
questionnaires
letters
'brainstorming'
reports
selecting points
discussion essays
'headlights'
all types of task
openlng sentences
boxes
111
g^
.."
."*:t
vv **/ri
How much do you remember about the Exam Tips?

Work in pairs. Look at the key words and phrases below and together recall some of the
advice given throughout the book. One has been done for you.
brief and accurate writing

ET 34, Unit 14
. be brief and accurate

. don't leave out anything
o don't put in anything
112
important
unnecessary
ffg
esc?it
How prepared are you?

1 Look
at the questions below. For each one:
a) identify the rype of wriring required

b) decide what planning technique(s) you would use.
1 A parcel that was posted to you one month ago has not arrived. Write to the Post
Office explaining the situation, describing the parcel and its contenrs, and saying where
it was sent from. \7rite your letter in 120-180 words. Do not write any addresses.
A local magazine in your town called Tbe English Speaker is holding a shorr-story
competition. A prize will be given for the best story beginning with the words 'The
moment we met I knew something extraordinary would happen.'\7rite your short
story in 120-180 words.
3 Your class have been discussing the advantages and disadvantages
of modern
telecommunications (cellphones, fax, e-mail, etc.). Your teachei has asked you all to
summarise the arguments and give your opinion by writing the following composition.
'Discuss and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of modern
telecommunications.'
Xfrite your composition in 120-180 words.
Your class is producing a guide to caf6s and restaurants in your area. You have been
asked to write a report for the guide on one of your favourite places. Write your report
in 120-180 words.
2 Now compare
your answers with your partner's. Then:
a) note down any particular language you might need

b) plan the composition you would write.
113
'-.
"',-..*
How good are you at polishing your work?

The letter below was written in answer to the task in Unit 3. Look back at the question,
read the letter and make whatever changes you think necessary to improve it.
Read through the letter again and note the good points about the letter.
11+ V'[ookfuc1,<- Road
O\z +Ag
tzlh fibrrtaS 1111
Orfurd
Xpo,,
Sirt
ho,.trs
of
E,13lish
is
il pu utuk
rQt ,nqn(hg, ,,thu tan

,.o, lha. aracl
Joo Ji\/a,
loll
^r ,,*!,.pleoso,,
and
il i( is indodpd ô
i^
ar
look:,tg
You.s
far{i"fu!
fur,,tard lo
,:o*
tha-
abo* trha
ruspo^s;,.
Carolo, ?oinlo,-aao
Note: You do not need to write addresses in the exam.
Don't panic in the exam!! You have practised

all the language and writing skills you need.
Stop and think! Use the skills you have learnt.
"\\
\",,\
:A;
114
s%*?.
fu, fo,
\pa of w.ummodahoa
PnQ,.
jortr
all

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CAM B RI DG E FI RST CE RTI FICATE

1 A funny thing happened

Map of the book

A funny thing happened

Vhat are your eripectations?

Through the grapevine

A tall, dark, handsome stranger

checking and polishing

listing questions (letter

organising ,vour work

what lve rvrite

learning useful explessions

1O Shop till you drop!

Crime doesn't pay

planning irr the exarr

checking and polishing in rhe exsm

$'liting the correct number of

reading and answering the question

Sp- 1 *ot atf,l

l.orr. ,,,, ;...1.'gr,:icS

time in the exarn

revie*' oi planling techniques the future '

.rL.out the exam?

-rr--.rircr rl.out planring?

Map of the book

narrative: short storv

time linking words

formal letter: requesting

talking ahout adr antages and

formal letter: recommending

selecting relevant informati

opening and closing paragrirphs

recognising ho'nv a text links

formal letter: application

recognising topic and illustlative

narrative: short storv

using direct speech in narrirtives

making youl rvriting more

giving and justifl,ing opinions

How is the book organised?

How is each unit organised?

This is followed by a planning section which introduces students to one of a variety of

How should the material be used?

What special features are there?

What are your expectations?

I would like to learn the kind of

I want to pass the First

Which points are important to you?

What sorts of writing does the First Certificate exam require?

in one and a half hours.

The paper is in two parts:

Pat2 - You can choose one of four

will offer a variety of different types of

for a magazine or newspaper

putting forward an idea or argument

letter formal letter

.;les, Otu atq;tu

s,'td,/,e,r).j otGJtr;L Lo makQ.. s*ar..1u flo,ses. Eveatod,il iL

s671ed--90'1tel,\ T lo&.ed y"no ptu(,yryu

ar*.- .r.o.^tl L-r*

vwvz lwo fockalts a^d abotr,troor.,t r

0^4d ,^re)L-+r4rut+\ed Ea& lqa,s

Io* nrn/(r \o.r.

irytueztd h q* -rtuu Walu 1a4//

ar.- .r.o.^tl L-r