U B

JoTwA
( A M k nj Sk {)

:]oU

BTPw qoQ
( B!lA )

o oiB nBYC \A
1386

o oiB nBYC \A RAnBzTA vw

//////////////// nB{

/( 19318) B ,U

qoQ :]oU ,( A M k nj S k {) Jo TwA

138 ,o oiB nBYC \A ,AoU ,(BTPw) B= lA

015-143 :B B ,| 158 + | 12 ,(///x)

ISBN:

Sk /4 /{ BjA /3 /gnBU { /2 /gnBU BA /1

/(]oT) qoQ ,B= lA /JA

o oiB nBYC \A

/AoA

:M kLU

Bo] wn

KB Swo

Z / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /]oT kL

41 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / J kL

JBM

45 5 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /Jo AoBo

8 5 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /?SB oz wA a /(1
129 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / A M oT nj wA BcT /(2

1913 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /ZAoi /(3

219 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (A =) BTvMA BT]A wBw Z /(4

327 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BwAoi Z /(5

393 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / qqAkL Mo SwBw /(

45 39 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / [o w M VnBe xn{ /(7

j JBM

7447 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / {

5247 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /wA B`o BTwBi /(1

55 52 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /{ kBL /(2

Jo TwA

55 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / { B`o /(3

4 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /B{B /(4

715 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BkAn Bjoi

/(5

7471 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BwAoi M bAo pA wBL Rj BLTA /(

w JBM

1275 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /ok

85 75 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /|Bh{A ioM nBMnj zQ /(1

8985 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B] S{ow yQ/(2

9189 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /B]j nh o M v SzpBM /(3

95 91 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / A Sj jBTAoM nj C oYA ok /(4

999 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /wBL Sj B` /(5

121 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / nBT Q /(

11413 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ! BSwQ
1413 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BwAoi nj B nA /(1
115 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / wA SB] BkB BA /(2
171 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BLoA jo JLA /(3

1117 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / wBL B i oiC k nj ZnAi /(4

113111 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /SM Aok Bk/(5

114113 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / \Q oX= M Bw /(
129115 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (q L oT=j) {Ae
141131 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /(dU gnBU oT) ]oT SwQ
155 143 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B B

]oT k

pA ( 19318) k tBz`o{ (G. Van Vloten) U B ,JBT= J

o{ tBz`o{ Ajo B{ oUTv]oM

= ( 199183) <De Goeje . ij>

pA ;SwA jnC kkQ Mo JjA gnBU p nj `BM pBT nBYC ,ji BU= o s

<o~M ueB]> jAk A wBdA yAo ,(189 ,k ) BwAoi nj BwBL yCoM :]

RBoTAJBT yAo ,(1895 ,k ) <pnAi> AcUB yAo ,( 1894 ,k )

L( e ,(1897) <nj eMA> RBLAJBT AoQ ,(189 ,k ) <B]o]>

yAo ,(1898) oL( gnBU nBMnj BwnoM ,(1897) ueB] (9 kw) uMo

oLAJjA ]oU ,(192 ,k ) <ueB]> Bwn w ,(19 ,k ) <ueB]> h

LAJBT

MA>
///(192 ,k M) < L

nj vAo M An C = (A M k nj ok {) <Jo TwA> :oZBe JBT=

:SwA TB oz Ls A A BM ,jo= JB U 1894 Bw
L a Domination A rabe (le Chiit isme et les Croyances Messianiques, sous le
Khalifat des Omayades.), Amsterdam, J. Mller, 1894. (81P).

oB` BBzAj o~
AjBTwA ,JBT= A JB U pA Bw S~{ pA uQ BC

A BM = ,kjo= ]oU Mo M An C (AoMA =pkd

ve AoMA veoT=j)

:SB oz Ls A

] o U ,U B JB U ,(
A M k RBAowA zA ) MoA jBvA
LT ,oBLA ,AoMA =pkd
ve AoMA ve nT=kA : | vo A

Jo TwA

/(| 15) /195 ,BXA L}A . 194 ,o~A ~A

,JBT= JB U pA uQkw Swnj ,Mo ]oU nBzTA pA Bw a pA uQ= A

MnM jBp kB{ oA KLw BM ,j{ oz Ls <Jo TwA> A M C wnB ]oU

T pA An oYA A ]oU q L oT=j jBTwA U M yQBw w jke :k{BL

<Bio > AnjB{ BM C NBa jAjnAo` BzA = lB BM ) TiBw S
] Mo

q uQ ,k{ <oTv`> BzAj pB B C nj BA (k{ TvM <oPw> RAnBzTA ok

nB= nC SwjAo jM JBB B L} = JBT= vAo A pA AhvB\C nj = jo=

pA <P=T> Ahv M B\Aow ;Bwn BBvM T jo n pA An wnB ]oU

|U (k BzAj `o{ BBMp wnk BhMBT= ) uAnj j] hv B n

JB U pA uQBw w (Mo ]oT) veAoMA veoT=j = AhvB ,TB
/jM TB woTwj AkM (1927 Bw nj) nBvM Sep BM ,oYA

oT=j jBTwA AoM AoU M oTv` pA An JBT= ]oU T{Twj ,nB= BBQ pA uQ ,nBM
AnBQ bA Z ,jo oT BA C nj ji |Bi
S` j BM BzA ;jBTwo q

jon BM ;joPw o{B M NBa AoM An C ,jqA oYA T oM k {Ae ,RAnBL

S{m oj = C BU ,jBTA |U k M JBT= NBa ,AoA nj (1357 Bw) JLA

(BkBpBM pA ) An ji hv nBaB ka pA uQ/S Aj An B nAj <Bio > B`C

SwkM~TL B\ Be Bp VjAe BA ) kCoM oj o{B TB jk nj ,kBTw pBM
o oiB nBYC \A un |L d k oT=j jBTwA oiAA A = C BU (jAj
({) Lm gnBU p nj An kMM LLdU
oYA A SA = nz=

B
S
] <\A> RAnBzTA q] nj An C oz Ls ,jM TvAj AoA

/jAj nAo` yiBB

gnBU pA BL] J>Mo B]oT ` M = SwA C nj JBT= A wBwA SA

<q]> Z :]pA ,<kATiAjoQ AkM oT= oj B`ozTv = ,jo= wnoM An wA

= Bxn{ ,(BTvMA =) A BT]A wBw Ao{ , A Sj nj BTw ZAoi
,BkAn Boi
B`o ,B{B`o kBL AnC B{ AkQ ,kjo= BQoM ZnAi

]oT k

nj J = ) BA q] yiRj oz nj JTh B`oB` pA BwBL ]oM

pA J hnBU nj ,B oT M oYA A SA/(SwA
jo= nB{A q ji kL

C ;k{BM kwn BQ AkM A q] v= Akk = ,SwA A Sj Lw JBLwA

Bdv pA BBv `C wAok kBL o= l BM ,kjo BM JBT= ~ s

= BLLw

zQM Mo `C s M ,kATo AoA = BnBM kB BA q] Aj

,B]j
S]n S k Bj B ,j{ B] S{ow nBMnj
nh cv v

A nj BwBL poQ pAn = A i ;A SjLw nj okBnBM oY B U

B{ yCoM /(2 ,eT Bo{ nj BMo pA jo nr kwniB /(1 :SwA qa w

/jM (oTT k) <kBn> AoM za /(3 ,koLBQ AkBi AnB =

TvM nBM LU dU |`j {n ,KB} vM A A ysQ nj J

T M pA An hnBU |BLe ,Tvo jBLTA B BM An Mo = MB ;SwA

BU wBz`o{nBYC ) o MB yisA Sw BM a;SwA j qM
B> RB
B U q] nj JBT= A , n oM /SwA TiBw jBTwA jn |`kU BM An (ji Bp

pA = ,k{BM MB A] tBz`o{
C <oYA>

oUTv]oM (k{ jo= jB oTzQ = ) <U

JB U pA kw = C BM ;SwA pBT hnBU nA <oT>
BM <|LdU> We

AU L M ,j{ Jvd wBz`o{<w= > nBYC q] b}A M ,jnm C

C o ,Ak J zkA Bnr M oT C RAos p = S

/SwA B]nA MB` jBTwA TvB{

oM BM ,jB (JBM) ~ w oM An C ji J = JBT= KLU KUoU BA

o
AoM Mo B]oT = (AM) <oM> ka AnAj ~ o oiC nj <SwQ>

Mo A B]oT BC /kAjBoM jo= nBTiA A ,Z WdL KveoM ,BC

cZU M p = (kv Bo BT ioM ) T KB} pA ~M JBM nj

TiA M oT B /kAjqA yB nj (Ad ka) ~

,kAkj
nBvM B {Ae

,k{Q zaBzA yABU B LoLU ]oU pA ,Mo B]oT BM ji Km kL

;j}hzAn BC (Mo ]oT =) < /> Bz BM = o~Th RBdZU oL ka o

Jo TwA

B (wnB ]oT =) </> Bz BM noZ ZA nj vL RBdZU ji , nj

/jqA RBd yBnj <A/N>

BSwQ>pA uQjo ~ MBX M (oL 45 nj) An q oT=j jBTwA {Ae ,BC

nj {j B jB < 45-1> o
BnB{ = (129115 }) jnC <J

SdU BBQ nj ji uPw/SwA BzA <{Ae> RAoL M B]n A S BB ,T B\B]

|~i nj An yi dU gnBU RBoT (141131 }) <]oT SwQ> A

oL]
BU nAo ,(|) <kd
JLA> ` BM <wA> AkQ BT]A Ao{

wnoM (kpB Ao AkM < A > AkBi = ) <T}w> BT M BMo A<L`> BT

j MBLU ) nBpn C B]
SZ M ]U
BM , = oT pA hnBU dU
Ba

pA L M oM w s
,T{Aj BM BA q] (<AoA> <n> `o{ Mok nUAoPA

( BA nBAoAj AoM) < ] SLLe> A SdU oTzQ = ABwn

/AT{

pB\ A nj Ao = ,B Aqq pA BTA tBPw oM J` An n}w B]o = SwAqw

tBL BB`C Ak ZB BTwj :kAj nB oYA A C kkQ C B\A oA

BC ;kjo= Ao JBT= T vpBM AipBM nj = Ao  &A TB

q] nj oYA A kjo n oL
= (h Aj)  d k oT=j jBTwA kzAj oj n o w
TA |TA &A
(BTPw) BlA qoQ

/1385 BBMC . Ak

/kwn L}M AoA o oiB nBYC \A RAnBzTA

 k

A S}w ShU jBTAoM M = An ka

j wBw BKLw ,kL A nj

AoM jp M = ,C SB s wBL Jqe gnBU ysQ AoM pA ,kB\A

C jBTAn = k{ o AU qo a /jo= Ai AnA ,BBoM BkAi

AoM wBL
BAj (|)oLBQ AkBi AnB = k{ pBkC ATd B pA ,S}w ShU

B= nAkU BM Mqe ,BwAoi nj = S`B pA ,oUAqw B ,kTwBiBPM BA oM pBSwj

/knzM wBL Rj poQ AoM o BU BM

M jkd B SBwn ,AoMBM
M An BBwAoi = BKLw C :j{ B v A e
.< 1>

oTM BwC ,oA jBM nj Z A /wB{ pBM S{AjA (|)oLBQ AkBi pA oQ

{n Ajo= L B v A JBMnj An `C B = (uMo)Jo Bin
T LA /kwn

AkBi) {B Akpo AoBo AoM An Bjo = wBL Rj BT M ]An ,=

a = BM kAi AoM = B = B /kAT hw ,SiBw jBC (oLBQ

/AkBwn B\A M An yi h ,Sv] Bjo M An a k{ BQoM oUj A

AoM
(Die opkomst der A bbasiden in :Ak{= ABwn nj B v A e
Bin `C oM kTv ,SwA <wBL Jqe A> M ]An C Khorasan, Leyde, 1890)

BU BwAoi nj AkQ pBkC pA An yL]A ;kAjo= L tBLM Rj Z JBMnj

/Ajo= ]Q nkL nk` M ,Si wo= pA Jqe Tn BM

wU Ao ,Tv C BM jknj = A = Z M SwA Mo `C JBM nj BA

hnBU dU AkBZn An oA BKLwAU = A M = co~U = SvA q]

Jo TwA

qa ,kAjo= jB Z A nBMnj Jo Bin `C = Ak{ B` M a ,BM

vM ,BQ SLLeBvM a ,knAj Twnj pA AoM yMB== SvBjAkn nAoU q]

/SwA jAkM nBMnj omQoYA pA ,A ,kC To C n pA joQ = SwA C pA yM

xpnA JBMnj oT S AU ,jL kjwB UBkL BysQA ,Be A BM

C pA oT = ATooM qa oa pA JBL Ba ,kC kkQ Ao Mo MB Lv

pAn kAi = SwA Bv= Bd pA B xpnA AnAj o~ w j] C ,SwA

pA J Bnz= jo | kwniB/(1 :kAa BA ;kAkM An BwBL poQ

M jo= nApC \{ An BC ,kAT{Aj jAs TiA Bjo C BM = Jo BdUB

k B kBn An M za /(3 ,kAoLBQ AkBi AnB = B{ /(2 ,kAT{AjA [n

/jM (Messie)

s M /jnAj oL pB ,jn B `C pA oUnr oU|`j XdM M ,aZ

A M ,kAjQ Jo Bin = ,BQ An C pA ok An B = A SwA p

uQ ,= ]U
= Be ` BM BC BkQ d BSBe TiB{ M SLv s

M An jo jBLTA oYA BC ;B \Tv] { Rj oz nj An BkQ C oYA ,C pA

BKLwBM kP jBLTA C = ke
BU jM = pAkA o M ,pBw {n <ok>
1

/SwA jo= jk <tBL> Akpo AoM Rj nj yQk{ jB

nAj nj Bin = Bqa nBvM kAi AoM , BysQA i BM BM

rA T owAow nj ,

"Croyancess Messianiques"

vAo

bA

oMAoM

,Mo B]oT

/1

j s M ,wAo % kB'> :kAjo* bo{ An C RnBL kM ,kAjoM nB* M An <RBAowA>

B pA * BvM /kATomQ oYA BC pA BBv ,o\ Svh kw oiAA nj * MBM T{jnp dv

wnB ]oT , /(b 2 |) /<SwA j A AnAj * k{BM oDT k k' ,j~' ,kB' C

,a /jB

SwA B TomQ * An (Sk) <ok> bA ,B] nj O A oMAoM

nj Te) Jo% So{ nj kj Sv{ BTi pA nBvM jq nj <ok> * C M jB'TA BM ,Svh

* nBvM zQ pAoA BTi B nj AkM nBM ,j ;kC kkQ (q BoC BTwQfow B

M)

SvAj <oT{jnp>

nj <j>

oY BU
X An C AU qo T'dU M

* Aka /jnAj

C AU ,AoA BnBM wnoM nj (jM kAU Swnj C u ,kC kAi ji B] nj * j

jpJo

BwB{So{ pA

ioM

RjB

wn Ba)

jnC nBzM j <RBAowA>

pA An

* AjM nBz ,q MBz jnA oj ,jn A nj n A pA /(SwA a Km w Bkv

(/A/N) /kB An wnB ]oU T ,BAoj w BcdU chU A

 k

Bin = BL` B yz=pA qa ,kMB kU ,kAjo= pAoMA A k M SLv

A
C B nj j B] BU ,kATiAjoQ AkM Shw o Bin uPw Jo

nj = kao yz=C Aop /jjo j ,kB\A BA jBTAn M = jnAj nBvM

Q nj = kk] SBe C nj oYA Aka ,kBwn jk wBL Rj poQ M j vQA

.< 2>

/SwA T{Ak ,kC kkQ wBL Rj B`

a ,Ajo BwAoi pow nj AeA ysQ oM jkd An yi wnoM qo

ioM BU ,SvRB oj Bjin oBM kao ,BBw C Z wnoM = A

pow BM =n}M wA Sj `o{ yhMBM k{ Ai BC oT
= BjAkn pA
An BnA{jao A ,WdM nj joTv A /SwAT{Aj nATwA kQ |Bi
M bAo

M = nj A ysQ nj BM ,jpBw qA ,{ oMn BC BM A nj =

/k{ kAioTqA ,jo SwwnoM A B\ = pAkA B M ,wn AkM jp

,TiBv w ,Ajo= jBTwA BAkM = MB ~ U bo{ BM An kAi nBM qo

`C ,BC /SwA (<ij> B`C NBa) <oLs> BC oU /Aj jB An BC oTzQ

,<jv> ,<ML> ,<nlM> :kB ,(j) j Bkw Bin oUnB

,<oYA MA> ,<A> JBT= KeB :kB ,vQ Bin pA ioM ` ,<MnkL
MA>

/kAT{ <qoL>

kpnA RBsA pA ioM nAkA ,BT{Twj M j{ Mo `C JBMnj BA

Ajo= ]n BAkM = ,Tvkw MA < oLARB7L8A> JBT= qoL <oLA7A > JBT=

TwjjBz /SwA "L egatum Warnerianum" \ nqM yhM C pA ok A

(Ducale de <BU BhMBT= > q ,nBMA nj <unBQ BhMBT= > nA BkAjo

/SwA BTA WBM Gotha)
= ,{BM (De Goeje) <ij> B`C yi Ao jBTwA nAkA qCtBPw = kBM

nBQ o nj Ao Bxq k{= ,ATiAjoQ BAkM = BwnoM AoM pA Shw

jM tB{bo{ An Ao nA = Bxq SwA jo= jq{ wA gnBU

M k{pnA Bxo TwAo C NBa pA yQ An JBT= A Ba , Sv

/SwA jAo

Jo TwA

An C BM BM = vAo BMp M wnoM A T{ nj yioj pA kBM ,= C oj

TwAh= k{BMp kMT{pA oq B nC pA BU /AhMxpQ ,AjM

BwB{bo{ toTwj nj = TwAi M ,k{BM kzAj AnB s L ,JBT= A

mL ]U ,kpAjoQ BAkM Jok AkzAj= BysQ[BT M SLv = jo nAo`

/knAj

bo{ AoM ,SwA T{Aj = oYA wBL yL]oM B C = SwA C B oTzM

k nj `C B Kok Bv kB{ = SwA oj /Sv kB pA Bi kk]

;Tv ,= kBz bo{ BjAkn nj poA `C j fn <Bz> <AkL>

/k{BM jM <ApCRoL AoM pA UoL> A nj = kB{

1893 Bw SwA k

 JBM

Jo AoBo

?S'B oz wA a

nBLn B nj B U BM Sdv/SvwA nBzTA SdvnBzTA B nBvM RB U

:SwA C oM j <v>
pA L Bhw A Ba ,SB nBzTA B[n jnj nApC

kw kas nj ji yQkn SvAUSdv/<SvB] A pA nz= >

uoMwA BA /k= u e An ji s ,TozQ BkU

JTh BS B nj

AnAj ,y{= [n Bwka pA uQ= kBP oj (|)kd

= A a /SwA jM C

oYA oM A ,SwA C oM A < Co9> pA BC Ba /kjo o{ jB l

,Sv]oM C pA oLBQ = l C }wA M wA /jM <k> jo TomQ wA

oz jkA M |os pA BS B nj So BQ oz{ ip BM = ,k{ ko j

Rj \T ,Bzk{ vU ,oTTwnj B ,wA M BTvMo jo ko /SB

BL` pA ioM nCwA
K] (|) oLBQ l Rnk` /SwA jL AnC qCc

pA (|)oLBQ S{mnj pA uQ = B ,Bzk{ vU Ba ;kjo joBMBM Jo

;SwA jM oz{ np M M ,jL Aki JBT= BM omQS\e B`A An pA ,kTzoM C

/jo= wA M SzpBM M nL\ An BC (Aki oz{ . &AJw) <k M kBi>

M BC TiBw T JBT= A jAj Bz Ao kAi qknj nj (|)oLQ

B nj yi y= nBzTA pBkC nj ,a /jo kjoU _ B{BJBT= jo= nBTwj

/kjo AkM BL`A nB~

= BvAkM ,jpBw kwoi An Aj = kj ,Bs

= A SwBjoUTozQ = A M co~U BM ,JBT= A BM = SvAUwA ,a A

Jo TwA

pow nj AnB~ j BM (|)oLBQ jnioM oYA /k= ZB\TeA ,SwA |e oM C B

nA] M A = Td C nj <uAqM> nz= Bdv ,kAn k pA An j = jM A Jo
} BB = ,An yi SnB BUA (|)oLQ /kk{ RnBk ,SwQ xnBjnoQ
/joPw yBzB]M ,jM AoB= jo=

BM kjnC TiBU Jo BL` jo oM BBv BC s

nj = An B] oYA A

ji oM w TMoZ An wA wA Tvh RBeT o~ BU = jo ,=

BM nBpBw = An j A BL` C /k{ oj Z kBP oj = A a ,kjo{

BM ,jAj B{k RoiC Bj nj nqM {AjBQ jM B{B]BMBSk

nBzM yi A k , oj BS AoB= oM ji Tvh BpoQ
B{BLoAjke BU C oz nj ,j pA oTzM vM, qA BM ,kM/kjnC

oz nBL\n Shw kw ka pA uQ BU Sdv /kk{= BwC Bpow oTzM nj

M S = jM T{mC AkQ pA Bw jpAj p a ;jM C uoM wA BA ,SB

Be A BM /ko AkM ,cT kAk{ dU M Ak`A nB= Ak AoM B= nAkU BM BU

nBzTA zo{ BS B nj Sdv nk` o = A ,C ,Sv oj AkkQ

Jo S ,k{ nATwA TozQ BkU
AnAj A`A B nj C }w ,SB

ioM pA wA BPw ,TLA /kB `BM yiRAkM oM B` wA M ko kn

pA = ,S{Aj TwQ ji M An Bv= pA nBvM Ba ,kB U Aoo{ BL`

bn BT /kjL nkM Aka B{BvBSB nj [An j BzkA BkU

Bzo{ BAoo{ B pA Svk{Q Ba zjBMBRjB joBMBM

/SvL oM Sin BC
zhM <nw> pow nj xl TB nBzTA j = SwA jL A BU ,B v

= A ,C ;jM M nj oj oA M ,SwA kC joTv <AoA> BTwBM nz= pA nqM

l dv Bnz= BU SwAnAj = Uk{ R` BM SwA TvAU oM Kok T

/kB nAkBQ tnB pow nj S{jnp j AoQ B nj An ji }w ,k=

]n BAkM ,k{ jz Bpow Bjo Jo B MAn TU nj = A`

BC M (|)oLBQ = kCoM BBcioM pA K} A /jM jBw SBk nj ,k{

Jo AoBo : JBM

n M An yi BpAnj = BS M /SwA T{ ,SB poQ BzA oM =

q = ) q] pA ok M Ba ;k{ jAj nAjp j jApC ,kjBz BBv

BS = jM UBB C ,kjo LB} oj qa (k{ kB q] ZAoi

Ao |e BBv = C Be /kTiAjoQ BC oTBe oMAoM nj ,BBv M kT

owA An Bp kTz= An BC Ajo kjz o` M = kT{Aj An Bo{ jo=

k B]MBo{ C A AoM An p = kjAj c]oU BBv ,Be o nj /kjo=

/j{ nAjoMoM BC pA BdUB M BU

Rj oz M B BS ThCnj BB { A oM wA BcT pA k

kkQ A /uM SwA jM oz{np M oB{ABB BU j~L ,jL j }hz

BB ,jnAm BcT AkM ThA AoM j i <JB}i Mo> = Tw nj AnB{C

/SwA

jBC M T ,k{BMwA ApBMow pA pBMow Bvo BU ,jB <o> = BkB`

A ;k{ ATdo nj ji y=pA Bj osBi M jB] Aj SMB]AAoM nAkU

/k{ jAj M yUBkioMAoM nj zj,BBv(BASM. Aqi) BhB pA =

oM <o~> <bAo> ,<nw> :kB k{ jz BSnj An ji ApBMow ,BBv

q] <BwAoi> <jB> Bpow BTwBM AoA nUAoPA nj /kjnB B`

/jM a Z k{ kz= BAkM wA RBeT = UB BA

BJo oM nAjp ,= Aop /jM pBvj Shw ,] yAo A BM BJo kp

Bq jk pA (SiAjoQ BAkM Se = jq =) ByjpA BC ,jM k{ Aoe

BC ;kjo= Svp (kC jB ,jz Bpow k oM = v] UBB =)

Bnz= kjo jz Bpow = Bpoj BU zaA = jM BRnBk BSk

S` B nj ,Jo jq nj yAo A = SwAkQ /kzi kk{ z= oM jn

BM BMBM kp = SvS {/kAjM vLBL`M nA BzA a ,kjo kkQ

oM B` SwA C nj = B]BLTA oAo BAi= BpU=

C nj s M ,k{BM jM Bpow Jok bo{ nj ,BL` B nj Tvh Z

/SwA k{ AUB SA `A
jo= nAo`oM pA q=o Se = Bnj
ke

Jo TwA

JBve M = jpBw v\ B oTnj An T ,=nsM ,Jo oB{A ,a A

jo> :k jo= nB{A AkM <oo= > = SwA qa B A /k p oj T

] q] nB= ,kknj BBv kT{B= kjo= h{ ,J RB

1

/(171 | ,1 Z) /<kT{Ak oUnBk

BBv = SwA Bnz= nj wA TwA SBe oBM BsB` ,Bhw A

jo = A Sv S { /kAjM oj BdUB pA oTM pBM oj pA BC = C BM ,kjz

nj ,kjM TvM BC oM w BRBB BJo cT pA yQ Bn = ,o~ nw

2

/jM ,Z , bAo pow nj /kjo nAkBQ Aka Jo BdUB oMAoM

kT{Aj ,jo= Z RBB nCjo AoM <o> = An = BT C BBv

<o> = BRBB /kjnBoM BC nCjo AoM Bpow C jo pA AknB=

Se RBAk`A qA /SwA jL w,kCoM Bin

pA ioM = C ,jo= Z
/SwA jM ,RBeA ioM A jo= nAo`oM pBwAoMC BAn TiBw nj Mo

RBB miA =]

pAkA M oA jBM nj kao ,SBe A oM BJo cT = S{m kBL T A o= l pA

TdB B q ,SwA jM L jo= B~T`A cT B = T pA kCxi

SLLeA T{Am o BB ,B i ,BC tA n nj ,Jo BdUB BLT{A ,AoMBM /jM kAU

AoM pA oi _ B L} ,Jo TwA = Ajo= A oM j B`A M Ak`A o A /SwA

S` nj BJo = {n = SwA C AoM ,jnB nBM M ji }w SdU BS

/kAjp pBM ow ,jo= JB\A BS C Z = UdU xomQ pA ,KwB

/(kM M 3 t ,271:1

2. Van Ber chem:

p. 26

,oLj) /j{ kj <JBi Mo> BLi pA nj zkA /1

L a Proprite territorial et Iimpt foncier sous les Premiers Khalifes ,

Jo AoBo : JBM

2
A M o/ nj wA BcT'
nj = qoQ BwnBQ oM ,SwA k{ jB wA nk nj Jo BdUB pA `C kao

= kBP oj ,k= Sj B
cB~ M SLv |iA ,kAT{Aj Bj B jn

o pA = BC ,Szoa B{Bj oM SBAn BC An B] nj kpC TwoQji

,jL BC Toi B` = UoY B k{ T{BLA B{jq RoY AnAj TeB

/biA yAoQ BU jM oTjq BB] pBwBLU M = qa

jo S BL ,Tv]oM BAkBi ,Jo cT pBkC B pA ,<= > o{ nj

M = o A = Aka ,kC BzAo BBw Byj BSk pA = ,kjnC

1
ji
/S{Aj ji BM yi B= S{Be e AoM oT{ nAq pA yM,Sn ]

pA ,A oM qA /kk{ o~T = BRoY B{= BjBMC ,MBd

pow nj <(nB k) nlMA> = jM Z A oYA oM /kTB oM q S ByzhM

2

AoL M BzUBT pA zhM nAm A M An AkUoY AoAU ,knzM B{

3

/kAiAo

nB{C kk] BpB nBvM ji wAo nj ,jM qAjBv \U

Bn ,pBMoj pA

w B ,AhA /SwA jB B] oM Bkp oL BSwAipA LA ,jo=

Ba ,jo= nA An BasUAn = Aw B ,4 SwBpB C { jo= ow

kpC BZnA AoM ,JLA = SwB]A pA /SwA jM a Z q <n> nj
/(kM M 8 t) 8 :2 ,oLj /1
Bi gn BU

(S. Weil)

G eschichte d.

(A.

Von

/kM

253

Kremer)

oo*

,4

Z ,(<nBj>

NBa)

(Geschichte

KmA Z o

der

:jv /2

Khalifen,

I,

166)

herschenden Ideen, p. 320, 352.

/15 S{AjjB 339

| , B :oo*  ;17

| ,1 Z :A /2858

,1 :oLj /3

2 t) 1189 ,(kM M 12 t) 1 27 ,2 (kM M 1 t) 2811 ,(kM M 12 t) 2755 | ,1 :oLj /4

/kM M 3 ,281 ,2 :(<BvU> NBa) M' . (kM M

Jo TwA

10

BAnAj oM pAkAa AoM = WLzU C uQ /SwA jM noZ BkjA

1

/Sv S {,SwA k{ BhB

AoB= BM AoUnBk B] TiAkA An B w oTM oUBwC ,Be A BM

pA oTzM vM = ,jM AnAjow BAoBo kpC BB ,nB= A qA ,pBMoj pA /SwA

/jjo nB{C B oM BwAoi pow nj s M oA A Ba ,SwA j oz nj SLkn

<oAAnB> nBj <BTwnBhs> ,<BTwoLs> BS C po nqM Bpow

An j jApC BBQ A /kTvM BBQ BBv BM ,A Sj oA AkTMA B pA

n}B ,j BC K~ An LTwA pA nAjnioM ke

BU jo= ~U BC AoM
An BBQ AAo ,AoB= C = Sv {/jM K]ABzA oM n oL
UBB SiAjoQ =

jo= owA Bo{ oAo pA BRnBk M BU ,kjAj BM BBv M Tv{

o~UpA uQ= ,jM nqM BSkBB BdUB ioM LLe qA /kpAjoPM Bp

BAkM = C pA yQ BS pA nBvM nj /kjo BzA K~ BC [Q BhB

] nBMnj 2 <nlM> `C An K} A /kTiAkA An M BUnBk ,kj ] A
<kq bT> Jo Bin = An `C BA /k= kB U ,T{ <BTwoLs> <Bo >

A Bo{ nj BqAn = BpBU SiBUB pA q] qa `Anj ,kAkB

k{ BA BeoM RBv` = BcT B ,SwA jL ,kpAkA An M AnC
/k{BL B] oj qa c q] M = ShAoM An BS zi ,BC s nj
BpAnj o{ A ,a /SwA Akp BX ,jAj n <k`ow> AoM `C ,nBMA nj

nAq k~T kC TvM A BM BQ = C pA uQ ,jz <BX Mkw> n M An ji

BC 3 /kkCnj A Bo M B\C B= Bw pA U nAqk a/k{ TiAjoQ kM nj

An BC BBi ApBMow kAoM An B\C jo ,Sz oa C oM <v M L T ` >

BQ pA qo o{ A B= Bw = C kn
= nsM
kAjo= SAn Jo Bin
oM <qqAkL Mo> = B 4 /kjo= B{A ,kjM kz oM <BX Mkw> BM ji
/(4 t) 1 29 (8 t) 1 28 ,2 ,oLj /1
/kM M 1317 ,2 :oLj . kM M 334 | ,(<ij> NBa)

A kLA b T

/2

/(18 t) 124 1245 :2 ,oLj /3

/kM M 51 ,4 | ,(<oO{> NBa)

n BhM 

:h{o /4

Jo AoBo : JBM

11

pA M ,kjoM SB{ kM AoMB] Z A pA k`ow jo ,SvzSi ShU

= j njB e ,RB~` A nj A uQ/jAj B v A M kwn nTwj ji BZB`
oT pA ,Bjo oUjBw jn nj Te ,kC jo C nj = BowB B= BQB C kB{
MBL M o{ BnBM BQ nj Bk`ow BJo o j := A ,C ;kBM k{Q
BJo o A = SwAA ,C B /kkLM BM kk]BQ = A B k= nCnp kC
BzBnBM nj = kTvAUk`ow B= Bw Aop ,jM c]o
oA = ) kk{ poQ
o` M Bo{ jo BM = k= nBTn B k`ow A BM (k= Bj ji pA kBM
BC oM BpBU = komPM An Bo{ kj c]oU BzA = A o /k{ nBTn jz
/jAj Z C nj oU n _ M ZB` C e = SwA kM ;k= dU
AoM bo{ nj BzTnB jn nj An BC Aow BpBU zkA,nBvM BjAkn
nAo` oTk
nj An yi~h{ BU ,qa o pA yQ,BC pA o /k= {n B
2
pA /SwAjM BY oA ,SLLenj ,C ozAn nj y{= wA BC ,SwAjAj
An BpB = <bAo> pow AoBo M qo <K M kq> = C ]
S BRoY = k{BM ,TvM BwAoi S nj s jL B` ,jnCoM
MA M K> S{mnj B ,AoB{ pA /kC jo oM B\C AAo BTwAi
:SwA kAioM <o
kzM ,nCRoY B]nBpn A
3
/SwA jo o yzhM o= ,<K> pA uQ
,jM Ao uM kp { (K ) jo A yzhM= jnAk T {
nB= RnBA pA = B ,yiRBo~T jo= RnBk Sh kn = Aka
xo BM pA An C nAq Svj = kjo nBkM BhB M nj ,So
BhB nAqnB= = ) yAkBiBTvMApA BC ,SiAjoQ ypRL RAoA]
o{ AoBo = A An B LM BA /jo= pBwnB= An C nBj nAqk~w (jM
4
y{M <K M kq> xovQ pA yQ <ZB\e>
A /jo= SiAjoQ ,jM <oh}A>
1

/422

M w) 418

,1 Z)

42

| ,nlM . /134

,2 :oLj /1

| ,nlM :k* s]n BAkM SwAi kAi o A BU jn nB{A q ]Ao A M /2

Chrestomathie Persane : (Schefer) oO{ /(17 ,1 t) 179:2

/kM M 1 34:2 ,B /4

/1251 :2 ,oLj /3

,oLj . (moU BA pBi

/(28 |

Jo TwA

12

/jo pBwnB= An C nAqk~w q] M ZB\e

= ,jM kwn nj
pBT AkM kp nj jBw Bd M k{An B i `C MBnj B A pA
.< 3> /SwA k{ oj = M AM B iBp nj BC pA uQnBpn nj ,kAjM
cT = Ajo Akpo ,S` B nj ,= T nB= A M An BA BU = SvB ~
zAo /kAjM yAo oY B U SdU ji ,k{ B\A BC Swj M <o> <wjB`>
oY B T C pA q kjo= Be oz{ JoZ M = BpoQ C jBM pA SvowAnkQ =
A ,SwA jL C pA oq ,T{Aj t oYA BcT C o A = SwB\A /kjM
= SwA qa
T{ cT C Te [BT nBMnj <jv> `C M An kAi /jAj fn
AoM cT C oYA /SwBTM JBMA nj = SwA UnBL C ;j ]U ,SwA
uMoTwAn fn `C ] pA ,k{ BB <B M BX> k nj nBMTvh
:SwA A ,j n AkM (jv )
nB{C {n An M ,SwA jL JB } i M o k nj C kBM qo>
J = Bqa C k{ a ?jo= jB = Bv= ] pA o SwB\= ;jM {n
BM = ` kjo= a> :jM T ji BAo M pn (<BTvw> oA ) <LUn> 2 /j
M BC /// ?(Boi oM) By =BM ,kkC pB pA nw wo {
3
/<k{BM oUoMi B{ = kao ,SMoQ kjM B{ pA oUnAjB ,BQ
BjnoQ S B B pA An ji AnAkBo AnAqnB= ,BA ,Be A BM
kp BAnm{i BjMB pA noM M = Bv= ,kkqoM BTwoQ\U

o A =K\U
,oA pA /k{BM kzaAn SLz nB= Thw q = CM ,jo= RjB
pA j B`A M pB qo /SwA jM jok Aen ,A M k nj oa en =
SiBU BB AjnC `C Twnj oM A oTnqM /nAk , `C Twnj AoM
AoB= M SLv = BoUnBk ,kB\A Bjo jo= Sh M = SwA BpBU
nj nAjA BT oM = An en = SwA C ,kB `C ,A pA uQ/kjo BA
.< 4> /BBoM ,jM oa A M k wA BS
1

/kM M 253 | ,4 Z ,

KmA Zo ,jv /2

/1213:2 ,B /1

kB oA <nBj> M An BC omQR{n BJo nBMnj k' A /kM M 4 | ,nlM /3

/(kM M 17 t ,231.1 ,oLj :xn) kj SLv

Jo AoBo : JBM

13

3
ZAoi

oM ,jo= Z <JB } i M o> = UBB BT ,jnC <oo= > jBTwA `C oM BM

jo= ziAn jAw jo `C = SwA jqA /SwA jL wBjo xj

C nCjo nj ZAoi AnAqnB= = SwA A{ BU ,jqA BC zi oM

nj /j{ {n B AoM ,jAj n o~ nj `C pA q /kAjo= nBTn AA

1

= SwA kBP oj ,jM (?) nj j BC ZAoi ,<|B Mo> AoBo

#

/ SwA kwn A zB] AoBo nj (?) nj nBa M ZAoi C

2

jo Z BRBB AoM SMBY BT <JB}i Mo> = j{ {n , pA

q] kU oYA nj An q BU o~ ZAoi = SwA A <oo= > oT /SwA

o= l B\= kU A Aj 3 /jAj nAo` nBj nBa ,nBj j B] M An C = jo= Be

1. Streifzuge auf dem gebiete des Islams, p. 19
/218

21

| ,nlM /2

ZAo i ,o> * SwA A jo* jB <nlM> `C /SwA jo* Bi <nlM> pA ' nj <U B> #

,B\A nj /<jnC jo nBa <bow MA M kw M AkL> jnC jo j ,An o~ q]

ZAo i o~ oM <|B Mo> * k* jB oj B] nj <nlM> * Aop /<nj> SwA <nBj> j~'

`C Be A BM /<nBj j yBM }h{ o oM Bj JC ] w ,nBj Ko] o oM :jnAq

SwA |T' ,j }~hU Aow q] AoM o A a ,Sv jo*nBM jo* jB <nlM>

BC oM q] * Bv* * o Bo ,k{BM UnAq k~BQ kC K]A BC oM q] * Bv* nB{

Bp

AoQ

,BBo M oM

q] q]

* Aop ,Sv nj A

;k{BM B* Bw nBa ,jo nAo~

/SwA jL K]A ,B*j*

Bo~ nB{ :* A M jo* jB (78 | ,

,AoMBM /jM U (8. . )

o~ bT

) <dAkL MA> * SwA qa ,A pA oUkM

Sz To nAo~ BC oM q] <|B Mo> Bp nj *

q] kBM BU jM Swnj jk A o A a ,SwA 'B A * k{ oO 32 o~ B* Bw nB{

A M Tv (1 99

| ,1 Z ,

!"i

) <qo'> xnAq ' M B B /kwoM nBj 1 M Aow

jM B q] nj Aow q] * kwn nBj 12 M <|B Mo> AoBo nj o~ ZAo i :*

/(s /) SwA

3.

Culturgeschichte des Orients,

I, p. 61

Jo TwA

14

o M BX> :k ,SwA K} A oBM jo= jB <nlM> `C ,Be A BM /SwAk{

B`M B{ = Aop> :jAj gwBQ o /<SwA k{ oTzM xo{ U pA uQo~ rBM = S

/<kAT{Aj pBM (o{) k{ pA An B\C

oT nj B i A oT nj a ,SwA jM A pA oUkM vM Z ,A M nBpn nj
1

/k= SBn ,kAjB B{BzQ = An BkB` SwA T{Ak q Bnz= AnAkBo

/= qA Ao` }L` jo o oM> := S{ o~ nj xnAkBo <Ajn> M <B>

2

<?jz qA = SwA C ,BzA BM BQ = Be nj = qA a :jAj gwBQ Ajn

pB\U ,jBoM = T= BRBBjke pA BA = j{ nB{C B oM ,pA

<ZB\e>
AnjAoM pA ,a /SwA jL oTM A pA ,Z , nz= nj /kAjo=

,jo= njB~ An Bjo AA A /k{ KUo B\C nj An Tw n] AA oUkM

RBB C ,ShAoM An B{= zi( h =) BC oM UBB dU BM =Ba

< 5> d Mo S nj oA A ` /jM jo= n oL

wA = jM j pA ok

KUAo M Z ,kAjz BpBU = Bpow nj = SwA A BpBM

C ,jnAj B

nj Bp pA yQ BjnAo MBpnA M ,AoA pow nj BBTwZAoi /SwA jM kM

xo koi jo = BM pA oT= BM BM BzA oM pA BC T{Am A M jo T{AjA

3

/kjM jo= RjB ,k=

<oq]> pow nAjA BT ,SwA kC Jw MA <ZAohAJBT > nj ~ U M `C

<o k M jBp> ,= Aop /jpBw z B AoM A M k nj An (AjoB =)

B = noL
RBB oM nBj ,ji yQpA ,JB}i Mo Bp nj nBj C AoBo

91 | ,

(Karabaceck)

wBMAnB* . kM M 83 | ,

(Von Hammer)

oB  /217

| ,nlM /1

k{ jz o~ M pow C * kT{ o~ nj ji AnAkBo M A BOi /2584:1

,oLj .

kAi * njo ,kAqOM BC oM n o' q] nAk' M * SwAqw ,kTv Se BkM B\C jo

/233

| ,1 Z , u kA

n j BBv gn BU

(Dozy)

pj :koM ,q /k* nBTn BC BM

/73 | ,nlM /2

<BjnA

k> M

<qqAkL

Mo>

:(245

,1748

x ,BU

hv)

R B(L"A JBT*

:kw MA

/3

fo pA o% io BM BC ,kp hU An B tnB nj U AnAqnB* * SwA kwn M :S{

U * {pnA pA oUpB BM M An BC kM ,jo* MBpnA k* xo koi C BM * Bjo

/ko An

[ZBM] ,j

Aj (* Be nj) /kBTw ,kAjo*

,Ajo *

Jo AoBo : JBM

15

C AoBo <BeoAkL M BdZ> kpC B ,Be A BM /jqA ,k{ To

1

pA nB{ow M nTwj ,a /kB kvM pBwnB= <AkL> Bp nj An BBw

,A B /SiBwJ ,jM k{ n oL
A oM = UBB SiAjoQ M An u=o ,jAj B= Bw

AoBo BU ,kB pBM Bw s nj An ji nB= Kv= xpnA jM q jo o = SwA C

B M An kB`BM BC ,kA yAoM An noZ Bq ioM xni y{QBM

yQnj `C pA oTzM nBj w An u=oq] ,= jM nB= A Q nj /j{ o~T
BhB

/jq M ,jM

nBM w
oM BXTwA BRBB = B] ,jM bAo jAw nj Z

,jo pA = jAj nTwj BBTwZAoi M <qqAkL Mo> /jqA Bjo n oL

BRBB
= SwA qa B A ; ko SwA Ao` jnBa pA yM BC p = Bnj
3

= ko Bnj AnAqnB= = jM kj A uQ ,jM jAj nTwj <JB}i Mo>

UjBp = C SMBM pA T{Aj n oL
j i = SwA Bnj C pA oUpw

,jo= nAo`oM <JB}i Mo> = BT pA /k{ Be jo BRBB nj zeB

` BC JoZ p w Bq ,n oL
RBB pA q] M BA = j{ {n
pA ok ,BA /kTiAjoQ An nAjA AknB= K]A wn BjAjnAo` q
4

/jM k{ p` BM p` pBMoj pA = SwA Bo pn ByzQ

Bnz= jo xj oM = kao ,BXTwA BRBB n oL

BB C ,Be A BM
SBk B = BT B ,jL nAjA BT nj = }LBU ,jo= wJ
,jM oUqCo}i oUnBMSL~ T] pA `C /uM SwA jM BTwZAoi C j~L

pAnjSwj Sj AA Je SBi SMBM pA AnAqnB= C = SwA qa B

pA oT= BC o}i = BK kAkC TiB{ AkM ,C AnAj pA ]oh BhB M
#

kwo M

qo>

:wMA TO miB M

/23

| ,( 13 2

Bw ,<SM>

NBa)

ZAo hA JBT*

/1

kw M B' pA TAn M ,Ajo* RBLYA An C * oA oM ,SwA d oM oA A * SwA

| ,1 Z) <oo* > * nB ,kB nB* M jo* JBM <o> * BD AjoB nj /<SwA SMBY B

/B\B ,B /2

Fragmenta Historicorum Arabicorum, p. 47.

/99 | ,3 Z ,oYA MA . 13

. /13:2

/SwA jo* jB (

,oLj . 49 | ,B /3

,(9 t) 5 :2 ,oLj . kM M 258

| ,2 Z ,M' /4

(/) /k{ [An SMBM A pA <jo* Zoi Oi v* pA> X #

Jo TwA

16

L` `C
,RB pA oM k{ AoBo = Sv S { uQ /SwA jL ,k{ jB
oM j /SwA jM AkTAo{ok An pA B nCjo RoY oM MBSwjAoM Aw
= B`C ,k{j B jni An S> :k{ jqBMp BSC nj = SwAqa ,q C
joMnB= ,BL A jAj Bz AoM pBMoj pA = SwA UnBL A ,<{j An jB oT { B
/SwA TB
BA kZ
oM AAo BSB{ ,<JB}i M o> Si pBkC B pA pBM oj
/SwA k{ A kAjnC jo ji AoM pA Sj B M An BB = ZAoi B
pA nqM nB{ ,C KeB = ,jo= L ,Kok SBk M ABa ,(384 |) <nlM>
= SwA jo= T An BTwjB tnB BTwpi Bo{ BTwn AnAkBo AnAk
:= L C pA An SM A /<kqn o nqM Bi nj An Aki B>
,kjooM = BC C pBM ] BM ]
?Tv |d
B o ,SwA = B\= pA B A An BC uQ
ioM ,a /kAk{= yitTiA SBi jo= BQ nj Rnk M AnAkBo
An AknB= kAi ipA ,yiAoBo nj BBQ nj = M An B= Be pA
BC Aoe B = BB nBMnj |`j xnAq kLU pA ,kAjM BzA oT op =
A /jBM nAjA }BL A AoL] AoM BT ,JB}i Mo> /kB B ,kAjnCjo
,BC k{ AoBo pA yQBA RoY |`j onBC BM C ,jo= Z An <wBL> BT
nj = BB J~ SiAjoQ M B{BnB= pA o nB= B BzA TiBw q kM
/kC M ,kAjo BC K]A `C kAjnCjo ji AoBo Rk
xi yAoM LM BU> jo= jn
BhB M jM jnC jo = An UoY J~ ,B ,oM BM
BLj ,kwn Si M = B An <wBL> xn yAknB= BM <B> /<k{BM
/jo=
1

/414

,21

,94 | ,nlM . (2 t) 1 29

:2 ,oLj /1

/(/) /Thn Tzi { nj kM jni An S B :pA SwA B*

/9.2

pA ioM nBMnj (181

| ,2 Z) M' .

/( t) 2 2 :2 ,oLj /4

(4 t) 284

:1 ,oLj .

385

,217

,82

,oLj /2

| ,nlM /3

/SwA TO hw BD A BL]

/24.2

,M' /5

Jo AoBo : JBM

17

pA o ,a /kAjo= pkARoY BhB JBve M = kAjL Bvn BU

Tn
Sj AA tTiA An pA k{ nAkQ q] nB= = kAjM q AknB= joi
y=
uQ An nj Se B = BnA{j oYA oM /kT{Ak kwn BzTwj M ao
AnAqnB= B kLU o M (jBp M AkL) bAo AoBo ,jM BB C To

AnAjp B pA TLA ) BBLj BM ,B C pA /jBTA AoA pBUok M pBU

M> BBLj C a ,Sv S { A /kC TvM BQ ZAoi nCjo AoM (nqM

pA ioM ,C j] BM Be A BM /kAjM <oUnAkSBA oUBM (ZAoi) nCjo

1

nj ,kjnC jo = An BB a ,knC jo S BRoY kTvAU AknB=

S] M BAoBo pA ioM /kjnAm SBA AkBzi B ji BTwj jq

pA ,kCnjoQ kBz B nj yiBjq pA ioM BLMA An nj ~h{ BRnoZ

2

/kj {Qza,kjo= Bjo BM |Bh{A C = BTw n] BU

C pA k{ = =kA nAkL kao kk{= k{An B i a jo= BM oTzQ

BT ,BA BA .< 6> kAjopBM BhB M ,kjnC jo Tw M AnAqnB= = BB

Ao M AkL k nj /kjo= Z BB C nCjo oM RnBT AoM |`j nBvM

\{ /k{ |`j |LdU ,nAjA BnB= pA rBM AknB= BBTwZAoi o nB= B

jnAm BC jq nj An B{BB BjoPw = k= nAo`A An Bv= BB BU kjAj
=) pBwZnBi = SwAqa A ,kAjopBM BhB M kAjo= ZAnBU = An `C ,kjM
= jM As BBB] BC pA |LdU AoM /kB (JzU =) oJz= (ZAohTwA
3

pA = kBP oj ,wnpBM |LdU A /k{ kB (ZAohTwAnAj =) <wnpBM nAjA>

~h{ BLTA ]= Bw oUkM pA Rn M jo= pB\U B` jke

oM An B{]B|oe TwoQQ y} B=ji AnAqnB= zi= BLTA ;kCnj

/knBM o BC
B` AkM BAoBo = nB= Tvh= Aka,k{ o jBv, A M nj oiC nj
/(19 t) 995

/(kM M 1 t ,1 |)

ZAo hA JBT*

458

:2 ,oLj /1

nj <wMA> oD KB] RBjA M j{ s]n ` /2

,M') <U> * /13 | ,3 Z ;179 | ,1 Z (oB~ 1293

/k* Sj B oM j o <AkTwA> B (14 :2

NBa)

ko A k(

. 5 2:3

,oLj) <BOTwA> * (388

,oLj /3

| ,2 Z

Jo TwA

18

pA uPw ,SiAjoQ A AoQ AknB= M A pA jM ji Jw jo= Akp ,jo=

AkL M kBi> /jAj nAo` BU nj An BC ,zQAoBo C jo= B{jApC Akp
Be nj ,jo= S{AjoM K]A nj 2 pAkA M BBw bAo AoBo <ov`
U B\Q k~w A ,<o MJw> /jM pB\T k pA ,jo= tTiA `C =
1
/kBTwpBM pA 7 pA yMSvAU BwkM ,jo= Akp An A AknB= pA
BAn Bw wnoM M = jnAjA An jC ,S BRoY BB A
kCQ = BT C nA B [BT nj ,Be nj Ba ;jpAjoQ BC nCjo
_ = Bv= ,ZAoi AnAqnB= AknB= /jjo BwC ,SwA jM ZAoi nCjo
= Bv= ,knAj SwA BC oTT B{BnB= pA o nB= B M `C nj {
Swj pA T BB C nCjo pkARoY AoM pA An So A kATwAh
nj knAjAn kjoU ,jnm BzTwjop pA k{BM T{Aj An xnBTTA = CM = ,kj
BC ,Bw kM/kkM BC oM wJTh BRBB knAm nBz SdU An jo = A
pA o oM BU ,kpAjoPM Se M An AA C pA zhM = kjM njB` ]pBM B M
Tw A nBM ,Sv { /k{BMxi BzAoM kATikA = BRoY C nqM yhM
,k{jnAm yinB= nj J BSC xj oM L,jM yAqA M n Co =
BM BBC = A , kwn Seq=o Rnk` M kA uMBC BSB{=
/jM k{ kBTw BC pA \{ np Bw
,a /jM nCo{ ,kAjo= jB BL `C oM BM ,kC jo BB A ,C BM = A{
nAqnB= = B] ,kTn ZAoi Aj M BC AnBkM ,AA C nCjo pn nj
kTn A yQAoLBo ,Bk{nAi C BC /SvzkM ShU oM ZAoi
nAqnB= Swj = jAj An C ns jo= pAnj jM RBB Be = An yTwjBC pA
nj j BU An A SiA A oM = Tz BM AoZBe pA uPw,jM A Swj BMZAoi
AoB= oM BBv poQ pA jB An BC = Bd A nj S /jo= `nkM
/kjM oZBe ,kjnC nB{ M
2

/388 ,355 | ,2 Z ,M' . 1841 ,174 ,1581:2 ,oLj /1

ShTBQ w M

* BjBTwo

BnB* SiB{ AoM

(3

nB{ SwQ B

,1354:2)

oLj

:xn /2

/kk{ AqA BTB{ C boj S] M Si

3. Karabaceck,

Das Arabische Papier,

p. 87

Jo AoBo : JBM

19

BM \{ Bw ioM BM BkBTw ,jnC q\ ZAoi SiAjoQ pA = v= BA

= A\{ ,Apw JBTC oMAoM nj A jBA :SwA ] C pA /kjo= nBTn

ioM e M An BC /k{ kkzU ,k{ \{ }h{ kM oM kn Thn BM BB

n s BSBw An BC B` ,kj q Bzjo BM ByMCB Bw

k\w pB AoM kTvAU= ns kTvM d An BC uPw,kT{Aj BQ
JBTC oMAoM nj oM An BBLj ,ZAoi AnAqnB= oAAnB pow nj 1 /k=
2

/kjp B{n ow oM ,BC ji BnBp BM uPw,kjnAmA

4
( A =) BTvMA BT]A wBw :

T Ao ,= AnA An A M AoBo Bw o~U = B ,kAi woU

}w SdU = Bnz= oM ,jo= jB oTzQ = An AC jknj = A M k=

K o ,= Un nj /pBw |L} ,kjM A M nj s
nj =Swj B ,BA

MB = BjAkn AoM pA MBp q] ,jo= jB BA AoBo nj = ~L

o~LU j A Sd
L` pA AnBa Be A BM /SwA jL ,k= SAn B jBTwA jn
j] BM ,kC jnA d BS oM = B[n jnj C pA B /(1 :Sv
,BS C Z M SwA Mo `C nj BC nAkLB] k Mo MB jniBSwj
}`B qaB = A BM ,k= SAn B AoM MB C `C /(2 /Aj =kA q]

JBMnj = SwA e C k ,kB ]U Ajo= BM B = An oT pBM kTv

oUj B v qo BC oT nj B v = A :jo= jB oTzQ BC Aoe A M

/ThBM C BM BT =kA = SwA jM bo} oAo oUnBk B v M ,jL j

,jM k{ n oL
BC oM q] = Bv= AoM Aw _ BC :kwoQ jC B
/151 :2 ,oLj :xn /2

/71 ,7 ,2 ,1 ,18 | ,ZAo hA JBT*

/1

Jo TwA

20

A pA kTvAUBM BC ?kp pBM ow RBB ZAoi C SiAjoQ pA = SwAjL

nj An ji ,pBU BdUB M TwQ wA M ko BM ,k{ ZnBi B{ZnA

L` = BSk C
?k= w ,kTiAjoQ BzA M

AnAjp BBLj nqM ,Svh Td B pA = SwA qa !Aoa

M BC oT ,jBTA kjw An BzA , `C /kTo oM C pA kjoM Q AkM AoA

ApnBz= joi BBn oM ,B{zQ AoBo nBpn nj = jM T l Bd

Tj AA nCjo nAjA BBLoM BzA kBP oj = SwB]pA /kT{Aj

jo SZ Bpow C pA BC = jM B= SiB{}wA M ji ,kjp U

AnAjT{now BwwB] ,kk{ Se B] oTwC BBLj A ,oA pA /kT{Aj BC

AoQ u pA ATwj ,BwkM 1 /kk{ JBhTA BC B pA wBw (AnAjnB= =)

;kjo= u e ,jM kB B] M BzAoM = nAkT`A ,wA M ko BM ,tnB nAjB}`A

oYA oM A ,kk{ nAjnioM T l pA ,kjnC jo S BRoY Ba

2

/jM BzA M BTwZAoi jAj |B~TiA

(\ AoB= =) <Z > Jo Bin = BzA pA An TvQ LLs Z kBM A

l nj ,BzA Z nj kjoU qo ,kAT{ Bin `C /= {n ,kB

,jnB nBM M BzA AoM oi qo ,wA M BC ko Aop /jnAm `BM kAi

uPw B{MnqMji BpBU s ,= Aop /gU Sv{ sBM nAkQ B o

,kk\n o~ A Be jLM An nj Shw nBvM B ` BC oUnBk kpC

Z jo= jB Svh,j AipBM B `C A /So nAo` ,yjnC wA j] BM

/kAn AiBC wBw bLe pA hw ,C Q nj BC ,SwA BBv pBU A BT]A

osBi M A ,S{Aj kAh B AoM nA{j _ B v Tvh M kwn BA

BBv= Svk{Q 3 /kAj<opk > <oo= > AjBTwA = SwABwnoM

/942:2 ,oLj /1
2. Von Kremer: Streifzge, p. 14 et. n. 4
3. Von Kr emer :

Culturgeschichte , II, 154 (suiv) ; Streifzge, p. 15 (suiv) , - Goldziher :

Islamische Studien.

I. 10

Jo AoBo : JBM

21

] A oM kTwQ Mo BL` pA ioM M ,wA M Bzko pBkC B pA Jook

_ = BTvMA Z M = SwA BC pA /k{BM BL` C (A =) BTvMA =

pA k
C nB{ = ATd B pA Swnj ,kC An BC B}dA TvQ LB{

M SzpBM oA A /k{ C uoM,S{Am T q M n q] z BTvMA

C M SLv ,kjB Soe zQ ] M q] = ,BJo = SwA oLdU C

BM TiA Aka = ,kjnC nBzM d

A Bs An BC ,kT{Aj An BTvMA

BTwBi = SwA onB= RBLLs To SkhM SMBM pA A ;knAk BjoM SB]

kM /kT{Aj BT{A AkM = BzQ nB= C jo{ nAi ,jM BC (BT]A )

,(///now ,kM ,Swj =) <> = RB = SwA cZA oM Ba Sv

oLdU jn nj T oYA ,kjo bsA q k{ jApC joM oM pBMoj pA = A=

B <kM> rA kAiA BpBU jq nj = SvS { ;SwA T{Aj SB]A pA BJo

B{BKL M An BC , A q] M ,Ba , SwA k{ [An <> oM <joM>
1

,k= {Bp kTwAi Bo /kAi An joM Ba B{BB M kkAiAo

2

/kB ]n kT{Aj BBQ a BM S Bh |e

= yiAnow M = jL AnBa
= Sv nj a ;kT{Aj As Bvn ,ji kjM nB=oM BPw `BM pA BA

jnA kjM B` RBBT]A nj BBB] oUkM oUSvQ M , kAk] jBQ

3

/jM B{ji |Bi BC Bk\va ,kk{ BpBU Bk\v

ZpA {n n ~U
= SwAB= BC pA Aop ,SwA kvMAn B B BA
RB B U M Z A JBMnj An Ahq zU kAi /kkM B M BTvMA A BT]A
/

Van Gelder: Mokhta

r, p. 72 cf. .

t 23

/84

A>
:2 ,oLj . 155 | ,5 Z ,(BOA ) < B.

,18 t 59 :2) <oLj> nj `C Sv v /52 | ,2 Z , BBPwA

n j BBv gn BU

JBT

/k{BM T{Aj BTvMA M Mn ,kC (5 t 47

/9

pA U jABi

U>

:SO ji Ao BJo pA M

/1

:pj .

,5

| ,2 Z ,(MnkL MA ) ko A k( /2

BwAoi

oA /(4

t) 192

:2

,oLj /3

</kj B{nAo~ BjBQ nj k* o An BzA Bjo <AkL MkwA> kTwAi * kTv Bv*

t 1252

:2 ,oLj . /5 | ,<nlM> JBT*

BTvMA q]

qa

jBQ

Boz *

k' :koM) SwA jM <BnBp> Bz A * SwAkQ

C KB%

/(C

q]

92

| ,2

Z , ko A k( /4

cf: Opkomst der Abbasiden in Khorasan, p. 98, 105 (n. 1).

/kAjL

Jo TwA

22

= A /jSAe Ajo= RnB{A BAkM oTzQ = <opk > <oo= > AjBTwA

BC oM Se Tw = B {n BU pAjoQ BC wBw Z |`j nBTv] M

/kwn SB M ,kT{Aj BC Jo AnjAoM = `Le kA Te BwB{ k BM (A )

JBT= nj kAi `C ,jB BQ <o> = BT C := S{m kBL T A o= l pA

,kMB

(Culturgesch ichte, 1, 67 -)

<oo= > (41 |) nlM <AkLAbT<>

pA BBw {AjBQ ,jM k{ SLY (Aj =) Se BoTj nj yB= Bv o AoM

jM (~o =) jq pA ok M A ,(yj= B}) S{Ajn oL

xA]RBki AoM
/SwAjL BTvMA BpBU B `o jn A nj ,k{ jAj AkM yAkpoAoM =
(BTvMA ) BC nB{ = A ,C ,Svxo ninj oj oA ,Be A nj

B{RBeT nj An BJo = BBLj oM yj,oA pA /SwA jL jBp i C k nj

BpBU = oM \T ,jo= jB <nlM> `C pA SwA 1 /kjo J` kjo= nB

= Mook |Bh{A jn nj ,BSk pA oM nj Aoj jo= w oA pA Bp C nj

v= B ()<> = SwA jo= jB ML 2 /kkjo SeAnB kkCnj wA M

{n C pAkA a BU BA = AjMB 3 /SvMnB= An = BkB`= SwAjM

pA Svoq ,Be A nj /kAjo= oQ ,S{BoMBBw ByjJBMnj <o> = An

kB) kAThAoM An Bzzi= Bv= C yjBzA = nBM An o A = C

M An BB C ,BBv BhB oM owji BA BM Ba ,kTwB= zeBn}M (B
S] pA qCSe d M BA ,Be A BM 4 /kj mM yi AkBi Bv=

ByjTwB= oM e = kj bw BT C M An BzA jM `C pA ozQ

/kjM onj ,jM jo= B{noL
<JB}i Mo> = k= ApAkA pA jAspBU BBn

An C ke
a BU = kj Ai ,TiB{ BB] oM An Q nAkT`A }w ,BC = SvS {
/kkoi pBM AkM An yiB{j AoA ,kTo Ski M veA d M

M ,bAo pow nj s M ,Bo{ nj BC nB{ ,kjM A uoM BTvMA B A

`) kjz o` M BJo = Bpow /k{ qA ,jo= Ai jB = j

/213 | ,2 Z ,M' /3

/(3 t) B\B ,B /2

/457 | ,nlM /1

/(11 t) 1 2 ,534:2 ,oLj /4

Jo AoBo : JBM

23

BA /k{ BBv oM J` (o~ nw ` bAo jAw BU B LoLU

pA zhM kBM nA ,Bp Sz= nj (ApnBz= =)

ZnA RBB A M An Rk

Ap A nj BBv SBe y= jApC pA = Be C nj ,k= BdUB kLU (ZAoi =)

nAjnioM (k{ kB ~h{ RBB :) q] jo o Aow = L SiAjoQ

B q] C pA ,ZAoi jnAq oM BzA BLMA BM ,kko wA M Bo /kjM

1

kj c]oU BC pA oX= LA M= A jnAk L\U SwB]pA /kk{

2

SB`ABpBU Q M Q BC nj ,k= ^= Bo{ M jo= Bn An ji Bp

nj = ~L K pA s M ,k= nB An BC ,k{ TwAi jk BzA pA Bo BU kB
/nAj B C ,jM C nCjo ZAoi BT

= SwA BwC /j{ j kk] jAkA Bo A jq SiAjoQ z = SwA p

,jM oTTiA ke
a BU j{ Bjq M Mo `C nj TvMA Jo o M MBnj
= kjL ZAn qo BpBU /SwA T{Aj j] nBU osjB B TwQ = A

pA An BC oM vLUA ,k= w ji BM Bo{ jz pA Be RAoY nj An BTvMA

,yj= kT{AkQ ,C uoM BTvMA BA /jAj yB= wvd n}M Bk C
3

/SwA BBv |e
BB

C pA uQ,SiAkAAn M < Ao> k nj <nBTh> = MLA nj nBMTvh ,C oYA

K\U B `C /kjo BB ,SwQMAn = A AoA

pBU o~ j ojk
=

nB{ = pAkA B M ,kTv] S=o{ JLA C nj = SwA BpBU QBQ yB= ,SwA

K] ji w M SiBw Ao BzAoM = ByjBM JLA oLn = BTvMA

,jo= kkQ nBTh `C nj> = Sv S { /k{ jqA ,kAq uMA M ,jo=
 > pA An B{oM BTvMA M nBTh kkj = jL C pA oUo{ qa BC AoM
pA /<kj (kC Ao BzAoM kjz = Bo{ pA = B ,Sk =)
K~ An B Aki = kATk BA ji
,jo= BUA B BTvMA M> :kAT pBMoj

AkM oTzQ Ba SwA nA q] * ZAo i ,j{ kB Aow q] * RBB A B kBL /1

/jo* chU

[18

Sn nB{A

/1354:2

,oLj /3

2. Van Berchem, op. cit, p. 35

Jo TwA

24

tBPw oAjBQ xAjBQ kA M jo= jApC An B{Bjo B /An Bpow A ,jo=

/<TiBw B BSknj pBL An BC = Aka kzkwoi nB= kMU BA ,nB= A nj

AkL C pA oTM jiok oj BSM SLv BpBU tBveA A oM j _
1

jM BM BzA Bpow BBM A = A ,C ,Svkj kUAkM =

Bqa C Ba ,B{TwoQSM nj BC T{Am jApC jB B] oM jo= Bn AoM pA

` K~U
M B\Aow nAkQ A = A pA oq /B AoM Aki w pA SwA {AjBQ
AjAs ok oM ]oUoM nAkQoM A qBTwj ,kzM ji AjAs M SLv Jo
M J BS kAo d M BC S nB = Jo BdUB /SwA jL ,j{
#

k= Bn An yiBcTRAoY = kAjL kwoi qo ,kwn BBQ M nBaB ,wA

pA ) bAo AoBo <ZB\e>
nBpn nj s M ,T{Aj An BoYA oUkM oA A /koM

oShw RBv` M = nAkBo B ,(<k> w pA uPw <AkL> w

/SwA TB Ro{

nj z=ow bn <nBTh> JLA nj = Bv= |~i M ,wA M BzA ij yAqA

KLw M B Z Be nj /S{Aj z An Se osBi ,jM k{ kkQ BC

pBwnBa AoM An A |zjnBMnj = <ZB\e>

nBpn nj BSpA nBvM kB T{B= B
A nj kk] AoBo C SwBw /jo= zeB qU
,jM kq bAo pow nj nA

kjM jo= B` AkM BTvMA = ApnBL k bAo nBj = kBM :j{ i RB=

L` Ba ,kC pBM pBU BBPw ow

yioMAoM Ao = BTvMA ,BwkM/jM

pow M SzpBM pA oq B ,kjM ji jAsJo j AnjAoM BM B= oMAoM ()

L` Ba ,kk{ q] SiAjoQ yi
/kTiAjoQ

gnBU jAkn A M ]An RBsA SMBM pA <oo= > jBTwA nAkA ` B

" JBT= nj = SwA oq

B kAi /TvMo Sj
M An BBv pBU A SvAU <ZB\e>
a = joM ,k= B U (172 | ,1 Z)

"Culturgeschichte

des Orients

oMAoM nj qCo` TBL BM BC uQ ,k= nL\ knAq AoB= = UBB SiAjoQ

/
/

aussi, Von Kremer, Herschende Idee, p. 328

[q] <///tB

. /kM M 5 :2 ,oLj /1

> :* SwA (1 .3)

A o i
S
]
A

T *

oi

Co 5

SC co #

Jo AoBo : JBM

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A M kZ
oM An JLA yUC= <W{A M BeoAkL> M TwQ BM ,<ZB\e>

k{ Thn C nj i pA B{oi BZ = JLA A /kjo= nAkBQ ,SioAoM

o An ,jnAjA BdUB M SLv B{ h M An BTvMA A ,Se = C AoM /jov M

C pA uQ,SiBw An BzBj M An BC ,jkLM BC oM BzZ pBvM nj An nAkQ
/jo= MBi B{BTwj oM An Bj B =

B M SzpBM C pA ok = An AoThw SwBw A [BT uMo Bin

L` = jM UBB BT
T A oM BzA /kAjo= SAn B AoM k{

`C ,]pA /SwA jM AnAj An Z oUkM <ZB\e>

pA uQbAo pow = kABTwAk
v= Tvh ZB\e>
:SwA A jo= jB (kM M 348 | ,2 Z ,BvU NBa) <ML>

jB yB=M n ZAoi nBpn nj /jnC T` M An Ajo ,joM B h

BM = SwA

Be nj nAq nAq [Q SvM q] bAo owAow pA ZB\e

,jnB nBM M jBp qa
1

/(jM nj 12 B k nj B\C ZAoi) <jo

Bw> = B(K M) kq> := SwA jo= SAn (13:2) <oLs> `

An bAo :S Svo ji nB= nj ,joPw kM An bAo nA S (AkL M)

ZAoi jo pA n B\C M Bo /Tv bAo jo kA poA ,jo= Ao <ZB\e>

= An BAkp C k{ jo B M = Ak{ ZB\e

X ,j B{\{ oM

</jnC pBM BzAoM T{Aj pBM BC pA An BC kAki

kC (33 | :xn ,17 |) "Fragmenta Historicorum A rabicorum" JBT= nj

SwBw pA {B = ,kCoM kM nBvM Z jLM jknj AkL M Bw> :SwA

Rk{
B KLw M ,<k> Se pA M}B n ~U
= Sv S { /jM ZB\e
BlA nj ,jM Bpow oL BvzixA\T ,k{ KUo A AoBo = UBv`
= ,kCoM BB] pA Bhw A = SwA BwC B AoM T A nj /<jM jo= fwn
n}M An Bo{ Z BC /kAnB{ow <ZB\e>
AoBo BM B{j bn pA yM =
,jo* ' B AoM (11

| ,<ij>

NBa) <MjAjoi

MA>

`C BM B~nA A B y\w /1

' <MjAjoi MA> * B~nA BA ,SwA cd jAw M j{ Mo c' `C nj kao yL A ;SwA

Bi n * Bxo AoM * pAkA C ,Be A BM /kBB pBM ZB\e

pA uQ An nz* jo*

/Tv AAo SA M B~ BdL A jn nj ,Tv B~ SA kAjAj Bz

Jo TwA

26

,Sio M <W{A MA> An C yUC= ] ,kAjo= o~U iAj ] pA uQLTv

pA uQAU BC /jM Mo C S{ow M A ShU kp o = A
= nAjA BT C BBMo` o A ,T{AkbAo pow nj o}i ,] C = {o C
S=o{ C nj yi i o}` oiC BU ,kjM k{ joi w BRBB nBM op

?kjo=

ke
`A
,jo nAo` <ZB\e>
kao
oM nz= C Ao B] C Sv

op BU Be o nj <ZB\e>
= k= AoTA oM v=kB{ /SwA ] C \T v

B BM pBvj BU ,kAjo A BM oB pA An A Mo o~ TwA ,jM |zj nBMnj

SwBw C BQ ji (Mo o}w) = |~i M ,k{BM C SwBw A Sj

/Sv oT ,AoTA C Twnj oM = jM Ai v= oiC , BA /SwA To nAo`

jBTAoM := A ,C ,kM T kM An C gwBQ = kj pB]A M kAi

Td oA BB kAj k An C BjAkn = ATd B pA AM Aoe
C nBkB = d _ ,kjM ThC a AkM BA = BT C ,Aop ,jM
/SwA T{Ak j] yAoM ,kB ]U An

xn pA = B\C ,jo= ]U AkM <oo= > = SwA qa B A = SwAkQ

A = k a ,jnAj hw ,kjo= BQoM BTvMA = MLA M=ow nj <ZB\e>

oA nj B{S{Akza BBv pBU (A =) BTvMA BBnC M kao zi

nBTv] BM An wnoM Bo Bkk\n C zi ,nBM ,jAj BBQ = Be ` BM B{oMAoM

AkM = SwA LLw BU j vM k{ A Sj jBTAn M o\

= BKLw |`j

B ,oT A Twnj Aq (Streifzge, p. 24. cf: Hersch. id. p. 334) /kB{ jBTA

/k{ kAi nB{C B AoM BwAoi Z ysQ

Jo AoBo : JBM

27

5
BwAoi :
a= BSpA o q] M ,B\AkM BpBU kwn B ,BwAoi pow nj

,jL B]oM ,SiBw Mo M An BC ,B{nA nAjA AoM ,q=o Te =

ji M B BwC nj oj BS B\C = Boj pA uQ |~iM

<hM> BAkBi s M ,kC kkQ BC oM QBQ = BSe uPw ,kkj
B B <BT> BpBT=oU (Indo-Scythe) <Bwk> BS , (Bactrienne)
BU = (ji BAoBo BM) BwBw nUAoPA owoiC (Haital
#

ou Huns blancs) k w

/S{Aj j] eA C nj q=oTB a= BSj,BMo \ Bp

 oQ
,Q w ,ko :kjM <BnC> jAs pA Bpow C B Bw " jU
S A /ThA An uMo BAj/Ao0] JB\A  qa ,SwA kSM o qn

T{Ak ,kAkB (Tadjik) <]BU> kk] AjoB]  jAs C BM o] <TiAB`

BT ;k{ bsA (pBU = Tadjik

- Ta
zi "Arab")

BJo oM ,A nj ,B A /SwA

,B{jM <Bw> jBLTwA pA T{m ,B(Tadjik) <]BU> = A oM nBjo AkzAj

.< 7>

A
kABTwAk ,ThCnj <AnU> i BM = kA<BnC> jAs pA

,SwAT{AjoT = ALLsBA /kAB<]BU>pA BwAoi pow A B= Bw

<p AoA> <BTv*oU> nBj nj * A * SwA BAoA B pA ,* BwC Bpow #

* kABTwBM BoMoM

<kOw B> BA /SwA

jM (gM =) <BoT* BM>

B\C

ShTBQ ,k* kp

/(s/) kAjM BwC Jo% B{ BQnA So{ B{ B* Bw pA Bka*

B~C

BBTo M 7n BA o A j

BM o BAo A gn BU

nj

"Persia"

(d] =)

:xn ,q ;kAT{ ,kM M 317

"Oxus"

| ,2 Z ,(1883)

/(2 S{AjjB) 115

SdU * UB' :koM /1

Journal Asiatique

(5 S{AjjB) 17 | ,BC T ,

nj

Specht

(Nldeke)

(s/) /kAoO j jke <BnC> jAs pA ,BTv*oU AoA * Bw B<]BU>

2. Khanikoff: E thnographie de la Perse , p. 87 (su iv) . Ou at r efager

Ethnica,

p. 508

et H amy,

Crania

Jo TwA

28

nAjnioM T l pA ,kAjM AoA ApnBz= AnAjp BB = ,BBLj LLs

/kT{Aj o~U
nj nBQ BjBMC = B] ,oAAnB pow nj s M ,kjM

oA nB= nj ,RAo nj BLj 1 /kABBLjLLs pA A nj nBhM AoA B <Aki AnBhM> BB

BZA B~T`A M nqM AnAjp pA Ao{A q=o Ba ; jo= AoBo BM

2

BB = jM ka jo= BM <=k> `C oM BM BBLj /jM JTh BzAoQ

3

pow = Sn nBzM Ao{A LLs pA `A ioM ,jBw ApnSz= pA

/kjM B BU M An (BBTwn )
BnUAoPA ioM nj nAjB}`A zQ Ao{A pA BAoBo ,S A oM

Se ,kMB SLv <> B <=oU> zn pA BC BKL pBMoj pA = nBQ

nj (r otbil) <LUn> :nioM BAoBo kM ,BpBU cT pBkC nj BA /kAjo=

nj <o L L w> , B]p] nj <B=p > , (r oub) Jn Bw nj <BhMn> , BTvw
4

nj <Bios q> <m{> <a> , Tinj (BM kkzU w cT M) <L w> , nqi
9

, BLBs nj (Sahrak) o w , jn o nj (Badha m) AmM> , BTwnBhs ukjBM

12

11

10

kw nj <BioU ioU> :oAAnB Bo{ pA ; (farya b) JBnB nj <wU>

, k`ow
pA <B`Bi oU> , Bko nj <(ta r) nBU> <(ikhchidh) kziA > , <pk>
13

15

/13 :2 ,oLj /2

14

/ | ,An BhM

gn BU

:h{o /1

3. Geschichte der Perser und Araber, p. 440

NBa)

<MjAjoi

MA>

An

`C

SwA

,kjo

'

< o L<

gn BU>

pA

op

BB

/4

/jnC nBzM C U ,jo* jB (28 | ,<ij>

/1219

:2 ,B /

/29 | ,M jAjoi MA . 1 3

/1448

:2 ,B /8

/SwA (Ba) nBhTA BK' pA C ,1224

A jq nj T{Aj (<

pA <BioU q>

BA

/1224

chetsz qT{>

[(/A/N)
,1221

,12

/12

1 4

:2 ,B /7

:2 ,B /9

a M) m{> K' * a A
o {A pA jM B{ <d]> /10

SwA jM

/B\B ,B /13

:2 ,oLj /5

(Jabghuye)

,1184:2

<dL]>

K' C cd ]

/j SB~A

,oLj /jM ' <u%jBM> nj <BTwnBhU> B{ AoQ

/B\B ,B /12

/12 :2

,oLj /11

/114:2

,B /14

(s/) /SwA <p%> C Swnj * jo* jB <q %> An C , /1229:2

,B /15

(s/) /SwA <B%o>

C cL * jo* jB <%o>

An C , /144

,1242:2

,B /1

Jo AoBo : JBM

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MB= > , B{ nj <BTzvk>B <Kzv>, <y= > AoA pA <(wik) > , <= > AoA
3

nj LTvBq=o BM BwBw nUAoPA BBMpo Be A nj ; jM L MB= nj <B{

4

Ba ,k{ T{Aj <BTv`> <RAo> ,<ts> ,<uiow> ,<jno> ,<o>

#

kM An BpBU TwA ,BzoA A oX= A /SwA kAn e <gM> nj <kLPwA>

5

ko M RnjBL (FAo BBGj kB M) BC M Ba ,kT/omQ jBp SBG

pA {Qza BM) ` /kp pBU <Ao{A oj BM xpBw c nj ,k wA M
BBPw /kkjo BC jAs BM BTwj pA Jo AoA jBTA jn (omQBqo BBXTwA

BB{ nPM pBU Aow pA Ba ,kjo nB oAAnB nBj BoU kS

oM An Bv
 BLAo ByzQBM ,jo pAzQ yi B{ nj An BC ,kj pAB
.< 8> kTV W U ,kj kGU Bo z] nj Bw o ow nj

wAo ,BBnA BSiAA oBh joQ uQpA = SwA BwC B AoM ,Be A BM

B C jM BQ C oM Jo nAjA `AkM = C pA uQ jnAk L\U

,oA pA /MBnj An BC

ZAoi AnAqnB= BkBTw M BzTwQ BM Bpow A Ao{A M k{

BC pA nBvM oTwj /kjoM jw RBeT C pA ,BBn JBve M B{pkARoY

yMBT= nj <h{o> `C Aop ,nAj sA SMBM C pA B = jL qa C BU

>>
,Sv S { /k= BM B AoM nB{C A M An oA A ,jo= jB <nBhM

k= U jo= SAn <oLs> = An qa C Ba ,j BM = k{pnA RnBL

<b / 121> Bw BjAkn JBMnj T hw B <oLs> /AT{Ak An y` U =

C nj BJo w pA ZAoi nAqnB= AnBhM oA <jBzU> ,BBLj pA U j = k= SAn

B{jA BKLwpA =kA = CM , kTz= <nB w

M o~> ji n~e nj An BBw
7

/k= jB B AoM

(s/) /SwA <B~Bi oU> C Swnj <B~BinU> A nj /1422:2

/1227:2

,B /3

,B /1

/k{ cL <u* > * ,1448:2

,B /2

(s/) /SwA <B{ MB* > C Swnj <BzL* > A nj /12 :2

,B /4

/SwA kC R~B < A kLA \

>

nj Ba

,B cT M

/1218

/(kM M 13

t) 1448

C Swnj ,B ov* M A nj <RAo>

,12 :2

,(1

,B /5

t) 1444

,(11

(s/)

t) 1228

,1195:2

/kM M 193

,B /

:2 ,B /7

Jo TwA
C hrestomathie Persane,

30
ed. Schefer, t. I, p.)

pA  M ,jo jB <h{o> `C A

S {/jM kzhMjBzU M yijq nj kMBBQ nBw Mo~> (44; cf: p. 95 su iv.

/jo= A p An yAoTij pA BC ,jAj B}`A M An yBpA = Sv

pA U j = jM kz oB] C nj p /kC A joQAow M nBw Mo~ nAkj AoM jBzU

AkBi M BC jo /kk{ o~ jq M n~e BAi ,kkC jBzU AkBi pA BBLj

M = /kjM ko wA M nBw M o~ SwjM ,kjM KvTl KeBnBvM
M BC A oM = kT ,kjAijAjjBzU B=jipA kkwn n~e
T q An A BBLj ,jM oZBe <o M A> AnBhM nAqnB= /SwA Tz oa np

= kTwAi o~ pA ,kjo= ok A oM B{j AoTw oa nj jBzU BM S=o{ M

Shw BLTA a M An jo j A = BKLw C SwA A </kBTvM A pA An BzA jAj
#

SAn nj C osBi M BjAkn A = SwA LLw B Be nj Ba ,T{AjA

/k{ meB o~Th <oLs>

SeB oM jkd Z A = ,jjo A M jBLTA pA B B qa a BC A pA uQ

<oLs> `C pA oTzM ,T{Aj Swj nj nBLiA A pA nBvM `Ba ?j{ AnBhM

a /jo= jk An B ,jo= SAn B AoM wA BS pA nBvM Z M ]An

s M jo=
{n nj An B = SwA UoQ Ba ,k{BM kA = nk` o nBLiA

Mo cT [BT Bw pA JBL = UoQ ,SiBw kAi njB` oAAnB nBj Z

nj k= nB BC JBMnj An B MB C = BjAkn A Sv S { ;jooM

/SwA jAj fn B\C

,kjo= vLU An BSk kkzhM An BRBB pBU BBv = C BM

a ,kjL BRBB C nBM op pA Bn M njB` ,wA M Bzko kn M BBwAoi

BBwAoi pA = UBB /bAo pow Bjo = AkM ,kTiAjoQ An BC TwQ

\T oA A pA = SwA BwC /k{ kB ZAoi Aj q] Bp k{ kBTw

,An A /SwA jL k{ SiAjoQ kL = B UBB q] Bpow C nj = oM

,<n tnk> yAo ,<BL~ keA o~MA> wnB ]oU , An BhM

(/)

[85

83 | ,1351

gn BU

:xn ,K ~OU AoM

]#

,AoA o jBM RAnBzTA ,AoU

Jo AoBo : JBM

31

BC ;k= kB U ,jo= jB <Ajo Aow oM BM BwAoi ZAoi> (157:2) <oLs> `C

o oM = q] ) <Ajo Aow ZAoi> :(28 | ,1 Z ,<BvU> NBa) <ML> `C
1

/jo= SAn (k{BM K]A BM jo

<nB w
Mo~> RBeA BwAoi B nA :1 SwQ M j{ ]n ]

,BpBU BM ,BC TiA Kve oM BBw A BBTwo{ AoA = joM jB pA kBL

q] BC M = A oM kTvM c BBQ ,kjz An BC Bpow = B

AnAqnB= pA ,jM (k{ pU =) kzhQ BA oM q] A /kpAjoPM BBw
RnBT C kBTwoM RB BAoBo pA A q] B BBLj pA BM Ao Te
pA /kwn o~ M oB{A BBPw o] U AoM kC jo RBB `C /jo=
2

j ospA An kk{nBU Ba ,q] pA BBv pBU jzhM

,oq B = SwB\A

pA kAU = (= Be Sv) Se Sd~ :jnC kkQ op L]

pA `C = pow AoBo Sd~ j ;k= Bi B{ BBPw nBMnAi SiAjoQ

bAo pow nj Z ,jnAj ji AoM An C ,kB qA BXTwA BRBB q]

M n TwQ BC nB{ = pBU BPw BBjBQ jo= ZAn AoM Se /jM a

/k{ wA M Bzko kn M ,BA oM q] T{Aj n oL
pA nBaB ,jM yAqA

C kTvAU,jM Bo{ kCnj yAqA BC Sd~ = BAoBo pA ioM ,BwkM

CM ,k{ ]A BC BM BA J` K] S] pA wA = kLM An QBQ BSL

SLLe A kB U AoM /jjo T {C B{osBi kM{CoM BzA BB] C SMBM pA =

jM BBv pBU Be jLM C pA j~L = ojk j A M ]An = A ,hnBU

KUoT C oM = BKLw bo{ M An kC ~ BC ,= jB kAi AoM =kA

/j |B~TiA SwA

nj yinAqnB= <bAo]> M = ,SwA A M B ipA u=Tvh<qqAkL Mo>

kpAjoQ AoB= = An q] kAjnC wA = Bv= pA ,jAj Bo BwAoi pow

:{ oLiBM SwBw A [BT pA = SwA BwC nBvM /k=

,jU oj >

:(2371:1

,oLj) jjopBM (BwBw) Aovi k M ZAo i kBTw nj { A /1

</kTo ,kT{Aj Swj nj * BB oM oM BM ,Ajo Aow ,An ovi ZAo i BC pA * ,nBp

/o M Mo RBjA pA B C AoM ,1 SwQ :x/n . kM M 54 | ,(TOzQ) {oM A /2

Jo TwA

32

tvd zB= BhB kCnj = C Be ,jM wA M jo ko yAqA ,C oYA

An Co9 pA =kA jo= u e jo= Ti ,o}i A jo= nj AoM BA pA ioM 1 /SB

jM n oL
M SzpBM = SwB\A pA ;kzhL jw nB= A ,Be A BM /kjo= o{
SwAkQ /jM AqA Bpow cT RAoY k{ Swj pA B jM L` pA Ba q]

,k ,j{ o\
AkM SwBw A jM = \BT oUnj <qqAkL Mo> =

nBj pA ka= M BMo jAj Bo nj Ba ;SzoM uQ M C yQ pA Am

Ba ,j BTA ^= oA M BPw = SwA nB{C B AoM BT 2 /jo kjoU oAAnB

pBwnB= AoM pA oUw BRBB TvM M <o> o pA uQ B i = SwA Ls

pA nBvM Ro]B pA <oLs> `C /k= RnjBL ,jnC nBM M SwBw = zB=

,jo= SAn k{ zB] <bAo]> pA uQ = v= k nj oAAnB nBj pA Bkw

C pA uQBMo ,k{ {n Bpow C nj B B pA ]yUC 3 /SwAC oM j

nAj` M q] ,kka= oAAnB Q pA kjo= nB Ks B=oU pA = Bkw =

/kTiAjoP BMrj

M Bz> Si nj ,Bw S pA uQ BTvMA C Be jLM AoM j ojk BA

<B= > M KL AkL MA <to{A> kzkA JBM A nj = v= Tvh /jM <AkL
jn nBMn Ao= nj `A BLp Bo{ = ] C M BU ,jM nBj C AoBo

`C AoM (kM M 157 ,2 b) <oLs> nAkA B ;jAj BBQ ,SiBw Ao An dw

AoQ = Bv=M pn <to{A> Aop ;Tv,jo= SAn oA A SwBwnBMnj

wA M An BC BU = v oAAnB M An A = kBM BAj BwnBQ jo Ao> :S kjM

jo A a /kj M An LZM
TvMA <Jos M cB AkMA> uQ ;<kAiAo

<AkMA> /SwQ A M ]oT A M <U Ao M Mn> ,SvAj wnB

<k`ow> An ,jAj jnC wA = u=opA q] T{AjoM pB]A A M <to{A> = B

ow AoBo SwBw | oM pA BBTwZAoi Bo SwAi AnB pA uPw/k{

/k= nB An A ,kjp pBM

/jM A BM ZAoi nAqnB= <so MA M ve> jM L k`ow nj kw oA <pk>

/kM M 1439 ,1418 :2 ,B /3

/135:2 ,B /2

/1354:2 ,oLj /1

Jo AoBo : JBM

33

BcT M SLv B{oT nBMnj ji B pA nBvM BM = jM = BQ jC ,}h{ A

pB\U q] qa (oA SLLe nj) cT A = A nj Ba ,jo= S Bh BMo

By{= /jp An ji ,SwA qaB uM C nj j w = jL nB{C

1

tnAo An SL kA oA jBMnj nAqnB= C nB BM <Jos M cB AkMA>

o o BC kCnj> oYA oM Bk\v,SB yAqA wA M jo ko ,Aop /SiBw

yikCnj yB=,C nj = An <pk> oA ,SL A BT /kC TiBw <j A M
M pA nk` /S{Am BU nj ,kj oj w pA An Se kCnj w pA An

,knC wA SLkn BM BzA AkB k"w> :j pBM <to{A> AoM yiBtAo

M jo= Ti v= a oM uQ/kAkCnj wA M = SwA q] pA \BQ AoM BU
A pA ZAoi BC ,kAi Co9 pA Anw Sw wA ,TiAjoQ yiRBL]A

BAkM <pk> oA = j An ow A oMAoM nj AoBo = T=oe C ,BwkM/</nAjoM

Sv{,T{Aj BM kB\A BhB MAoi M `C C jBv oM = j ,jo= nB{A

,S{BAn <B MB> B] M ,jo= q An <so MA MA> = SwB\A pA /jni

/j nB=jk An AoA <kh{A > uPw
<AkMA> = jM UBeA C M jAj BBQ L ,jo j A U pA ok

<to{A> M jnC wA AnBhM BBLj pA = Bv= ZB\TeA ,AoMBM /SiAjoQ BAkM

jw ,<?kAk{ Jo jo = Be nj o q] v= a pA> :kjM T

AnAqnB= M BC <B> M <to{A> /jo oYA <AkMA> ZB\TeA Ba ,kzhL

pBU C j nj J{C bn ,oA pA /<koM ,kATo = u=o pA An ZAoi> := S{

, L op BBPw /jo= kqi pBkC ,k{ jBM oM BzBkA = C pA uQ,BBv

jBTwo An AnAjow pA Se /kjo= Twk An BC (
=) TvMA pBU
,q] pA Bz= jzhM Q nj = kBP oj ,a A /jo= oTwj An J{C AoLn

pA np M oj = SvS {/k{ BQoM Rk{

SB nj ]Aoi wBw AkZ
zL]
BwC /k{BM k{ BAUB KB] SBn jn A nj Te = CM ,j{ kBTw ZAoi BzA

pA oO nAq SO jp M :kwn kM * B o \T gwBQ pA B * SwA qa A /1

An BC jo* L% B{nBj oM k{Ao  BC oM B M kkB B oM BC> :SO ,Sho kAi B*oU

/SwA kzkA A * jL v* BU A kj Ai kM *kA /(1485:2

,oLj) <j kLU

Jo TwA

34

<to{A> S=oe := oM\T ,jo= SAn (121 t ,158:1) <oLs> `C pA SwA

`C M An kAi /SwA k{ Ak q AnBhM nj C [BT M ,kjo k"w oM jkd

B C ,jo= SAn (58 ,kM M 42 | ,1 Z Schefer:

Chrestomathie)

<h{o>

:j

An jo ,1 knzM BwAoi oM <AkL MkwA> AoBo k nj AnBhM BA pA >

Aow q] oA pA ,kjM o = oM TwQ BA T jU /ShM wA nj jn M

Bzko ,wA Sd
<jBzU> Aki AnBhM /kTiAjoQ
M An BzA pA nBvM kwoi

o = sBM nj TwQ ,oBh jnC wA kn M , = Sv S { /jnpC C M An

k= jC An SA B AnBhM nj jo = S{<AkL MkwA>M uQ;kpn

Be ,kBv = knAkQ AoQ ,k{ An oLBo B~ jnB= J{C hU

yi= BnBM oM nA = a ,kAjnB wA BMp M q] BC Aop ,kTv= C
T {CoM ,o{ nj qAJ{CAoM LAn w A /kTv ,To zn BzB] nj =

/# <kAjo= lBhUA BhB kBzi Se osBi

B <(?) VnBe M o{ UBL> ji KB M <AkL MkwA> = jM A ,C oYA

,k= Zo <jBzU> M An BC uPw ,jo= oTwj An SB] C = jAj nTwj ,S{

M BBv pBU A = kAjo= jB Bin /kB nBhA BC JBMnj An ji A n BU
nj ,j jB B\A nj * BjAkn C a ,kC nBpBw B oD BM nAqhnBU a /1
Bw pA Svh :SB S BwAoi nBj oM nBMj <AkL MkwA> ,a /SwA jAj fn <to{A> AoBo
kM /So 1 9 Bw nj <to{A> An A B] , 12 Bw BU 117 Bw pA j , 1 9 Bw BU 1
* Ak~A C o* l oT
<oLj> /SwA TB SLv kM ,jAj fn yzB] k nj `C * kwn oD M

* nBLiA oM BA /SwA kz ,jM <kwA> AoBo nj wA M oAAnB nBj odU C pA j~'

BB M SwA Mo `C JBMnj a ,jo* ' nAj Swj nj A JBT* pA * o~Th nj <h{o>
B k nj An AnBhM o{ v M LT~> : j A ,] pA /SwA KB% Bi BgnBU jn nj a
,jAj nAo~ o{ C <Aki AnBhM> An jBzdU ji q*o nj LT~ /(SwA <k> C Swnj * ) jzM
j A ,jAj A T~ M Bo ,BwAoi AoBo <nBw Mo~> k nj k~ow o{ nj <vMA> uPw
<LT~> S{mnj /(1 |) </jM 132 Bw Ae k{ Aoe pA uQ <LT~> S{mnj pA uQ Bw
M <jBzdU> S{mnj Bw BA /kC kkQ 129 Bw nj c' <vMA> lO * C Be ,k{BM 9 Bw
Ao M AkL MkwA ( 772) y{ B\Qk Bw nj > /(43 |) SwA 121 . Swnj cL
/SwA jM <kq> A B ,jo 12 Bw M <kwA> * Be nj ,<jo
[/8382

| ,n tnk yAo ,<BL~> wnB ]oU ,An BhM gn BU :xn] #

Jo AoBo : JBM

35

A kd
A ,A A A> = kjAj RjB{ yiBM oUkM BM ,kjoM BQ Bk\v
M ,jnC SB { BC oM v= = CM An BC pA o knBa ,Aki AnBhM /<wn kL
1

C Be /jBTwo BwAoi nj <AkL MkwA> jq M kz= kM M An LM BC ,ShC nAj

AkM M ,SzoMwA pA qo kjM Tho o pA = BC pA U ,=

M <jBzU> o pA uQ= kBP oj uPw (AkL MkwA SBe SdU) kkB

2

/kTzpBM AnBhM

pA ;k= cd~U kLAn <oLs> SAn ,kC ji B] nj jo= jB <h{o> `C

AkM An B <h{o> `C L BM /jjo AAo hnBU xpnA AnAj = SwB\A

SAn B AoM uMoBin = ,SwA jL q] RBsA C pA ok ,k= jk
,jo= L B AoM BA nAjA nBMnj =kA (h{o) AnBhM fn = Un nj /kAjo=

,jo= u e BzA pA k{ BBv pBU C ji Bj pA = n}B An BjAkn C BvM

S { fn A SAn
kAi B q Ao `C ] pA /SwA j SAn B AoM

L= ,jAj <to{A> <qqAkL Mo> SwBwJBMnj = SwA oT C kB U ,kC

Bp BhB M = pAkA B M An BC ,jM nBLBp nz= Ao{A B AoM

Z bA C k~` = SwBwA Sv{/SwA jAj nAo` o}i o nj ,kBwn

A RAnTd C M jopBM Svh = BvM ,jM BpBU BM BC oMAoM BTvMA

oT M `C jn nj fn
C BM B ,AoMBM /kjAj nAo` C An ow nj Ao{A A = SwA

Z C BBv pBU A oMAoM nj BU S{AjA An <jBzU> = jM j kwniB

pA An oA A B=ji = BvM nAj Swjnj = kA{ / Bh joM An B{j

pA An A ,j A M Sn jnC n kj ,wA M yko kn = ,kAjoM jB

oUkM ,oj oA = C Be /SiBwkAiod BC BBz= oM Bw C

,<jnAA>

NBa)

nlM

< JBv A >

JBT*

:koM

(keAA

,k dA)

BkkTw BzoQ

jBo

/(2 8 | ,<kAU > NBa) BOA qe < gn BU> . (kM M 32

119

Bw

B\C

,111

:2

,oLj

:koM

;jAj

jApC

BC

<kwA>

SwB\A

K

/1

/2

nj * An Bv o SwAi ,jBTwo BwAoi BB'j jq M An oU A] AoTij kwA uQ> Ai

nj AnBhM nj * An `C <h{o> a ,kB {nB ,k{ jB * /<kTwo uQ pBM SwA BzA B

/SwA jo jB B AoM ,T{m B C

Jo TwA

36

nBMnj A pA yQAnBhnBU fn
A `C ,S{Aj j] C pA oUnBMSL~

w M Rj An nj = BnB= Ak C kn ,oA A M pBU AknB= nqM

TwQ
/kAjo= SAn B AoM ,jM k{ C oz nj nAkBQ wA

An nj bAo nBj nj a BwAoi nj nA{j A = SwA jM kM , pA

A qA := nAoU An ywoQ A z ,S] A pA /kC kkQ <o> SwBw

,uM k{BMoB{Ajo= nAkBQ LC pA ok oq B ?SvanBLkA B=ji
B{A Bpow C BA = C pA uQ |~i M ,jM k{ omQB]U xj] =

BC Aop /SwA jL wA nk BpBU S oX= A oT A ,{ kM /kkC wA M k{

Sk k{ jz Bpow pA `C ,= kjM kL kM Aj Ba
SL`B kL C koLM Q = CM ,SwA wA pA BC Bj oz oM BB ,ko

jnAk L\U = SwB\A pA /jjo C oz M wA M Rj B nBU M o\

B U C nB{ = {BM zL] xqi oM kB{ ,wA Sj `o{ BS nj o A

j~L = zL] ;k{BM jkd U oT= = SwA A M BC ov U ,So{ BeA

,s A M BA ,pBU BdUB = A ,jM BA BJo BM S Bh,C pA

U jM To BQ = RBeA ioM k{ A = AjBBSwAiM kATwAh

/kj nj

6
<qqAkL Mo> SwBw
C oYA ,BTvMA M SLv
o~M pA An BC <ZB\e>
= BTvMA :k= SBe jBTA jn MB pA ioM

BBoz ioM nj yiShM pA B (2 | :koM) jo= jos C nB\ Bo{

SwB\ApA /kn B\= kTvAj= SvS { ,<AkdA> kT ,kkCjo

Jo AoBo : JBM

37

[n nj ,kkPM (A =) BTvMA C M BU k{AoU BM o~M jo M =

SAn B AoM oj L Ba /k= nAhk jnk kwn BC oM = Tw

1

JLA nj BC ;kjM `A BkT pA BnB` pA ,o~M A Ajo A : k=

2

Bnhw BM An B n{
yUC ,kTv] T=o{ <W{A M BeoAkL>
n{ ,B{AoBo < A M> BM BThwow nAkBQ nj BC kAqAoM wBe

Q nj An ` _ kw Aki M> :jo= jB JBM A nj <oLs> `C SwA A /kjo=

TwkzQ BC oM = kBM uQ /wB{Aoe nj BC pA oUnBTw oTBh p

AoM ,B{BB AoM ] ;jo nAjji ,L q BM ,B{Tz= pA k] ,jo=

A M ,MLA BRnBL A / <j nj BC SnB L]

Aoe nj B{oTw
3

kCnj wA M = kAjM Bv= B pA ji BnB` C = SwA C oBB Bzinj

,oA /SwA T{Aj nB=oM ,k{ pBL B{B kM ShM

nj = A pA An BC ,BzA BL
nj Te
AoTeA KeB SB] A jnk oM Bkk\n C = M ,Sv ao
/kjM jo= jBTA = Be LLs jAoA ji jq

,bAo B{ nj /kjM ziBA nAjA BT pA = kjL Bv=BU BnB` A

bAo B{ nj = ,SwA <L { M o Mo}>

/jo= Zoi AM oM Ao{A pA

A gnBU ,kAi /jo= <nBTn nj k ,Twnj M AoBo> M Rj kn{

4

(Geschichte

der Khalifen,

<

Vol. I, p. 422) Weil

A> jBTwA JBT= nj An xn{

C BMo` <o}>
jnC nBM M ji oY yL] A = kz s Aka /SB kAi

,jM k{ k~` AkM = eA |LdU M ,BLsbA yL]A Sv{kn /k{

SL BM yL]A = Sv S {/ShAoMC kk\U M ,BpAo An jo nA

/j{ ]A <qqAkL Mo> w pA T

,jo= Ak`A BAkM i A = UBeA C oM e nj (Mok) BQnA Bin

nAo` wA nBzTA An nj = jM A jo= osoM BC pA A ok ;kAjo= B~AM

M kjM nAjnioM C pA pBU BBv BU = `Le jAj BM oA A ,To
/1123:2

,oLj /2

/kM M 33

| , JBv A JBT* ,nlM /1

/(14 t) 111

:xn ,1 8:2

,B /3

/<ovA kA TdBM dA> 98 :2

,B /4

Jo TwA

38

AnjAoM BM BC jo= w ,kTiAjoQ AoB= = q] pA BzA jzhM ,BTvMA

1

/k{ ,Bw ByjpA B{noM nj Bv

|LdU M njB` Se = ,jo= nAkM An AT i BpnC i A SwBw ,BM

,Sn C oM <JB}i Mo> = SwBw C pA ok oj AnBa ,Z C /SwA jL BC

Bo] pA xkCnj oM = C pA uQ An BhB ,Bw Byj,bAo nj /jo= Ks

Zo C kCQ
,BwkM/joM dU M kC kkQ tvd oYA BwAoi nj q] BA

BBhSBk M ]Aoi SwBw ,<qqAkL Mo> o pA uQ,B nA nj Zo

/jM AojAkM

= RBeA C JBMnj AoThw e pA nBhnBU = SwAqw ,A j] BM

pA = Bv= C { BAi ,= A B~A /jqoPM SiAjoQ BAkM <qqAkL Mo>

:kj gwBQ ywoQ j kM ,k= nAkos oeA i kZ

oM <Jw M ZB\e>

TwBw ?kAT{Aj ,bLe nj oB T{Aj oMAoM ,oi _ BA ji BC /(1

oMAoM C Bo /(2 /k{ BC SjjBTAoM KLwTvhBB C lBhUA k SvkM =

v= oj B\A ?SwAjL wA ji
Sd~ M BC ,jL AM B iS M

Mo> = BT BpBw / < 9> k= { xo j A Twnj nj kATM = Sv

B pA ,jn BM Si ShU pA <qqAkL Mo> = C pA yQ ,jnAm BQ <JB}i

M TiAjoQ B k = SwA AM B i pA u= Tvh <qqAkL Mo> /Sn

,oA pA /jM k{ B` AkM <JB}i M o> oTzQ Ba ,kwnAo iAj RBeA

q] <qqAkL Mo> BLT{A /joM nBM RBeT M Ak`A ok nj An ji y{=

A ,jL ,jnAq <JB } i Mo> = BT M kk{vU j nAkwBQ TwoQ=
2

oB] xj] bBA nj A M SLv= jM T{AknqM AoTeA \T ,A pA oQ =

C pA BU BU
k AeA BZA = C BM , pA TwAn o~U q] ;jM k{
,cT ] pA ok kk]BnB= ,Se = j p /SwA jL kLs An BT
S { ,k{BL BhB nBMow BU k= AkQ wA BSnj pBU BPw BBjBQ AoM
1. Von Kremer:

Culturgeschichte,

I. p. 174 suiv. / Mller:

Der Islam...,

I, p. 438 suiv

/31 | ,JBT* :xn /2

Jo AoBo : JBM

39

= C Be ;jM BBPw nAkp BM oB Sn C oM <qqAkL Mo> = TwBw Sv

,jo= JB\A BC pA noM z= oM AoM BC M An Bp T{Am A ,BZA

= T` nj C ,j TwjjBz Bv BTvMA M Te ByjjAj nj Ba

/jo= AqA ,k{ jAj BJo ji M = An `C Te
,An ByjC BA nz= B

CM ,kB\A BhB MAoi M SwB= An Sj BkCnj = o~U

C Z jM a

jM q] pA BBv pBU jzhM bA v  C pA k~`

= TwBw C =

ShU BBQ Tvw nj <qqAkL Mo> SwBw M = SwB\A pA /kMB LU

yUC Aop ;SwA jL oUoYA= ,A nAjA w <Jw M ZB\e> SwBw pA ,A
jknj pBUok BS= C BU kz xBi ,jM k{ ThA BB] nj = BBnC
nj AoTw ]Aoi SwBw C = C pA uQ ,kkCoM AM AoBo pA ji Bn
nj |~i M ,BA = TwBw B /kjo omQBdU
w jMB B{oT

Ak`A AkM <qqAkL Mo> = eA C Sv{oYA oM <AkL M Bz> Si

1

/kjo= BA BC oM B B ,j

7
<[ o w M VnBe> xn{

nj oj BC pA yM ,BwAoi nj B]bA yL] A ]Q nj ,B A

AM ojAkM oMAoM nj B` M An Bjo = zL] ,k{= Ai ,wA BS

B /jo= ow An BC Sj
= kCoM BM pow pA /kBz= BC nAjA w

nj ZAnB ojAoA
Jqe C xoTv Rk s nj Bin `C pA yM vM AU

jo= BM oTzQ /BBoM wA BS oj nj ,kAjo= SAn B AoM BwAoi

Ajo pA ioM = kB\ kM q] ,UBB BT C M kw k{ vU = (33 |)

/(SwA T{ SAo M ]An `C T~j nBTv] AoM) ,37

| :2 Z ,M' :xn /1

Jo TwA

40

j yL]A tA n nj /kjo C Ao]A JBh ,kTvBM C oMAoM nj BL l KeB

,BwAoi nj <SMBY> 1 /jM <}` SMBY> ,kC TiB{ = <AkMA> :BTvMA pA oLn
Z) <BDA> JBT= ;Sn nBzM oTL oB{ Ba ,jM S JLd pACoQ
B = B]nj A /SwA T{Aj B AoM An A BBapA ioM (449 | ,13

nj , jnC Swj M BB poQ ,jAj n oAAnB pow nj B=oU BBv

2

pA <}`> /j fn ] Ak nj yo = jo= SB\{ pAoMA Aka AoB= BM jB]

A M An kBz ioM AoBo A ,jM nz <
K Mkq> Bjq

nBzM ji BvoUoM now An A = kkj BJo oA pA ; S{Am A

3

RB~hz jo A biA M ]An jBp qa = SwA nA{j nBvM ke

BU ,knC

kATM jpAjoPM kw M BU ,jAj Bo <AkMA> A uLe M k`ow AoBo /AkM

nBTTA jn \T M AoBo A SwBw = SwAkQ a /k= J=ow An B\C JLA
j] A pA oU ,oj oA = Be nj /SwA jo= Be J} |U ,kwn

M nBMj AoM ,kT{Aj z An Se osBi Bp oAAnB nBj B=oU ;S{Aj

= ] B ,kC kkQ oTz o}i j AoM jBdUA ,Se BZAnB C
4

/jM BBw A jo M SLv BJo nBTnkM \T

M jn M [ow M VnBe> B M [BC A pA B ] U pA = jo ,B]A nj

BQoM <AkMA> <SMBY> = zL]C kBwn B\A M , jM TB Ro{ <{B\ MB w

5

,BwnBQ Bv <VnBe> /So k M An AM kZ oM JLA AjA kjM jo=

nj uPw ,kpn B=oU BM BBv nj pBMoj pA ;jM KsbA ,nB=qoQ

,Bjo xj oM BRBB nBM w j M Se BM ,oUAqw B ,BpBU BM B=oU

Bn AoM An A kAki = ,SwA <k> B A = S{AkQ /k]
AoM An AM oM JLA yUC oA pA /SwA jBTwo BkkTw nB Bkk\n
C <[ow M VnBe> B /jo= qU BzA pA C T{AjoM Bk{kLU jApC
/49 | ,13 Z , B. A /3
/

< 10>

nj n*m B* B

/kM M 1514 :2 ,B /2

/15 9:2 ,oLj /1

kTv ]
nB B*oU pA kk{ oM wA pA BAnBhM Bkdw /151 :2

,SwA jo

jB <[ow M

VnBe>

j A q]

/SwA kC 39

<oLj>

(Warner)

/1513:2

332

,oLj /4

,B /5

nB{ T{Twj

Jo AoBo : JBM

41

pBM An BwAoi yL]A BB i pA nBvM A BnB= = BM SwA nBTn S {jo

,T{Aj j] C p nj = BB RBL ,j
/SwA jo= e
<VnBe> /j SAe MBT= M KsbA A S{mow pA =kA AoM An kAi
1

y{pA uQBC ,S{Aj k]

S=o{ S{mBa <to{A> k nj B=oU BM nBQ nj

S nj <AkL M B> uPw <to{A> pA kM <k]> kC nB= n K`BT ,Bw

o{ C pA ,jo= Zoi AM oM M = SwB\A pA /jo= oU A xn ,BwAoi
j MBLvT) BpBU pA , AnB /SwAAn SiShTBQ wM <likA> a=

<VnBe> k~` BU /kjM (BBLj) BAoA pA (<> <o~> pA RB T Jqe

2

/ < 11> k{BM ZAn C pA oX= A = jM Te JBhTA ,Sw Co` M SzpBM

,SB TwA (OXUS) dw jn BAo= nj `A Bo{ oM ,Sow M ,<VnBe>

oA <ov`AkL MkwA> AoBo /jo yQA BxpBU pA = SvAUShTBQ BT

C M ,jM To pBM An yA`] = BPw BM ykwnAo <B> pA uQBBw C

oMAoM nj /jAj BBQ ,kB\M <VnBe> <B> B BQ TvMM jM jq = UAo= Am

B\C pA BTwnBhs M zKL k{ jz Bo{ hU pA nBaB BBPw ,BQ C

B=oU M ,BpBU kZ oM VnBe ,B C pA /(b / 118) kk{ oAAnB nBj M

/jo= BwAoi AoBo An <nB w

Mo~> (AkL MA ) Bz> , 12 Bw nj /SwQ

An c BBQ SvAU BwkM ,jo= qA SLUo An A ShU BTvMA ,<o~>

M An i SvAU Be nj Ba ,( 123) jpBw nATwA oAAnB nBj nj

pBU BL` B nj C yUC= ] BT ,( 12) jnAjA <[o w M VnBe> yzhM

Ao ,j <k> o pA uQ An wA BS Bnz= ,k{ {n nw nj jAs

BwkM ;kkn{ <o~> oM BB = BwAoi ShTBQ o nj s M ,SiBw

/jnAj oM nj An wnoM jn BjAkn A * (kM M 51 |)

a RnBL ,AoMBM

<ooUB* >

`C koM /<k{BM

T{ (327

| 1835

Opkomst der Abbasiden

JBT* /1

/jo* B* <oLBQ AkBi pA> * ok'U BM kBM An RnBL A * kwn oDM /2

oLT* A )

An C pA oX* A * oLBQ AkBi pA Te JBhTA >

(Journal

Asiatique)

<vAo BwC \A \> nj

:jM

kAi

(Ouatremre)

An A AoBo pA (Bv) jo * v* > RnBL BM C y\w pA uQ ,jo* jB * An ovOU /SwA

Akq <k{BM An ,kC nj BzA * kB M ji AoM pA * Bv* > RnBL ,<k{BM

/(1 t) 984

,(15 t) 499

,488:2

,oLj

Jo TwA

42

SvAU BB C nB M ,jM TzpBM BA oM yizi z=ow M = <VnBe>

j A B kw B ,Twjj = kBP oj BA /kAoM BwAoi ShTBQ pA An <o~>

M BB uQ /jo= jC ,jM jC B = B B= TiA KLw M An o

M o j A B qo = ] ,kjAj ] A kjM BM = Bv= <VnBe>

1

/ 128 Bw M A o pA uQo ,kwo BBQ

yL] B TU
q] qa ,JLA A = oM \T SwA BwC ,S{m `C pA

zL jo <VnBe> AnB pA <BL{ wB`> <qo] M ozM> = Sv S { /SwA jL

C nj = w jU Ba; kj B A kjo= BQoM Bkw = J{C C nj

2

AnAqnB= BS BAoBo = kjM Bjoi BBLj pA ,kTv] S=o{ BJLA

AoQ pA o C kBM ,A oM /(33 | :koM) kTiBw jnpC An BC ZAoi
C BpAnj j oM kkC<moU> o{ M = ,jo= jB An BBTwn B= Bw <VnBe>

SwAi Tvh /kkBM BzA n] (BA pA ) <Ao> Akpo Tw pA ,kjBTvA

3

<oLs> `C pA /k{BM T{Aj Ro{ njAj Ak= BQ M = jM AnAqnB= kq ,BC

pA oq B B\Aow Se = jjo AnB{C ,jo= SAn B AoM (kM M 1918:2)

w pA ,kjo= U kB j uQ/kjo BC KB} xomQ SwAi jnCoM

nBTn o M BC T{AjA AnAqnB= yq = ,S KB] pA oj Se
en
nj oYA _ BpBTA A = SwAkQ /k{ nAm A kC M ,BkjRBB BM AnAk

= B\C BU ,j qoL An B{Bj }L TBZnB = A q] ,SwA T{Ak Bjo

/k{ BZAnB C BM nB M T AoBo ji

BAosA pA nBvM
B M BzA nAqB ,j{ Ak B oM AnB BA <VnBe> RBU pA `C
4

/ < 12> 5 /k{BM <]o > B = ,kAkC TiB{ AkM pBMoj pA = SwA

,BzA AnB B , ,BX B w B io U JBMnj <ZnAi> BM <]o>

M Jv) <o VnBe>

"Hu-Lo-Chan de Mu-lu"
"Bretschneidre"

M j{ Mo `C nBMnj (9 |)

A M a RBOBU nj <VnBe>

B /1

JBT* koM /SwA kC (BwAoi ShTBQ <o>

nAkA ,k{ ' `C AoM pA B\A nj /kAT{ wA BS BpBU M ]An Ba * LB

/15 8:2

/1575:2

,B /5

:xn ,q /188:2

/192 :2

,oLj /2

,B /4

/Tv <ij>

/1583:2

B~C

,B /3

Jo AoBo : JBM

43

A o = M jo= e ,jnC BA Aki B M u=o = ` A oM ,jo= S Bh

k{BM k{ wBw Ao] BB KUo pAkAo ,oA A = A ,Sv
oM e BC uQ> /SwA SB` pn nj BT Aki M = SwBC v =

`C SwAoTBi Bkj pA B C = ) BT AkiM(TiAkA KL)jnj An B{AnjAoM

(1:9 ,Co9) k= = (B Bw nj
zL<]o> /SwA jM BBv pBU oZ BB ,B C nj k B v
1

B yz== B ,jo= B A BBv oj BJo qTv B B xpBw nj

<SBA> JBMnj TiA B] BT]A z C ,SB dU

BSB] BJqe
= kB nBTn Ba BC BM ,Sv An An Se = kjM ` A oM <]o> /So An
BBv `C ,kk{ Bv = C pA uQ (Aop) ;kA`BM yi o = oM nA

nAo`oM BnBLTw a = Te o BM nBQ pA ,AoMBM /Sv An BC SwAn

Shw BjAkn oM = C pA uQ = K\U oA pA /kkj ,k=

2

jo= Aoe An BM i Thn BA = LM ,k{ B C oAAnB nBj nj nBLTw

jBM BA `Co = C nBT B`jB /kAj AnjAoM BBv = knAj nBhA

3

AoM pA> = A T{Aj n oL

wA = ,jM BS B oMAoM A M jopBM BB kjo=
/<jM nBqoQ o ,Sv pBUok oM oUoM _ pBU

oUnj BC pA ioM = Be nj /jM <VnBe> AoQ w jU tBveA ,BM ,A

B ,kTwQnj nr j `iA ,TwoQBT kL M kTn A pA

A /kCnj sBM UkL L` AoTA M BzA nAkQ M SwA K]A = AkL

:TB SLv <[ow M VnBe> z ]o Aow pA <A M ]> M RB=
4

oL B kTwoPM SM k= nB{C o = BMpoM LUM

ao A ,j nj SwA BQ ,BA>

11

| ,4

,g)

B*

k] ,< BC

\>

nj (nB{ vQ ,pAkAK' =) <B]nA> nBMnj B' koM /1

,kTO a kjM * B]o :

B' nj An zkA A AoA Bzn .

/kM M

/kLM (///8:1

* M /(AO M ] :koM) 349

| ,2 Z , !"i :qo' . /55

,<oLj>

/k] ,kn{ AM oM

<K

/(19 t) 52 | ,13 Z , B. A . kM M 1931:2

kq>

53 | ,13 Z ,< B. A > /2

O nj

]o

pA

ioM

,oLj /3

,SAo

nj

/1349:2

/1924

,kM M 1918:2

,oLj /4

Jo TwA

44

wA nBj nj WXU SwoQBPa ,wA nBj nj) j{ oAo~ oj BM

q
A pA /// ]
Aki jq nj B= BA BM SwA ,joM Be A oM =
1

/SwA qa SwAn BA
Swnj wA
= SwA ` A oM <]> ,AoMBM /(SzM

, wA Ao jo{ a= M An C BLeB ,AkL a = jM Ls

2

= jnAjA ~Ao AjA b kTv AoQ = jo M SLvjo RBL]A jAj nAo`

nj (Ao|U =) <B]n A > Km ,S] A pA /SwA jnC oTB= A M Co`

Se j ,wn wA oMAoM nj `iA y= A M SwA L{ oTzM BwAoi

C pA oQ BM ,yBBn B oMAoMB nj = Te B BC nj Mo

/kpn nAoA ZAoi rBM kBTw RBB jnCjo AoMB] BT

AoTA BBv kZ oM B=oU BM <VnBe> k{ BQ oM ioM `C JBMnj B A

= pA ok oj A M SwA ]An oA C = Tv T A T M B ,k=

BBv pBU /jM TB BzA pA = Tv{ osBi M BC oM A zi ,BpBU oM

kn{ BC oM TBUoM n (BA ) BpBU pA kao ,k`ow AnBhM Bpow

= SwA qa B ,oA A k /k{BM TzoM wA pA = Sv A ,C BA ,kjM

<VnBe> Ao yi BkLU pA = BC B Bv ZB` j] nBMnj Bin

pA nBvM <VnBe> q\M = SwA A kjo k B AoM `C ,3 kAjo= jB kTzpBM

,kTv oAAnB A BBv C pA { kM = ,kTwQ B=oU M q BBv

jk M ,pBU BBv BM B{oMAoM yi wBw bLe To uQpBM B{k~`

/SwA jM ,<VnBe>

= BwnoM M d}w ao oT ,oLM BBQ M An WdM A = C pA yQSwAqw

,j jB = Ak`Q BjAkn C B Tj BoM BkQ BU , MS{m

/kv pA

wBwZ AkBwn A B C M = UBsA oM jBTA BM kAi AoM B `Anj

,S{Aj Q nj = kzoQ C ,An BpBU oB{A nj nj d BS BT]A

2.

(2 4 | ,S / 132

Z eitschrift

Bw ,<oB~> NBa) 1 oM ,2 Z ,<k> T{Twj :qe MA /1

d. D.M.G. 11., p. 170

/188:2 ,oLj /3

Jo AoBo : JBM

45

q] BT C pA Bj nj B{K~U BM BA a kj Ba ;j o~U

/ < 13> kk{ wA Rj AoM Bjo oT= Bo}i

= AAkZ
yL]C BkpA ,SwA n An B ysQ`C wU M TvAU

A M os pA BTvMA joQ nApC Bo] nj ,wA Sj `o{ BS nj

,SB dU
j yL] M kBP oj = zL] B ;MB B C ,SwBioM

;kAoM ,kkBA `C pA oUB= ,oUB] ,oUjoTv o` w M An wA

oM oUoM M B` BS B nj wA> :k= C jM B] oM SjRnBL A

/<Sv oj

S{mnj pA Bw p Aop /jov ( 128) <[ow M VnBe> o BM yL]C

ShU = MLA ,Sio M An A M kZ oM JLA yUC<vMA> = ,jM kz oPw

wA Sj `o{ yhM nj Jo l Tn B pA M Ba ,jo= ow An BC

/kB\A

o~ jn M C SzpBM = BvM , jL BM j <vMA> poQ = M B\A pA

/SwA { o~ BB = ,pBUok BBv B] j nj Ao BSwAipA ,
#

nBzTA Ao { BzkAysQ M = kB `BM B oMAoM nj A q] ,oA pA

/= ]U BC

,<o VnBe> xn{ pA q\M ,BwAoi nj ,<vMA> nqM B~ pA yQ * j{ nCjB ]oT #

(BA ) M Mkp M d> B~ ] pA * ,jAj fn BA B nj BLo'U oj BB~ xn{

nj ,BwAoi B Jqe nAkB k*B~ /jo* jB kBM AU An (S / 1 7

jAp) <(s)ve

M <nB w o~> BBPw BM joL nj * ,SwA <BwAoi vMA> BzQ ,A oTw B MB'

M B\B nj A U AkM ,k{ Tz* <gM> Mo% eB BB]p] nj (Bw 18 nj) S / 125

/(322

| ,<aB{ ok B* > BU , BwA o i

R An Aq

Bw

:xn) /kjo joPw Bi M <vMA> nTwj

k{ BwAoi B] ka nj ,A B nAq ka yAkQ K] ,Bjo j nj k{ A] A B jB

< 14>

(A/N) /SwA

j JBM

1
wA BFo' BTwBi

,k= B U BC dU
s nj kAi = in

wA BKmnBzTA Rk

xo jninj `C /kB |Bi Mo o~ M jkd An ji wnoM = SwA oq B

kTB RB zk{ jz Bpownj BpBU B nj = BTB] C = SwA A ,SwA
d wBw k L ,j oBh a BM BC yAkQ kn ,Svh nj
/ < 15> jM B{oTjn

Ak] BBv B = SwA AB v Tvh ,(BBv B oLn ) SBA

= (B{ nBj ,C BBQ ) AM Jqe BA /jo= vLUBJqe BTwjM An BC ,kA

A AoA kj = a ;jo= Bj BA ShU pA ,jM l AnAj B C nj

,kASiAoM pA Bjo oU|d

(BX o ,oMMA ) k{An B ipA uQjABi

BM = kBziBkQM oT , Ahi <BX> BLTA To nj BC = A

:jo= S Bh op JAqeA BM Jqe A ;kTv |dl ,kT{Aj

M ,pBU BB BM B{TwQ M oT = (|)oLBQ AnB ,k A Jqe /(1

nBzM B=oz ospA ,yioj B{j poQ BB An AMkwn Se
/kjnC

Si nj BC bLe pA Bj n{ = (|)oLBQ AkBi AnB ,{ Jqe /(2

/ < 16> ()<> |e s M ,kT{Aj

,B B pA B i kq M B` = BAin] ,ZnAi Jqe /(3

Jo TwA

48

= j B pA i q M ,q Ba ;kjM ji LLs M Ao{ k]A BjqB JBvTA

/kjnAm A n ,jAj Swj pA An SoX= A jBTA
p = C kn ,oj BJqeBA /jM BnBa BJqe oUK~T,ZnAi
yo`L` pA i kq = oTz A BU ,jM kB BBQ M BC B nj ]
oA A ,kjnC nBzM <oB= > An yiB{j ao A BA /jnC jo An BC ,jM
joTv KBk B BPw BM An ji l SvAU Se T` BU = jL C pA B
Te T a M U ,A uoMZnAi BA /koM ovM B= xpBw nj BC BM ,kB
nBTn AoB= ` BC BM ,jo= o = M T An yiwBw B{j Ba ,kjAj
q] = UnBL B ,jM (A A e =) <Sv Aki q] nAj> B{nB{ /kjo=
/S{Ak j~L <oz{ e>
BzA pA BwBL kwoiB pA ,kAT{ AM M ]An `C JBMnj = Bin

nAo` S{m Ba BzA pA kAn hw B B = An qa ,kATomQ oYA BzAoQ

nj = B AM BM An BJqe nBQ BA = Sv S {/kAjo bo} ,jo=
Z j jB] nj = k= o~U a knC B M hw C pA BzBJBT=
wA AoM pA LU M Ak`A = BC (|)oLBQ kZ
oM AoB= oZ BM AM AnB
pA <j k> ,<j kq> ,< kq> BwkMM nBMA nj /jnAk TiA Aka ,jo=
< kq> k nj n
k jo= SoeM |~i M ,k= jBTwA A B i
,BC zo~`,A oM / nj <AkL> kC nB= n pA uQ oe SeBMA
kM Bjo BU ,kAi pB pA yQAn jC L}i ; kB k{Q jo zapA i BU
<o> ,<oMMA> BzB] (|)oLBQ Sw BM JBh ],kzbo T
C k{
/jM <BX>
1

kkM Q B M *o> :kTO * nj /81

,(kM M 1 t) 5 ,(kM M 19 t) 34 :2

:jM kAU C oM j qC\ SM A (13 t ,83:2

jM nBj nj An nj nB* A M

/(81 :2

,oLj /1

,oLj) <] A Ao

kz ]A o BM

Aki An

nj RnkQ

,oLj)

[/wA SB] nBj BA :2

V. Gayet, lArt .

| ,1 Z ,

!"i

:qo' . (192

| ,<ij>

SwQ

NBa)

:M j{ s]n

CA
arabe,

:Twn MA /2

3. Goldziher:

Islamisches Studien,

II, p. 41-49

]#

p. 34

{ :j JBM

49

{j
Bi
n
A B}i ,kAT{ B AoM pA AM AnBpo `C = Be nj

,BpBU |} SoX= A = SvS {/ < 17> kBBpBM An |BLe jo= gv AM

oM TwA BBv pA nBvM nB{ Ba ;1 kTvAj BT j Jqe ,An AM Jqe

,k{ WBM An C pB\e A B{j Z = ,kTvAj UnoZ o An tkL o{ j

/kLM C Soe M U ` nBMA nj = CM

An yiB{j oA pA M ,kTvAj |e
oM BBv An ji BU A M AnB
2

oT pA <B> 3 /kjo= AoB= BM = jM UBv` B M BC BM B{nBTn jo{ oB=

<AkL> ,BBv AzQ <kq> xovQ Ba ,jM Aki zB] ,A Jqe

> oM BC nB{C B{j BA 4 /kjM BA kB ,<joP w> <Aki A> wA AzQ

BU= /jo= nBA Si nj An <B> |e = jM A osBi M ,() <KBsMA M

jABi ,kkB <JAoUMA> = M An A ()<> AnB pA nBvM kao = C hw
uPw <BBX> kT{Aj A K~U
kjo= Bj pA = An AnB A
5

/kjoL B pA An <BAo>

JLA M = ( 85) Ao M AkL> Si nj wA RBB] B ]

/wA SB] BkB BA

:2 SwQ

:xn /1

/kM M 2 ,17 BSM ,<m ohMA> Ba (92 | ,<pB> NBa) m A j :xn /2

M 15 t) 471 ,49 | ,s M (kM M 5 t) 425 ,415 ,(kM M 11 t) 414:2 ,oLj /3
/(kM
| ,1 Z) < koA k(> . (3 3 ,12 | ,<jnAA> NBa) <nlM> nj jo* jB * BSO A /4
NBa) < Cjpo A j> . (9 t 117 , 5 t 81 ,743 ,78:2) <oLj> . (kM M 1 t 122
/(381 | ,2) <opk > :xn /SwA kC (kM M 11 |) Mo T (219 | ,<o{M>
oQ BjAoA oM o~d An BBX * (118 | ,2 ,<opk >

35

,342 ,34

:2) <oLj> /5

' MA :xn /SwA k{ SjA q ojM BJqe pA ioM oM O A * Be nj ,kAj AM

xBM Aki T' kM k ,kAojM oU M B~ o~M A BBX> :(315 | ,<ij> NBa)

A BM /kjo* nAkoj nw nj AM pA B\A nj nBvM * ,SwA {n oA A /<UB~

,SwA <o> <oMMA>

kM

BM * A BU ,qa oM pA ,kjM kwoi <BX> k{ Tz* pA ,Be

BBX A B pA /TB Ro{ oLBQ (|)<kd> M |iA nj * jM MBd pA Ba

, B. A ) /kjM k A nB~A pA q Ba ,(kk] <oMp>

<dj> Onj * Bv* ) o~M

/(3 t 27 | ,15 Z

nlM . 8 4:2

,oLj) /kC kkQ ,kwn Si M Tzj nj <Ao> * B BU nAqB A /

/(221

| <jnAA> NBa

Jo TwA

50

BAkM <jnA> jq nj = zeBSv{pA uQ,jAj BBQ <Anoe> d nj ZnAi

TwA BM ,kj BQoM pB\e jo = {n{ C q Ba ;kwn B]o M ,jo= jnA
M jM nB~A Jqe kB = v= oiC <oMp M AkL> k{ Tz= oM BA

nj <B\ M o}`> S{mnj oYA oM C yUC= , 77 Bw BU ZnAi JLA BA /kC BBQ

nj ,<AkL M Bw> < k> o~ pA /jnC Aj ,jov M BTwoLs pow

/j{ B oTwj BJqe A pA qa Aka ,cT BLTA

= C o) kB = zn koLM B pA An BJqe A kTvAT BA = C Be

Shv pA An BC AkA AM BPw = { ZnAi /(= BXTv An nB~A Jqe

oMAoM nj SBL BA = kB o An BC oj kao ,joM B pA An B{kq Ajo

M A ;SB nBzTA BC jBL jp a nBM ,kkM BC M nB{C ] A BA

/SB RB z bo{ nj Mo Sj nj = ,jM BT]A AeA BZA C SLwB

dU
j BT]A nBQ M ,Mo BJqe wBw yz=A ,BwkM

/ < 18> SB

ojk ,kjB ` AoeA ByL]pA _ M kj Ba BA
Z BM jM BC pA oY B T = B\UnA nB= TBd SMBM pA , <qqAkL Mo>

kzhM BhB = Sv S { /jq BU q] S{Ak pBvj Sj jB~T`A

Ao oYA oM A ,jo M BQ jB <Jw M ZB\e> = UBB BT M SzpBM M Se

pA /kk{ Bv = Bv= pA q] T{AjoM ,jM wA M ko AoM So jo=

oYA oM ,jM jB~T`A = BA SwBw pA ,C oz M wA M Rj B C

ji ,kjo= BQoM <VnBe> AnB = MLA /k{ Ak] ,jM k{ AkQ oA j A B = ZnBU

yUC= kTn o B]JAjo nj BBv,uQ/SwAoT A Twnj oM dj

AkBi oj B{j k M An BC A{ ,kjo n{ RBB] B nj BC

k |e
A Rj ,SB nATwA SBA ow oM yz=,BwkM /SwQnj A
/jq y{] xn{ q]

ZnAi ,<qqAkL Mo> Si pBkC pA (AjoB =) oq] bAo pow nj

{ :j JBM

51
1

/kjAj nAo` AoTw AkLTv kZ

oM Bkpn ,Bkk\n BAUB BBe An ji

= ,kjo= jk BbwBM An BA AoBo pA ZAnB BoMoM ,ZnAi A ,BLoC nj

2

/kTv] nB nBj C nj BA BM joL nj BC pA

BLoC jo JLA :3 SwQ :Mj{ ]n ]

B j M , pow nj <|e
KBs> M KL <]nBi d M AkL> ,a
[

kT{Aj nBj C jo BM AMBAoBo = qCRBv`nBTn C nB{C B=ji

] M BC BM BA oTzQ = kjM ]nAi C pA ok ,Bp C nj ZnAi 3 /kn{

w M TwBioM ] M j bw BM BC A a ,kTB Lk BzA oM kTiAjoQ

BC B yz== B ,ZnAi / < 19> kpAoQ pnBL M wA BkTwA

Se o pA kwniB B kwni M jkd ,TB dU

BzA A B{j

d ~h{ yz= = C pA uQ q k{BM SwAi ao k{ AzQTw

=) <oL= > KUo = kjB An kB` A , jM BM B  SijM B` M o~d

#

jo{ oB= kjB Q ZnAi = = kB` A BwkM ;SwA oB= (nqM B

An C = BZA TiAM SLvyTiA ,C Z oj j] BM y=ow

/jnC Aj ,kjo= |L} BC oM

kBM nj dU
s <]o> Z ` ZnAi A Z
C oY B U Rk
/jpBw k B AoM An BC nBzTA BSB] A yL]
/ [A B i oiC k nj ZnAi :4 SwQ M j{ ]n ]

A = j fn A AkBi AoM z= jM A ,C oYA

nj a /kj JAi M
A /kjM pnA B LoLU = kk]BbwBM ,B{wBwB{j BM BA T{m

B nj ,S{AkLMBw BA AoM = o BM pA AMShU B Bh

A = MB

/ Fragmenta, p. 41 suiv, et ibid paenult . /134 :2 ,oLj /1

/3 SwQ :xn /2815:1 ,B /2
/4

SwQ

:koM /(15 ,8 ,7 t) 79 | ,2 Z , B. A /3

<B> <(s)<> }h{ BM Aka * ,SwA jM ~h{ s ,kB~ A s #

ZnAi * SwB\A pA /SB dU jBL oM e M |Bh{A oM e pA * C BU ,kpn {j

A B nj BpBUo% jn , dU A pAn / B k{BM A Ai ,kk{ oMB] Se o B{j

(s/) /j{ kj BTvMA M Si BU A AoM pA B B C pA * ,SwA SB]

Jo TwA

52

= SvS {/k{ nAkkQ kAjoM B pA An BC oj kkLT BA = ATd

B gwBQ /jM en JLA A M=ow AoM pA ,noZ o kpB AM

BC M nB{C ] A BB ,BC BSwAi ZnAi BSB{M Se

/jM

qe oYA oM (AjoB =) oq] nBj bAo BTvMo nj nkU B{n{ A

/kjni Sv{,jAj BzBzABM xqTw nj AM ioiC<j Ao> = z{=

An ji BPw o oiCBU BA ,kk{ poQ ZnAi C oM q nBM A BA ao A ,Be A BM

AnB BA = o BM pBM { Jqe M = SwA B A pA /kjAj Swj pA

/kC kkQ kT{Ak C BM oMAoM

uPw ,So iB{ kjoM B pA Anoe nj BA = wBw Jqe C pA {

{j wA
oB = nBQ j BT]A wBw yL] BM SB xoTv

B = jM kM,yL]A BTwBi /SwBi BPM SwQ ji M \BMAn A Jo

/j Ai bo{ An C op nj

2
{ kBH
To AoM uPw,Si nj ()<> |e
pA Bj AoM ,Svh,= jAs pBU {

BM k{ Tz= kwn xjBo M v= = CM BC B nj = ()<ve>xknq BLTA

/SwBioM ] M BA

= nBMnAi Byj,jL yCMi oLBQ AkBi M = A BpBU |iA

BU S{Aj C oM An BzA ,SiAjoQ BzA M nAjoLBo koipBM AoM A Se

,kjM TvM BzA Rj nB oQ AoM ()<> AkBi M SLv = An BQ
BJo kB bLe BTvMA M = B C q An <nBTh> BzA Ba ,k= xAo

{ :j JBM

53

UBLYM oBM AkBi BAj BM B= jnioM ve /(23 | :xn) kjo= oU jAj

pA BzwAo BC ,k{ BzA S{ow = SwA nj Twjj BBw A Bzo{

A pA B{kwoiB ,kAkoM ow k w ` An BzA = SwA ZnAi BM ]

/SwA BA Swj nj ,kAi yo`BTvkBM An BC = B{BBTwn kkj =

B] nj o{oYA = kC kkQ BzkA,<nBTh> nBpn pA = Un nj

pBUok BAkBinj pBkC nj = BzkAA = SwAkQ/S{AjB{ pA nBvM j

pA uQ ,BTwBM BAoA jq nj = C ;jM <TwoPB{> C kBpBM = BvM ,TB RB z

y=|os pA Sv kM = A jM nz ,ShCnj C BM `Ao{A kBL ioM = C

/ < 20> /k{BM TB BLTA BC M MBM =

(|)<kd>
oM Aki = oM Se:jM A = A { oT nj vkBL B pA

(|)oLBQ o BM ,kjBBw An nA Aki jAnA BM |A C BAn M BU SwAjo= ZBA

SLv BAkM An zAj ,ioM /kAjoM VnA M A pA An C yBkBpBM M ,kz Ap

M An C = BvM ,kB Swj M jjo ~dU ozM ByAj= AkM = kjAj

xnAkBo M i <Bz> `C /kAjo= SBnj jqA Se w pA LTv

A A nAkTwj JBM nj = jo Z pA ,kM BA> :SwA A ,T{ <o M Jw>

SBs = SwoA pA ,kj nAo` B{BBQ ok nj An BC = A ;k{ B C AkBi

,knB{ yi h An BzA j A` (Ao]A ) ,TvAj o ji oM An BzA
1

</kj SLv BzA M SwA jM nA = An zAj

jM ao Xke o M = kwn B] AkM ,()<> AkBi pA = A nAkLB]

= A o , B jnAj nBU kC Co` nj `C oBh BM = k{BM nA knAjoMnj Ai

A = SwB\A pA ;kkpn BA ,kC ()<> AkBi BBA BMp oM Wke C

kAi M ,jo= jB nBMA nj <MnkL
MA> `C /kTvAj bBL An JAo{ =kA =

C /jnioM { jo M = Ba= pA nj Mkp Bp> :j{ Zo

nBAoAj nj

"GNOSTIC"

* l nj * An `C ,Ao <SAo{A>
cU AoM Mo B]oT #

BM TA , oD M ,C nj k{ BM RBoD KB ioM a * ,kAjo* ' Mo M kC <tn>

20

x) q oT*j RBdU M nj ,jo* nAjji wnB M BC ' pA ,kz LU ~A nA

/182:2

,oLj /1

/kj sB]nA

Jo TwA

54

kkBM Aka uQ,kk{ oLi B{ /jnC Ao = Ani kAiAo yAkBiM An A ,jo
:kkwoQ A pA /kTwAi kB{CBC ;kjnhM BM ,k{ LA BzA pA u\=

= MAo{ uQ /An xoU` oU jBe

:jAj gwBQ ?{M MB{ Ak= Aki oLBQ ovQ A
Xke JAo{ JBMnj BC Aki oLBQ ovQ A :kT BC ;kk{ ///k{ ,kjnC

:S ;SwB TiA jn C ,Ajo= SAn SB nkQ pA = ,jnC BAoM

oU o Q BM An oU o Q AowAM Bs :S | oLBQ = jo= WkeAo B pA nkQ !nC

(23:2 ,Co9) jo= RBs jn nBaj An AowAM Aki = oM /k= |MB} BM An

A nBTo An B{ = Aki A /Aoe An yk{ jo= e An C pA JC Sz j

RBs jn An JAo{ ,= A /Aoe An nBvM j e An C pA =kA ,jo= JAo{
1

</kB

nj BC S~ M nBM = C pA uQ ,An BBA A ji ,jo = SwA jM Ls

/knC nBzM C Sw jke U jBLTA A ov U ]o B ,jo= zn B{Bj

,kABjo oUnBMjoM (B) Ajo
:kB B] oM () <> pA = UnBL SwA a
i>
SwAki yAj pA B yAj = Tv AkBi B = oM /B{oUBAj (B) BnqM

M ,k] Q An B nBYC o A /SwATwAn nBT pA B nAk{ ,SwABo M BAoBo

C pA = o ,Sn Swnj Sn C Q

ynj;kMB n B ByM
oM = o ,SwB BM |e
2

</k{ oo koM Q

SwA nBhTA KL C ,jpBw nB{C B oM <k>

rA An BBA S~ M jBLTA

SwAn An Bn C B ) kk{ kB AkM oLBQ AkBi BBA =

/ < 21> 3 /(SwA

pBU pA TB] bAo A oM o~d ,jo= jB = kBL A SwA kM

pA yQBSBjpA ,TB RB z = nj BC = TvAj |~i M ,k{BM jM BBv

yAqA pAkA B M ,wA Sj pA nqM zhM nj kBL A /kATomQ oYA wA

jBLTA A /SB nBzTA ,C B}dA A Sj JZ BBv zi TBZnB
/12

. /(71

| ,<SAn> NBa) <jo L>

Snouk Hurgronje:

BA

| ,2 Z ,B /2

. (2 ) 353

Der Mahdi, p. 6 (n. 7).

/417

| ,3 Z , ko A

,(14) 3 5 , 8 ,(2) 54:2

k(

/1

,oLj /3

{ :j JBM

55

,SvwA BSowAow nj AkBi BBA pA oM q] SA A b = k{ AkQ

Sd~ = CM ,knAk ]U
yi~h{ B M q] BA kTBnj jo = A

/knC oTnj kAk{ C oz nAjk = An j

= ,k\ L~T Aow wBw Ajo pA BQ ,wA SA = SwA jM Ls

oLn AoM L BBnC C pA ,jAj q=oU An BjU ByAo BU kASo oTT

= B\C ,TBZnB nA{j RB`A nj Z Ba ;kMB oM

T] w M SA

jM a ,SwA kCn eo nj TwQ BzkA T {C BB] Tz Bjo i

BSowAow nj (BAj =) zT BRB ,AodM S`C nj ,BwkM/Sv
/kThA { kBL M ko M An jo = ,kC kkQ wA
BpBU = Ao { BsAoA pA hw ,BRB A oYA xoTv nj AoM = SwAp
/nC B M kAkAi (k =) <AnkU> An BC

3
{ BFo'
nBzM { B`o pA An BzA pBU BL = ,BsAoA B AnkU C vLU

`o j M ,jM BC RAkLT pA

oLBQ AkBi ukLU = Bv= ,kjnC
q]
/SwA BwC <Bv= > ,<BLw>

M BX> nBpn pA = <BLw M AkL> AnB) BLw /(1

<> SBL e M A n <B

BBA nj A pA uQ BC ,<> nj jqA oM = kjM kLT ,(jnAq Si nj

zjqA (bn) oM A = SvnoZ ,BzA nAkQ M /SwA TB v\U

zB]

nj = A BU ,jjopBM yi jqA BB] M = SwAn M ,j{ BB B] A nj

An C SzpBM ,kB <SLk> j{ KBk oM A = Anj /kMB v\Uoj ~h{

/kAi <J` U> An BA nh nBTTA Ba ,k <S]n> p M

Jo TwA

56

AC n k U ;kCAo BoMA nj ()<> = knAj nBM ,kA<J` U> M B` = Bv= C

M <> pA uQAn jqA oM C BLTA oj ioM = Be nj ,SwA BpBU yinlC A

MA> = knAkQ BA /kABA nh AoM za = SwB\A pA ,knB{ qB] Akpo

;k{ Tz= kCnj A {M = A pA uQB}{ = BvM ,TzAn <> qo <]nBi \

,oTM RnBL M B ,kTvAjvTB v\U
<> }h{ nj = An jqA oM B a
1

/kT{Aj <> o M jBLTA

A n i ,jqA v\UM
B` = zkAoM TL BB <BLw> kL = SwAkQ

nj BBv= /kC kkQ knzM = nj = BC <nBTh> nBpn pA = SwA <Bv= >

2

;kTv nkU ,knAj SsBeA jqA ByAjM SLv BBA = A M yi jBLTA

nj BM <ve> <ve> yAnjAoM ,TB sBeA M < e M kd>

= kCoM

J] BM Bv= jBLTA nB= / < 22> kAkjo A o sBM B U yAjnj BpAn BU

SBs = a ;kB\A SBs RnoZ
` M ,So{ B U nj BA jM BT

{ An B Aoj pA An BC = SwA qa A ) SvA B` pA oLBo q]

jo SBs ,j = kkLT BBv= > := k <BTwo{> /(k= qBT

:kB) <k= sBM An wA kA` M vU

RnoZ ,jo C pA BzA SBs ;SwA
3

/(BA q] [e pn pB

BLw ,Aop ;j{ {n B AoM <Bv= > <BLw> kL j B bo B\A pA

nj ;jBoM SA ji pA AoM AoM ,jM BA nj jqA yhMeM B`

= C Swnj hw /SwA jnC nBzM jqA yAj pA jB An C Bv= = Be

`C ;(411 ,2)

"Haarbru
cker" ]oU

(kM M 132

| ,<Un* > NBa , dA

) BTwo{ /1

> JBMnj <oL > `C BM kjSLv <BBLw> M <BTwo{>

,<A>) Sv nBpBw jo* jB <BLw M AkL

C nBLTA M SwA <> BM SB * A ,SwA op B An oLBQ o * SwA TO /(173

,1

`C JBMnj * Be nj /Sz kAi pBM p M (|)<kd> * A ,jM <k d> op *

A Ai ,jM B{ yQ pA <> }h{ nj AjqA v\U C a /nAk kjoU jo* jB <BTwo{>

,1 ,<A>) .

Haarbrucker, II, 411)

<BOA oBj> :koM / B j{ jAj SLv <BLw MA> M C

,<ij> NBa) <Twn MA> . (132 |) <BTwo{> .

< 22>

/1 9 | ,BTwo{ /3

(3

(Z. d. D.M. G. 38, p. 391)

<nlM> .259

|) LT~ MA < 7n BA > JBT* . (kM M t 218

/kM M 82 | , n BTh :

(Van Gelder)

nk A /2

{ :j JBM

57

jo = C nBLTA M BBv= ,kAjo{ tkL

~h{ An ji BA kao BBLw

` nj `o j A /kAkpn SBskM SwALs kMB ByAjM d BQkM

BBQ pA BA SzpBM M B` BBLw BT /kABTwAk BA SzpBM <S]n> M

sAM C pA ji nh Td BU BA kM knAq A n BBv= = Be nj ,kABwC
C pA /SwAk,kAkAo Bv= jBLTA M = nz AoB{ o{ nj kL A /SwA
1

: e
oX= > T ,SwA ]
nBMnj < q
M kd

BU kza o SMo{ (oLBQ) jA>

ynj Q nj = An BBPw = C
BzA kj M Bp /k= oLn ,kn

) = ,<Z n> BTv= nj kB

AnA JC LA ( SwA BzA AkBi

2

</j{ oT pA KBk ,k{] C pA

kBM jp a v\Unj
BC C BT ,jB JZ M n <BLw> l ,B` S{mBM

<BkAn> kL pA hw = B, { nj C A = kj Ai /SB oz
3

/ < 23> /k{ BB ,nC B M

:kT < e M kd
M {BMA> AnB <{B> BC B pA ,Bv. /(2

,Svov U An Ak{ pB JBT= o ,jnAj en v] o ,SwA sBM An oBh o>

T BAo= nj k= AoQ nAowA Se;jnAj B] C nj TLLe B] A nj BX o

M kd>
xkpo M <> = SwA zAj C ,SwA kC jo jC }h{ nj

yAjA = u=Co /j pBM <{BMA> xkpo M An pAn C A ,jAj |B~TiA < e

4

M 159

| ,2 Z ,1874

/kM M 182

Bw) < BwC

\>

nj <k w> A SdU <nBj MnBM> B~C `C koM /1

A . 111
| ,5 Z , B.

, C jp o  A j) /kT{Aj S*o{ ,kjo* BQoM

</SwA |e
oM BA ,kC jo A nj

| ,BTwo{ /2

<W{A M

BeoAkL>

,o nj ;jM C A s ,B A BM /(21

/T{ (kM

<nBTh>

* M'A nj BBLw /3

| Mo T nj ,32 | <o{M> NBa

/SwA k{ SjA { AnkU oM <BLw>

/(2 1 | ,2 Z ,S / 1317 Bw ,o~ NBa) 112 | ,BTwo{ /4

Jo TwA

58

` B U JBMnj An ,a /SwA nqM TA AnAj { gnBU nj <{B> kL

jk { M wAok kBL pA nBvM SAow oM BM ,jnAj sBM oBh o = An A M

BAq] Ao <AjM> o <B> o <T{jnp> pA = kBLC ,kBwn
#

* ,kATiAjoQ <

tn >

nj Znk K ' M ,o <B>

cU nj Mo B]oT a #

' M ,y* A kO o~Th cU AoM B Am ;SwA SwnjB jnA AnBQ nj k{ AnA RBoD

]oU ,n BL~A k d AnjB{ oYA

:pAjoQ ,kC (1512

| ,1347

<

Ao A nj v o w>

JBT* nj JBM A nj * nBTO

AoU) A' o vw oz ,<nQBnC> oT*j jBzAn

* BT{jnp C BM /// ,kjB B <AkiM sBT]A nAmjBM> An A kM Bdv * AoA B>

Tv oXU

Bv

jB

B* kj BM

S{Aj

S'A ,kTwAi oM

fB{M An

Bvjq

dv 21 B 215 Bw nj B ,ka* MBM M Ak pA ,jM AoA

A * A nkQ /Svo
BD /k{ jAp kjM jo* nB* pB%C S{jnp pow nj ji C [oU AoM AjM BdL * Bp

B] ' A{ M ,jAj xoTv * BMM BM An dv <b> O ,jM jB'TA BD * B j

o Rn M jp M nA pA /jnC Ao SBn kp AoM Swnj Ap ,SvAj kM BUAl An

pA ,SB An Mo% ~o{ Sdv nj w pA /jo* lO B A~A zkA nj ,kCnj oY

/jB B] M nBYC AoA Ov ow nj oj w

n /kC Ao S n AkB] A j xqC pA Bqa * jpC B M ///B

Oi  SiB{ AnC :SwA nBA j |T n A /kA 'Tv

Ak] ok pA S

oM nj An AkB] nBA [Q S A { oM /j o i
Ah BA B'A Tz yM

p B| AjB] ,pB%C A j A oM B /nBU w yUC o y :jo

B{n JC A j yM Oi  SiB{ O |T An j C ,jnAj nBM q An

no M knAj n o'U o{ oB ,SwA SLj jB A * S nkA nj /k* Jvd yUC

zUC Akp jnoQ

Tvh * B{ A /k{ oQ S{p B{ k]

,kMB q*oU Bp

ne n B{jBQ i M ,kC j] M * Dd C pA ,jn nB{ M B SB Bz SwA S

/koC An Tvh BvA ,kMBM Ajo M * C AoM n B{jBQ /k{

oYA oM ,kB\A BvA B* Sv{ M Sonj Tvh BvA B{ B i AqTw BC

pA An n RAnl * C k~~ M n B{jBQ uPw /ShC n o~ [Q BM An S o~ [Q B{ ,C

/kpBvM An B] ThC oB C BM * jo An ji BT{o pA ioM ,kBoM Akp kM

n i ,jM n Bp M A k{ n oB BM S oB ThC KLw S ]BU a

yAo dv (nBTwn =) b O M B wB{B] * SwB\A pA /SB pB <b> B Bn M

Bv] Bj TvMA B b BA /SwA oB dv WXU O oM wB{B] * Ba ,jnAj

tLd RAnl /kzhM nAoTwA ,B] Bp M An n RnBwA nj ,XkU Aop ,SwA v ~ qTv

wAo

kMB Bn ,SwA k{ T{BLA

p jo

jQB

jn

nj * nBU

pA

nA n

B SzM B{jBQ Bi AjB] M ,B{n o M BT{o joBQ M B\C pA kMBT{ B k{ni

/kwn Ao (SD nkQ) <npn kQ>

BTwC M

{ :j JBM

59

/ < 24> /SB BLTA AkM ,kjM KBk BwC nj wA yAkQpA yQ= By=pA

jBC An |Bh{A ,SiAkAoM An = kBL pA nBvM = C pA uQ ,BBv poQ

oz nj BBv = MBB= A oMAoM nj z= A ,Sow BM = C Be /jo= wA M ko

pA BU ,kjz BpBU = BSC nj ,a /kC kkQ ,kjnC SwjM yij

TBZnB Q MQ ,SwBioM BwC j o wA M SLv Apn= BjBMkU

o = T` BM An ji pA AkUo ,wA a /joPw An BC z=ow (A =) BTvMA

C oM BC oA pA ;jAj B\A AnB{C An j A pA TzoM ,BC pA ` ,jAj

MBM = kBL /k\M C kBL wA pA nj M An yien ThM = kk{

#

,wA BM kBL A xqC pA ,BwkM ;SB An BC j M BA q] BnC

pA k{Q o pBM oj pA ,BC B nj wA kBL = kjo kkQ BKm

1

/jjo BB BSkM RBAoi k{oi BZ

kp BkkQ TvhBkp B nBpBw ,omQyoAkjoi kCow AoM

BAodM BT]A i BJLA BM k{ ]A kn ,jo= AqA j =

BBw nj oA A /kjM jBTvA An B nj jo B

BA /kC Ao ,o kk{
a,kjnC n wA B U M yiBA KveoM jo a ,jAj fn Ro\ Tvh

kjo= pBkC ,oA pA /kjM C oM nB{C Zoi C pA SzpBM o k`B BC

nj ,k= BLTwA C pA k= Ao B{BpB BM jnAj SLwB BzA BA BM = An `C

= {n B /kjo= Bn ,jM BzA kB{i = An j Ao pA nBvM = Be

/kjnAq An C jBM (|) <kd>
AkBi BBA = SwA B U B ,kjnC n AkM

S{AkQ pA

Tv LU

AoM

B /jM

B qC wB{B]

nBMnj

BU* eo{

jAp An j B] ,jB
B* oD BM ,kAjo n ,SwA Si B j j] oM TL * S{jnp

M ,SwA B B pA zhM BU S A ,A zkA nj /SiB{ AkB] 'Tv

A j xqC

M /So kAi B] pBM ,kwnAo kBv Dd a * ji T B jo oMnj An SB Bz

/<///Sv

Ko%

TBL{ <QB* >

k nqM

wB{B]

wB{B] B KUoU

/( /A/N)

nBMnj j B%A M ,T(o q( T pA y M nBM j {Be  BU ~ 5U M B\A nj , Mo B]oT #

/( /)

/ k k BC M q  ,k ATi AjoQ C jnA j pA B Tz oM T% o5 a

:TO oLBQ M JBi * * jB j A nBMnj <\ BD> pA TM ,K BM KwB /1

( G /) /<oj wBz BM Uo

oQ kjq BM C oM vM>

Jo TwA

60

w M Rj nj ,{ M TwQ M sAoA nkU BZAnB

Bzi|Bw ,

/jM AkBi

SwBw = SwA oA B ,kjooM C pA = Bv= jn nj ,T` M wA o = BA

BLMA pA wA Sj tAo = Aop ;jo= B~T`A ,BC wA oM b{ pA yMvM ,Sj

= kzM qCo}i o{
,knzM Sj oM An BA = jM SMBM A pA oTzM ,AkUo C

/k= kkU An C j]

jL Ak] oj pA Aka ,BBv jq nj j SwBw = Sv S {

/ < 25> SwA

4
B{B
kjo= BL BC nBMnj = ,RAkLT A oMAoM nj BBA oZ :kwoQ jC

SB = M An B ywoQ A gwBQ ,gnBU = C Be ?jM a kjM BC yAkQKLw

M BzA sBeA kB ,jAj SLv BC M { = An BS C ,nB= pBkC nj BBA /jAj

A = ,An AnkU C pA u=o<> = SvS {/kAjo= nBA ,nAowA ByAj

BM < e Mkd>
/jo= kLU Ak M An <BLw M AkL> ,kA yUCM ,kAi Aki An

jw AkBi AoM Rj nj yAnB MBB= pA = A pA ,kjo pBL j AnC nj xnkQ

SLv M Ls b nj = An TsBeA C Ba ,jo= qoQ ,jo oM k]

2

/k{ o ,kjAj

/132

kwn M :<Oe Mkd> * koM /(1748

| ,BTwo{ /1

,<BU > T{Twj) kw MA < o LA

R B(L"A>

JBT* /2

q] qa B * Aki M :SO SwBioM ;///yAj pA ,Sv B{jq nj qa k BC *

nj JBT* ,///nBM :SO uPw ,AjoL VnA M oLBQ pA

[Co~

] SwA

b j A B `C

/SwA oz{ kM

{ :j JBM

61

a kTBnj B = B,SB oj = kBP oj BBA Z A BA

M ,joM kAi jw BzA AoM oUj nj BL~T yi BT { C pA pAkA

/kkj An C AkA nj Thno TB An ,A Sj AUB = C pA uQ |~i

Swj { AnkU pA = <oX= > nAkTwj osBi M B{B pA ,<qqAkL Mo>

pA An TBe ,A /AT hw A pA JBMnj ;Sv]nAqM jM <{BMA>

:nC L M ,k= bo{ An A =op <{BMA> ByAo = <BDA> JBT=

BM {BMA = Bo uQ/knBM A AoM An <oX= > nBLiA BU jBTwo An BA {BMA>

hw pA An A pn /AjM B]  nj Ajo= a :S kM ,k{ ]A
U> = S{AjoM jBo <oX= > uQ,jo= B C = M = jM Tn oj jo B =

/ < 26> /<Aki oLQ

1

An <{BMA> C AoQ = ,S{Aj j] B{B Jqe B M Mqe = j pBM

M Aoj pA oU |d

An A ,jnAj sBeA M = kT{AkQ ,jo{ tkL

oM \T ,kAjo= SAn B AoM Bin pA ioM `C pA AU /kTvAj SBA

2

/jAj BpBw An Jqe A M nB~A K] AoM oUj = jM v= Tvh <{BMA> =

{ An kU M ]U C BAj jM j pBkC A nj kao Rj A

B{= = Bv= ,BC M AnB pA nBvM TwQ osBi M o ,kAT{Ak

SLs Ba ,SwA T{AkA wA pA jziB M An BC ,A zQ Tw AnAkBo pA

= kBL C ,j wAok kBL wA B nBpBw pA oq B BZA

nj /kTiBw Rj A s An A = v= AoM o ,k{ Ak BC BT

/kjo= {B Rj
pAn oM B

j B C M pBkC kA kA {B BAj = Be

BA M B= nAjB BAj nBMnj = A ,C ,S{Aj K L Rj A

AjBL = jM AoUj C SMBM pA oTzM ,toU /jB o{ An pA An= oLBo

BAkM = TBA M ,jAj nAo` jB TwAw jn ,kAjo= BLA BAkM = An Rj BpAn
/k= Rj yiAoM kpn SBi kC joPw
/34 | ,8 Z , B. A /1
/579

nB{ ,(<kOTw> NBa) Bi MA . kM M 35

| ,2 Z ,M' . 25 :3

,oLj /2

Jo TwA

62

SB`A = nj BAj nk /jM {B Rj nAB Svk{Q Ba bAo

JBT= KeB BU /kkjo nB\ Bo{ nj AoUj = Be nj ,S{Aj

jB J A `C a < 27> /SwA jM Rj A nAB BwAoi = k < A>
1

= e = SwA BwC ,jo= Ai jB = SwA kM BjAkn C kL BB jo=

Svj ,A oM /jL k o \T q] qa ,jo= jB fn

A `C

pA uQ oLQ
<tBL> Akpo BwBL SwjM BU BwAoi Rj k= {n =
2

/k{ pBkC ,joPw BC M An Rj Bp kAiAo Si M An BC <{BMA> = C

AoM = SwA oA ,yi wBL B ovQ

AoM <{BMA> AiSi gnBU

Bw nj <{BMA> /Sv TiB{B Aka ,jnAj wA gnBU BM B{C kA = u=o

B{ nqM BMBM Aenj }vBj pA SwA AkjC ,jo <e> nj 98

<Ao M AkL> zi = C pA uQ <tBL M AkL M kd>

= B] ,BTvMo

An ji ]A = <{BMA> = k /jo= kp ,SiBwnj |zjnBMnj pA An BC

ji BAj un w M ,jo= S ,SBA nj <tBL> kpo |e nBMnj ,kj jq
AoUj C M = An BB Ba ;j jk An BzA ,A MBU AoUj = nj

(wBL) Mkd>BA = M ,k{BMjM ao /jo= vUBC M ,kjo= Zo

3

/So o <{BMA> o pA uQ,Rj w nBM AoM pA

]T BwAoi nBj M An BA oT = BKLw jn nj = Sv nA{j B AoM

BC q] BpBU pA AqC = oj BSjo pA B\C jo ,= B U SiBw
pnBL pA B C nj Ba ,kjM pBT SB\{ R` M (bAo kB) jM
BwAoi = jnAk T {/kjM kB nj M wA Sj ShTBQ |zjnj wBw JAqeA
;jo nBQka An C j BTiA jqow B\C pA UBi = ,jM oM pow

MA> BAo] pA = SwA (tBL M AkL M M) <kd>

BA L}i C oM j

o~M ;SwA Akpo () { ,C BBTwn = BA> :nC L M <L

/

Fragmenta Historie. Arabi. p. 180 / .

/kM M 29

,(11

| ,<kOTw>

NBa) LT~ MA .

| ,wk' . (315

kM M 171 | , A JBT* /1

| ,<ij>

Fragm. Hist. Arab. p. 181

352:2

NBa) ' MA /2

, ko A k( :koM /3

/Ajo* jB b | nj oTzQ * BRnBL

{ :j JBM

63

UB` kM xBM Aki TL kM k ,kAS o nj = kTv BBX ,C BBTwn

\ AoB= ` BpBU ,kAkUo

noe (AjoB =) oq] ; xBL Aki
1

<Ao> oLBo <B w MA> AkBi q] ,B{ jo ;AnB~ i BM BBv

<oMMA> k nj ;nBLU AjB SwA nATwA B{j B\C nj ,kwBz

nB{C R` nBvM B{nB{ B\C = Aop ,kBM BwAoi jo An B{ /kAoa <o>
B{k= AoQ zQBkj jo nBQka An BC AokA = ,nB BzkA BQ Bj ,SwA

)BpBM Bxj ,(ko )BU BoQ AnAj kTv BBPw BC /TiBv

pA = h BBMp qAtAo BBM ,BTLw yn BM TiAoA Bow
,(onB

B] Aoa B

M ,= boz M B U ,nBM /kC oM jo i x Bnr

kCoM
/ < 28> </Bjo BjAkBM

= jo AkM UnB{A BA A hw kao SwA M nj oj oA = C Be

ko BBwAoi = A ,C ;SiBw JBB= zq s A M An BwAoi yq

BT BkMnAoU M pB /kkz= SL zA jAkLTwA oUkM pA ,x= Shw
= SwA uM /T hw S{m Ba ,C pA ,Sv BA k nj nAjA
,kAk{ o nBTnkM M = AnAqnB= pA An B{kwniB B\C jo TBZnB
TLkn B ,SAk oMAoM LB} nj An BC TwAn SLkn BC ;{ kAi nCjB
p ,BwAoi ,BwkM /k{ B C AkM <[o w M VnBe> yL] pA T B =
2

/S{Ak = AkBi AoM Rj BnmM q] qa = jM qhBe

nj C oz AoM AAo n{ ,kk{= B wBL Rj AoM AoUj

B{nB= oBh ,kjQ owAow An BwAoi nBj uQ ;kjAj Bz wA BS

kjo= S lA nApC An BC ,BAoBo = Sv S {/jM [e M Tn B BnpBM

jAp BB pA = AoUj /kTiBw jp nAj Tz= \{ o nBp BMBM

M An BA jAkLTwA kjQ An Bj Bo{ ,kjM B{ Jo Bo~ <B}d`>

,B{Bv BjA kn = kjo= T An BC ,kj o~U { oUkM

///{Be ,

dO ,JBT* :xn /1

/337 | ,(<tBo > NBa) nj . 15 1 ,1434 ,95 :2 ,oLj /2

Jo TwA

64

jo B M ,kjo= Rj ~h{ AoM BC /kpn o = sBM nj nA

d
(oLBQ) AkBi M B{oA = k{BM BA ,SwA BzA M |iA pA C = kjo= LU
a kTvAj ,k{ JBB= AoUj A By{== SwB\A pA / < 29> jjo

M BC TwQ = ,k= K] yi M An AkB] AoTKeB pA nBvM

M Bw> B ,BzA B pA s M /S{Aj wBL Sj B` nj o{oYA ,Rj A
SvkM /Sio 1 <L k e>
Sinj op oLBQ An B = ,= jB An <Aqi oX=

BM ,jM L o BTvT{j nj Akj 2 <k w> nj = BC ,BwAoi nj xnkQ =

L}d` M KL{> M nB{A pA kBL q Ba /k{BM k{ LUo pBU BBPw BBjBQ

kQ pA ,nATwA kQ ,ns /jM <> AnB pA = ,S{m 3 <ozh o { Bs
A /SiBwMo <[ow MA> BM An A jM 4 <]o> AzQ A B = nA] Jo`

uPw;kjo= jBM BAj nk SwBn M An{ u\kB M \A ,oj U j BM jo j

An{ u\ nj BAowA = B ,So (KL =) <nBw> KL BzA pA o

An{ ~ AnBw kB M kM ,jM nAe jpAj pA zT = (15:4 ,Co9) yi

kBpBw nj BwBL ,BwkM 5 /kjo= kqoM k jo pA (|)oLBQ =

,kjo= nBw jpAj kjM j BnAe u\ pA oY B T w pA B{Rj

oUj jBT ,kTomQ oYA oLBQ Bp An{ u\ pA oj w pA Ba

/ < 30> /kkqoM

BzAoM jAkn = C BU ,SB J} ow kjo= oMkU BwBL `Co ,a A

jo= Ai BM = Ba An BC SwBw B Am ,kjL C oTT = kC yQ

/j jC

(Spernger)

<ooP{A> :koM q (k hv) Bw < JBv A > JBT* nj rA A M koM /1

/245 | ,3 Z ,(|)

k d p C kp

/nioM (1595:2) <oLj> nj B A M /2

/(15) 1932:2 ,oLj /4

/Bw JBv A JBT* nj <ozh

o{>
rA M koM /3

5. Sprenger, vol. II, p. 532

/1988 ,158:2 ,oLj /

{ :j JBM

65

5
BkAn Bj oi

nAB ,o\ j kw pBkC nj kkC kkQ B\C pA wBL BAj = =

By=BM kQ oYA oM ,wA = kBP oj ,BwkM /jM wAok sAoA o {

,wnBQ :BTwBM BAoA y=kB) jM KBk bAo nBj nj wA AkQ pA yQ= kBL
C B nBpBw pA A ,k{ B By=pA AqC (BA q] ,MB ,B
M ,S
n{ BM BAj (Aj pBM L` RBd nj An oA A = ) SwBy=oj
BM ,kjo= Ak`A jAj n C oM B C nj = oj A kn M wA j oz
AnkU pA nBvM AkA M e ,C oM j /kTiAjoQ C pA Bj M kUok nAjB
jAkM = ) <wBL n~> k BU <KBsMA M > nBpn pA ,SwA AnAqSkM

jo= iAj ,wA nj nC nj B{oj SMBM pA (k{ wA Bpow ShTBQ

B{A n ,kC kkQ <Bv= > C ,= nj = A BU /SvC pA = jM C nj Bqa
BnTwj M p An pA An BzA ,jo C SBs ,SwA Bjo SBs ,j = jM C
An pAnj jo = kA<B{B> C pA uQ;k= B A BxnAjpBM BwnB\A

oM BzA = BU M ` /kjz BvBBnBM kzoQ BzkApA nBvM n oM

/ < 31> jo= nB An BC ,oA A nj ,kjM C

,kkBM d A nj = ,BwBL uPw <{B> Akpo BAj = SwA jL oq

B{B kL pA oQ SLv = A nj , oA pA /komPM oYA wAok en C pA

BQ BLT{A o A = AkLB ,=kjoU qo kM<{BMA>BAj M

/jM BzA Rj

,Aop /kjo= oz An yiRj a Aj Twnj M ,wBL AoUj BA

BU B A , k nB{C An Si jqB wA = kjAj nTwj nkU BAj M AnBw

1

/(3) 1988:2

,oLj /1

Jo TwA

66

pA An yi RkL pAn = Be nj ,kBM k{Q pAn BA pA Bn Td

BzA Rj An nj ,C kn BAj A = C Be /kT{Aj BQ B{BnB
An nj An ji = Ak{ /kk{ oMn o BM nj BM = kjM nkU BsAoA

zn M q] = jnAk BA An nB= Ak A /kTv BC nCjB ,kjo= Ak <MBM> Km

1

/j SLv ,BzB] nj BC Rj Sd
M j kwoi jo=

,jnC L M 215 Bw T{m nj nBhnBU <Ak> pA <oLs> = An RnBL A

pA jo> :k ,k= BoTwj An nATwA RAoT Aop ,= Zo kAi oM

;j Rj An BkAn jo= nkU ,S{Aj vQ kT <|MA> kM = BkAn

,BBA nj uPw <KBsMAM > nj ,jM <o> ovQ <Bv> nj = en C S{AkQ

BC ,kjo jnA (oLBQ
<tBL> ) <kd M AoMA> BU oj pA uQ

M An SB] ,BzA pA jo o uQ / < 32> kAjo= e An BAoe = kTv AjqA

M oLi A /k= bBL BzAoM An B<Aoe> B{kB{M kAnhM BU ,jo= Rj xABi

BzA B nj p nB= A BA /ShC nAj M Sz= An BC ,kwn <AkL M kwA>

BM fB= BTinj pA ,kkTwoQ An (wBL j i) <n~ o ]MA> /SwBBQ

oM bw BM BzA SB] 2 /k= pAoQ Ba ,kkA o An ji kTn

U ,U := kjo= jBo An <o ]MA> = Be nj ,kkC yQ kk{ oM Bjo

/ < 33> /<(Aki U :)

3

"Herbelot: `C M = SwA /SwA ysQ wnoM jni nj BkAn kL

(494 | ,1 Z) <o> ,(kM M 37 | ,2 Z) <A> , Bibliotheca Orientalis, i. v."
nj ,AjnC L M ji jBTwA jn MB pA = UBsA ,|~iM ,jo= ]n kAT{
Z A JBMnj `C BU /Sv j~L M A ,j{ BA kL M Mo `C
M BkAn kBL BM kBL RAoT <Ak> = SwA C ,jnAj SA B AoM
/418:3

3.

,oLj /2

Selecta Historiae Halebi,

/jo* SAn (kM M 15 1:2)

ed. Freytag, p. 15/

Theophiles,

<oLj> `C koM /1

ed. Boor, p. 430

q C kB Ba ,SwA k{ jAj SLv A nj pAoQ BAU ,AoA <o~ > OBj M * BU nA

:xn /TB SLv BAjM pA ioM M

De Gobineau:

Trois ans en Asia,

p. 367 / Zeitschr. d. D.M.G., XLV, p. 590 n. 2.

{ :j JBM

67

MkwA> = wBL AoUj C Sv { A nj a ,kj SLv wBL BAj

1

/kAjM BkAn pA kz= nAkM BwAoi AoBo <AkL

,Sv kAjo= jB Aj w M ]An Bin

ioM `C pA oUoM j ,nBMA nj

nBQ pA SB= ,B kMBvM/SwA (k= nBQ iBBM = v=,k{Aoi =) <xAki> B =

BT{A oB wS M (= jq) oe nj <xAki> /SwA k{ kB ,j jo=

wBL Rj M BC ;SiAjoQ Co9 unkU M jnC wA uPw jM dv ,S{Aj

Mkd>
AoM = B] ,j v BwAoi M An A = BAj nk = C BU ,SwQ

BA nBMnj sBM kBL ioM ,SzoM BwBL pA = kBP oj /jo= LU pBkC <

,kAiAo qBww M An BC ,jo= oz jo B nj An Boi

kBL ,k= AoPM wBL

o pA uQ BU oA A /kB\A BwAoi B{ (wBL) BA B n M = qa

oQ jo= nBQ U M <AkL MkwA>= Bw ,jnC Aj b / 118 Bw M <xAki>

k= pB\ An B SvBC nj = jL= j] BM BjAkn A 2 /jAj Bo yTz=

nj /nC nBzM kAn hw BC pA <Ak> = BkAn C pA An <xAki> =

JBMnj sB` oT pAoMA AoM pA <Ak> = Sv qa C ,B= B RBsA A = Be

A nj = BxoioM o= l M B oA pA /jo= jB wBL BAj A Km SLLe

/= kvM Km

BSo{ Se M Lm oB{ wAo kk{= = B`o A pA ,Bw

j oAh C pA oUBM oUoM An BC = a ;kk qa ,kMB Swj BC pAn

= ,SwA BwC By= M SLv BTwj C jo = pA A ,kjnC nBzM

X ,oA pA /kAT{Am BzAoM Te Ao RBL]A pA (BzA nAkQ M) wnBM

ioM ,a ,k= ]U An Aoe JBUnA k{= = kjo= T An B`o A jo Bw

An j BpAn = B oT nj ,Co9 BxnAjpBM BnTwj = kT BzA pA

/knAj An An BC pA TBUoM n jnAk {pnA _ ,kATBnj

BvM = ,<oi>
B B Sv kQ = A M knAq A n AozsQ pA ioM
/jAj wBL AoUj pA ioM Tz* M Bo 118

117

,1 8 ,1 7 BBw nj <kwA> /1

/1588:2 ,oLj /2

Jo TwA

68

<mm> B M = <oi>
rA BM <jB> pow nj k{BM o{ B <oi>
pA Tv]Ao
#

M z= BA BBM = SwA C AoM ,T{Aj hw <j oi>

pA B Bo uQ / SwA

Bp AoM kao ,B`oA= j{ {n B\A pA /kATiB{<AoR m>pA

q]
1

##

k{ oBh ,kjM B` kAT{Aj `o{ Bpow oj nj BC `C pA oUAo BBQ

B\ nj BC n~e pA T U k~` M q] oA A , SwA jM bBL j RBBT]A nj BC
2

/ < 34>
/SwA jL
jn nj B B,SwA jM C oM BsA = keMAoR

m C = Un nj
###

AU Be nj kao ;SwA jL ,kATo j M An B`o A = Bw `C

pA B w
= nj T oYA ,B`o A BsAoA pA ioM nkU = { A o

nj <oMBM> nBMnj <AoM> B`C = BysQ /SwA T{Aj <oi>

`o
4

(/) /k{BM <B\p> jq * < nj oi> , nD kB{ #

/45 | ,1 Z ,o /1
wk'

< wB(TA

veA >

JBT* nj BC Rk' <Bj oi> M ]An {pnABM oLi M ,wnB ]oT ##

C kB kq AoM A ,kB jBTwA ' M B] * BU * ,SwA jnioM (S / 39 335)

nBM

:* ' An

nj /k* v% SMB] AoM pA /iM kA]o o BC /SwA T Bjoi BTv* >

B{ o ,k* ] BBv :TO ,jAj fn BzA

B UBXeBL /kk k\v BC Bj

,kAk{ o An BTAki B|o a :TO /Tv SwoQBT B :kTO

qa ,j Se M

[q]

] nBvM BB
/(9398

T)

BAo A B n j Bv

:AoM

kM M

397

?kTv Km A Ak'T

Bw o nj B :kTO ,kAjo* U An So{

| ,19

| ,2

,k NBa) </Aj (So{) C pA

Z ,wBwj .

31

| ,1

Z ,Mj /2

/21

| ,(vA

B\ nj Bp n|e SeBMA
:* A ,C ;jnAj oj oD ,oiA jn A nj wnB ]oT ###

pA yQ <*jq> qBww M nB{A p nj hnBU MB * ,p jo B AoMAoM jApC cMAn ioM

q] qa ~Anj ,kAjo* jB AqwB BM K%A BC pA ,wA pA uQ C <joi> AoQ wA

pA oUAo BBQ Bp AoM> * ] jBTwA M

< 35>

Sv <nBwnjB> wn kBpBM

B{ SB Bp M AoTeA * SO AU ,<kjM B~ kAT{Aj ~o{ Bpow oj nj BC `C

* =

jL>

B nj)

BTwBM

nj

,SwA

<nBwnjB>

B] pA

~BM

nBYC

nj nj) <nBwnkQ> AkQ pA yQ Bpow oj nj a AoA nj a (Tvh B<

BB

BC

commune

o nj * o eBM A M Mn _ ,SwA jM ~ k~ uM Bp Bd pA BD ,(pnBz*

/jnAk ,SwA <SiA> <So{> i oA B kO wA

3. Browne, II, p. 523

{ :j JBM

69

* B ,S{Am 18451844 Bw M <pAo{kd Apo> ,qAoA nj An ~o A jBM /4

oLn <T{n B*kw> jo B{ ,y*A jo* jBM pA yQ/S{m xo pA Bw [Q SvM p
wA j] M ~ nj { B~o B nj <BMBM> /SwA jM { B~o pA <h{> ~o
pA ,kB <B* {> B <MAn *n> An wA A ;kpBT ,yAoQ jpAj BA B
BM BC An pA ( 94 874 . S / 3282 ) < od
SL%> B M BA * ABnBa BJBM

M jopBM qo B kM nAmB /SwA To B <MBM> ,y* A * SwoA pA /kMB kQ yAoQ

nj ;jL SwA k{ kB K' kM <kd Apo> knAkQ ioM Ba <j JBM> B <AJBM>

kB K'M
<JBM> K' /kB <'> An ji j SzpBM K' A pA <Apo> * kBP oj * Be
K' <JBM> (AoA BwAoi Bo{ pA <ozM>)
<ozM ve kd> Ajo B{ pA * C BU
/So
< veApo> , 183 Bw nj
nj BMBM oLn <pA cL> AoQ pA <ABM> M K'

* Be nj ,kk{ A oQ BMBM pA nBvM uQ ,(&A o

D =) SwA oDT L * S{AkQ B C
v'U ~o j M BMBM ,B C pA /kjo* jn
An <ABM> BjA yAoQ pA * nB{ <pA cL>
w M An B\C * C BU ,jo* jAkdM pA BMBM joj nj AAo y{* AoA Se /BM ,p A :kk{
nj yAoQ <ABM> , 188 Bw nj /kjo* oU njA BC v~
S{AjpBM nw B
* C BU ,kkB B\C nj kkjo kLU toL~ oq] M yAoQ <pA cL> * Be nj ,kk{ nBkB
<kA tBL> xovQ ,joM B nj 1892 Bw M <ABM> BA /jo 19 8 Bw M <pA cL>
K'
/k{ zB] <BLAkL> M
BM ~o B ,nkQ pA uQ xAoLn BjA <ABM> kpo nBa pA <kd> B~ oYA oM
/k{ 'Tv yi nB* nj SB poQ njAoM oM <kA tBL> * kBP oj * C Be /jBTA ~oOU
o{ nj BM <kd> AoM yLU pB%C * <Aoi Zn] AoMA> Swj M BoC nj oBM
oA A ,kTv jM BM y*oM BoC nj * BU nA nqM ATwj /SB nBzTA ,jo* B{
Rj y* A BxpC * ,SwA <|OAMA Apo> BC tAn nj ,BM BAj Ak~A M jopBM
;<Mj S* > BT{ .

BBTo M 7n BA o A j

(s /) T he

:koM /kk* AoQ <kA tBL> AoM pA An ji

N ew History of the BA B

, Cambridge, 1893. AoM jnAjA

<oBM> <oMBM> nBMnj Mo B]oT `C oM 'U kAj p B\A nj ,wnB ]oT

* ,jM BLjbA BT]A yL] ,BM ,AoA nj <MBM> yL] ,A oD M :kAqOM ,kAjnC
;SwA j fn Lm y{Q n nj BAoA zQ BT]A ByL] oj `
SO AU ,k{ kz* i M (oB o~ nj) S~ * Be RB cwU yL] A Aj Ba
,<oBM> BA /SB JBUpBM <oL*oA Bi 'UApo> RBAk~A nj BC eA BSwAi pA ioM
M TvMA wBAo Bd BM C Aow ,SB Ak] <MBM> A yL] pA * SwA AodA Bo]
Bnz* nj BC nBTwA kB'  SC ,kkjo Mo BTvA Ba onBTwA Bnz*
AnAjBow oz~ Lm rkA ~Anj <oBM> ,q nBTwA nj nj /kk{ q~oz
j Km An (njAoP* ) TvMA nAjBow kao /SwA TvBoPA Bd M TvMA <j B]>

Jo TwA

70
1

/SwB oT k ,SwA jo= qAoA

= pAkA B M ,BMBM M BUA Aq nj ,kjBTA TvB{ p A nj = wnB MB

dM ,kAk\woM oi
`o M SLv An RBBUA C wA nk nj BBv

k`wA So{ M SLvBMBM = knAkQ MB A BLeB /kAjo nj vL

A Ai SwA oTz BC B nj qa = A ,kAT{Ak AkM zAo jM
oM xnAkT`A ,<JBM> nz= = Aka ,Bp jn nj Ai k{BM RoY jn nj AoT{A
2

/jo= Z Bj en Bkp TU AoM A` ,SwA joTv B] owAow

w M BzjnC n BC jBdA BMBM o = nBMnj AAo RBL ,AoU BBpn

nj = vBww pA jB q] M qa = vBww ,kAjo= oz qBww

/Sv SwA jM [An <jq> nBpn
,Tv BMBM JBT= nj C TB jknj B = nkU C pA o= l B] _ B L} ,nBM
3

zsQ p j BC pA B= qM <AoM> B`C = BJBT= ;Sv

jnC Ao ,kwn BAkM = SwA \BT M Mo `C JBMnj |~i M ,An kjw

= SwA kM nBvM ,jn nBzM C BM xqTw ,qBww pA BA {Qza Bo /SwA

C pA Zoi = AkB` A M An qBww C jo= qBTwj ,Jqe A Aow

JBMnj qa B L} qo ,A oM qA /k{BM jo= xnB w yi AoQ M ,Sv
/SwA kB BzA BJBT= nj qBww

oi
B`o M ]An uMo Bin pA `C o = Sv TvB{ ,oA pA

SU Bw = zAo C BA /ooM ,Sv = AkM ,j{ BoTwj

SwATBe C BM BvAn SBeB yBTwBi,BAoe jo{ bBL ,kjp
| :koM) /SwA jM oa <A M ]> kB ,Bjo pA ioM oM RB`A C nj =

kp oM jB'TA
X {Ba ,C M oBDU B cd
< oBM> nBM ,SwA <Q> BB S

(/A/N) SwA njAoP* RnB\U JBdA BzQj

1. "The

Babis of Persia" (J.R.A.S.),

vol. XXI, p. 881. "A travellers narrative, written to

illustrate the episode of the BAB"

2. Mirza Casim Beg: le Jour. Asia. 1866 t, I. p. 482

:xn Ao Tjq

Nldeke: Geschichte der Perser und Araber, p. 455 (suiv), 491.

<jq> TiB{ AoM /3

{ :j JBM

71

vL dM ,RBBUA B M ,kM p SU nj Bw = v= ,(JBT= 43

j oB{ M vU
pA jziBpA yMqa ,yAo A = Be nj /kjo nj
M zi Sn nB= M BMBSnBYC AoM pA AwA M pBMoj pA = vU

oT BA /SwA jL ,SvQ Bw BM RoY jnCjo oM pA nB{nAi zQTw

kL ThC AoM z{= ,kjo= ] B{wA ok kBL BM An C BkAn = v\U

RL
nAoTwA M B` C AoQ = jM <Bv= > C (JBT= A 55 |:koM) <BLw>

Rj KmA AoM = k{BM v=Tvh,oi

<xAki> = SvkM ,oA pA /kTv

AoA <BAoeA>kM (BAo <j] Rke> ) <BsBM> pBMoj pA = oA ,jo=

pA /SwA |Bh{A pA ~h{ nj jqA Se v\U

C C ,kjAj RnBzM AkM

M M ,jL e BU= nj C oM jkd BzA jq nj (RL

=) oLBQ = SwB]A

nj Ai ,SwA kMBU p oM C UoQ nA = AkB] SwA Te BzA nAkQ

/ < 36> /kB B yijqA BBQ nj Ai jjo kkQ ~h{

6
wBL Rj BHTA
BwAoi M bAo pA

C BkM k` pA knzM wBL Rj oM = C pA uQ <xAki> = Sv kM

,SwA d jqA BpAn oM = S{AkQ ,SiAjoQ Rj M Tzi AoM ,SB Bn

oLn An ji ,jM Aj = C pA uQ BC ;kjo= a A q] M oj BAj Ba

C pA oTzQ = o}i ,BwkM 2 /SvA n xAunBnTwj BM jBp = jo= jAk`
TBA nj SBi ,kTvAj = Rj BpAn pA BAj jB TwAw ,jAj B C
`C nj An C oYA B /SB |L dU yi AoM AnB{C Rj ,kC joPw BAkM =
/JBT* A

6 SwQ

nj yAoQ pA ioM S{mow koM /2

/(9 8) 1585:2

,oLj /1

Jo TwA

72

Bw> Akpo pA ]pA AnBw pA ioM SvAU<xAki> /jo= BM ,S{m

}` bAo nj An BAj nk BBwAoi B }MAn BC ;jkQ ji M An 1 <oX= M

2

/kBQ A o BU Be A = ,k=

kBL ,jov ,jM To oMnj An C = UAo}i BM wBL Rj = Be nj

Rj A MBB= nj jBp oYA kAiAo AkM <xAki> `C kB { AnkU

oY B U SvAT ,kT{Aj SLkn BU BAkM = BAj pA ioM nj q] kBL A /S{Ak
ThM qAj Bk BM An jo jU SvAUS` kao ,kBL /k=

sBM y=M Rj kM ,k= kwoi An B = A pA BC kBnj ,kLo M kMA

jM BC BTwBi = Ao B M kAn KL M An BC ,j] Rke M `
/ < 37> kAjopBM

TiA (tnB bAo jB jo) AoA Mok Bpow jo BM = BBwAoi

poA BU BC pA nBvM nB{ /kT{Aj yAo o U o Bkp M oT= ,kT{Aj nBvM

KLw M BU BA pA BzA jziBBA /SwA jM Sw A K~T

BBv pA nA

oLBQ AkBi M BzA ,a/SwA jM BC nBMw AoTw AoBo

jL ,kT{Aj za BC pA ,nBTn k Twnj M AoBo pA `AkM SLkn q]

BzA kB{i BwBL = Aka ,kjAj c]oU oj oM An AzQ ,oA pA /SwA

nj ,oLBQ AkBi pA SwA BC pA Si kTvAj B\Aow = B ,kTo nAo`

A jo K] AoM = pA BwBL = BAj C /kjo= nAjB pAoMA BC Ski

AkhTwA pA oq nB= pBkC nj BU ,kT{Aj BzAoM kk{ o}i ,kjBTwo pow

knAj oTzMSe= An ojBv= BwBL jM p = SwB\A pA /SwAjL BC

yiRj jBM nAm BQ pA = C pA uQ|~iM ,kB \Tv] ,koUnBTwnj
/kjwCoM wA Bpow nj

<oX= M Bw> BC tA n nj ,kjM BwAoi Jqe kB = AnBw oM BwBL

]U
BwAoi Jqe A wnoM M s A M B = SwA K]A oA pA /kTB Swj
1. Opkomst der Abbassiden, p 40, n. 4
/ [\Q <oX* M Bw> :6

SwQ

:M j{ s]n] /2

{ :j JBM

73

nj Ba ,SwAjM `Ao BAj AnBw C B nBvMRB U = SwAkQ/=

kT{Aj SB`A o jq nj kBM BwAoi nj = AnBw A kL = M Be

pA L bAo A BAj ,T{Ak BvMB B{B KBk SoX= A kL BM n_M

M VnBe> M A BMLA pA /kAkC BC w M ,j ,wBw S]

AnBw pA <L}d`> uQ/k= Aki JBT= M q] kAiA = jM T <[ow
1

</= jk An [nAw =] B nAq BM ,k{BM TwAn o A> :S{AjoM BM

nj = ,kC BMp oM Bv ospA ,a ,SvBhw A nj `AokA Aq _

,Aoj ,<[ow M VnBe> AoQ /kM An |e

SAk A Aki JBT=

kTBnj SvhTd B pA Ba ,k= oL So kC Swj M BU a kTvAj

B= Td o nj = BPw BM BA TiAkAoM pA AnBa =
/Sv k{BM nApnB= jBC

/kk{ wBL Rj nj iAj AnAjoLBo kTwQ BAj C M ,oA pA

oQ j nB{C An oi
y=M Rj = B ,<xAki> pA ,AnBw pA ioM

SwBw = kk{ A oM BC B C pA /kknzM y= A oM oX= A = Be nj ,kjo=

Rj A = kTBnj ,a /kjni Ko BzA Rj BM = C Be ,k M An BwBL

_ = Aka ;kjo nAkBQ ,knAk jM }Mn `= kBL BSkMoM `Anj

nBj pA BAj nk = B ,kT{Ak oi

M BsA
y= JBMnj BA nCS\e

</SwA joM An nB\MB An xATwj <xAki> = k= BzB C BU jBTwo BzA w M bAo

nz= BB~> = C pA uQo ,SwP ji M An BC ( Mkd) BA

kBM BC BM o w uQ </jM u pA oj q] C pA B{q] = ,jBTwo BzAoM

A zBM BzA = kTvAj,jAj B~ B{Ajo pA o M jnC jo An { AnBw

2

</kjo= MU kTzpBM uQ,k Bh

uQBw j ,b / 12 Bw M BA pA An <oX= M Bw> nAkj oLi ,3 Bin pA ioM

\T pA qa BC pA ` = Be nj /kAjo= SAn B AoM ,<xAki> S{mnj pA

pA = Sv nA{j B AoM TLA /xpnAM = BRnBL ioM o ,jo jB nAkj A
/194 :2 ,B /2

3. Fragmenta Hist. Arab, p. 182

/193 :2 ,oLj /1

Jo TwA

74

/k{ nAo`oM c BwBL oLn BBwAoi B ,C oYA oM a ,{ B C nAkj A oYA

M ,{ kk{ v bAo pA = BAj nBMnj qa oj ,B A pA

/So o BwAoi pow Rj BnBM BM <oX= M Bw> = C pA uQ |~i

1

BA ShU jo= rA nj ,AM {jJAqeA B nj BU M { ,BwkM

Be /kjo JBB= ,k{ BQoM BBv B nj { kBL BdTwA
oYA oM = zL] ~ M

B oB BM yB= Bw ,a ,k{BM yL] A q=o = jL C TvB{ ,= oj

/kjM k{ TiB{ AkA BA nj UBLYM M ,ThCnj

Rj AoM An wBe n{ oTzM ,kjo= nkU oT= kao ,BwAoi jo BA

onj An BC ]= BBwAoi TwQ nj tBLM BAj /kT{Aj (|)oLBQ AkBi

BsAoA B AjMB yz=yUC= Be nj ;kk{= wBL Rj M jM jo=

/jM {n jB bAo nBj nj ZnAi {

j AM oM B` M nAjA An BzA = An AqA C ,kB A q] B oMAoM nj A

poQ yi B{j oM kT{AkQ BA = B C nj Swnj ,= wnoM

/ < 38> SwA jL oTT k M BC S{Aj nBM q] qa ,qA C /kAk{

. JBT* 6 SwQ ,(5 oM) unBQ BhMBT* nj qo' < o LA (A> JBT* :koM /1
/33 | ,2 Z ,(1835) < BwC \> :ooUB*

w JBM

ok

|Bh{A ioM nBMnj zQ

BjAkn

omQoYA nAkL ,B bo{ gnBU B ~i wA gnBU ysQ B = kBM

nj oT pA ,jnAj kC nBMnj Lk zQ BM kQ `C o pA An `o{ bn

]Q An C RAoYA = jnAj An C SA ,vM B k{BM kA omQoYA C Ai /S{Ak

#

"Croyances vAo

/SwA nA{j B AoM C Sw jke U = kao ,=

bA oMAoM Mo B]oT ,k{ nCjB (b 2 ,|) oTzQ Ba #

Messianicques"
"Messie" M SwA SLv ,bA
jB ,SwA tk'
%n BM cv C pA jAo * SwA oL Mesha pA liB ,k{ cv B
A /AkAjooM <ok> M An C B * ,kAjoM nB* M An <RBAowA> rA
M ,SwA Bow

Meshiha U Messias pA Tv]Ao *

(cv =)

AoLBQ * SwA o Bn k*jApC ,rA A B /AowAM BB{ nAm]BU AoM pA SwA

ovQ Bv <cv> }h{ nj An A nBTwj ,kTwoQ An A Bdv jAj RnBzM AkM AowAM
n An M za Bjo * oeA }h{ o M An

Messise rA ,Bo /kAjo* pAoMA o

/k* SjA kTv

BnC nA ,kAjM Tw np w SdU yi gnBU j nj * BTi ,*nM

/SwA TB nLU v\U
<k>

<uB{w> ,<cv> <\> n M k' nj BC B]Bn

Aj * ojBwA kB' C s M wAo% kB' oM * ) <RBAowA> rA SjA ,oA pA
M 'i nBM A oM (j{ TO ,kjo* jnA wA j nj o\ Svh kw pB%C pA BAo~
SwA B ,jM ~ k~ uM BAoA jq nj <k>
M k' * C s M /Sv Swnj n_
/kAjo* oLU <uB{w> ,<nk{> M C pA ,qAoA M BBv BpBU \ pA yQ BU *

BM

pA An C kC BkM ,kAT{A j pBMoj pA BAoA

j i

* An `C ,SwA kM Lj nBvM

SLA A>
:~ M ,kB (o { =) yi Lm BD nj jnA miA <AowAM> B M ~

Jo TwA

76

An BAoA <uB{w> k' BAowA * kCoM B' 'd

oTzM ,u M M ;<SLA BM njA

A zaow pA q nhzMC A pA BkM ,o <cv> ,kAj jnA yi j nj jo* miA

/SwA TB RBz BTi A~A B nj AoA <TwoQo>

oY BU SdU BB <k> M k' nj ,wA pA uQ BAoA * SwA TwQ T'dU M a ,oA pA

M B uQ ,SwA j nBM C AjA BB k' A M ,kAjM ji wA pA yQ <uB{w> M k'

jBTwA

AnjB{ pA

nBTO }hU

nj * ,pAjoQ <j 1927

'

,kATn {Be

JBM A nj Mo

B]oT `C

B]

RA ,LM NBa ,(Bvjq j) < u B{ w> A M < jAjnQ >

' M ,C pA uQ /Ajo* BRnBL SBw nj o~U kA ,}hU Rno M BM ,A pA ioM

/* RnjBL { AoA ok k' JBM nj <opk > pA T{AjjB

:uB{w
Be jLM B] RB\ ,a /SwA ~h SA AnAj j ~h{ Bv ,BjA BU nj>

/j{ n ~U A n nj Bp

p kpAjoQ BjA KT*

B nj /

B M * Bv* AoM C TvAj , ~i M Bvjq j>

kAT o An T{jnp j k& ,'Tvo% B 'Tv ,Be

nqM KAm oTzM ,a ;SwA

|~i A nj oj Bj kB' RBq] Te * j{ cA Mi M Bv A ,KAm oBw KT*

nAo~ WdM jn An s A BjA AkzAj B~ozTv * SwBRk ,SwBvjq lO oYA pA

nj `C * SO AU nj M A pA T{m /kAT{ C M ]An kO nBvM RBwn KT* jAj

* ,SwA fpoM fpj SzM Ao Aq jB qiBTwn vQA pn M TT BjA oBw

/SwBvjq lO SdU nj yM

a BU * j Bz ,k\w Bvjq uB{w BM An BjA oBw j * Sv C B' A s>

s A nj k~ BAoA `C M Ai M ,SwA jM Aoj Tzow

BTw A

jB'TA C M BT{jnp BdA SwA kwn B M

BAoA kB&

pAkA

tk' JBT* cwU M C pA A{ kAT{Aj k'

//* BM knAj

c~nB

j cv

BAjM

\Q AjM

BoM

B{o*

Bvjq uB{w>

/SwA BBv k Bv

A /SwA k{ jAj nAo~ B Bw nAq BC pA o B * kTv j w oDT BT{jnp>

yj nBvM RAoLU AoB{ BMp BM

Beoz wnBQ kpBQ Q KT*

BTw A

nj s

`C oM BM ,SwA jM uB{w M ]An ~h v ,BBwBw k BTw A nj /SwA k{ BM B

Swj nj v A poA * C j] BM / v

R A kBM

M SwA jM w v A ,kv joj

BQ {n o ATM * ,SwA k{ SLd uB{w pA ApAkA M Be BTwA nj ,Sv

///{BM T{Aj C pA

nAq w k nBa M ,jAj nAo~ Bw nAq jpAj An B] j ,Bvjq S w nj * SO kBM nB{A>

j * { o*mT B\A nj ///SwA j] k' A oD q KAm oBw nj /kAjo* v'U Bw

ok :w JBM

77

k~ pn JBT* cwU M /SwA pB\ nBTwA M ,Sv ~A B M B] Bw nAq jpAj

BnC AnjAoM BoM jq nj Bw nAq jpAj * SwA kwn oLi B M
[/(/) B{

BUn BM B

BoM

jq nj SB~ M k' nj BwnAq B\Q pn kB] /p n pA SwA RnBL BAoA

kC 41 o' nj < jA kk> j joo nj L~ A pA /SwA nBvM BTw A ji

nj q RAnBTwA A oD

pop nj Bj kCyQ AoM AjqAnA Bo M kz] * %BM ,jo]n B* Bw jq :* SwA
/j{ T{AkQ pn X Bw ,SiBw
,A Bw nAq w nj ;kjo v'U Bw nAq w (n j)
k nBa M Bw nAq jpAj * TO >
,Ben B n n pA ,Rk A B|'A pA uQ /koBM An Ben B oo B ,AjqAnA
KwC kq pA nB B] nA /kz* j Bw nAq w q nj A ,SB S'i Bv] B]
[{ [n ,SiAjoQ jqA RB~h jo* BLU M ,j Bdj oA ,w k nj * C BU S{m
o~ \Q nBTo * q nj A /jnC nB*ow M l AnB] ,koBM o {iB ,jnC kkQ
/k{ ThAoM BTPw S{jnp nBa k nj * C BU S{Aj Aj Bw nAq w ,SwA oA *
BnAq pA o pB%C nj /j{ jo{ AoA oLdQ Ben Sw k ,nAq j>
ovQ nAq jpAj B\A nj /j kAi n S{jnp AovQ pA Uj ,jpAj jpB
B] SB~ ,hAoM An Bjo ,j kAi An B] ,Tz kkQ uB{w w
/SwAnC kAi
B <uB{w> ,kMB kU BqAoiC nj * S{jnp ovQ w M * ,RBk' A TvAj pA uQ>
AjqAnA Sh oiC A ,SB }~hU j oiC U AoM wA A |~i M ,kAjAj
///jM kAi
AowA Aki <> koC oiC <cv> B <Bz> :kjo j iAj BkM q k' A>
,AoMBM ,kC kAh jo cv ,joM jB K*oU RB~h bAnA BU * C pA yQ /jM kAi
/j{ jo{ cv Bj jq v
. xww . uB{w . uB{w Q nj /SwA kC SB{w

BTw A

nj uB{w * >

pA wnB <jw> * /k{BM SwA SO oM B M * <w> zn pA * A /k xww

kC ,129 o' ,Sz jn o  nj /SwA k{ a q SB{w BTwA ji nj /SwA zn
ovOU nj /<kBwn SO jw jB B] * M * C AoM ,kAi SB{w S] A pA An A> :SwA
M <uB{w> oj RnBL M ,kAjo* ]oU <o*roQ kUw uB{w> M An C ,q Q
BAoA jq SB{w M k' * kCoM Mi M

BR B

RAo' pA /SwA kjRB\ kBn B

B LB% q BTwA BSv~ oBw nj /SwA Jv Bvjq j uw ji M C uwBU ,k~ nBvM

j jo* yLU nj * ,kjo jAnA S{jnp BzB] BAzQ BC pA ,SwA kC ] BuB{w
joM wA BuB{wpA BTw A nj A no A pA T{m /k* SAk SwAn An M An jo kTv B{*
wA k{ kAi SB~ A n pA uQ * oiA uB{w pA BvM k* n BqAoiC nj * ,k{
/SwA k{ joM
AovQ w SzUnp Ben Sw k jB B] o oiA Bw nAq w ,Sw M BM * TO >

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ovQ w A BwA /knAm j] oAj M BQ ok pA BwnAq B M o * ,SwA kC

,Sv BTw A nj BC n S~ /SwA Znk BTw A ji nj B{kU d

BC AnjB wBwA
/SwA C Lo'U S~ Q KT* nj ,jo* kAi n BqAoiC nj * Aj nk~
kTv S{jnp ji SzQ O pA * A ,jn B{nBDTA * ,B] k* BuB{wA BwA
=) <UnA SziA> :SwA a k{ kAi kT RjB SnBi nj M BkM * knBzM A AovQ
nj Bk* BQ ///A UoQ pA * > (uB{w =) <UnA RTwA> ,(Bnk{) < SziA> ,(nk{
/<jo* kAU jBTvA B{jk M qTw
<AA uB* > JC pA ,jo* kAi n AoA Soz pA ,BTw A oM BM ,kBn w A * A>
RAo') < SzjBA p > nj Ba /SwA * <B> aBnj B * ,BTvw nj (<vB* > Q nj)
oU BM ,k* n vB* aBnj pA ///AjqAnA Q (uB{w) UnARTwA * T~> :kC (9791
* B S{Aj AnU JBwAoA , Sz* An Bd * B S{Aj oj ko * kpoQ
KwBTz * , Sz* An AnU JBwAoA * B S{Aj ovh* , Sz* An Ap SwoQnj
B] ,(uB{w) BC /kz* {j Boz pA An jnpC (TwAn =) B{A B'TA * B S{Aj
Tn B pA uQ /Svo kAi RB~h w M BAj Bkj BM A /j kAi BQ nj pA An TwAn
An B] RB~h * A oD /Svo kAi o~M Bkj BM An p RAj] BU A ,y*kM nj
nAjo* ,nBTO ,ykA * Bv* ,k* n A BM q kpoQ UnARTwA AnB /jpBwomQBB
nBMB zi SoO ,BC MB' nj ;kz kAjAj yi BMp BM * ~ S~_ * Bv* ,kAkM
Ji zkA wA M An S{p zkA ,SB kAi oO nBMB WLi nj M UnA RTwA /k* nAo
Bj jAjni jAjoA /jAj kAi Sv{ TwAn * BM An %nj nBTO /j kAi Jd
</k{ kAi Aqo ,Tz y*kM oA /SiAkAoM kAi An zU wo
B nj * BTw An BAU B* o
B> :SwA kC Sz 9 89 RAo' nj a
jz oQ S~_ * ,k* An ozM u] * k{ kAi }Th yAnB kpoQ C M BuB{w
* T~ /kBM nAkBQ k* yi jAnA M kBM kp AjB] ,jjo kwB kwQ jo
kAi An ozM u] yi jAnA M A /kqioM nBMoj Bjo ,k* n omQBB kp (uB{w)
,nAjoLBoB WLi C ,nj /koM Bo tk' j pA kjo AjB] RAj] BC uQ /SiBw
ow Tz oPw ,jM kC yAkBi Akpo BQ jo j BLU AoM * B] B M nBMj
A M ]An KB * kao /kC Swj M uB{w |~i nj

BTw A

nj `C SwA a /jjo

pA A pA oUcA KAm oBw KT* pA _ nj SwA cA {n ,SwA o~Th s

/SwA To hw j
B nj BC O * A ,AoA Soz pA BuB{w AkQ M ]An oTzM bo{ pA B\A nj)
,k{ oA * o~ \Q nBaj T BU SwA Bp * BC n B ,kC TvM B aBnj
pA o * jo* jB (nm kC wnB Q T nj `C oM BM ,n oj
kC Tw M jqA RB~h Tz BLU oA Bdj pA B] * k* n T~ Bvjq Bj
B\Qk Rk nj ,kzhM oi
B] M /jM kAi nBpn a nj q <nk{> n /k{BM

ok :w JBM

79

yi * \Q nBTo An B] ,Tz nAkkQ oTw o k nj /k{* B~A k M Bw

BTvp pA BTvMBU /j{ AAo nj Tw /kpn* ok M jo kTA Thw M B /k*

jC B JC yUC ,koM jp B*j* /k{ BnBM RBM nBTo BA] /k{BL }hz
jo /kMBTzM AoA nB M ThAoM rj pA UzQ ,kTwo Sen BB M AnA BC /jjo BQB
] M TBT{ bwTooM M An jo ,jnC B] M Ajq pB Ro|e C /k{ <nk{> jq M
/jjo A oj Bknj kq pA q p /j{ nApnB* Ak nj M C ,k* oA oA nB] BM
pA ,nqM BQkM AoM ) /SwA "kB]n AoM" k{ nAkkQ ,nk{ n B~ pA >
k pA D oz ,kwn Bw w w M nBo{ A * T~ /(kMB Swj qAoA oM * ,BB* SzQ
kOw LQ pA oj oLM SwQ pA BM ,TiAoAoM B Bynj TiC ByU BM kAnBM a
,BwAoi tnB BTvw pA k ioM /kkQ kM AnAw Aoj AnB ,{ o pA /j{ oM
qAoA  B ,BTwoLj B BTv* RAo pA B ,(nqi) onAh{kQ Bnj pA k ioM

pA oQ (Jo SAo =) BTwn{A kTAnj M n pBU oU ,jjo BM AnTw

BBQ
w
i pA RAo JC ,joM i BKwA p BU * k{ Tz* Aka AjnB pA ,j{ B%% J{C
Aka ,kCnj *o M kB]n AoM BC /jnBM o nfow oU oMA pA jjo fow BTz*
kpoQ kB]n * C BU ,kB kp yM jo p nAq MB' nj * kCnj BQ pA AnC]
BwC cw M B{ pA nTO nBTw j{ oU{n K{ * C ,nBo{ A n pA /jjo
j jjo jBMC ,AoA ,kB]n Ajo S pA /k* ow (Soz =) BwAoi w M BC /kAo
/jo R~ Bvjq
oA kq pA A C BBQ BA ,SwA nj Sv{ TwAn L% nj nk{ nAq kao>
M An T ,Tz kkQ nqM BjrA , k nj /j{ nAkkQ <Bnk{> ,nj A nj /jM kAh
M An jo ,jnC B] M AkPwBzA pB Ro|e C /k{ nk{ jq M jo /jpBw nBaj nApC [n
jwC oj Bknj KwC pA q p ,j{ nB] C a /kj Bo oA Sh BM ]
( Bd =) Bj rC /kjo kAi jqA BkoC ]T q oj M Bnk{k nj /jjo
Bjo pA WY * k* Ba nBvM * Tw pA ,kBzM BU Swj ,kvM o\p kBj * pA
BT{o ,jnC o  B yUC JC M /k{ jMB jqA RB~h oBw AkOw AnTw
An Bd * qAoM An ko AnBjnoQ> :* knCoM xoi B* AnA Bnj M B yUC JC
BMp JC T{o /B o kzhM o pA n :SO kAi jnCoM B nlC T{o /<k*
oA wo jqA xow jqA M BMo nAjAj BC /TvA pBM w pA n :SO kAi jz
pAC nBM w wo xow /kBL\M BTvMAp S{j nj An Bo KwB{o Tn JAi M kLB* * k*
nBTw C ow /jnC n Bd BM nBQ M ,jqioM JAi pA KwB{o Bw nB * C BU knCoM
/jjo BQ j] V pA B] ,kMM Aopo BM An
,kAo RB M T{m RBjB pA ,jn RjBw B* M n B] [nkU M B nk{ nAq nj>
/kjo kTv Bkp  TBnj AoM pA jo ,j{ Ao uB{w n AoM pA p
///kBPM oi qLw nB ,kL Aqi KwC Sinj ,kzh B

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/<( g A ) ///k { k Ai A] nBMoj oQ B

k { k Ai Bz ( z BL jBM u 5>

:k B' BBQ nj <jAjnQ> jBTwA AnjB{

j ThMkM pA :k * SwA (B]nBQ) S~i A nCjB ,BAoA jq nj uB{w k'>
AoA jk M AkjRB\ M M M AjqAnA /k{BM oT{i pn oDT y{* nB* BM /kpBL
nD
,AoA Bi ,qiBTwn pn Aj BU j kAi nj C pA An kq KwC * * ,jBTwo kAi

nBMoj * nAkA ,ji hnBU B~ M oD q B /kB kAi A oA Ap pA ,nBkoC

oi ,SwA nAkBQ B] BU kwn yi oj o o
M ,TooM Sm Bi pA ow B tk' j
/(<jAjnQ> nBTO BBQ) </kBM nAkBQ
RBM'A jin AoM pA jB <SB~> pn M jB'TA B wBwA <k> <uB{w> * jqA kBM
M An ji B] * ,BC j nj ;kAjo* BQ oM jo ji * SwA jM BT]A wBw
Bj ioM kao ,Sv KB% o p A nj LjkMB n~U ,S{m Ba /SwA joPw
,kj n `C /knAj jB L] BC ,S''e nj ,kB RjB SnBi SwA A oB
jo* pBwoj AoM pA nBQ y{* ,j nA M ]An jB B A nj ,~A oA
/(/) /SwBC
M ]An (<q '> oT*j ]oU) < wA n BM n j Btn j > JBT* nj ,k' tB{wA <opk >
:k a ,] pA ,wA nj <ok>
jo pA nBvM jq ,SwBw Km nj AojAj BBpBw jo* kp Bi M ok k'>
nj Rk' A /(Sv S''e a q BoC BTwQfow B nj BTe) Sv oTiBM nBi
yUC ,Lm wBw BM'A * jjo xn{ J{C ]U AoM Aw SvAU wA gnBU nAjA
*  ,jo* nj An zU
* a ,kTioAoM j] Brn jo* rA AoM An C
yL] * Aop /SwA ok BkA Tv k{n AoM KwB Lj cd B wA pA { yhM
* ,SwA kC j] M A Se k{ BBQ k oM pnBL AoTA AoM Svh pn pA zU
;kj K~% kjM C BTvB{ BU * An AkBi B] ,kjo* jMB An C np M BOi
o{ A \ nj nATwA BQ pA M BU jo* k{n BzA nj ok nBM ,{ kM
A * kAj Bd An A ,ko{ <Bp KeB> q yTL% Be nj An A BzA /k{ kLU
yBTw pA oQ wBe nB{A AoM /kBwoM B<B~U> w M B M An yi BnTwj
M jjo o{ eA nj * AoBo kB ,knAj nqM An A BU A }h AoQ ,kAow
BM ji nB{A nj M ,k] Jo'U
kM ,k* nAkwBQ An BzB kB kwn jo {

jB'TA JBMnj ,opk /(483 ,481 ,478 |) </kj kM jooMA JB'A RBO ,SBA k' oM
zkA a> :k ,SwBC UBi BC pA <k> * * ' Anj BoD M BBwA
An C jAj BU RAo] B{ * jqn o An wA wBwA BTw pA ,k nBMnj
nj "k" rA /(5 9 |) ,(gA ) ///SwA <LAUBi>
BBv jq kd
* Aop ,kAT{Ak

,oB{ <oo]> Ba ,SwA T{Ak ,kLva AkM BkM * An <Bp oiC> O ,* Lm RBTwA
:() /Ao B L B k

B* JA
BM \ TdwAMA BMA

:SwA kAi K' kM An oLdQ AoMA

ok :w JBM

81

oT pA = Z A ysQ AoM pA ~ j ,xA<k7> nj <ki MA>

B <ki MA> B LoLU 1 /SwA jAj |B~TiA ,kn nBzM JBT= A B~
Ba ,TBnj bo{ gnBU nj An zQ A SA = SwA `o{ nBhnBU

,Mok SB] B /SwA j yAwn ,C }M BM = SwA v= Tvh

= a ,jo= K] An BBwB{bo{ nBT A oTT k s M <k> kL ,yTwAn

(J. <oTTvnAj> B`C RBLLdU /SwA jM oYA AnAj bo{ SwBw nj poA BU

AnAj k oT JBMnj (Snouck Hurgronje) <oo wA> Darmesteter)

<odM B8o9> yMBT= nj (De Goeje) <ij> B`C 2 /SwA nqM hnBU SA

BBQ oM `C s M) o\ j kw BjAkn nj An BzQ C oY B U pAkA

= C Be ;3 SwA jo= BM B AoM ,kjo nATwA (wB{nBTw . \U =) MoTiA
A nBMnj /kAjo TB ,wA gnBU BL]pA oL A j pBM M oj Bin

<ooUB= > , (De Sacy) <wBwj> BB`C = =kA RBsA B q] M ,Z

Swj nj ,kAjB B] M B AoM <(Dozy) pj> <(Weil) A> , (Quatremere)

s ~ ,AT{ Si ShU pA BwBL kpAo nBMnj = ji JBT= nj /Sv

=) TB n BQ oLBQ ,jnC jo An B * nkQ B ,SwA SBdwA nkQ ,BnkQ

| ,1348

An A

(24

,ke NBa ,B* lA qoQ ]oU ,B{BQ B* MA BU , wn BQ

| ,uU NBa , Bve

A j)

:SO BYn

An oLdQ ,SMBY

BM p o Uo M

:xn) /jM (k

M Bve * B

[(3432

:SwA TwAh C pA ok SO ` * ,kAi <k>

/( 5 | ) <( g A ) ///k LU ~ dA oi B

AjooM , wA

n BM n j Btn j >

BBY

c L A

k A

Bq]

:A BM opk oYA B M ,ok nBMnj TO A AoM

pA oMBM ByA
q A i jqA BC A BM TLU ,q ' pA wnB M Mo pA T

o jBM NBa) 5 yhM ,(RoM NBa) 31

,544

,51 5 9

,5 7

,494

,484483

,481

yhM ,AoA o jBM RAnBzTA ,Bkd

,478

,474

,31131

,13

/j{ s]n (55

1.

Notices et Extraits,

RBdO)

52

<(AoA

,5 558

tom. XVII. p. 142-201, traduction (ibid. XX), p. 158-237

:oTTvnAj q] BU < p o A

BU wA A kQ p B.C p A k>

JBT* koM /2

Le Mahdi depuis les oregines de lIslam jusqu nos jours, Paris, 1885

:oo wA BU <

Der Mahdi

> JBT*

(in) Separa tabdruck von der Revue Coloniale Internationale, 1886.

/kM M 115 | , B<B

o dM B"o 5 JBM n j o *mU

:ij /3

Jo TwA

82

M ,jM jo= zn B{B] nj = A kT{Aj BA BAkM jo = BzQ C

Ao ,kAjo= AkzAj = UBLLdU C /AjAj |B~TiA ,AM k nj |~i

,kAT{Aj B C nj wA Sj SwBw nj BzQC = oYB U o Ao M njB`
1

/SwA j

kwn BC BM An kC nA = SwA Th { j A M jo pBM ,jo= jB `C

TiB{ BC knAq B LoLU = SwA BKk vw BzQ A /=

M B Ro{ BLKeB|Bh{A ioM S{mnj M SwA k{ Mo Ba ,Sv

:= Zo kAi M BzQC pA B ioM / BjAkn ioM

nj T dT An A = JLY pA SwA jo B> { oLn <nBTh> = k{ T{AkQ

jn nj zQ A = Be nj /<jAj kAi Swj ( o~M wA B B] =) nAm

,BMLA pA oM , = A a /kC SwAn JLY L` B pA <Jw M ZB\e>

yUC = A pA ()< M ve> ,a /k{ poQ ,<W{A M BeoAkL>
2

= A> pA An A xnkQ = jM oC pA A ,jp pBM ow ,jpoA pB\e pow nj An JLA

C = AiS ,jAj B C <(kAjqM =) k= e An B\C Soe B\C nj Aow
zQA ,jo < Mkp> = B,A i AkL M Bz> /{BM ow
3

ioM nj w zQ /jo= jB ,k{ kAi cMl bAo nj k w = An

4

U = Aki M> :kAT{Aj hw C pA jo pBMoj pA = kC (|)oLBQ pA BWke

oLQ pA ioM /<koM ow An k w = B AkoM ow B\C nj u`za BwC
5

k\w B Tp Sinj op nj = kAjo= zQ <[ow M VnBe> nBMnj ,BB

M LA> /kwnAo cL kPw ` kCnj JC pA Swnj zQ A /jo kAi

RnB ,kC nA j pBM Kk A nj AM AoA pA <qqAkL

7
oa nj ip <LA>
= B/k{ jBTwA yAjnj <ej> xoTij Ba , SB
1.

Opkomst, p. 132 suiv

/84:2

,B /4

/184

/27:2

,B /3

/1934:2

,B /

/748:2

/14:3

,oLj /2

,B /5

| , 7n BA JBT* :<LT~ MA> /jM B C ,jzM * oLi pA /7

(Wstenfeld: Regeistr geneal. Tabel).

ok :w JBM

83

oUShw S{Aj kAioM Ao AovQ = ip pA A !nqM Aki> :S ,kj xnjAoM

/<SwA

,BC BknAq Ba ,jM kB BzQ A = A SwA xo TvBM `C

RB\AtA n ) Bj pA 1 /kko wA M = kABv= ,dv B j Ai
povQ <L U> Ba ,2 jo= zQ Mo= jq nj An < M ve> o ,(
/ < 39> 3 /jo= zQ An <kw M o> o jM j xnkQ = <nBLe AK= >
/SwA jM AjKk Lk AoM BJBT= , BzQA nB= nj

Bj |os pA = BvM ,jM TiB{ Jo jq nj BJBT= A ,nB= pBkC nj = C Be

BAkM ,kAjo= u e BC nj An yiAoLQ (nBLiA ) nj BBp pA = Bdv
An jo jBTA =kA ,TB SLv AoLQ pA M y B U = C BC B pA kwn

= jM B
BTva BL BC RBTd pA ioM Ba /SwA jnC Swj M
A /jqA BC M kBM An [oM RAnB{A k`Q pn Be B o BJBT=

BC nBzTA = Bv= BC q] Aj B}L` BBwoU Bzz=SwjM ,BKk

/kwn BpBU M kTo k M BBv B nj An

nj s Uk = ,jo= BM ]j jn Ao= oM B An wA o{ <Jw M ZB\e>

=kA = kj An BwoU = C BU ,jM k{ oPw C BTiBw AoM KwB B yq

yBJBT=nj BwoU C ,a /Shn jn M An C B B nj SooM yTwjBM Bi

C nj An Aki = k{ kAi BQoM k\v ,k{B{ ykA = B C nj :jM kAi

B ,BC kB BJBT= A nj 4 /knC B] M (SB` =) oiC SBw BU An oB{ kTwoPM

,pBMoj pA 5 /MB BC RB kM An |Bh{A B B B{B kM An |Bh{A RB

SwA ] C pA /kAjo= ]n B{SiRk pA k{ B C AoM BJBT= A M B i
kAi Si nj Bw a A = jAj oLi <AkL M kq> M Bj pA `C
B{jBQ o{ a oM = kj a !knj oM Aki S> :S j jo uQ,kBQ

/<jAj nAo` Bw [An B =] An o{ Am [<B> <o{> Mo nj ] SwA

/287:2 ,B /2
/1138:2 ,B /5

/(kM M 2 t) 241 (5) 24 3:1 ,oLj /1

/112:2 ,B /4

/78:2 ,B /3
/144:2 ,B /

Jo TwA

84

gnBU = Svk` MBT= poA 1 /j{ kB k` BJBT= B JBT= ,RB A

jnAj oMnj An BzQioM ,SwA<BAj JBT > C ,kwn o\ Svhkw M C

B <BAj> BJBT 2 /jo jB SwA nAkip  An v B <Fjnj> o BC nj 

A pA /k{ [An joTv BM C pA uQ (k{BM Swnj oLU A `Ba) BAj BzQ

<Gotha . BU > <> BBhMBT <BBToM p> BhMBT nj jkT Bhv,BJBT

/kwoM o\ Svhkw M C gnBU  SvMBT ,BC B pA  C Be /Sv<BnwA>

Tv]Ao/ BC B  ,joPw n <oV]> BJBT QM Q ,nBzTA _{nj <BAj> BJBT

M ,(|)oLBQ AkBi M JBT= C < 40> (o ] =) oT{ SwQoM TzL BzQJBT pA

3

/SwA TB SLv <bjBkd M o ]> xAoL M pA uQ ()<> M s

,kC BjAkn pA BzQioM ~T SwA nB{A = ,pn BJBT= BA

Si nj) < M kp> S{mnj pA uQ /jjooM o\ Svh kw M BC gnBU

nj { ,k{ Tz= "kp" a /k{ T {CoM Shw BwAoi nB= (<AkL M Bz>
M pn BJBT= k{ kj BJAi kkC kkQ BAj ///kCnj yL]M BwAoi

SwA 5 <BjnC> B <BjoL> yB,A nj (d =) <Bpn> rA 4 /kC To B}

jn nj B= M rA A = TBnj ,Tvo= BRnBL ioM nj /(<d> oL M)

nj q C joMnB= Ba , Svoq C jin pA = jn nB= M qCo}i jAkn

kAi n = j{ oLi pA zQ BC nj = kBL nj kC BjAkn

pA /jM oe BM |Bh{A jB B ,pn BJBT= nj { oTzM /k{ B{ jAj

}` poQ kCAo <x> BC ,Sz= kAi An <> ,<Z> nB M <b> :SwA ] C

oM zQA ,(kd M Ao) A B ioiC k nj /L` A pA ,SBkAi

/25:3 ,oLj . 447 | ,2 Z ,

ko A k(

/1

/nA zn pA SwA ArA <Sjnj> /184 | ,LT~ MA /2

B SjA ,oM AkM AAo { `C /kM M 214

| ,

"De Slane" ]oU

,<ki MA> k( /3

* C KB%
,B B L~) BM A pA <oO]> rA A * Sv nj /SwA SwQ B oM Ae
/2132:3 ,(4) 251:1 ,oLj /5

/392 | ,2 Z ,M' /4

/k{BM (B zn pA

,oLj ,(jAj kAi fn AoM ,SwA k{ T{ BQ * kBzQ =) <

S
L T * d
>
/

Fragm, Hist. . /215 | ,2 Z ,M' . (15) 81 | ,(<kOTw> NBa) Bz MA . (8) 7:2

/

Arab., 501.

ok :w JBM

85

B ,C pA jo oLU /Sz= kAi An <> M <> ,<> M <> M <> :jM An BBMp
1

/jM wBL <AkL M M AkL> , <Ao M kd M Ao> A i

2
B]S{ow yQ
An
BjAkn B |Bh{A M Mo BzQC ,yQ~ nj = C pA uQ

hw ByQ pA oj ATwj nBMnj = kB B oMAoM nj A q] A ,joM

/SwA B] B]o S{ow yQC ,jL BzQ pA oUoYA= = ,nAkM

kw nj = kBP oj BT ,jjopBM dv B j A M ByQ A

pA wA B|iB nj yQA /kATo ji M Mo n ,o\ Svh

= A B ,kATiBwoM Bdv Bj = BWke An pA B yQ BJBT= An

B{ ,Sv U kkCnj wA M = dv j oB ioM pA BC B kw

An BC B ,gnBU = A <nBLe AK= > <nAjU> ,<L
M K> pAC /kjo
An <K= > B } pA <qoL> /SwA Kk A M jo pBM ,jo= AjB]
pBM kATo jk BC pA BC = An UBsA MB AU = ,jo= SAn B AoM

MBnj ,kAjo= Kk A pA jo ioM = An oLdU ns ;B

nj < meMAMkd> BM <K= > :kATiAkASwjw AkM An BC a= A
nj o w A B{ oT M BC> :kwoQ A pA qCkhzn < me MA MA> uQ,jo= o w Tz=

nj oT M> :S kBnj A ywoQ M gwBQ pA <K= > ,<?SwA k{ jB RAnU

,oi jo BwM ,jo = jni T= Aka BzQ A] = Akj RAnU
2

/<{BL C U = woU

1. De Sacy: Chrestomathie (2 me d.), tome II. p. 298. (suiv)/ Jour. Asia., 1860, p. 134./
Dozy: Supplment, s. V. . 1 8 | , Z ,jv . 25:3 ,19 3:2 ,oLj
/(<k> T{Twj) < o LA (A> JBT* nj <Ome MA Mkd> rA koM /2

Jo TwA

86

SBw C k{ jq JBMnj `C ,SwA nz B] S{ow pA Co9 yQ

pA yQ,Bdv jq nj zQA /SwA oUnB{C ,k{ zQ(JBve pn =)

k nh B cv SzpBM M ]An Co9 nj = C Be /jM TiB{ ,wA AkQ

xqioM pA yQ= BJ{C BBzoQC pA ,kB qa (B]j)

gv a

kBP oj BC ,kC (Wke) Sw BJBT= nj BU A ;kj fn (SB` =) SBw

A /AM k nj |~i M ,k{ wA kBL pA zhM yQ A =

=) SBw xqi oM zQ = pAkA B M a ,kB `BM ke

nj ByQ
q An BC BlA ,S{Aj z oLBQ Bp nj An (MBd =) BAo zkA (SB`
[j = ] BMn
tB{Aki = k= bsA BJ{C C oM An

oBz ,B UjB ,rA A /k= bsA BC oM An (Khebl-ham

/j z

<Zo> rA ,BpBU

- Machiakh)

<gz> rA

rA = SwA B B Swnj ,kC nBTz= B M Sw nj ,SwA BzoQ nAp

rA ,WjBeA pA Xke nj Bo uQ ;k= C oM Sj oL BMp nj (herg) <Zo>

kM 1 /SwA (BzLe =) <BQUA> jq nj Ba ,SwAnBTz= C B ,kC <Zo>

<Z /n / > nk~ A QUA nj a ,zLe SwA oL pA liB <Zo> rA = SwA

/Sv

SM Aok Bk:5 SwQ :M j{ ]n ]

= B) { B C <oMp> T pA ,nBTz= zQ oY B U pAkA oM B = SwA
[

B J{C A> :(kjp pBM ow <()KBsMA M > kZ oM kM TwQ pA o~M jo

B nj /j{ SB BC nj q oU{n A pA j /<jo= Wke C pA = SwA

2

(BJ{C =) <T  AJBT

> nj BYkd pA ,BC q] <jAjMA> <nBhM> = BWke
3

C nj = k= jB M Bv= pA C nj (|)oLBQ = SwA Xke ,kAjo= SAn

BC pA /jo= kAi o nB= k{ kAi n{ BC yUC= iAj B]

,jBTvA pA SwA oTM BC nj Tvz,jM kAi BJ{C> := SwA (|)oLQ T A
/1 | ,2 Z ,nBhM cd /2
\ BJBT* pA

MBM

/159 | ,4 Z ,( 13 4 Bw o~ NBa) <nBhM>

zhM ji

,B

J{C : ,T
JBT*
/178
OA

| ,3

cd /1

Z ,oYA

MA

/3

(/) /SwA WjBeA

ok :w JBM

87

BAkM = v= /k{= pA SwA oTM BC nj kn ,kn pA SwA oTM BC nj jBTvA

BQ AkM uQ ,k\M BC nj BQow B BQ = v= ,k{ kAi kz= AkM joM

Bk w Bv jo B oTM ,jp M> :Sv A pA oj Xke /<jo

BJ{C pA ji y= BM () joM BoMA BB] B= pAo M BC Q nj = ,jM kAi

1

/<jqoM

SwA] C pA ,kC kw MA <RB7L( > JBT= nj B BSAn M WkeA

B oM o~M nj uQ,kTho A pA = A Aow ,kC = M kLMA M nBTh> : T

jo ,jM BzA B nj (oLBQ BAo pA ) <AkL M ds M w> /kk{ jnA

,kjp ow A M jo pA o uQS (ow MkBi)/kTvAj k An A Bp C

/ks kA ,hw= kj xi oQ An A jp ow kM BzA B nj q

pA SwA oUAnA AoM ,Anm SwA M{C = AkM o A Aki M> = kC hw M pn

SB] C pA jo /pBw oUnqM An o}i ({ BL AnAj) { Ba a = A

/Zo pA :S ?j{ M{C = kAU woU C pA = C SvakdMA A :kwoQ
C j nj nBTz= :kjo= MyQ | oLBQ BAo `C :S ?SvaZo :kwoQ

SBw C = C BU ,ko AnC nAo` (AzQ =) BA oM jo /(SB` =) SBw

Swj ,j{ a o A kw Aki M = SwA Ba C ;jqi BPM BC oM (SB` =)

= C BU L B{ pA Aj _ ,z B{ pA Ak _ = {BM = ow oM T{Aj
pA (7 | ,4 Z ,nBhM) kB <B ]j>
An C Bp BU =

</kwnAo oM nkQ oUj

(Ant ichrist)

(daggolai mechikhe Hexapl. Dan, XIV, 20. mechikh daggol

B]j gv BA

/SwA AnC zn

Mat., XXIV, 24).

,Wke nj BA /SwA j }hz An C ,jo <B]j> A oM do~U _ Co`

co~U oLBQ = <jB MA> B <kB M B> ,kC k A pA j jo B

| ,2 Z ,11

| ,4 Z ,nBhM . (23 t) 133

| ,2 Z ,(/S / 128

Bw ,o~ NBa) jAjMA /1

/199

Jo TwA

88

S hw A BM u` ,kjo= jos An A BBv B\A pA /SwA B]j j

BBa pA nj An A <nBTh> nBpo AoB{ pA <X =T> 1 /ShB

pA B]j = jAj oLi <JB}i M o> M nw A Bj pA ,2 kB B]j ,ji

BBv 3 /Sz=kAi <k>

pAnj oM An A BpBU kC kAioM <BM> L`
SB] A> := knCoM jBo BnBM BMpA Bzz= BBwoU ,kkwn kB o{ M =

Ao B]j = ` B B]j SwjM o ,jz jz (o{) A = kzSep !Jo

B]j An A k]BBv J nj = <kB M B>nB M BpBU /<SwA BC

,kjo BQ ( 3) <oe> BjoL nj <B> a 4 /kkCnj o{ M ,kkB

zB] \Tv] M BJo ,kjo{ [oM pAn An C jo nA = k{BQ

,nAjo C nj za A ,jM n= yTwAn za,B]j a ;kjBTA AoM

pn /jM n= SwAn za pA <} M AkL M AoMA> 5 /jM T ThL{i

! now> :S oA uQ/k= i{ = oA BM <AkL M Bz> yQnj = SwAi

An A JA] ,jL ,kBwoU BBv oM Tzi U oM B{ zi pA Ao `C o A

pA B]j= SwA kwn M :S ?kBwoU zipA AoU = SvaC> :S /jAj

/<kC zi M C pA = kC oM A= SwQ
BM An kAi nBM ,SwA kvM ,jo= jB kL A nBzTA T{Aj k AoM `C ,a

w ,jM B{ o\ Svh kw s
B]j nBMnj = B } BBTwAj o= l

Mkd> = Aq M ,S{m `C M An yQ A = M AnBa BA /=

pA o S{Aj ow oM Bw nBTwj = ,k{ oMn <B M uA>BM ( 151 ) <bBdwA
1. Sprenger:

Das Leben und die Lehre des Muhammad, III, 92. n. 31. ,2 Z ,t o A ZBU

Bw oB~ NBa) v < c d> . kM M 39 | ,2 Z ,moU . 14 | ,2 Z ,jAjMA . 4 4 |

<oLj> `C pA /25 | ,19 Z , B. A . 7 | ,4 Z ,nBhM < c d> . kM M 377 | ,2 Z ,( 129
jM hnBU ~h{ * kCoM ,kAjo* jB (25 | ,19 Z) < B. A > KeB (25-255:1)
/14 | ,2 Z ,jAjMA . 8:2 ,oLj /2

/SwA

/255:1 ,B /4
/32 | ,1 Z ,(< ko A k(> yB nj)

/24 3:1 ,oLj /3

JA j Ao p

. 35 | ,8 Z , B. A /5

/kM M 374 | ,2 Z ,v < c d> :koM . 149 | ,2 Z ,ko A k( /

ok :w JBM

89

jo = SwAoLBQ BAo pA jo A> :kjo= jBo kC jo A AoQ B=j=

1

/<k= RB` An B]j BU

3
B]j
nP <o M v> SzpBM

B nj ,BBv B nj <o M v> SzpBM yQ = SwA Td nBvM

A = kao 2 /k{BM k{ k= AoQ B{ ,TB nBzTA B]j nh zQ = B

hnBU B } BBTwAj oM = jM An o A ,SwA kC oLBQ Sw nj BU Z

nj BBv en = = eTvAU,= jBTA oT A Twnj TiBw k nj
/SwA T{Aj ` B]j nh pA oT= cv SzpBM jBLTA M ,wA Tvh nk

pBTA AkM pBU zkA = SwA qa M jo pBM ji ,k{BM Swnj o \T A o A

kBn cv S BM kjo bsA C oM <cv> B = An v= SvAU = A ,SB

= An RnBL A /kB BUA ,jo= B` AkM cv = Bn B M ,k= J
Zo kAi M ,SiBw An B BJo oLn M BwAoi oA w pA AjBTwo

jMB SwjoM <o~> = Tv za n= B U = kB{ !zaA> :=

pA oL
= ,k{ yQ M Mo Z = j{ {n A pA /<k{ kAi
q] qa = yQB ,SwA zajo Swj oM <o~> L` jMB
{ oM C |`j TB bBL}A BC ,SvMo n BM B]j SBe pA TiAjoQ BTwAj

/kjp BX B]j M An zajC = SwoA pA /SwA B C nj Mo wBw

a /jM a,Z ,jnAj <o M v> cv SzpBM M |B~TiA `C JBMnj

BTwj= ,SwA AkBn B cv BB <B w> :kjo= zQjo = A

/8 | ,23

x ,(<kOTw> NBa) Bi MA /1

/3 | ,2 Z ,moU . kM M 138 | ,2 Z ,jAjMA /2

Jo TwA

90

nj `C oM BM <lB M kq M kBi> = SvkM /kTv A An M zaBzAnB AM

B BBU jo= AkMA An <B w> nzi A kC (88 | ,1 Z) <BDA> JBT=

pA ) <Ao> jABi AoBo AkBi Thwow ,k= u e An A AkBi B Bs

Bjj pA <B w> Akpo pA /jpBw o An (<B wMA>
ovQ <Joe> nBLU

oiC nj An AnAjA AnB pA nBvM ,k{ AkQ (SwA oTT <B w> S{AkQ= ) <kBi>

<B w M> pA nBvM = BQ BWLzUA oM kLj B /SwQ ji M AM Si

1

/ATB B C ,kkCoM BAkM

Bjj AoA pA = ,kTvM (oTT) <B}d`> oM An ji BpnC BB BA

B}d` B = jo= BjA <W{A M BeoAkL> = k= jB <jv> /jM <B}d`>

2

=) <BeoAkL n~> B A ,ji BBa pA nj <w SM> /SwA oTT

3

B (poQ =) <n~> BwkM ; jo= bsA <W{A MA> oM An (poQ BeoAkL

4

BzA B M An B{jBQ BU kjM A AnM za J] BpBU = jM oTT cv

<U> M nBM Bo~ ,kjM B}d` An M za BB = Be C nj /kAjopBM
5

,a/ATB B C ,kjM nh An M za= A A B oM L B = ,kT{Aj

pA <K= M> pA = knAkQ SwAoLn = ,Sv<oTT L= > pA BzQioM

/kC kAi oM BTz BL`

,TB KL <k>
/SwA nz o = BB { jq nj (kBn) cv BA

C AoM pA jB = kBP oj BC ,jM nBhTA BKLpA nB= pBkC nj = LL

jAkMpA Ba,jo= kAioQ kpA An p = > kjo oLBQ AkBipA oTT o Bn

. /83

Freytag:

Selecta Historiae Halebi,

,(14 t) 53:3

,oLj . 24

| ,1 Z ,wBdAMA /1

p. 12, suiv / S. Hurgronje, II. p. 11.

/(bo{) 17

,k{ i tnB ohA nj BAkL> :314

| ,(<ij>

| ,4 Z ,nBhM < c d> /2

NBa) <jv>

A LTA
7Ao {

/3

An M za BB * SwA Bd~ jo* jB ,kAi B onB An ji A /kjo* i An A jo

B SO ,SwA oe w oM BU Bd~ kTO kM uQ /kAjopBM B\C nj An B{jBQ A ,kTv A

/334

| , JBv A ,nlM /4

5. Mu
ller:

/<Sv B q] <BeoA> BA ,SwA <kL>

Die Burgen und Schlsser Su d-Arabiens,

I, p. 75, suiv.

nj * ,jo* BU W{A BeoAkL o <AoeB> Wke nBMnj MBT* nBhnBU <hMA>

/(93 | , NBa ,< Swo A > :xn) SwnBvM s A M ]An RBjA C

ok :w JBM

91

pBkC nj ,jM An M za k nh M jBLTA = SwA {n /<SwA k{ nB{ow Tw

oz { l yAqA KveoM jBLTA A M ,kjo oLBQ AkBi oM jkd BU nB=
1

/SwA jB BBv B nj y= AoQ nBzTA M pBkC ,C

= oj Bk B = ,SB nBzTA Aka Sw A jq nj oTT k zkA

,BM /joM jB pA An jA q] <B}d`> <B w> kB ,kjo= B{zQ

,kjo d BBvBlA pA = M qo jM B{An M za BC nBMnj yQ
pA /kkCnj <o M v> M SLv B]j M ,oTT k M SLv BC = BvM
kj }` Tv{ An BzA ,kC kkQ BC oM k C = SwA jM L ,oA

/kMBM BB poQ BzAoM

SM A ok Bk:5 SwQ M j{ ]n ]

A Sj jBT'AoM nj C oYA ok

C ,kjM oTT k Swj oM C B] Bjo = ThM C B RB U

Twjka = BC nj ;SwA nBvM ,kT{Aj ]U

BAkM BC nj = BpnC

BC B{ ,SiBw {n BC ji kZ oM An Bi B]yUC,AM B i
An B{ nBj = B] ;SioAoM An <B}d`> <o~> B oj Ai= n{
BSoj M BC yUCuPw ,kz= BMp BC K nBM Tvh= B] ,jo= Ao

/k{ kz= wA

BpBU oM nBQ ] M oj nBM ,Sz KBk A nz= owAow nj T {C

A ShU nAkTwj oM BU nw BnAkwBQ /kjo= kMow ZnAi { /k{ oa

,kjAj K' k An <qqAkL Mo> <dj M w> jo * kAjo* jB Bin pA ioM /1

/5 SwQ :xn

Jo TwA

92

,kjo= nAjA Se B{j pA ,pBU BBPw BBjBQ = Be nj ,kkB `BM

eA M o\
,jB B]oM oLQ = An YAo BJ{C A jM jq = Aka

o~ ,nBpn C ,aA/joLM B pA kjo= Ak`A AkM <o> <oMMA> = jM k{

kCkM Z A /jo= nB{ow kC M MkM pA An Bv BBwnBQ Bj = jM nBLkA

:SwA jo= J BSM A nj oB{ <k] AkL M VnBe> An

kAqe k nj BaC Bjo

,kAi TvMC Bp =

,jo= >
BnBTw nB T pA

An K{ knC pn M

BC BpBkC pA a

BAM (a kAk )

M{C pA kAAn =

/BMo` k= B`M

,|} n= B\Aow
M nj

/okLU nj SwAn BzAo =

#

/TBUoM n

,kj Ao oT
,oAj Tz

/o oMnj An pB A

BC kCQ nj ko Bjo

,B{ nj B SwA bAo BwAoi nj = o

(oT{A pA ) jAp pC (To ) `

/onj xAjB{ k

/j oM k `C o

(o{ pA ) p j (z) Bw M B

C BM SwA k{ ,
#

yAoQ T= o ,Bko =

nkA oU B{ M o ,Bjo

,C nj Sv o}i nA =

,AjB jnpC osBi

,Ba k= K{

An B SwkCAo C w pA L
1

</SwA fow BC kAk{ =

nB{ow nBUp Bkj w

, Bv C nj SwA BAj ]

tB ,An A Sj BBU ,jow <k M tBL> = BSM A ,a

:k= J B AoM ,kjo BA tnAo = k

/1857:2 ,oLj /1

ok :w JBM

93

B{ AoM Aki M oM BQ>

kpAo B= a = BJ{C pA

,k{ opAow B B

/SwA kC U M B{ SwBw pA |i = BB

kThC Swj An j Tw ,a
/kjnhM A (B pA )

,kAnh (nAi) jo Bo M ji

/koa (An ) ,k{ kAni a Bo =

1

,kAnk
ji BTwj BM An BTB{

/<kwv SwA Bnj B] oj =

tBL> ,`A M ;Tz oj BA M SLv nBA pAkA a BU M BwkM

/SwA T SwAn <kC U M B{ SwBw pA |i> :k AM M = B\C <k M

A B i = kwB BT C wAo kjo= nj Mi M Bjo B = SvS {

/jnAk wA BLU q] B BT C nBkB ,Sv e oi _ ,kjBoM

?kjM kLT (kBn) k nh jM jq M ,kCkM Z A oMAoM nj jo BC

A ) Bv BBwnBQ {hj B ,BnC A = SwA Td nBvM M ,oA o

An BlA B C nj oj nzi M o A jnAk L\U ,Be A BM /jM (Sw

BQ oM ThM BM j BQoM AoM pA kwQ kLB= C jo= Ao ,a ,T{Aj z
B pA k= Ao SwA = ao = ,jo nAkkQ ,oA pA /SwA jM p nATwA

C nB= nj ,aA /SwA jM noZ ,kB nA oTT k AoM An An BU ,joM

SwA Bw BynjAnAj jo nzi B = oj nzi ,= BzQ

. 585 | ,<joL>
BA :koM) kC kkQ ,jpAkAoM An AM ShU kCoM boz pA =

/(kM M 1929:2 ,oLs

/SwA BwoQ An Bznj Bw A j] KLw jC B

/1788:2 ,B /1

Jo TwA

94

oM nAw AoM pA An ji B] BwBL uQ ,jM kPw B C BU BA B]

1

/kTooM Bw kk{ BC kw A Se jAkLTwA BMo` = AkBi Ak{

kPw An ji nB{ ,kC nB= n wBL Sj = C pA uQBA ,Sv kM = C Be

B] ,Bw BA /kjAj nAo` ji nB{ An Bw wBL B i= C pA uQ ,k{BMTo
2

(wBL k nj wn BtBL ) Bw BtBL M SLv oA A = ,jM kA w

3

/SwA C k hnBU BSAn = |~i M ,k{BM Swnj

ynj<[ow M VnBe> = A ;jL nAw Bz S`` ,Bw BynjBA

M> a ;jAj nAo` ji nB{ ,kn{ AM oM 11 Bw nj = B An Bw

BC pA ` , 128 Bw nj q <]nBi qeMA> uPw ,119 Bw nj <]nBi
4

pA AU An Bw ynj TooM LLe pAn /SwA jL AkBi C pA v=_ nAw

B ,jBTwo <[ow MVnBe> AoM 117 Bw nj An C = ,j pBM oB{ <S = > Ba

:= kvM C pA SM M

,An Bw Bynjn>

,BzQ pB\U BAo (BM qTw) oM pA

/(1575:2 ,oLs) /<kpAoAoM

:koM ,k{ To nB{ wBw j M * Bn A pA B C AoM /1

Hamaker:

Rflexions Critiques,

48 (su iv) , I I, 63, su iv / We il:

Abbasiden,
,

829, p. 8 suiv/De Sacy:

G eschichte der Khalifen,

Chrestomathie Arabe,
II , 216, n. 3 /

2 ed. I,

O pk omst d er

p. 137 suiv.

A>
Z) < B.

pA UnBL <oo* > B~C /(Mo

hv) 44

| ,2

Z ,ki MA

< k( >

pB <Si BB] pA D kPw AB] nj k> Oi * C oBM ,SwA jo* tBLT~A (141

/2

BT , SwAkQ Ba SwA q* BQ qn kPw * C j] BM /jM kPw B{nB{ BA ,jo*

wn B] ,Bw nBTwj a ,jo kPw BB] oM nB~T~A BA * kj Bz B toTwj hnBU

,oLj .

| ,19

Z , B. A .

42

| ,1

Z , ko A

k(

(1

t) 258:2

,oLj /SwA jM BC

/2148:1

. 5 :3

;1972:2

,oLj . 24

| ,(<tBo > NBa) <nj> pA ' M 51 | ,1 Z ,wBwj /3

/285

(Z.d. D.M.G. XXXVIII, 394)

| ,5 Z ,oYA MA . 1981

124

<nlM>

157 :2

JBv A

,oLj /4

ok :w JBM

95

nj = ) Ao BM nBQ Bw BynjB kQ = j{ {n B oM B\A pA

B` oM kn{ :C pA jAo) B{j (kC Co9 nj `C oM BM Ao :C pA jAo B\A

B AoM ,jo= nB{A AkM <Hamaker . o= B> = An B v A B ,Sv(Aki

An C = ,SwA (|)oLBQ ynjnAj ,k{ jB Bynj:= A ,C ;jpBw {n

= A nj B jBTwA jn MB = znj B ,joMAo AoB= BM yB]nj

Bw Bynj,BA BM BzB]nj ZnAi ,oA pA 1 /kABTwAk ,SwA jM Bw

BM ,qa o pA L` ,`Anj a ;jo= [ow MA = Ba ,kT{AoAoM

B ,jM (|)oLBQ k nCjB Bw ynj A ,kk] zQTw Ao

/kjo{oM B= A An C = k

oU|`j RnBL M B ,kj TwAn AzQ ,k js = v= oM = SwB\A pA

ji nB{ An Bw BynjC = SwA p ,jpAkAn An AM }w = AzQ

= C Be 2 /SwA oTT k B A = jo= BjA <[ow MVnBe> 128 Bw nj /jpBw

BpBU ,oUAqw B ,Se uQ /kjo nAjnioM LU kA pA qo Rj A

nj An C = jM v= Tvh<VnBe> = BnC C BT /kkjo poQ ko h ,B

BM = An Bv= C = jM B B B Ba ,kjo B= B C pA uQ,kj BB]

= Sv kM /jo= K] wBL Rj M ,kjo= Ao wBw AnC BA
jo= BUA ,jo= SAn <jAjMA> = nz WkeA oM Rj A nj <[ow M VnBe>

jo BzQ ,k opoM <VnBe> kM = kC oM jn wAo pA jo> :k{BM

Ba ,SwA (|)kd>
AkBi yhMAU oTv An ,k <n~> kM = SwA

= kBP oj /<SwA K]A B oM A jo= jk /kzhM AU An | oLBQ <yo`>

/SwAkC Kk BJBT= nj = ,k{ BzQC pA nzi WkeA

1. Mouradja dOhsson:

Tableau de lEmpire Ottoman,

:2 Z ,(<BvU> NBa) M' . 112 | ,<nlM>

A kLA b T

I, 260 suiv. /

. 119 | ,<wMA> ZAo hA JBT*

/kM M 144 oM ,(k hv) B A JBT* . 18 | ,(<tBo > NBa) nj . 151 |

(s)<KBjMA M> AoM O ] nj (Hodhain) <m> * SwA Bw ynj B A
/(287 ,123 | ,3 Z ,ko A k( . 43 | ,<j oL>

/17

| ,]oU ,2 Z ,ki MA < k( > . 135

BA

) jo* e

/1919:2 ,oLj /2

| ,2 Z ,<jAjMA>

vA JBT*

/3

Jo TwA

96

5
wBL Sj BF
pA uQ An wBL Rj oA = <BwAoi vMA> , 129 Bw B~n B 25 nj

Akj = <kPwA> BAow nj An Bw ynj jM k{ nAjk <oX= M Bw>

Bv= SwAn> :jM k{ T{ Co` pA C A ,ynjA oM /S{AoAoM o eA pA SwA

KeB> ji KL M <vMA> /(39 C ,<[e> nw) <k\M kAkj Tw =
#

JBvTA nBhTA C ,SvC pA oT= yTA= SwQ nj oj q` <Bw Bynj

/oLBQ AkBi M

!nC /SwA jL kBv ,Sow Ba C BM JLA y= AoQ AoM BwAoi Z

Ba ,kkwnAo wBL BAj Q nj w o pA Bj = Bw (A =) BTvMA

,kkn{ jno ,RAo ,gM ,Bv nj :BwAoi pow owBUow nj BB]w

B jBTA B{pA uQ;k{ BQoM <tBL> AovQ AoM Rj TeB o nj =nsM

,Svoj LLw ,B A nj /k{ oj jBdUA _MBMLA oSw,eAA

oLBo B~ kTwBioM A Se kZ oM = Bv= C Te BpBU = A ,C
kT{Ak Lv jAs = BTvMA C BM nB= pBkC pA = A pA kTv{ An C pA

,kjo{ wA Shwow B{j An BC = Sv S { ;kjp pBM ow ,k= nB

oT nj BC := S BC nBMnj AnB{nAi qCkhzn <nBw M o~> Ba

/(kTv yM) Bjo Jo

AoM Rj nj B{nAjB M BC ` pn
n{ M jopBM BB]w o

BPw kq /kjo{ yi wBw BBnC jB An C = a ,SwA AkBi

BM ,An k ,An ji nBMnAi = kjM Bv= BA ,jM Sz A B B\Q pA <vMA>

A M Sv(\Q =) < =
> rA nBMnj oj ov U /kTo (Sz =) Swj \Q
(/) /<kpoM BkkTw nAmM> :SO AU a BhwBU* An pn nB{ A #

ok :w JBM

97

jBTA S]Be BC M o A B{ji BB ko B = kAjAj SM Swj BC :=

A = kwn a oT M) /(J=
) oU A oMAoM nj kASzMBAi j{ To
1

Bvn pB]A kM = kAjni kw a /(SwA oTM A ov U pA oiC ov U

BA pA yM yi Bvn pA oLBo nj /kAh Bo B BMow _ ,yi

2

/kTz=BC lAM ,kTB SwjBC oM ] Ak nj = An B{j a ,kTnAo

A kZ
oM = kk{= BnBM pBM ,kT{Aj TwoQ ue
jL= = ,BJo BA

= jnAk T { /SoM An C ] <vMA> Bvwj ;k{ kdT oTz {j

BA /kT{Ak ]U yi L` B M q] ,oTTwnj B ,ji |Bi B M q] BC
`C o A = o A BB Te ;jo= ]U v= ,A ShU M nAjB
C A M kTwQ { M k{BM Swnj ATo miB An C B jo= jB <ML>

Mo~> q] v= ,pBwo SBi TwoQji pA nB{ow nBpn C nj /kko

3

i pA Aijk nj ,WL M / < 41> /kB `BM A AkBi nAkTwj oM <nBw

yi BPw pBMow oiC M kk{ pB ,<j Ao> = Sv S { /jo= nBzBQ

,<!nAj ji y{=BM An ji SeB> :jAj a An A gwBQ i ,oA pA /S{Aj

/ < 42> ?nAkM B SwA JAi < A > BC :S k{ S {nj <o~>

A pA a = SvAj ,jM j Kv= = ] RnB = Ba BM <vMA>

BBPw B nj An `o U hU uQ/k] oM ,SwA KBk Bpow A nj = Twjka

nj ;kBwoM o o{ oM M B S s An yiBPw SvAU = Ba ,S{B= AM
oM SvAU w kM /jkQnj yi M jo= \j An BB ,B A
l = kzs /j{ ]A Sv{BM joi oz = CM ,jjo oa BwAoi
yz= oT ow oM BM = BL` AoQ o{
pA = Aka ,k{ B= nBj C nj

/Sz= oj pA uQ An BC SB Bn ,kT{Aj

a /SwA <O* > ,Swnj /SwA kB <O* > An BC (15

nj * T{ qAn{ UnBL (J 8

/1989:2

t ,848:3

;4 t 1957:2)

oLj /1

oM ,unBQ BhMBT* ) < o LA (A> T{Twj nj <qo'>

/jo* Ai jB An C < z{

,oLj /2

/4 8 ,(kM M 1 t) 399

SwQ >

| ,2 Z ,(<BvU> NBa) M' /3

Jo TwA

98

= An `C B /kB\A A Sj k{ ow M k{ BJLA ,B C nj

Zo kAi oM ,SwA B C nj Bjo Z oBM jo= jB <nj eMA>

:k ,=

,gM ,uiow ,ts ,jnMA ,Bv ,o ,BLBs ,jno ,{M ,RAo pA Bjo>

Bw BB]BM B ,kTBT{ vMA w M Jv ,y=,Ti ,BTwnBhU ,BBa

Bw ,kkB J=oB= An BC kT{Aj ji BM = An BSwkMa /kkCAo
Ao> (T BM) kkAn = An Boi ,kjoM yQBzQAn Aoi BLwA 1 /<kjM jo=

BC /kkB <kd M Ao> An BC () kjp w kjo= An BC <oi

2

/<kjM jo nAqk M Ko`

jnA A Aow oM BwAoi Boz = BSv{pA BM S { nj jM

o ;jL B`jB TwoQs ,o~Td BA SBL = TvAj Bo ,kjo=

Sv{RBBw nj Te BzA Bjnj ,k= jB\A RBe pA kAB= cd

A , M /kT{Ak A SMBY BT u e M SLv wBveA BzA ,SB An

,jL A Sj Ap AoM A B~` q] ,kjnC SwjM wBL Boz = BpoQ

3

/jM To BzA pA An Sj pA Bj AoM T{mB] pA Bj ueA

B~` A

oa B{Bj nj k tB = ,jM a A B C nj AM Z Be

oMAoM jAkBM kj pnC ,uoM wA BS oj jo ;k{

BAoBo = BS C nj s M ,kC kkQ B{B] j nj njAj
nB= A BM ,kjo= z= oM ji AoM pA B\B= AkpC BqA BM ,AnAqnB=

<S* M Tv> M vMA :

(incredule)

oB* > * B nj (123 | ,15 Z)

An x q C y BTw B Ba pA ioM <S  >  A a ,<k { o(B jnC wA pA u Q 

B. A

:koM /1

SwA v* U nkQ> :SO

oM BBv  Bv M An <o(B > rA ,u Q /j (Aq A M y BTw nj  k BP oj B C ,jo pB]C B{B B BM

Biblioth. G eogr., IV. 278. nj B*oU jq nj <RBM* oB* > :koM /kAjo* SjA A M

AnB

kM* > ,SwA {n nBvM BBMpwnB Bd pA <J*oB* > K* o rA :k ]oT /()

AoA BM'A * BTwkMa C M ,kC (<nj OeMA> pA ' M) T nj * Ba ,<oB*
(/A/N) /SwA kjo SjA ,kT{Aj ji Ao (BBTwn B )

/378 | ,(RBz SjB) wnB ]oU ;3 | , A "An BLi A /2

3. Fragmenta Hist. Arab. p. 211

ok :w JBM

99

C ,BLp pnC A Ba /kj jk nAjA BTwj nj omQin BLU M

q] SiAjoQ q] qa wA pA B C BU = An AoA w Bo

BBLj pA T{jnp y= > BwkM ;S {CoM ,kTvAj B BnAqRBB

1

/<kjnC wA vMA nBpn nj ,SomQ BLTA

nj AnC BC oUj BsAoA = ) Boi

B] j nj BnC A ,= C Be

An kL A BLeB A BAoBo = Sv S { /S{Aj j] oUBThw (kA v

kAoMnj BU An yiBn ,BC = SwB\ApA /kjjoQ jn BAM BMBM

<vMA> M BC = M o A jnAk L\U oA pA ;kT{Aj nBM A Sj

w M q] An kp JB BQ = ,kTn ko jo C ynj op M ,kTwQ

,jM A kjnioM kM ,B{Km M ]U BM ,AkAB C = v= B a /kwB{

oUAo A pA An BQ ioM Te
/kjo{ (|eoM BA =) TwAn AzQ BU An nBvM

<S{jnp> BjA pA <Bnk{> B <BMnk{> B = kT{AkQ ,jB

nh An M za BBv = B`C ,kTv A AkQ An M za BT{jnp = SwA

SzpBM oTT M ,jo nBM An <vMA> o SB] A = Aka ; <k>
3

oTij M An AzQ ,yAoQ pA ioM = Be nj ;k= oQ jAj k pA An p BU kjM

nB j M <vMA> o pA uQ <oU bBdwA> B M jo /kj d

<sB>
o{ nj (vMA) xnow> = S{AkQ kAi A oUj An ji ,Sho oAAnB
4

z A jBTwo <S{jnp> = SwA oLBQ A = jnC a uPw ,kjo B n

k= AoPM An S{jnp y= BU ,kTv A SzpBM An M za poA BU nA /SwA kp
5

(Memoires

de la

nj SwA T{ <oBj MA MA> nBMnj

(Von Rosen)

/jpAoAoM An A ynj

<pn > `C koM /1

Socite russe dA cholgie III, 1. p. 140-162 (tir a

part p. 10 n. 1)

/344 | ,

SwoA

/B /3
/5

/18 | , Z ,

/114 | ,BTwo{ /2

KmA Zo

:jv /4

Jo TwA

100

6
nBTRQ
AkL tBLAMA> ,(b / 132 Bw 1 Mn 13) o o{ k{ jz pA uQBw

pBkC = jC k\v nj AL}i jAoA BM An ji Si ,wBL i Tvh ,<k

nj ,SiShU pA AkBi A xpAo = BBnC C pA , ,L}i A nj 1 /jo=

C pAkA a BU jo= Ai BM ,JBT= pA oiC ~ A nj B /jo= jB ,jM ThA Bj

/k{ jnCoM BpnC C SB |LdU BBnC

nAkQ Ba ,oMAoM ojAj A C = S{mkBL T A o= l pA Svh

pA An p = k M B`o{ pB (wBL Anj) nBpn C nj Te = kzM BnBA pA

zQTw wBL BT jAkM /Sv jL AM k nj C pA oU= _ k= oQ k

t T{AjA SMBM pA A Th BTwj pA oT= _ ,BwBL Sj B` B pA C
RBv` pA B{Bn AoM jM nh Ao ,k kL M vU nj Bjo
\B= <B > <k{n> <n~> kpC /SwA jL , BT A nBLTw

nBpn nCjB ,BBv BB Je <v

M > Akpo np ,BC

/SwA < LY o M Jw> <Bz> <ZB\e>

Aq kk] ShM ShU A k nj ,Bjo tv jnjBk oM nBvM j

Si nj = <o{> T SwA ] C pA /SwA Swj nj ,BC jniKo

tBLAMA>
,qn Bi = Be A oM> :kn{ AnBhM nj [qoi tBLAMA =] bB w
,TwQ BBzoQSwA ` 2 </Tvkd AkBi oQ B ,= |e
ok nj
xn{ ,ZnAi Q nj Q BJLA <LA> B` kB ,wBL Sj `o{ yhMnj

pA o M oA =) <kM pA T{AjpBM M T{AjA> q] k = <oLAJw>

M > kM SwBw KLw M ,SwA <W M An> xn{
,A oM qA /SwA T{Ak (o

/74:3 ,oLj /2

/338 | ,<jv> 7Ao { A

LTA

/1

ok :w JBM

101

,kT{Aj C pA BBv = Tw n] :jpBw {n B AoM BA /<v

<B}AMA> ,BwkM/kkB C pA AM Tvh k nj nA = SwA qa B
:k = B\C ,jAj ow An BT A o AC = SwA jL v= B ,oB{
,kC pBM An B <Ao> AovQ jAkM = xB= A>

/<j{ yUC nj <tBL> AovQ jAj xB= A>

BzBpnC ,kkpn s <> AkBi M Si BUA nj = B AoQ BA

B iTvhk nj = nApC [n C kB M ,B ,iMa /k{ jBM oM Shw

xAjApnjAoM pA pn < M veMve>/kjM kk ji M qo ,kkz=wBL

AoM pA oiC o <A> AovQ AoM n a pA> :kwoQ <ve M AkL Mkd>
,To zi <A> Akpo oM B = Aki M ! A> :S ?Ai a <tBL> AovQ

SwoUAqw tBLM oM S\e

/kTv BC pA oUtoU Aki _ <tBL> Akpo = C Be

An (n~) <o ]MA> = jM BS~ BSo Bi An ` C /BzA C pA

2

/Sv

/jpBw BT A oM enj B~AMM nAjA An B qo ,oA A = Un nj

< AkL Mkd> = SwA BS C k`B kao ,wBL Si Aop

= kTv wBL B ipA nBvM ,T{AjoM jBo BC SwjpA BC pA AnAjnioMB

<B > <n~> kB B{Twj yAj kBpBw S{ow SMBM pA ,An gnBU JB\A
/ < 43> /kAThAoM

BwBL xpAo Aop /kMB pBTA AkM wBL Sj = SvBqa C ,A TLA

kjM C BAi Bjo = oMAoM ojAj A C kao ,Si ShU pA

nBpn nj = kB AkM AeA BZA = Sv A C B ,jnBoM

kk{ oBU B ,C B ,SwA jM Tw n] pA LA B` !nC /jM AM

/k{ kj AM k nj = nAjA BT BQ oM ,|i JTh RBLLs B = jL

An kk\n ApnBz= LLs ,w nj An AAo RApBTA knAj B] Twn B oj

U nj ]o B jAs j ,BwkM /M [jM = AkM] oj w nj
/1 | ,1 Z ,B /2

/84 | ,1 Z , B. A /1

Jo TwA

102

TiA SA
= C pA uQ,kjo S jAoA B nj ,Sn Se B MAn
Se /Sn B pA pBUok
d BS pBU B|iB nj jAs
= pA = B yBpowpA BC TiBw nj pBU Boz oM eA Ao]A nj

xqC 1 /jo= nj ,kjp pBM ow AM k nj B{k` RApBTA jo=

X = AkM T AkQ M B Bo~

a :jo= jk jAj fn bAo nj

jzhM oM e = BT B ,jM jBoM <JB}i Mo> = An BT C B]

B = So BT kAwA BBe = C nBLTA M jo= q] SiAjoQ pA BpBU
gv B wn = BT C = A BM ,jnAm `o Se M Ski nj AoA pBU

/S{BA }hz BBQ Bv A M B AoM ,kz

ShU M SLv Bjo oUnAkTwj AoA B AoA BBwAoi ,B B pA

A Sj jBTAoM KLw = kk\n (A =) BTvMA a /kk{ Si

Swj M B Aj oz nj i fB= nj kBz kTB pAoow ,kjM

oM BpBU = Aka ,kjp U q wA BSAoBo wo= oM Ba ;kjnC

BL` B nj  B] yUC { BA 2 /k{ BC pA oT BA B { kjoM {n BC

Bp B pA ,j BpBU B] nj nAjzn Bjnj pA ji ,jM Apo/

kB) BJo A Bpow M jkd  C BU ,kaAo/ Aj dkA dkA jo yo/

M d BjAs BM = Be jAs xqC BwkM /kjo (BTvMo oq]L{ nw

,jL xoMAoM nj nA{j k{ pBkC BA Bp pA = {qC B /jnhoM B _

/kjM koM |Bi UApBTA bLe pA = ~Bi BpBU ioM w pA o

So Ao An wA B] = o yL]C AkQ nj , SeA BQoM

oM jkd = CM ,jo= nB{ow BU M An SBvA BU kBP oj = zL] ,j jk

/j{ bo{ wA Sj

/(kM M t) 285 | ,(<ij> NBa) AkLA> :M' /1

ji JBT* nj An C <oo* > * SwA qC\ ABa /17 | ,12 Z ;148 | ,18 Z , B. A /2
* ,kAi c% Svh SM nj An <BLU> rA oo*  jBTwA /jo* ]oU "Streifzu
ge, p. 31 suiv"
,15 Z ,B%A . SwA BTvMA s B] (]oT) wnB rA ,BLU . <BLU> ]) <BLU> C Swnj
/7 | ,(<BiAp> NBa)

J o A

:'A] . 21 |

 BSwQ
:1 SwQ

RBeA BwAoi nj B nA
nBw Mo~
(JBT* 31 | :koM)

BpBU k nj BwAoi RBB M Mo `C JBMnj fn = SwA nA{j nBvM

= UBB=) q] ZAoi B q] = jo= jB oTzQ /kMB B C Swnj oT oM ,j{

pA BU kTiAjoQ BJo M BwAoi jo = ,jM UBB C pA zhM (kTiAjoQ AoB=

M>BM ,a /jo= o BMpo <B> = nB= SwA ]C pA /knA BC BM ]

pA LLs w ) AnBvj AnAwA BBLj ,j kU C nj = SvM BQ <KBsMA

pA BpBU ,a /(kM M 48 | ,AkLAbT< :nlM) kkM q] kM (AnAj

M = SvM k BzA BM B\C oA = C pA uQ o ,kkz Swj RAo jo BM ]

/<k= vLU BC BnAjp B nj AoMAoM An C = A > kkM q] BzA

C pA ok q] pA oj ]Aoi ( 7372) <nBw Mo~> k nj = C Be

Mo~> = kCoM AL}i pA oA A /T{Aj j] SwA bo~

Bd nj = nAkL

,jM TzpBM oAAnB nBj gM eA nj ]ka pA pBU = ,jC pn nj <nBw

:nC L M (188:2) <oLs> pA B An C B jo= jAoA k\v nj
,jo= Bj BzA pA kzhM BzkM ,BT{jnp ozj uvAoM = oM>

L>  oM /jM AnB~ ozj <no M jAkL{A>  oM /jB BBv oM An B{nBM w

BzA pA zhM BzkM ,Tv BBv ozj  oM /jo a Aj ozj <j

T{ `C BQ oM nAq]Ao i q] pA / Boz oM An B{nBM w , 5B6j

Jo TwA

104

M ,jo nAqnB B{ oM An <B:ohAMA Mo M n~> /j{ T6omQ a ,k{ jAj

j{ To Aow q] pA = ,BBv B{ pA jo o uQ/jAj yBo6B{ oM ojAj

M n~> jq M An C ,Lw ,B=oz pA C kB k{BM k{ <w> ZAoi <B>

/<k= Ae oz M v pA An C BU ,jnAjoM <o

kTiAjoQ q] = Bv nAqw = jM T{m pn C pA T p

/kk{ An <nBw Mo~> w M kjM k{ B C pA = AoB= pA jo nAq jBTz

oM ZAoi AoM Two uPw;jo= B C pA An BBv SvMAoB= oM An q] ,<o~>

ZAoi /<S{Aj n oL
jM C kn oM c = An h BC> ,S{ kk] BT A |

/kwn nj nAqk M ,k{ To BzA pA = ZnA RBB C Aw ,BA k nj o

K] nj (Lok oM ZAoi =) UBB ,o nj = j{ {n RnBL A pA

AkM Bd nj = SwA UBB C pA zhM ,T{Aj j] (q] =) Aow RBB

,kC TvM BC oM q] = BBv B <o~> = Sv S { /SwA k{ co~U

/SwA jB bo (<B> oe BM) kjo n oL

BC oM ZAoi = Aoj

AoB= = A(Aow RBB =) q] B ,= jo= ov U a AU An oA A

oA BA /SwAk{ ( RBB =) ZAoi M kLU ,BC jnC wA Q nj ,kTiAjoQ

= ,SwA q] pA oB= o nAq jBTz jzhM C ,SwA T { B] = Sv oj

AU oA A S BM nj /jo= nAqo BzA pA C kBTw nj z{=_ pA Se
M An Aow q] B{j AoQ nB M kjM TvAU BBvok pA nBvM = S

jM q] pA oUnBLLw BM = UBB B ,k= kLU ( ZAoi) oj UBB

pA ioM = Bp = A ,C ,SvC S BM nj oj T{BA = C Be /SwA
M ,kjM Tn jo= Bn An BC AM Tw pA Aqo (Jook Bv A) BTvMA
/kjM kqoM An ZAoi SiAjoQ kB = k{ jAj oj Bv=

UBe>= dBQ Q nj = SwAo ZAoi yB=oBM,wA MnBvMko

,<oLs> 45 | ,<nlM> `C oM BM) kwn nj 2.2. M SvM <B M

B ] k Ko] 2. nj 1. B (kAjo= SAn 2888:1
/kAjo= jB Bin oj `C oM BM ,oL BLX 1.2.

 BSwQ

105

:2 SwQ
wA SB] BkB BA
(JBT* 49 | :koM)

<> BM ,kjo= ]nB= = Bv= > :k (kM M 14 t 13 |) <BTwo{>

AkL> :MBd J{C o nj iAjB kT /yB{jBM kjM yB]nj n

kM <L= YnBe Mkp MBwA> <nB~AvMkd>,<|B` MA Mkw> ,<o M

,jM <> BM B] AeA nj S <pBe MA M u`>/{ | oLBQ

xoLQ Aki = An v= k= Ro ,An BJqe LM k= Ro :S pn = C BU

nBMnj = TvAj uQ /knAj nBM An xoLQ Aki B{ = C Be ,kAj nj An

/<To nB= A pA ,uQ/jpn jBLTA a SB]

:k (kM M 247 | ,<kAU > NBa ,GAw) <B A qe>

ZnAi Rn M B{ jj BpBU jq nj (BA ,An B =) An BC>

pA BC = kjo= ooLU BzA jq nj ,kj o~U ojAj BAzQ oM (Ao{n{ =)

zB] AzQ pA An SBA kk{= /kAT{AjoM SB] pA Swj TBUoM n B

pA kwn kM xAzQ pA = An Vn |e C = A s M k= Ak] ///BA

BC M qknj o M j j C = Aka /k= K~k SwA oUAqw kM BC

A ,SB] Sw pA q Ak] o A k{ :kT An BC ,kkAo

nme oM B SeB pA An jo Bw k M jq BC /Aki i (Bo) pA Bz=ow

BC BM xqC pA An (jo =) BzA ,kkA Bj nj An BC = ,kT{Aj

BC Ao An nAmSj vMA An nBU yhM{n ,Aki = C BU ,kT{AjpBM

Bn BzA pA An BkM jo= BQ (BA =) BzA j] pA An Bpow ,SiBw

</SiBw

nBMnj <qe> oT = j{ nB{C ,kC A pA yQ `C BM RAnBL A y\w pA

Jo TwA

106

Bv SB] BkB An BC = A ,BC M SLv xAAn B RBwBveA BA

pA nBvM = kj Bz ,jnAj Ls ue M SzpBM BB ,jo{oM

/kjM A o BA JBMnj <pBe MA M u`> BM o\ Svh kw nj BBv

\Q SwQ nj w SwQ pBkC nj (141 | , Z) <BDA> KeB `C koM

/SwA jo= jB (<ds M w> M SwA Mo `C JBMnj)

:3 SwQ
Bo A jo JA
/(2815:1) <oL0>
(JBT* 51 | :koM)

oTM ,kjM AM M SLv wA BSBjo oUnAjoLBo BLoA jo

pA BTeA = ) BAj ioM = B M ,kT{Aj <(AkL M) Bz> Si BU An SBs

pA (32 ,319 | ,1 Z ,<Lr> NBa ,<wBdAMA> JBT= :koM ,kjM ZnAi

BM = An BC sBLUnA BkQ uQ /kThAoM JLA M An BC kkC BC jq M bAo

nj JBT= A ) /kkB `BM d oM poA BU nA ,kkoM ,kT{Aj Si ShTBQ

T{ 1923 Bw nj SiTn B pA =oU n] A pA yQ ,1894 Bw

:jjo BM Ak] A KLw A / [//] (SwA k{

B> = kjo= jn
T kMwBL BAj w pA An J{C jBzQ BoMoM ,pBM oj pA

An BzA oM An nB= A = S Bh AnAqnB= pnB KLw M BAzQ BM

BAzQ =] BC nTwj M BB AnAqnB= > := kT (BoMoM =) BzA M /nAj

j ka BM <ov> uQ/omQ (?) L ji BU An A B :kjAj gwBQ /k=

<xoMA> yQBC ,So Shw BC oM /SwAinBM kwn <Bz> yQBU kC oM o

uQ,joM
] M An yBPw B ,B AoBo = j oLi An AoA :kT kkC

 BSwQ

107

B ,koUnAAqw AkM [BPw =] BzA = k kj BC M An Sk ,j{ poQ Bo

T{Aj |e B o A ,So Ah A pA qa_ = jnAj oTzM |iA jB] a :T

M An o{ = T` :kT q ;Ajo LB} AT{Ak Le o A ,jBM BzA e

ji M B ,S{AjB KL nj An ji oz kAn yQAn B ,jnCnj oBd

Ak An ji !k= Bj AnjAoM pA kBM B ` Ajo ,= nyQ kBM :T

/jo= BzA

BLj ,kjo= BC { jo= nBQ pBkC ,kT{Aj BQoM An B BBQnBa BzA BC>

,kTz= SwQ AoM An k w nAq uQ/kTz AoA AoM kPw BTwQ

C nj An BzA jo= dU An oA uQ,An AoA SwA nB= BwC = A T B

T ,koM An B BLp AoTij BU kjB nBz op An B BzA uPw/jo= oU Be

A n BC = j gwBQ ,Bv B SwA kB Sw (Aki) JBT= nj oA A
]oi kz=ApAnj M nB= a BA /= a :S (xoMA ) ? B SwA AoA

A kT ,kT{AjoM Aop jq M An BC kT{ BB nj ji BB ,k{ BU BzA

/kj sA A M ,kwoQ B M ]An B{ pA AoA o A uQ,SwB BKv B

oa BGo/A oM ,kTz An A kkn{ <Bz> nAqnB oM ,kjB BGo/A M n BC

Bv B ,kj kM BzA BB C uQ ,kwoQ |Bh{A pA kwn oLi <Bz> M /kk{

/(kM M 34 | ,1 Z ,BBPwA nj BBv gnBU :pj) </kjo= `C kjo= kC oLi = kjM

:4 SwQ
wBL B2i oiC k nj ZnAi
(JBT* 51 | :koM)

oM ,jo= BM k k\v nj = , pow pA <]nBi qeMA> L}i pA yhM

/SwA BC Bkj AoMBzA A RBU oBB ji = = Zo kAi

Jo TwA

108

:(197 | ,2 Z ,koAk7 .14 | ,2 Z ,BDA .29:2 ,<oLs>)

AnBMB Ls M yiB B BM qo ji nBj pA B = kAj _ k jo A>

o C nj = Ai B{jBQ Sj /B]y kM
,kz oM tBPwB

o` kj jo o An |e Bpo a /] pBM = oj A= ,{
An oUj/So U B oM C Sw BM p ,An k knAq T` ,An |e k

SMB]A An Aki Aj uQ ,kAiAo Co` e Ajq SBs w M = j{

,<Co9> /jqoM p n nj kAU ,k SMB]A An Aki oUj =o) /jo=

= oT{A oM B pA o o ,k{ BL` yQ Ao /(32 C ,4 t

(Ba) jo= Swj M Swj An Bz{Q BU ji ,kC jM C oM q BzAn {U

S=oM pA = Aki M ,jo= BnB jAj BBQ Aki/p n nj B U AqaM

/k{ njAoM ()

Co` e Ajq oLBo M An BzA ,jo= nAkj jvBM An B{ Ajo BC>

= Aki M ,kkAi B w AkBi Ao e B}{ SBs BM An B BC /kAiAo

oz{ j BM B}{ ,kkC yQ BMBT{ BwAo BC /kAJTh qa j B= Z

BzA nj An yipnC ,jnC x] M B{i pA An BzBj ,jqM An BC ji
M B BJBwC,kkC yQnAkMC BU BM ,Boz Bo ,Aki AnB /jnCoM

///kC yioa M knkA { M C pA AnBBLU = ip M BC JBwC ,jBTA xjo

B TiBw f xAAnB pA oUoM An B] kpAo/ Aki jnAkQ  uC !k jo A>

/ < 44> poM (BM = ) SwAn B ,SwAki {j ,TwAi jAjB = An `C

kAU xATwj AUB oM BM ji JBT= nj Aki = w SzpA Ao !k jo A>

a ,B SwA w SwA ] C pA C kC uQ,kj oLi jo= o

/TooM ,xnBjnoQ BM B\] AnB{ nqM ji AoM An BC (kAU)

?k= jk nB= A nj An = u=C JBMnj k a (A )

BC kAT ,kj BM = Ao BAo B{ = SwA kwn M !k jo A>

Aki oLBQ BAo o !k jo A B{ oM A /oMBQ BJo kAtn BA]

BzBza,kk{ oQ A] nj kw Aki M = BA] ?kjL tn BA] |

109

 BSwQ

q
,kjo= SM B] M ]
AkiBM /wBTwAnB pA BzBB ,w= BnBMB pA

pn BM B{BK{ TwBi ,ShCnj B{B[n BM B{Bjnj /jo = BB]

/<///B{Apn

L BA kM k{An B inBMnj (1 | ,2 Z) <BDA> KeB= An `C ,q

:nBM ,jo=

oM SwA Tn kC `C o C nj ,k{ pB A oM JBT= = | Aki oLBQ>

joM ji w M | An A Aki = C BU ,jo ozQ AkiBo M q] ,kjo j

An Sw <oMMA> A pA uQBC /k L{ M BUnB= nj An B{ qo ,kBwn yB]o M
w M An A Aki = C BU ,kAoi Aki nB= nj k](j pA ) BTzoM BM ,jB oM

<o> A pA uQBC !jBM A oM Aki xpoC Sen ,kjM kwni A pA |i ,joM ji

kBTw BSk ,jzMBo{ ,jnC jo BBPw ,SooM ji nB j Sw ,SB S

/SiAAn nBv jBM (BpBU) jBTz jBzMpBM jo= BM TwC/kzhQ ji jo B
= C BU ,jzMBrj Bo{ k] B{pow nj {jBM SwBioM B~n B nj

Sen An A ,joM ji w M kjM kwni A pA |i = Be nj An A Aki

M Bw y{/SB S <B > ovQ <BX> A pA uQBC !jBM yAkiSzM xpoC

/jo= sBM An B{pBkC BC B]o ,jnC BkkQ uPw,jo= nB= ji nB j Sw

BzA pA jo o ,SwAi ji AoM pA An BC u=o ,kzoQ BC pA uQ j T{n

/kT{mnj BwkM ,jo= nB{C An C Aki = jo= BQ An pAn

pA BAn kwo |e pA j~L SBk M ,SB S ()KBsMAM BC>

| oLBQ k{ S <B wMA> ovQ <B> = C BU /S{m A ,jB oM C AoM

wA Q s M ,BJqe pA kB B] ,BJo oUBLw ,xAk{ S ovQ

LZ An Aki B ,jo= ji kM An Aki BkM ,Shn i AnB /SB S ,AjnC
Aki ,k{ nkM A An pA BU jo= SwAiyj`AkM,jo= SwAnB [= An A j ,jo=

,Bkoa <kq>
,BTvQ <kq>
,BTv <kq>
xovQ pA uQ BC !kBM `C k= kM

oQ jo= S Bh Co` BM /SB S BpM <kq>

,Ap <kq>
,Bw <kq>

AkM BU ,jo= SwAi yj `AkM Sz z pM BM ,k{ BKk

Jo TwA

110

k{ S kAn ,<e> ovQ <Ao> BC !kBM `C kM k= jB= yTAki ,S{mnj

xABMC k]
oM A ji oM S ,SB S xAk{ S ovQ | Aki oLBQ

!kTwo M

Aki oLBQ BkAn ,kkC nB= n ,S AkBi ,Ao AovQ A pA uQ BC>

ns An Aki B /nB= BMBU

pA kAnB~A Ao]B pA = Anow o , |

A ,kTiBw ji kM An BkM /(toP = ) kTo pBM M ns An Aki j ,kjni

,kjo= AUB BLU An |i a = A /kwn VnA M Bza= M BznqM pA nB=

!///An Aki o tBPw

RoQ nB= M An C = BU Aki JBT= jo{ nAi BnB= A oM BC>

] pA !jBM BC oM S kA|dTv = n}B ;k= BzT Aki ,kT{m kjM jo=

= C BU jnC q\ jM T `C pA kwo kwn ,SBS<qqAkL Mo> BzA

jo A ,kC <AkL> ovQ <kq> uPw/jo C pA o{
oi M jB _ ,S{mnj

Aki = Un nj ;TB B= BMB ,BBv nA nB= nj SwnjB w JZ

q
,2 nw) <knAm A BzA M An BTBB uQ,kkj BzA pA B= o A> :k ]

Aoe ///SwA nqM i Aki jq M C ,SwA oUA yA` kd S nB= /(5 C

TBM A AoM k{Q = ooe B] j ,k{Q Aoe ,jni Aoe ,k{

C pA uQ,k{ Zoi B\MB k{ To AnB M BQ ,kpnA nBj nAq yMB=kjM
dB (o) pA uQ `Co /kC T BC JBMnj nB{A TvM C oM BBjs =

/jo{ e ,jL e oj wo oLQ (o)

B BM BU ,kBz xnB= C nj kpA w ,nB= A nj kAi MBLe BC>

,k{ co~U yjMAoe nj = k{ B jBM ,k= o Bi yAoM B}{ B

jo i oM C Rk{ ShC nj yi S{ B] ,k{ oo AkM = Aka

:S jo= j C M n uPw ,Shv yinp np ,k{ oa

/<///jo= pAoQ Aki ko w M ,yUCw M = C BU !nC ?= pAoQ = knAm>

 BSwQ

111

:5 SwQ
SM A o7 Bk
(JBT* 8 | :koM)

k B <ds M w> :SwA kC C nj = jo= SAn Xke ,<kw MA>

/(8 |) jo= nB{A AkM (nBTz= =) <Zo> nBMnj T hw B B ,SwA oTT

oM (Cod. Goth. 1748f. 1082 suiv . RB7L( ) <kw MA> pA L M An Wke C T A

:= Zo kAi

A pA = jo Aow /kC = M <kLMA M nBTh> :S = SwA ow MkBipA>

jo ,jM BzA B nj <AkL M ds Mw> /kk{ jnA B oM o~M nj ,kTho

ow pn q ,kjp ow A M jo :S ow kBi /kTvAj k An A Bp C

kC hw M pn = A BU ,ks kA,hw=,xi kj oQ B B ,jp
= A pA { oTBd{i ,k{BM Anm AT Z A = AkM o A Aki M> :S

A :kwoQ SB] C pA jo /<M nqM An o}i ,{ Ba a KeB

(nBTz= =) Zo pA :S ?k{BM M{C = SwA oUShw woU = C Sva!kdMA

nBTz= :kjo= Wke | oLBQ BAo `C :S ?Sva Zo :kwoQ /woU

C = C BU ko AnC nAo` (AzQ =) BA oM jo /(SB` =) SBw C j nj

,j{ Ba o A kw Aki M /SwA k{ a = A ,jqiBPM BC oM (SB` =) SBw

BU ,L B{ pA Aj _ z B{ pA Ak _ = {BM = ow oM T{Aj Swj
Aki :S uPw ,k{ xBi BC :S ow kBi /kwnAo oM nkQ oUj = C
,k= Sen kAi xA= M B yBM Aj An <BeoAkLMA> B <o M AkL>

C pA uQAki M /jz oj J{C jo= BQ = ,SwA | Aki oLBQ k nBA

nBMnj An [ds] xnkQ kBM jo A = T ji BM ,knBM yo` Tvh J{C =

,kC jo B\C nj jo= ^= = M <ds Mw> k /k= ypowyBTz=

Jo TwA

112

/ < 45> <k{ B\C nj

/SwA k B <ds M w> = SwA jo= jB (99 ,99 | ,3 Z) <o\e MA>

L <kw MA> = BWke B nj /kC ozhp <IBA> nj <Zo> Wke a

kAioQ jAj k pA An p = SwAjo B <qqAkL Mo> = SwAkC ,jo=

:jo=

nAjK }h{ C Aj:S JB}i M o = <B> pA SwA BwA M o] pA>

:S ,<o MA> pA SwA <B> (pA ) ?Sv= k= k pA oQ (An p) = Akpo pA

nj = <o> Akpo pA = u= C TvAj xB= :S = k{ <o MA> pA AAo

Wke B :S <o MA> ?Sv= ,k= k pA oQ An p Sv Bz yUn

S SA A oM <o> Akpo pA jo = C BU ,kwn B\A M oA A = jo=

M M> A T B S /Sv yUn nj Bi ,k= nBTn <o> xn M kMB

An <qqAkL Mo> Aki = C BU S /jM yUn nj Bi = ,SwA <o M AkL

pA nTw :S <kq> /SwA<JB}i Mo> njB <oB> oTij <oB A> xnjB = ,jnC

jo= BQ An A i xnkQ :S /jo= xAip jp TMoZ An A xnkQ AnTw

oLi An B < e k\AkL M AkL> /ThL{i {BM AM nAkip = A pA :S

A pA jo = k{ <Kv Mkw> pA :S !<MA M nBL\AkL> A S jAj
?AkCnj <Ao> Bi M BC :S kM <kw> ?Sv= k !<kdMA> A :kwoQ
Bi M BU Sn k{ Ak] jo C uQ/kj nBM jo M <qqAkL Mo> S / :S

<Kv M kw> w M BC /kAjo= \A = kj An jo An oA uQ/kCnj <Ao>

k C M= An u=_BA ,kCnj <Ao> Bi M !<kdMA> A :S SzpBM

nAkip <qqAkL Mo> BC : k{ jAj gwBQ <Kv M kw> /kk SwA

SwA<qqAkL Mv>(pA ) /SwAk S !nC S ?kjAn ShU oM Tvz

pA nA oLQ :k = k{ < Mkd>pA :k k{ <nq> pA :S =

A S /Aj<qqAkL M o> q] An A B ,SwA <u{kLM> pA k B

M oMMA> :S jAj oLi An B <AoMA M v> /SwA <qqAkL Mo> Si nj oA

Ao <BwA> oTij <k> kM <JL MA> :S jo= Wke Ao < oU M ~

 BSwQ

113

/Sv B{ B nj k = knAkQ jo = T < Mkd> M :S jo= Wke

M o xnT :S ,SwA <u{kL>jABi pA SwA a = BB S

,2 Z,(<BvU> NBa) ML /(kM M 12 t 132:2) <oLs> :koM/<SwA qqAkL

/2 t 39 |

:6 SwQ
(2:
=) \Q <oX: M Bw>
(JBT* 97 | :koM)

kC (J 8 oM <unBQ BhMBT= > T{Twj) qoL <oLA 7A> JBT= nj

:SwA

oM <tBLAMA> njAoM <o ]MA> = B /jM AnBw pA Aqi oX= M Bw>

Aki o{ ,= T{Aj Swj An B{ oA k{ Swnj B :S kM ,k{ jnA <vMA>

M Bw ovQ <kd> /jo= Ai rA An A kAhM o A ,kwn B\A M S

uQ/k{ kwniB S{Am A <vMA> M An nB= xnkQ = A pA ,jM Ao <xAki> oX=

jq M Bw BC /Sz= An <kd> ,Sz KBk oA oM kC kkQ <vMA> =
M o A B{ji BB ,ko B kjB BQ A oM = kABv=BC ,kC <B = >

uQ ,k{ jAj k Tz BC M k /kCnj SzM M ,j{ To jBTA S]Be BC

yi BSwj BM B S BC M (Bw) /kk{ kB (TwjJ= = =

=) \Q
/SwA TiBw An C nj JC kC <vMA> oj v= A ,Ak= jn
A Mkd> oUj <JAoUMA> /k{ tAo nj pA ,kwn <vMA> M T

= SwA T To nA A{iA = ,kjAj RjB{ oMAoM nj kA q] <jno

yi Ajo Bw ,kjo Bw {i A = kM ,An <vMA> n BAki nBM

<vMA> uQ,k{B{ BA B oM ,jM Ao <xAki> xovQ = kjAj RjB{ q ;An

Jo TwA

114

a ,kzMAn A kTwAi = v= M /kPM pnAi M oM An A :S BC pA M

/<kC T` M oX= M Bw uQ/kT

pA nBvM BJBT= nj ,a= q] Bkq C ~ oza RBsA A

yMBT=nj BC Bk= AoQ pA ioM o= l JBMnj <qoL> /SwA kB uMoBin

,B wB T BA /SwBT (52 | ,"Voss" NBa) <{BM AM MB< BhTA MAqA>

kM /SwA j UnB{A ,jo= L BC pA An RBsA A = MB pA ` M qoL

Sj A B { ov= WBM = An `C ,wBL Sj nBpo Bin = Sv

Bin = nBLiA Bkq ,] C pA ;kAjo= me yi BJBT= pA ,k{

/kAT{Ak BwBL w pA BC o= l pA M ,<qoL> nBpo

(451) {Ae

q & oTj

/kTv JD w jp Jo BA ;k{BMEU oT kL BM kBM B`ozTv KT= ]oU .< 1>

Rj pA BBwAoi oQ JBLwA BLj ,kL A d nj = j{ Te

AoM BBwAoi a := k{BM Aw A BLj kBM = Un nj /jjo tBL C

/kjAj nAo` w An tBL C ji S~

,j{ wnoM BzA BAo] Z To oTnj BM o A q Jo BL` Byz=.< 2>

o pA B{ <BnAq> oY FU , <AoA k> o pA J] <BB}d`> oY FU

keU BzkA pA BB{ Bj oMAoM nj An ~U

pA BM] Bj KLw ,j
zU

/jo= kAi BM w jk

,SLX zCM oM k{An B i nBMnj jBw e := jAj o=mU kBM B\A nj .< 3>

Aod pA p k{An = SwA A nj BA k{An B bo /SwA hnBU `A i

= Un nj ;kjoM BU kjM oLiM Anm{i pA kB nj kU pA ,kB oM

M An BC ze i ,kTiC An Anm{i ,jB BQ kT jo B M BA

/jo= nAjA jB TwAw

B`ozTv jq o <qU> ,k{An pA AM jM oUj Svw :S kBM .< 4>

A o` nBa nj ,w wn wA /SomQ BU B` ioM An C kBL BA ,SwA

UAkLT A M pA k{An i _ SBBU S{AjTo { M n ,poMpn
oYA oM ,BC k{ oUkT pA {B AM BAnm{i /S{AjoUkTv oUB]oMBQ

Jo TwA

116

BM (KBsMAMA pA ok S kBM TLA ) k{An nBTn /SwA jM kT jo BM kp

oTij BA Bp nj /SwA jM BA pA oUBvAok oUBze ]njk B jo
M An xoTij B A MA ` M jM kp <o >
BUBA ,SwA k{ jAj AoA M Jo

Ao oLQ nBLiA pA = Swk`

B C BM Bw Be o A (BAe) jAk <Bw>

/SwA Aoj JU ,k{BM a S{Aj

Bw <d Mo> An = knAj nAoA ,j B`ozTv pA ioM onm .< 5>
= Un nj /k{BM RAnU pA jpj ov Co9 B wA kU BU ,kjBz oM

nAo` AoA k kU o` nj AoA B{A nj Uk ,jM BLoC BM k BLUnA q=o

/kAjM (SwoQo =) SvAoT jo (24:27) Co9 AoTA M = Ba ,T{Aj

(j) B{ jk keU BM B] C nj ,TBU pB\e oM pA `Ao{A keU

BU BzA ,kk{ v BB{ = jM kBw M Lw nj /SwA kC kkQ Co9 ,ThC
HLoLU B BM nAq BB{ /kjnpC An <BLw> b}AM k BM] j o`

\ ,(q) <ow ow> nBT :xn] /kjo= BAoA BM = kjo= nBTn B

<AoA k> o K=oU pA ,wA n j o / [135 no{ ,BO

j B{jBQ ZAjpA jB BTwAj ,kC kkQ (}v) B{ j kU (J])

g{ L` pA BTwAj Bj kB ,kC Co9 nw nj = (J]) BLw BM (B{)

Bz An j koj K=oU A ,BvMA Bw BP7 M e

B

/kj

AMkZ
= Bin An k{An M SLv BMxi BBTwAj C GoBh .< 6>
<S` j> B S kBM /kATiBw k{An M BzA jp s AoM pA kjM
pA oUkQ k{An = kj Bz ,SwA k{An oM BA oUoM Bz (k{ jB)

/kjM BA

nBMo= jo Ai ,SwA TiBU kpBU zn pA <pBU> AkM SLv <pBU> .< 7>

Bw BJo vU] /k{BM KwA Ai kj nBM o= w Ai ,k{BM kj

q=o BwC BnC BpBU vU ] ,jM BAoA jq nj KL kM

KwA A BTvMo o ,SwA kM q pBU KwA /SwA q oAAnB

117

(45 1) {Ae

AoA <B4> L` M ,~M ,An (Jo =) <pBU> vU ] / [q] /SwA T{Ak

/ [/A/N] kwn oTLL oT M = ,kATvAj JD

Bpo BwBw Se Bw knBa s

:= jqA kBM ,SwBwnB J RnBL .< 8>

Lw pA uQ L B=oU ] Twj Ro]B ,jM ] kMow AnU AoA

jAkM B i |zU M = (b / ) 3 2 Bo` BRo]B /k{ omQBA BwBw

An BoU jAkM B i /k{ `\w qk B=oU zRnBA KLw ,So Rn
,nB ,BBw AoA d AoA B` M An BzA uPw ,kjo= Rj Ro]B M

] = kTwAi nB= pBkC nj BJo pA BAoA ,AoMBM /kjo= = |zU oBs

Tvi jp Aod pA nj KLw M ,kjo= Ak`A Uk BJo ,koM An BoU

oUJZ 3 2 o` nj = = BJo a ;kj SB` AoA iAj BPa M ,k{

|zU d AoA AoA J=ow Ro]B M An BoU ,kjo= B T= A jAkM M kk{

/kjo=

Mo AnAkos Jw M ZB\e
AnAkos B (U B) J Se nj .< 9>

RBB kM nz= ,k ZB\e AnAkos :jqAnj LU SwA TvB{ ,qqAkL

:k qqAkL o
AnAkos /kAq M Bq] oM S{Aj |e A uQ ,j{ nAjA

oTw AoBo j A pA _ BA /SwAh A pA To q] ,k{ Bvv= T`

j o = Be Jo Tz d jo = kkwo K} kM,AM pA ze

,SwAp RBB uQ/k= dU An Sj Bq nB~ vBMkBM

,kBvA

B /knhM kwn Aod pA ze Tz k{kM An M BjU = C ,vBM

,jo{ JB}i o
TvB{ oQ An qqAkLo
,w Jo SoX= A oT K] AoM U
TwoQjAs /k= ~U pAkAoMo pw
JB}i
o

AoM An <SAk> BM kM

(18 :1 ,BAe) j BTA wnB Bw M oTij jAj pA = An JB}i ovQ a

(22 :4 ,unBQ ,KmAZo ,jv) jM jo= k M An Jo ok Bv jn

oM RBB dU jAs LU Tw ,ZB\e

jBv /jo= oLU UB= a BM AU
TwBwM n pA = ,k= oLU An qqAkL o ,ze Jo Tz M BjU

Aqi o = A kM ,jo= me Bv BJook pA An q] jB~T`A  k

Jo TwA

118

/k= Z Jo ok Jo oM jB RBB k{BM nz=

;kjM To An B=oU Ro]B ] ,oAAnB nj BwBw k Bw 4 BAoA .< 10>

!?kk{ wT B=oU B M = kkj Ba BJo pA kwoQ kBM

SdU (B) J] Jo :kAT{Aj jB~T rkA j H`A Jqe j A M .< 11>

jB jk RBC ,jo{ d An Co9 `Ao{A RBC ,kjM AoA k qw oYFU

RAnU jk keU oYFU SdU BTvMo B{nAq o~ Jqe /kjo{ MBzT An

Bj /kjo{ MBzT An `Ao{A ,d An Co9 jk RBC ,kjM }v kU

B{ Jo U SwA kM /SwA A jM <> Bz ,q qw A pA VnBe

/kCnj B = M k\M AM kZ ,j{ ]o

<AkA nB= > oM <j nB= > oUoM BzA nB{ = SwA ]o nqM AoLn pA VnBe .< 12>

kjM = B]o> BL:koM] SwAwA pA yQAoA zkA ji A ,SwAjM

/(kM M 8 | :1 x ,g ,B (q) <?kT a

wBL BL /SwA wBL Se nAkos X Swnj ,B J RB~` .< 13>

p\
BU ,k= jAk` k{An B i kZ ,Jo kZ ,wAkZ An BA kTwAi

BA BLj ,Jo xpBU BLj BA gnBU

`A nj BA /k{BM T{Aj i kZ oM B` AoM

oUoM k{An oM An BA ,BU B` :S AU Te /BC kZ ,jM k{An B i

nAkM k{ Tvi M ,jL BL i jAkT{A BwBL
B` S /kj Bz oUkT

nj ,kTz= kz= u u=o A o` nj /jM Jo xpBU bw k{ k= ,M jo k{

bw uwFU M w o` nj ,kzMB` kTvAU kk{ kT B{ji j o`

An BMo ,TiC Mo ,k{ nAkM M jo a ,kjo= Ak`A (= ) rkA

/jL oY oj Akp BpBU ,kjM jo= nAkM

oLL M BAoA jq nAq := S kBM U AoM nAq ka jn nj .< 14>

BMo{ [Q nj o A /kATo nBM BpoA <jMjB BM> B]M An C M,SwAjL

nj KBsMA M <Jo{ nAq> /SwA jL A oL` M ,kTiBw <vdA tEn>

oL` M n nj <BMo{> uiow nj <v> s B{B= nj <MA> nAq ,RAo

/kATiBw Jo kZ
M A kZ
jMjB
BM An BC yBkpBw ,Sv

119

(45 1) {Ae

<B]o> BL nj ,BC AoA Bzn wA B`o BTwBi M ]An .< 15>

nj JAoA B B] /(1 :SwA a C i = Sv ~ U (1. B )

|e BAoA = j nj /(2 /SwA = Be |Bh{A B ] ,d wBw A o`

:kTiBw rkA A BM kkC nj Jo aoQ op ,kT{Ak oT nBhA

An }MAn a , e kd MB= o= , LY nBTh Bv= ,tBL MA o

BA So ZAn BrkA ,SBkz= u |e AoA = j o` nj /(3 /kjBz

cv rkA bw BM kk{ nL\ B i w o` nj /(4 /jM B i joQ SdU

/kTiBw An <= > ,kjM jo= AkhTwA BAoA ji pA An Bv= nT kMuQ,k{
B}d` An ji (nB~A ) k jo ,SwA B{ nj k A BM .< 16>

uQ/kT{AkQ B{ An ji = ,kjo= o Ao]B pA oUk ,kjo{

jk keU ,SB Lk kBwM Lwnj BB{ Rnk` (|)oLBQ BMB o pA
AM kZ z k jo Am ;k{ TiB{ wA wn Km kjo v j

/kTvAj B{ nAq An ji = ,kjM

/jo{ Tv]oM An C j U AkM kBM ,SwA cd B= J hw A .< 17>

BA zo~` /kjM BA pA oUBvA kZ

oUze i k{An SLLe nj ,a
/kkAn C Ak{An ,kTiC Bnw BAoA pA = jM kU

,k{ jAj u U |e BAoA M = B ,k{ jo= jB oTzQ = Ba .< 18>

uQ,kjo= pAoMA BzA BM ,BhT JAoA wBw aoQ op An ji BrkA

/k{ kLU rkA { M BJo B B] ~h{ wBw {

B]nBi pA oUw Jo B]nBi

/SwA |Bi wA nj ZnAi BU .< 19>

/kjM <> kZ ka o ,kT{Aj <k> yAo AoA B]nBi /kjM AoA

BTvMo B{ B]nBi pA oUk k J = nsB q B]nBi

/kjM

M An C Mo oTd B]oT ,joM nB= M <t > = B\A nj U B .< 20>

nj <t > jB pA zhM ]oU M B]oT ;SwA Swnj = kAjo= ]oU <bAo{A>

en ,kAjM Sj Sdvkk{
oYFU SdU C B = ,kAj B T= A tn

Jo TwA

120

pA nBaB An ji ,wnB ]oU nj Am /SwA jM Mo B]oT JBM BzA oBw

:M o= mU o~LU
keU eo M j o = < Aj> <RAnU> B] tkL JBT= oU= j nj /(1

nB{A MB` SwA ~h{ RAnU Aki /(JA ) :j{ kj TwoQAki j ,kAkwn
B ka o ,koC An jo ,jnC kkQ d k pA An B] ,Tvz(xo ) B] nj

pA keU A /kTwo BC jq oLBQ M An v= ,kM xji BU = Td~ |Ls

B] SwA B <Aj> Aki /(J) /SwA k{ kB <jk keU> o\ z{ o`

Aki = S` o uQ ;SwA Aki pA kMA  B] ,Sv }hz B] _ ,Sv

nj = An Aki q]
kAU BUnA U An pA BvA o /SwA jM q B] ,jM

kM M z{ o` pA /kwoM jBdUA B~UA eo M BU ,kj xoTv ji nj Sv

/SwA To B <`Ao{A keU> keU A

<5Ao{A keU> ,SwA Bw KAm nj C

jkU TB BU <jk keU> /(2

qBT B] j ,AoA k SY oMBM /k{BM AoA k S Y TB BU

C pA ,ThCnj ok BM BzBpo pA nAkL ,jAnA ok jB~U oYA nj <o{>

<oi>

j] oUTB BU = BvA /SwA Tz nAkkQ (jB B]) w B] xqC

BvU KLw M ,To nAo` o{

oi oL] R vwj oMAoM nj ,SwA B]
SvK] jApC ,SwA jApC AnAj ,A nj o{
oi o j Aq]A

w M AoA k SY BU An /jo yAo oi os M kBM = ,SwA A JU

:kT BA /SwA k{ pBkC o{

B] j] xpnA pA TwB= |os M <`Ao{A keU>

K] M uQ/kTiB{ d k Rn M An C uPw ,SwA ueM

jo ,o{

B]
j] B] \T nj /kTiB{ k oA q An no{ kL <k A k> B`

keU> B wA nj BkM = ,Svk<q TBQ> B A ,kjo oi B] M o~d

/k{ jAj AkM <5Ao{A

BM k AoA BLUnA q=o = J] pA `Ao{A keU ,j T o` nj /(3

M jM j q=o = }v B{ pA <jk keU> ,kMBU pB\e oM jM BLoC

o j A xqC UnB\U BLUnA B pB\e nj yo` nB \U
/kwn pB\e

121

(45 1) {Ae

jk keU j o <RAnU> <Aj> ioM Co9 nj n A pA ,kjM

k jo ,B{ nAkos An ji = jo jM kp oLQ BU ;j{ kj `Ao{A
/kjo= kp aoQ op kjo{ J] nAkos An ji =
M An Se ,k{ ] kBw M Lw nj BJo oLQ o pA uQ /(4

B{ <jk keU> \T nj ,kjB nB= An J] AnAkos kTo ji Swj

Tw { M An Bv Ls
BAoA ,cT pA uQ /k{ TiB{ B i wn Km
BM AoA BjU Bv oMAoM nj jk keU wn Km uQ/kTomQ C [`Ao{A ]

oBh M RBC d An Co9 `Ao{A RBC BzA /So nAo` `Ao{A keU MB]

/kT C uM Swnj Tj jk keU AnAkos ,kkB MBzT An jk

L] ,SwA jo= me Co9 pA An BC BX kTv k bAo{A A = UBC oTzM H`B UA

/jk knAj `Ao{A

Bkj j pA {B AnB{C i ,Bv B`o B TiA jn Bv oTzM /(5

oT j Tj Bw Km A ,nBTiA oL] nj :SwA keU TwoQAki A

/ko{ o{ Bw ,L B`Ao{A An cL` ve /SwA jM AoA JD Y jo
/// ,kjo{ k` Bw VjBe B`Ao{A An tkL KT=

,ok BM Bv BS xqC oYA nj = = ,kM M o\ nBa kw pA /(

B= Bpo Tvhkw j nj ,SwA k{ o= B Tn B pA kBL A Bpo

BBzAj nj q AoA M Jo kC pA yQ Bv A /j{ kj }hz

/SwA jM bo} yMB=L~ Aoe ,Anw nQBzk]

: L>
An C BTwo{ = SwA B ,BB{yTwoQ M U B oLU /(7

Aop /SwA BM }L pA {B oLU j o (24 :1 ,d ) SwA kAi <BwBwM

jM SwBw Km jBdUA oM TL = An BwBw rn wBw v `A Rn =

An C kB` = kj Bz o kB An B] A /SwA jAj cZU MAnB SwA

= kwn BBAj oUkzAjM BU SwA B] pA oUBM oUBAj o ,jAj zUAjAwM

un BM jAoT UB= An K}` ,BA ,oLQ ,v,B{ MAnB /SwA ZB k un

= Aj /k{BM ~ B}i pA nTwj BLAe nj Aki J} M kBM = ,jo{ k

Jo TwA

122

= J} kB` BM (ko{ ZB k un = ) An oLQ BA S~ q {

SwA BvA nj A q]
MAnB b}A nj /k= RBLYA SwA Aoj vKve
M BU ,kj xoTv Tzi nj An A q]
kBM kAU BvA o ,k{ jB 2 kM nj =
;jM kAi ZB k un A Rn C nj uQ/kwoM <&A A T L ]  u> eo

,jM nA{j jk keU AnAkos AoM un BL pA a nj a

Un nj ,kAj zxo Aki An <Ze> B <> B <B{> AoA kjo= Bi

/kTv B` ~h{ Aki M A B`Ao{A =

o = Aop ,k{BM <jqA o>

]oU C = S ATM kB{ ,<k> = nBMnj .< 21>

<k> An A ,k= SAk jnAj ~ B}i pA ,nTwj BLAenj An B{ jqA

BA S~ vzU
nj ,SwA ns M Lm zU
nj <S~> TLA /jnAj

,k{ &An ZB` Ba ;k{BM nTwj BLASBe M |~h B{ k un

(1 :285 :22 ,nl ) SwA jo{ Lm Bv M o~d An BA S~

dU q\U TvB{ = ,ThC nj jo= bo} An Bv B\A nj J .< 22>

B <BLw> := C Svh /BA SA BvA nj A q]

/(2 BBLw BLw /(1 :SwA
BUk ,oj w pA BLoC ,w pA AoA k BLUnA q=o = ,SwA pow
k Tw BzkAzzU q=o n A pA ,SwA jM BwBw Sj B{A nj
= An u= o B{ BBow GoBh /SwA jM wA pA yQ Jo oq] L{ nj AoA
oM BJo vU pA uQ ,kkAi <BMBwoM> S
= M k{ AoA k nBA AnAj

Lw uAo = pA uQ /SwA k{ ]oU <BLw> <BLw MA> M = A BnBi

k{ zBi ,Jo w Si uwFU nAq BB{ vU M T = ,kBwM
w Se,kjo BJD AoA B}d` BM] kB S`Anj (|)kdAkBi
Bk B pA ,jAj nAo` KLU SdU BLw BM An v `Ao{A o A

An A jAj }hzU An owB nB

,jM jo= Bz B]BnAq kZ oM AoM oTzM = v=

nB
B BkM /kkAi KL kM
yBTw nj L nBLiA pA Bk = Twk`

S~h{
M ,jo= Kw <nB >
pA An BAqwB C BU jo= nL\ An wBL Bw ,kTiBw

= k{ KLw BkM ,ji j BovQ BM BMo {j /kkLM <BLw &AkL> BM

123

(45 1) {Ae

An k `Ao{A BzkA zn ,kBM j An <BLw> &AkL

wA gnBU KT= nj o` jnBa BLw &AkL S~h{

/kAhM Aj

{ S~h{a
j] nj o~ BzAjun veBBs oT=j nBM TvhBU ,kjo

uPw ,SvAj owB nB

B An A jAkM BzAj jBTwA jn oT=j uPw ,j
/SwA k{ NBa 1975 Bw nj = ,S{B BLw &AkL BM nBM A nj MBT= ov~Uo
S` A nj a ,SwA jM Bw jBw kL nBa o` BU <Aki v\U> nAkQ

M An C ,T{AjoM Swj Aki v\U pA = = ,kk{ B{C vqBT zkA BM BMo

Bw pA oUAo q
z Bk ka o ,gnBU C pA yQ BA /kjAj SLv Bk

}Mn B M L<j]> = A o` j nj ,Mo BMp jM Bi S M ,kjM

An <v]> = <Tv> B kBwn AoM kjM nBaB BzA uQ,Sn nBM <SwA>
M q ,k{ L< e Bz> a `Ao{A Bv= pA = Aki jM v]uQ/koM nBM

:o{A ) SwA jo= BM Hdo <Bz> An A ,SwA A jM j] B

BeAq JBT= pA UnBL ]oU nj oM = k{BM KLw M kB{ (.2 ,RB7

(J= =
) nA jBMA (LskMB B]) B] C nj Bv] :k ,B
,B pA <jBME M v]> uPw / [29 | ,1958 ^ ,kB I7dU] /knAk
,<B ] jo= L() L}i pA An C = ,TiBw = jnA An <IM> <!. M>

/kAjAj ~ U vMji = nj ,To An C w Bo{A uPw [137 | ,1 Z

U jB q]
(bn) A q]
pA K=o An BvA B`Ao{A :BvA nj A q]
:j

gnBU C pA yQ ,kTomQ M An C nBa o` pA Lw BJo ,kjo{

A /SwA kjo BzA pA nBvM T` BMD `Ao{A uLe o U K] RkL A

An BC Lm BT]A BL ]nj ,T{Aj = jBp ozM jAoA nj A q]

yMA A q]
= k{BMSvAUv= <k un> B`Ao{A kj AoMBM /SwA jo=
M : L>
M A pA BTwo{ ,kB jM A An MAnB /k{BM Aoj pA

,kTvo Fv M j <jk keU> BM = BMo /SwA jo= oLU <BwBw

zxo Aki An <Ze> kB oj AzQ o B <> }h{ BAoA = kT{AkQ

<> M An A BL BU ,kwB{zxoAkiA bAo{A A = Un nj ,kAj

Jo TwA

124

B{ nkU BBLw BBv= B J = B`o AoMBM /kkM oj AzQ o B

zkA BoM fB{ ,SwA jo= L w Bvd pA ,nB
/k= BM An Tw

jBdUA nBMnj BA (22 x) zQ LU koM ,BBLw jq nj <v\U>  AoM .< 23>

B B`Ao{A k
A nj = {BM T{Aj jBM kBM ,BBLwBM BkAn nBA

nBhA pA BMo ok jM od = jnC jBM kBM , e kd

ovQ {BMAnBMnj /kAjM

nBhA Jo Aow pA BM An ji v BzkA = jo= nL\ An BAoA ,oT

<BqA\e>
An tBL MA ,o Ba ;kB
An LY nBTh ,Bv= ;jo= < AoL e>

BL :xn] / ///An {BMA xovQ e kd ,MB= o= ;SiBw (Anp ]Ai =)

/ [5 55 x ,g ,B \ ,(q) < A oL e>

o = ,jo{ An Fv A ATM kB{ /kj Bz jpw J B\A nj .< 24>

;kMB k{n C A d oYFU SdU ,SwA A pA oTzQ BjA pA K=o j

o bo{ nj { wA ,nC /jnAk L] ]_M,oA kM { jAj |B~TiA

RAo Jok nj w wA ,jM AoA k bAo{A qw oYFU SdU ,kw BU RAo

,= BnqM An B Aoa /SwA jM BBow j RAnU jk keU oYFU SdU

?B {Qza pA

n nj ,A :jM Bo e wBw v j ,BnBi nj j T o` nj .< 25>

B{ = AoA nj ,j ;jM LTv NBQ SwkMKm nUAoPA Swj nj Rnk` = `o{

BT pA An ZB k wBw v MAnB /jM Lm wBw o j o oT

,k wMq B{ /SwAjo= nATwA C oM An ji ZB k ,To BwBw wBw

Bw j q k nj (|)kd
TLA /kTooM An xn BBv= ,BBwA
nqM Sj Rn M BvjA nj A Sj ,SwA jo= Ao]A An BwBw BT
?k{ kAi nAjA Rn a M LM BU ,jM kBnj

BBjA BT J B\A nj ,SwA k{ TiBw BkM BKk SLv

TLA .< 26>

jAj SLv kp }h{ M Kk q\ ,gnBU nj B` A /k= BM An Bw

Fv HBY /kT{Aj Jv T{m BnqM Bjo M An BC z M ,SwA k{

125

(45 1) {Ae

jM a kjo= ypow An B i z ,jM AoA k U jn = BA

B L BM Mo jo A ,ZB k un An B{ BwBwk nj BAoA := SwA

oTM A] pBkC pA BwBw BB{ Hv S{Ak SLLe BA TLA /kTvAj

;kjM q j{ Jz= bAo{A k jo= jB TwA jo ] pA ,kkj An RBU
BBjA Te = jM jBTA jAwM BJo Swj M Se ,BzA Lw pA uQ
Am /kjo= nBhTA (|)kd
ji jAwM M BzA /kT{Ak An BBwBw nj

B AzQBLj M ,kjM i B{j A Rn M = Anw nQBzk] BkBpBM

Swj M An jo Aki :k = M (| 1 Z) <B nj nBvM UBAn /kTz

Kk BM ,kTwAi jAwBM B AzQ B`Ao{A /jnBPw jAwM AzQ

Kk q] BMo BA /SwA jM BzA nBA jn j o = Aop !kq\

o Am ,kAjAj SLvKk xnkQ M BAoA jo= Bi e kd

,kk
!k{ C

pA GoBh ,jnC ML = SwA ABT |Ls ,An BwBL {BMAkAiAo .< 27>

/kTiBw ji Se Soz ]U AoM = SwA BwBL BTiBw

kM BwAoi jo = kj wBL BA :SwA jo jB An qA J .< 28>

/k jB TwA S` pA Aoa uQ,kn{ A BTwj kZ oM jhM ji A Rj

,SwA jo= Rj B` M An BwAoi jo wBL BA = SwA k U B oT A A
/kB jB TwA S` pA BU jo= odU An BA ,BwAoi Bxn{ BB` = Be nj

Swnj An M J ,kM = TLA /wBL

BBA ,kATiBw jo BjU An gnBU

/Swnj B= BA kC

( B}d`) M] k B yz=L ke
BU <A wBL> ] .< 29>

nAkos Aoj = jM B{ BnAq Bo ~ B ,S{Aj AoA k zn =

T{Aj BXTwA SBe kB{ ji kZ oM Bo~ Rj uQ/(23 x ) kjM jk keU

/SwA

dv BQnA kB q k AoA nj Te wA nBMnj dv BwB{nBi .< 30>

An kkQ o kAi q AoA nj ,SwA Sj kpo Sdv a ;k= RB~`

Jo TwA

126

Bw B 12 B]oM o ?jL j pA L` 12 jk tkLU o /kBLv`M Sj M

BnAe nB{ pA T{m jpAj jk , M / [q] ?Svk MBM ZoLAL}

{ s M kd
j = ,SwA B B(ima m) <BA> nB{ jB BB <cv>
/ [/A/N] k{BM AoA B] y=C pA oY B T ov

,SwA jBp (keA =) <B> S /(1 :jqA kBM kM A oM o~LU w .< 31>

M ,SwA AoA Bv= b}A kC d KT= nj Ba <]oABs>

Be !kMBM An k{ zBi BA ,k{BM jo pA oUB = koM joA] BLj

pA MAnB = SwA BwBw wBw v B A /kTv |B jAwM Jo j]

BA ,SwA Swnj B U M ` /(2 /7. 20 x : ,SwA jnC (B< k ) nj BBAki
An SwBn ,kjM k{ od Rnk` pA BC = jM A yj ?kjo= a BA Aoa

AoA !kjo= zBi An BA ,kjni An C BMo SiBw [oLBQ ] B{k]

,kB i kLU An C SvAUTe ,k= nBhA SvAU An ji yAj,kzAj

k{ Sv{nBAzQ M ,kjo= ]oU Mo M wnB pA An BC nBaB /jM o = a
/kjM oUomQ kU
,T{Ak An B i nok ,Tv{n KLw M B{B ;kj Zo
kAk{ Zo BA oM ,kCnj Mo M = SwA B]oU { <A knBa> oTzM

K} BA /(3 / [4444 | ,44 x B ,(q) <nBMC B B`> nBT :xn]

pA An tkL KT= BU ,kTiBw An <B U> AoA BS~A ,SwnjB oLU BM Swnj

/knC oM BU BM S Bh SvMM

B` :AoA zkA pA SwA JD w kp oLU ,jo= <e ,Aoe> .< 32>

A e An kd e> = kB] w BA !SwA nAqB` AzQ SwA BU MB`

/kM o = An hw A ,jnAkQ <BPA

jo oj pA yM () A q]
AnAj n~ :kT JD k A .< 33>

keU BM jM jAwM Jo n~ ji BA /SwA |e oM AzQ Am ,SwA

M kwA = Ba !Sz= An o{n C ,kB <yTwoQ> An hw A jk

uMojpw Bin /(7 | ,JBT= ) Sz=An wBL BAj pA &AkL
/ 26 23 x :koM q BA A q]
AoM /kTiBw BTwAj C pA

127

(45 1) {Ae

/kkB eBMA An jo p bLe BvU BMo :SwA BMD w AqwB BA .< 34>

BjBTA KL q nj jBv ?SvaB !knAj os k{BM T U o A p n BLp kj

BM Ao ] Twj RjBL /knAm v] kvQBLp B `o = SwA

oeBMA Bw ,k{ Ao]A AoA k os pA = An Bw }`n p

/kkB

AoA nj B= ns M jo p bLe BvU TLA :S kBM ]oT cZU nBMnj .< 35>
jM BTvMo pA oUoTd oUyQ B\C nj p bLe = SwA v ,jL BwBw
q ,kAi <B{ njB> Anj kB `BM An RjBL nj ] Twj S=o{ uQ /SwA
a BU kjM kwn B{nkQ M q BMo ,SwA B{nkQ pA yQB{njB /SwA SwnjB
= ,jM AoA nj jo p bLe oTzM BvU pA {B BUjBL nj TiA !AoA M kwn
MBMkZ
Shw BMo = jM KhA kBM /kjo= jMB nBa o` BU An C kA kA BMo

SwA Bh{ C pA MAn n = jo= cd~U kBM ,Z nj /k nj kTv

q BnBa JAMA ji ?jL Aoa ,jM <A JBM> pAo{ kd

Apo ,q !BMBM
!&ARAl SwA JBM BA ji ,kjM &AJBM

nj Aki < v\U>

:jAj cZU nB~TiA M kBM An (RL
:) K} j B\A nj .< 36>
,v\U

BvA AoA Bo nj /Sv qa a AoA Bo nj ,SwA dv zkA ozM

M kwoM BU kBMAn jB q]
,kj xoTv An ( . bn) ji A q]
kBM kAU
SwA dv kv\U zkA u ,SwA j ow A <&A A TL ]  u > eo
k Bo j ow ,SwAkv\U dv q ow ,k= o q An ow =
a ,SwA  Aj k zkA B <RL>
nAoTwA B v BA /SwA qU AoA

Sv k{ koM Aki J}  a ,jL B]M Aki B` kT Bk

BM Anj AoLBQ B uQ ,SwA B] Be B{ z Aki J} /(7. 20 x :)
BBA \Q BA BU B{ /SvBi S\ epA
B` p ,jnAk j] RoT nj

kLU <BA> M <L> B w B i nBz oYA nj L ,kkB oLQ An

BA BL RAnBTiA pA ,Tn vU M n B{ KUo ,T{m o` jnBa nj TLA /k{

/kATwB=

Jo TwA

128

kU `A
o{A rkA A `A nj A ,jo Bw kj pA BB~` A nj J .< 37>

/jAj ] o {n An BwBL k{ `A jo kvQjn = ,jM BAj

Te ,kTzpBM ji B] SMo
M ,jo= kAB An jo ,yiTwA pA uQBwBL
Ao An j] Rke ,zUC j w X J B BY ;kTz= An ji BAj

BU To pAn e pA AoA w BU o BQ B = Un nj ;kB

Ank
/SwA nAqLw

WdM pA ,jo= ]Sv] l BnBM nj An hnBU VjAe yAkQS .< 38>

o]B BJo jk jM oT= ,B` d AoM BwAoi JBhTA k S ;Sv

/SwA jM ZAnB BjU RoX= B\C nj

An AzkAo ,Sj nj C zn Sdv l

LMBwoYA oM BwB{nBi .< 39>

A kB = Un nj /kBz= Sj M ,kMBM BwAoi `o{ AoA nj ka o

k BzkAnj An BwAoi H~h AoA RBAoi zn ,Sv nj RBAoi
/jM kwn AoA M }v nj An pA qaB T`A = j ,jo= \Tv] kBM AoA
nj o ] /(118:5 ,nl ) kAT{B<qM> SwQ oM An <o ]> GoBh ?qM B oT { .< 40>

BLT{A Mo ]oT /SwA kB oT{ M B] _ ,SwA B 4 qM k w :S KT=

oT{ =) "Chameau" vAo T nj ,jo BLT{A Mo ]oT ,oi / [q] ///jo=

/ [/A/N] SwA kC (B=j

) <Bw> yAo ,BwB{bo{ KkA kB = C pA T{m (U B ) J .< 41>
kB kAiTe ,kB <SBi> An AoA S B` ,jnAj (TwoQJo j :
/Bw B{Jo kB ,SwAjM AoA k oq=o ,= jomPM <opk >
/kAjo= nB Bk BM B z X B\A nj

= SwA B nBvM k~` ,SwA A = Be <nB w

M o~> k~` pA SM A .< 42>

wnjBo M An BMo C s
a ;j{ jnC wnB ]oU Mo T BM C BU SwAqw
///Sz= kAi An B oiC o BU kAk{ nAkM BAoA = kqioM :k kAi
/(gA )

B B z vB]oT F n~ |zU := j{ jAj o=mU kBM B\A nj .< 43>

129

(45 1) {Ae

BM o {n A rkA pnBL o` j M ,SwA jL noQyAj o ,An

`Ao{A BzkA oMAoM nj BU jo= nL\ An wBL B i ,BMo w zi RAkLT

v ,ji j BovQ = M uQ/k= U rkA ew AoA k

kkQ An <= > jAj nAo` Wke vU BLTzQ An C ,jo= gv An }wnA Bz

TBZnB K] Aojoi L oMAoM nj B i zKL A ka o TLA /kjnC

;jo= j An k` Wke A w vU jnC Ao An w oUzi B w

o BU jAj (qT) kk] B w
BL SwkM B\UnA TQ RnM An =

= k{ jB wBL B i AoM /kB o U kMM w AkM An Aojoi

,o MA M kd BeoAkL M u a Svw AkzAj pA oQ BzBAkp

B] Akp nj = jM (5 4 o` pA z= {B\ ws BTwo) JBT= 94 J

JFU ,BwoA KTAwo< oM q kL ] /k{ B` noQyAj AU ,kjAj
/ [24 | ,19 ,AoU ,k k\

pA A jM oYFT Bz ,An <bB}B JU> qeMA nBA = S{Aj ]U kBM .< 44>

B  An Aki ,Bzj BovQ kB w BJo = Aop ;SwA AoA k zkA

/kTvAj ko B

| , Z) SwA k{ me (1325 . k ) RB7L( hv pA

Wke A T .< 45>

B wFT BA ,SwA jnC RB7L( oUB= }i hv pA An C U B (148147

/SwA B 1 15 o}w ,T Mo RnBL

]oT SwQ
( dU gnBU o=)

kU /1

pA B<BvA> nBLiA C Z = ,SwA B So <gnBU> A = SwA TvAj

Bp nj (A`A ) B<S> BT]A We pA (B]n) B<S~h{> jo S]

Ai) oj ` gnBU = SwA TvAj ,a /k{BM }hz B

C <Z> u nj |LdU pA [T
B BvA
B
A` So oM uw(UBLYA

;Tv |A A kMA b}A A BM B ,kAjo= <gnBU v> M oLU A pA = ,k{BM

<dU> nj = ,Aj hnBU RBoT B (Theory) <oT> B An oLU J A c A

A /jM kAU nBhnBU BK}` n ov gnBU BB~` jBLTA

<Ao> B Ls , (Historism) ohnBU B (Factography) nBhnBU

(Facts) nBLiA B` pA An `C Aop ;SwA (Rationalist) <Aojoi> (Objectivist)

= An `C (Subjective) <l> KA{ pA nB M TvBM ,k= q B xnAq

}dU kL z TvBM ,k= qoM wnoM (Documents) jBwA L pA

/k{BM (Wke <SAnj> kA` Kve) <L>

jn nj s M ,B<`A> B]n BvA We pA wA gnBU |~i nj BA

Lm <L> An w oYA oM ,AoA B{ ,nd wBwA BS~h{

,kTv BT{m pA Vn <RB l>

LA nBTo TL Shw B {B JT Ai

/k n ~UM
|k~U K~U
B (Prejudgment) <nAkzQ> AkM  b}A nj =

Jo TwA

132

Kve = Apnj o i
B ohnBU ,AoMBM

(Realistic) Ao`A nBhnBU

ov j{ `A oA <SLLe> M |Bw hnBU |Bi
Bd o A n mT
B
A`

/SwA nA{j vM BB k{BL ok

B]n B BvA B ,SwA <oL]> = hnBU BS=oe , = nsM
= ozM A] BU ow nj hnBU A` ;k= q An <Ao> BS~h{

A` M Te) B C B |Bh{A M T]Be _ SwBBvA jBeC <jAnA> pA LTv

;jnAk T{Ak LT pAjoQoT AkzAj SLLeBnB |e Ajo (gnBU
jB~T`A <SwBw> B  B]n ] Ajo A B L} BS~h{ BB M

|Bi B
A` K] M hnBU kozQ S=oe BM ko v BU ,kLs
oA /k= oLAn nkL
eAo }hzkBL osM An
A] ( A w) oT

C d B KeB = ,jjo bsA BT]A kozQ kBM kn oM gnBU nj <|e>

gnBU nj <sBM> oA ;SwA hnBU K= koLzQ ozQ kBM BT]A <LLs> B

<LLs> B C d B KeB = ,j{ bsA BT]A kBvQ ko Bo] oM

/SwA hnBU K= pA kBvQ AovQA ko BT]A

LU /2

nh Q nj ,BQnA BwC BTwBM Anj nj <kT>

Bj Jok bo{ MAn

(zBh) BwnBQ B] nUAoPA uwB U BM s M (/b 7 kw) AjB nUAoPA

M bo{ M Jok o BT xpBU Tvh = ,k{ kk] hnBU eAo jnA

Bw) So Rn qAoA M kL nkwA ]BU BM = hnBU `A B

BC = SwA v T A ,k{BM ao AoA M BB xpBU JBLwA /(/b 333

gnBU = oT pA AU A B ;kAT{Aj nB{C B jB~T`A kBL

bo{ BM (BTwBM n B) JoR AkA pBU = M BLA BM dU
jM qBT BT]A jB~T`A <BT> j M jB~U
MBLU L BB (BTwBM qAoA )

M = (AoA ) `o{ <nAkp> (n) Mok <nAjjoM> zB]BT j SwA

M s zaTwQ ,ji jB~T`A kpBw cB~ jA AoM pA Mok BnUAoPA s

133

]oT SwQ

BAi T{Aj (a jnAn BU B{ pA ) nj B jq bo{ Bpow MB

q`oz oM TwA ZnA LswU zkA nj nA Am ,BnpBM BAn oM }w

BB (`iA M Te) SwA<oTM> nMq hnBU BT j pA Ak= = A /kAjM

nAjjoM BT pA oUTozQ oUyQ hnBU <BU> eo = nAkp BT

kC p nC pA T A o= l ,SwA oM B WdM pA = A Z A ao ;k{BM

M
] pA TvBM <bo{> oMAoM nj An <Jok> b U
k UC BoM s
=

/SvAj qAoA nj BT]A jB~T`A TBBU BT Lv TozQ

M bo{ os pA ) qAoA Bi pA k` M k` An B=w = UnBQ BB{A nh

M y= A nj (Mok) n nUAoPA nAkT`A ZA BM nBL B LoLU ,kkAn (Jok os
nB\U BjB] oM TwA AoM) boz S] nj n RBo~T vM BLswU
B] nj Jok Rnk`oM A C BT RAkkU BL` nj B Ls (zoMA o jB] B ~i
MBX M ,To nAo` BwC pAnj nj BAo] Bd M = B{A k AoA ;jM BTwBM

ji BB k` AoA nUAoPA BeA BM ,BzA Ak q`oz B uBe

<RAo> jn Bn BM RAkB pA s
;kC nB{ oM BTwBM B] nj bo{ Rnk`oM A
BTwBM Bj Jok bo{ B wBw po SLLenj ,n AoA M Ls po `
pA ,B] wBw gnBU nj <Jok> <bo{> B AkU A kL S kBM /k{ TiB{

j C M SMB`n ,AoA nj C B= B n nUAoPA nj SdvpoQ BM = SwB\C

B j y= Bz= ;kjo <So{ JoR> b}A AkQ K] BB B] nUAoPA

/SB AjA joPw wA M B] T{jnp j = wA Anj nj Te q A kM j C

= Bj nB\U BAn oM RjBw Bd M (n) Mok Sj oM (AoA ) `o{ Sj b U

nUAoPA ,k{ pod BB{A Bp B nj SwB}w o` nj BU |Bi

RB pA

/SB oM nMq b U
pA BB{A pA yMKUAo M TLA ( 7 BU 3 Bkw) BwBw
(n) B kU l y= A BM AoA nj BwBw nUAoPA zU
M ;k{ jos `o{ Bpow ~M pA n l () nBa kw nj ,S{Aj BLUnA
X BwBw Sj AoA L] /kjo J`T B BAo] BwU S]
B B}w An <n> BnUAoPA = nsB ;jM zBh pA yM B{A Sj
A A M oTzM bBLdTwA n pA kB{ An BwBw BB{ bo{ nj BkM ,kkB

Jo TwA

134

BwC B nBn MBX M (BwBw) AoA (uAqM) n B y= Bz= /kkAi

jAj nAo` ji gnBU wBwA Z An C B LoLU oTzQ Rjo = ,j{ wnoM BQnA
j w kw BTze BBU nj AoB qU
RApA M <AoAoA> /SwA
(uAqM) n oM (BwBw) AoA oY B U ,BwBz`o{ pA ~M kL kn ;jo= ` oU
AoBo MBX M BwBw Sj l Aj /SwA jM C MBLT Bo] pA oUko Shw
o A ,Jo AoBo A M n SjBL` nj boz
BQ C nj wBw Bd M C m U
RnB\U Bp C nj /SB xoTv oUnj nBvM C l Aj jB~T`A We pA BB ,k{BL
q=oU BBwBw Swj nj B BU (Bnj nj a zi nj a ,a BTwk BM) Bj
oL v AoA [An Q ,jM uAqM s w RnB\U A nAqMA w ,S{Aj
oTz {j zoMA RnB\U ow oM B=oU BM j z{kw nj Bn ;jM (nj)
gnBU nj = \nkU B}dA ` oU eAo BA /kjo= nAo`oM wBw MAn BAoA ji
Sj ,j{ kj BBwBw gnBU nj ,SwA jz B{A B ~h zBh nj
ApAkA BU nBpn C nj AoA ST ,jM TB uwB U SMoZ M = BwBw
We o pA AoA gnBU nj nj C = k{BM kL A B kB{ ;S{Aj ~ L]
AoM L BBwBw nj ,oA SLLe nj ;jM nAj A oTM k RBe gnBU nj ] pA
Bkw BQnA n Bin /SiBw Ao UBkL
wA UC nj AoA k kLU

Anj = kABTwAk o A oM ,wB{AoA wB{bo{ oB BLL d q ,B

) BTwBM AoA gnBU AkU BB qa o pA L` (wBL Si ) AoA nj wA Si
j B ,TwQ nj j A hnBU SB
nj AoM nA pA ;k{BM (BwBw Sj
:= BM UC RdU AoM pA s M (AoA gnBU ov U nj) An ji kB` A
BM ,ko knC nAkp
kpBw
B
eo Sj ,BwBw BzB{ /(1)

/jM AoA nj B}wo` (q=oT ) Aoq=oU vTB=o rkA

AkQ
BTwC nj ,TvTB=o q=oT nAkp
oM
Sj ,wBL Si /(2)

k nAjB}`A LTv BRnBA nj (B}w o`) kBM pArnM

kpBw

/jM AoA uBvn

1

/29529

| ,1377

BTvMBU . 9 x ,

SiB{AoA

B~ (nj) <B* lA /N> nBTO :xn /1

/9 5 9 4 | ,1379

BoU . 17

x , BTva

BB

: /2

]oT SwQ

135

nh M BC B nj wA = ,SiAjoQ BBwBw Bp nj JAoA o= l M TvBM = A

(zBh nUAoPA k AA pA ) AoA BM BpBU k` MAn pA oT }` BM ;SwQ

oj o <AoAoA> o :kjM Twj j oM Jo BL` ,BwBw nj nj B]A

MBU BMo ;oe (Bk Bh ) AoA BzB{ MBU BJo ,<Aon>

,k{BM JD n <LBY> AoAoA <nlB> B ,o e (BB vk

Bk= ) n nUAoPA
(BML) <L`B> AoAoA (Bn}v) <osBv> kko cv j M a =

o= l = SwATvBM/kjM BTwBM B] Rnk`oMA j C wBwMBLT ZA L

,Aon

uMoYA <BBwQB> kL jBTwA (|MBw) n{ jBdUA kzAj tBzAoA BM j{

nBa Bkw nj) <AoA 9o{ n Bpo jke JAoA> A M vAo kAo=

BZA M SwA ]An ov kCoM C A pA = Ba , jB B] oM (j z{

B ~i ,n AoA BnUAoPA MBU JAoA wBw jB~T`A BT]A AeA
1

cd nj ,vdU BB{ /SwA n=m LT BUnk` BM BC MAn RBLwB gnBU

MBU BMo A] nj ,zQRnB\U BM nAjjoM Sp
Z M SLvJ hnBU

nj bBT BjoM Z = Ba ;SwA (AnB= Bo{ B BozTj nj) n AoA

,Ao\jn :) SwA jM AnB= BnpBM Bo{ M Mo wA L wA

SMBY BTvMo nj joM jB~T`A j] J oT M o A S kBM /( 584 581 |
<nBMBnj> pow ji JoAoq] = k{BM C S M BB Z A (581) k{

RBBT ,gnBU ov U nj n}w A `An oj <A> |Ls oM a) SwA jM

/(kC kkQ nBMjn B nBMBnj BkU nj B L} nAjjoM BT]A jB~T`A

BT dU
Z ,B] jB~T`A { () JAoA ka= knC B v BA

B (538531 |) BL` jBdUA o{ (B{) BT M (Akik= ) AL`

nj Jo T}w BT BC K] M = ,SwA hnBU B

A` B B kB` Bkn
538 |) vAjos M oSw BC ;SB |L dU (B w) A Si {
/jM nBBU Aj Sj ji <wBL> }iBM
Si = Ba (/// 32

BX kAb jBTwA AnjB{ pA < Ao A "q M j ke J o A> A BM JBT* A Mo ]oU /1

ASB oT*j jBTwA Swj M wn T pA C wnB ]oU BA ,SwA Ajw {B
To Rn Bn

/SwA wnB ]oU M B RBB]nA *

(1372

:o RB''dU RBB v w ,AoU)

Jo TwA

136

(544 |) j Joh UnB{A JAoA Mnj SejM Yn Z M a

`A BM |MB} |`j ov U ji = (kM ` =) <Jo> (o~e ` =) <K {> B v

= j{ {n Mi M T A BC /jM kAU k\ Co9 nj <BL` B M{> SC oM

,jM nB\U BjB] oM TwA <zoMA> B v BB n AoA B] jB~T`A S

wBw oT
pA MBU BB ML JAoA n}v JAoA os Lm ByAo

jM n }w SdU pB\e /(33 29 ,47 ,45 ,38 ,217 ,157) k{BM Bp

Bs kB M BkM <yo`> Ao{A Aow SvAj AU pA = (44 |)

= C BM L B \T ,kjM (n AiA MBU) n b}A M <B wMA>

gnBU nj Z A /k{BM AoA nAjA (|)o= A wn oz B <{BM> Bs

pA /SwA wBwA |Bi
SA
qBe A ]nj B SMBX M AoA wA dU

kZ
oM `Anj ( AB `A) pB\e M <oMA> z=oz= kCoM AnB{C JBT= A}
/(29 8 , 1) SwA jM BwBw Sj l AoA

Ro~e <BL> oA pA ,kAjM n SwBwnj ,ML <Ao\> Bdv

;k= AkQ ojB T{Aj n~e wnB Bw TAn M = BC BM (|)wn

= = i (thesis) <jBoM> A nj An ji hnBU BLTwA kLT B A

oMAoM nj ,AoA wBw y= A (|)kd

JLA { nj wA Rj

Jok oM AoA bo{ b U

BkM TLA = ,SwA jM Mok n ]}w
M o\

Si pA uQwA gnBU wBw dU ,jBoM BQ A oM /k{ BTwBM B] nj n

Si ) <S}w> BkM `o{ n RBo~T oM (A ) B wMA Bs= ,BX

oLBQ AkBi ) <{BM> Bs BC M nBU SLLenj ,kjo= AkQ (L~k

AkU nAoTwA L Sn nB{A oTzQ = Ba A (kjM wA SiB L d
=

nB= oM < > ` B BY ,SwA AoA MBU JAoA n MBU JAoA M k` jB~U
B

B{ os pA B wMA M B jo=ow M (n AoA M wBw Ls po) RAo

JBUpBM kCQ BLj BB (AoA ) bAo ospA () KBsMAM nAjow (n)

,n nUAoPA `o BM B wMA MAn /SwA jM n AoA M oj Byz=

,kC bBd KT= nj = (|)kd j a nBMnj BzA RAo= Am BT

]oT SwQ

137

`A = kCoM oLs gnBU pA q /SwA jnC L M An BC (8785.3) oLs

BAoA pA = pB\e A B ~i ,jB B]oM BTvMo oq] A nj jBp oY B U <nB` l>
1

yQ= Ba ;kjM BT BzA BM B{nB\U BkQM oT Bn M ,kT{Aj =

2

/SwA T{Aj pB\e Bd nj kM nBvM AsQ ,n oM AoA poQ C pA

kB` kAo BB = ) T}w rn M AL`BT pA BA pBAo Z nj

l ,SwA hnBU
XA MA ] pA (pAjoQ C noZ RBLU [BT dU M

BTwn nj An A jM B A T` o~ Aow pA = jnC BX TL nBLiA nj =

= n C pA (k{ jnBPv= Bi <AM> BTwn nj BX) knBPw Bi M BBv

M k\vpA pn ,A SiBA nj = k{ k{ SLLeM a ,jL BvA> :kT
!AM A :jM T () kCnj B wMA ,kjM A jo nj A M k{ yiAow

,SwA MAm = jo= jB kw kAjo Swj M Swj An B{jBQ A koM

A oM kUo
ke
= C B] M BX ;TB` ,oze ,ipj ,TzM ,MBve

/<jo= mM A ] nj nBj nAq Svj v BASM pA ,kBwn T` M An A ,kAoM

oL eAq Mo~ = Ba ,jM v A i B `Anj BMo S}w BM TLA

S}w osBi M An B (|k) oMMA Mkd ] pBkC nj k (b 212 )

B jo M SwB{ BM A = nAkz oMMA ovQ A = jAj gwBQ ,jo= SUB{ Bj

jB A An S}w BM ,k{ Bj Se pBwp = jM U nkQ A a ,jBTA
Ao A ;SwAjM U nkQ opBkC BB,{BLJA oM oA Anj B o A uQ;jo= nATwA
oQ A pA BB ,Tv A Bo{ BU B ,SwA jB A An xABQ ,SwA nBLTw nB=

nB= ,jo=S BhKBsMAovQ BM B ,SozQB oM AkMRnkQ o A ;Aj

,jAkT`A A nAjo= kM uQ,jo= a U nkQ = kj;T{AmAkM An

kABTwAk BLLd pA ] </nAm ji Be M An B ,= ypow An RnkQ U A

4

;jM = zo` (wAo=TvnC ) SAo{A BM S BhBB ,BX kZ

oM JLA k=
/8987

/23 | ,( 1954

. S 1373)

| ,195

q]
,3 Z , 5Ao A

A \A \ (nj)
/385

/12112

| ,S 1382

,oB'A ,(U B)

| ,wnB *

M o A jBvA /1

jA] oT*j nBTO /2

]oU , b TA

,oB'A ,2 ,nB kd vAkL Lj , 

JBT*

/3

/4

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138

M n UBLLs S}w AoM pA [AL`] AoMAoM (wAo=j) nBwjo pA uQ a

1

/jnC wA

dU /3

wBwBT a ,T}w BT M n BMo <kB`> pBAo Z nj ,nBM

pB\e <kM> AL` BT nj = ) SwA <k> BT]A jB~T`A BjBoM B` nMq

<nAkp> B{ M An BC TwA AjZAnA TA Am (jnAk ]nBi j]

oM (A ) B w Bs ;qAoA bAo nj B }v B{ nj Ai k= AqA

za,wA Si B A BA pA <o{> w Ks nj ,o~ B n
,}v B{

kBL B} KveoM oA pA ;kT{Aj C wAo `o{ Bpow bAo M s

BU o`
BU = ) <yo` BTvM jAvA> :kjM jAj ow An nB{ A ,yiBLswU

A> = k= jn
BsB` AB s An B ` A vA /(jM [An AoT

= SwA TvAj (jM yo` pA AM BB jAo ) <k{BM pB\e A oM BAoe B{

jM } i C pA BA }w T j BB B{ M Ro~e C z=oz jBM qA

/SwA

B=j= Tz= BM q] = T}w kw Aki M> :jnC B= jo ` pA ML

pA B nj 2 /<SwA kM nBvM S}w (Sv S}w) jjo d e n T{AjoM

njB nkQ SwBw> (|Ai
M ) A oLU M B ,<L A> kAT pBMoj

<SwBw>
,wBw BT SMBX M UkBs kM nBvM <S}w> /<kwB{

kn ji ,hnBU }hz jAo{ Kve oM

B] o nj UBGLl njB
nkQM

B" pBAo/ kn Ajo n o

oTzQ  A /SwA (nomothet ic) <kB`> Bo] kkQ
<BU> Soe A (Monarchy) TPw B" M pB\e BMo (Akik ) AL`

TLA kAkM B kBM (determinism) <oL]> An C SwA B  uo ,SwA hnBU kB`
a ;SwA JA <
,BvA jBeC jAnA pA M C WG dU k B oA WGdU
oL]>
/SwA oM B" AnAjow B Lm AoLn BT]A Bd~ B `iA AoLBQ

/1 7 | ,2 Z , M (

gn BU

/2

/33

| ,(LzA )

7 ~TA zTA M ~A

/1

139

]oT SwQ

nh> A M = ,k{ `A JoAoq] nj yQ o` jnBa nj `C ,Beo nj

,hnBU B<ov U> oUcd oU Kve oM ;SwA Tz bBC nj oTz <wA

<kd
JLA> BB ,kAjo= bsA AkM uAxnB u=nB nB= L = Ba
Sv|AwA nh M SLv<JLA> oLU BM v=o A B\A A SwAjM (|)
Ba T` a ;jnAk A Be M jw _ = k oQ An oZBe nBT A pA yM,

pA hw o] ,k= <JLA> bsA hnBU kkQ oM nqM BAkhnBU

;kC B M hnBU BU B
<A`> |jB~ kB` oL] Bkn

/SwATiB{B] jBe
kk{BBo] BT]A | RdU
BB JLA pA jAo

BU eo [~ pA ]nj AkM ,BTvMo kM JAoA <bo T>

BL` UBLLsok B]

rkA ;kMB dU
k BT BM UBLLs <kdT > BT]A Rn M TvBM = ,jM kwn

BT ;jM <wA> BB kB` S=oe Ba pA {B BT]A Rke A wBw

(hAnAj) T}w BT M TvBM B AqA ,BL` wAo=j <kAnAj> An{
A`A wBw zU pA (nat ion) <S> j o\
;knAo M{ wAo=TvnC

dU
a hnBU kB`
/j{ BM nMq kn pA {B <S A > = nj ,Jo

BTwBM A`A oj B nj C YB = ,kC TvAj B\C pA <JLA> B BT]A

oM qAoA BTwBM <jB> A`A jn nj = Ba ;j{ Te B{Ap <S> kn
s

BC AL` (BT) wBw

BT ;jB nh o M BQ jB S ,BT BL` jBdUA oYA

S{jnp j q BC = keU rkA B ,knAo B= Bj <B{jBQ>

M q

,B jpAj BLwA jBdUA oYA oM }vpow nj BTwBM BAowA jn nj a;jM

C <B{jBQ>
M q BC AL` (BT]A SM) wBw
BT ;jB nh o M BQ j S

u` Am ;jM w j q BC = keU rkA B ,knAo jAj

/Am

L` <qCkd]> RB l
= AzQSo SLLe
KBso
A

BnAkzQ kM

pA w SeBw kM ThC <gnBU> bBsA pA oM wBLB] M An A`o RBL~U

B BeA

B nj An T}w BT nh B j] RnoZ
kCnj So RoL Bwnj

( . kd
= C pA oT }`) Bv Jo S
C B kwoM A
C M ` B{jBQ

Jo TwA

140

We pA B q Lk~U Ba [BT oM KUoT BeA uQ A pA ,jo= kAi |k~U

,Sn nB{A oTzQ = Ba BA /k{BM L` MB` q L Se K] M L}

Aop ,jL nv pB\e nj T}w BT M BMo <kM> AL` BT nAo B pBAo

<nAkp> B{ Kve) <k> noZ

BT]A jB~T`A BjB Ao{

Ai (|)kdJLA /S{Ajj] BA jM j] o ` RoM C nj (`o{

nj An nMq p noZ Ao{ (wA bT =) <B{A > B nk jo=nB=
oYA oM

jAvBM > :L cd Wke |Ls oM) jo= \Tv] JoAoq] Bpo pA oM

oZBe BjB B] jo nj = <bAo> <B{> TB kU

Bpow (<TA
RBBT Aj
wBw jpCnB= BBTwjBM ,BT]A jB~T`A Tw = jBC

An Tj T <{B> A o ` M TvBM BU ,jM nAkBQ ov= o~` T}w

{B A BT wBw o B <onj> Jqe

o = SwA kM /jnCnj o~U M

(k{ LU oTzQ = ) <hnBU> kB` S=oe BM |A ,k= o~U An (T}w) Tj

= pAkAo MLA o B Jqe o BA /(SwA kwni A pA gnBU ) SwA jo=

Rnk` S`B wBw Bd M kAT o A ,k{BM jM pBTzQ <dU>
<oU> eAo nj

X ;kBwoM <SLXU> eo M An ji Se <|e>

kB AoA nAjBj <Bj> pA

BU kn M jooM oMM ,kB A nAkj <j> An ji SBwn kBU

(BT]A oB) B|i l
oM L e _ Am ;jo= SzQ hnBU SozQ

|dA
B wB T gnBU `iA
~
a ;S{AjkAhpBvhnBU
) SwA<K

k |dA>

,kwB{ B kMBUoM kh
<J>
B LT <T> qo gnBU ZB` (K
k

nBTn gnBU <B`> i oM Aop ,jo= kAh jo nAj A jw M B` qo

/SwA B= B Sv{M d BB <hnBU kZ>
S~h{ a ,jo=

BT]A SB M oT (wA ) kd
JLA hnBU S=oe ~ ,nBM
= jo= AkQ A AkBi j] nj An ji bAk~ BB ,T zQ BU KveoM

:kC BzA JU nj = Ba ,kjM nMq hnBU SBwn oA p Ao{ B] k]A

=oA nBe =kw
,nB}A B wA ,nB\TA MoU B\A >
BMn kjo= kM Row kk{ Bv a ,kjAjjw M np
AM =) nB L]
SB]nj

]oT SwQ

141

BzA AoBo jM oi B{no

w ,kjM S{ow BQ Bjo oM Bz=ow ;kT{AmM
B U BM> :SwA j B M JB}i nj vA = B jB </(oTw
1

/ <TiBw T S{Ak TB] C nj BMp Swj `AkM ,TiBU Bj Q nj Co`

2

i BB SLLenj BMo S}w BM

= (B ` pA ) SwQ LU M oTzQ a

M M oA a ;SiAjoQ C BL dU M BX uPw ,jM v A

BeA M U = jL (T zQ) hnBU <u]>C pA = A M oT ,k{ d
()KBsMA
oA M SLv BsB` JBhU Z /jp pBM ow C SLXU SLU
pA ,kj xAoL]

o\ = (S}w ) B{jBQ Si C BM KwBT Se jo Bj

xi An BB{ BU ,k{BM BzA RB]Be ZB` BA BC K\ hnBU BeA

B LoLU BPw S] j] BM = Aka ;jo= jovj jqj q An B`Ao BB = kC
kjM BjoL nj noZ (jB) BT B] A qA k`B a ,BB{ oMAoMj

A kB kBM B kTv A ji X = S{AkQ B{now nBw)

o~MA /jM k{ B{ os < koU>

vU C o` \T So yQpA nB= (kzkM

o ,k{BL Zo yjnj = jL bAo A pA u=_> = kvBU Twnj

M oL

</kTooM A pA kj (A njM BB} osBi M) Tij B M sza

/482

/435

| , 

/3

/342

| ,2 Z ,(XA MA )

b TA JBT*

/1

. LA [

/2

| ,(k{ oO] oT*j)

B B
/1 1 2 :Av o\e MA
/4 4 :vkA qe MA
/2 8 ,2 5 :MjAjoi MA
/8 1 :MoE ki MA
,1 1 1 ,8 7 , ,3 :(nBLiA) kw MA
/1 1 2
/8 8 :(kB M IB) jBMA
/1 2 4 ,1 1 9 :tBL
MA
/1 3 :dAkL MA
/5 3 ,3 :L<oK MnkL
MA

/1 1 2 :o MA
/ 2 ,4 9 :Ak A> MA
/8 2 :nj LTK MA
/8 1 :B{BQB MA
/5 :]nBi \ MA
/1 9 ,9 2 , 3 ,4 94 7 :(Oi) oMMA
/1 1 2 : Q> M oMMA
/1 1 3 :AjJAoUMA
/9 8 :nj OeMA
/1 2 9 ,1 7 ,9 4 :]nBi qeMA

/8 7 :AnC
/1 1 ,7 7 ,5 9 ,2 7 :BnC BnC
/5 8 :veoA (oTj) ,nQBnC
/1 3 41 3 2 ,1 1 ,5 9 ,2 7 , :BwC
1 3 9 :jAj C
/8 1 :BC
/8 , 9 ,2 :BoC
A

/8 :(L) AoMA
/8 8 :(/) AkL M AoMA
/ :(wBL)
kd M AoMA
/ 9 :Aoi Zn] AoMA
/1 7 ,1 :xoMA
/1 3 :oMA
/ :kAn ;MA
/9 9 :oB< MA MA
/3 3 :<o MA MA
/3 :oYA MA
/1 3 7 :> XA MA

Jo TwA
/9 9 :joU iBdwA
,4 1 ,3 5 ,3 4 ,2 1 :ovK &AkL MkwA
/1 2 7 , 7 ,
/7 5 ,2 :RBAowA
/1 3 2 :kA nkwA
/8 4 :(BhMBT ) BnwA
/1 2 4 ,8 :BwA
/1 3 :dvno M jAkL{A
/ 4 :ooP{A
/3 3 :(kziA ) kh{A
,1 1 8 ,1 1 :(A +) KAo{A . iAo{A
/1 2 9 ,1 2 8 ,1 2 5 1 2
/4 1 ,3 5 3 2 :(B) AkL M to{A
/1 2 3 :(Km ) o{A
/1 3 4 ,1 3 3 :BB{A
/7 9 :(iAo =) BTwn{A
/8 2 :qqAkL M qLA
/9 ,1 1 :oh/A
/7 8 :JBwAo>A
,1 2 1 ,1 1 ,1 7 ,1 ,5 1 , :BAo>A
/1 2 2
/5 8 :kd
,n BLKA
/8 4 :ijBoO] BA
/5 :(s) ve BA
,8 3 ,8 2 ,5 ,5 2 ,4 5 :(s) ve BA
/1 1 8
/1 1 2 :oB A
/7 8 :(j ) jAjoA
/7 9 :AkPwBzA
/(RBdO KVA nj) BA A
/ 9 :BiAU Apo ,oLoA

144
/9 5 ,8 :(Vkd) jAjMA
/9 :nBOV nlMA
/1 3 7 ,1 3 ,9 , 3 :BOwMA
/4 9 :m ohMA
/4 ,3 3 ,3 2 :Zo[ M cB AkMA
/1 1 :(oB{) B/AMA
/1 1 9 :(po>) MA
/1 :(fn)
wBdAMA
/9 :(fn)
ZhMA
,1 5 ,9 99 ,4 5 ,3 4 :BwAoi vMA
/1 1 3
/1 1 :BOAMA
, 2 , 1 ,5 7 :Oe Mkd M {BMA
/1 2 5 ,1 2 4 , 5
/1 1 2 :(A) JAMA
/1 7 ,1 5 ,1 4 :(ZAohAKeB) ZwMA
/9 8 :jnMA
/1 3 5 :n{ jBdUA
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Jo TwA

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