Annotated Bibliography

Thomas E. Altizer
English 1010 Bogle
Salt Lake Community College

Altieri, Kathy Marie. Validating the Alcohol and Drug use Survey and
Determining the Relationships
of Familial and Age-Related Variables
with Substance Abuse of Adolescents in a Correctional Facility. Order
No. 3042389 Kent State University, 2001. Ann Arbor: ProQuest. Web. 22
Nov. 2015.
In Kathy Marie Altieris Doctoral Dissertation, Validating the Alcohol and
Drug use Survey and Determining the Relationships of Familial and Age-Related
Variables with Substance Abuse of Adolescents in a Correctional Facility, she
examines the ravages of alcohol and drug addiction in adolescents who are
currently incarcerated. In her essay, she expresses that research has shown that
as much as 80% of all crime is a product in some way of substance abuse.
Moreover, most people who start using illicit drugs start young.
She also expresses the fact that of those inmates, less than twenty per
cent of them actually receive treatment in their lifetime. There just now
emerging resources for drug offenders, particularly in the adolescent justice
system, as early prevention for potential future crime. The way that Altieri says
the need for treatment intervention is assessed is through the ADUS or Alcohol
and Drug Use Survey. Through this survey, clinicians are able to properly assess
the level of care their subjects need to properly mitigate future destructive
behavior as a result of their drug use. Since these intervention procedures, there
has been a dramatic decrease of recurring offenders entering the Ohio detention
system where her study was conducted.
I found fantastic statistical evidence for my question in this article. I was
able to find an actual study that goes hand in hand with my question, Is
treatment for addicts more beneficial than incarceration. In Altieris study, she
actually proves the former, at least in the adolescent community in the Ohio
Juvenile Justice System. Through statistical analysis and on-site interviews with
people undergoing treatment, she is able to successfully prove that treatment
can prevent further crime.
The only caveat to her dissertation is that it virtually only applies to
adolescents. My question more so focusses on adults. But as she mentions, most
adult addicts usually start in their adolescent years, so this essay still carries
weight to my research question. All in all, I completely agree with her, and her
research results add much to the statistical weight of my issue.

Baker, Al. "Governor Offers Legislation to Soften Harsh Drug Laws." New
York Times, Late Edition
(East Coast) ed.Jul 16 2003.ProQuest. Web.
22 Nov. 2015 .

Al Bakers short but poignant New York Times piece, "Governor Offers
Legislation to Soften Harsh Drug Laws.", provides a two part contribution to the
issue. He first of all lays out a bill that Governor Pataki of New York put before the
state legislature in New York to offer treatment instead of incarceration for
addicts. He says the bill came forward in an effort to redo the harsh laws enacted
by Governor Rockefeller in the 1970s, which offered nothing but incarceration
for addicts committing drug offenses. One of these laws that stuck out to me was
that the Rockefeller laws prohibited judges from using their discretion to offer the
option of treatment over incarceration. In other words, if you get caught, there is
only one place you are going, jail.
His other contribution to my issue was that he exposed how much of a
bureaucratic mess getting these kinds of laws enacted truly is. As a matter of
fact, most of his article exposed politicians on both sides of the aisle who critique
and criticize the governor for the various political reasons why he would want to
enact this law.
This article helped me very much because it showed me that this issue is
neither a Democratic or Republican problem. It is very much a bipartisan
problem. If one is to enact legislation on this issue, he or she must get a unified
vote through politicians in order for that to happen.
Everyone has their own opinions on addiction. Nothing made this clearer
than Baker in his article. I was able to locate some of the key road blocks that
law makers face in making these changes happen for their community. Moreover,
I was able to see that change is a slow process, and must go through the proper
channels in order to be accomplished.

Cooper, M. H. (2000, July 28). Drug-policy debate. CQ Researcher, 10,

593-624. Retrieved from
http://library.cqpress.com/
In Mary Coopers 2000 article Drug Policy Debate which she compiled for
CQ Researcher, she compiles several national, state, and local level stories to
compile the macrocosm of the drug policy debate in America. She uses
personal stories to convey that drug addiction is not a crime of rational choice,
but a product of many layers, some of which can be prevented through
treatment.
She exposes several lawmakers who are leading the way in changing the
30 year war on drugs initiated by the Reagan administration. With the current
opponents to the current system, she also gives opinions from those who support
the current plan, and why it should work. Both sides have valid arguments, and
Cooper is able to accurately paint the whole picture of the debate that still rages
today.
This article has given me much of the needed information I have utilized. I
am able to see not only the rationalization for treatment from policy makers and
clinical professionals; I am also able to see the rational reasons why some people

simply do not think it will work. I already have bias toward this issue, but it is
valuable to be able to see the valid arguments of the opposition.
Mary Cooper also provided some very poignant statistics that can be
utilized as well. She used graphs to show the availability of street drugs is just as
prominent now as it was before the Reagan laws, but that purity, availability
have also gone up with it as well. In essence, she shows the laws dont work. I
will say that her bias also shows very slightly in this article, but her recognition of
the opposing view shows her willingness to see both sides in order to make an
informed inquiry and essay.

Felicilda-Reynaldo, Rhea Faye D. "Recognizing Signs Of Prescription

Drug Abuse And Addiction, Part I." MEDSURG Nursing 23.6 (2014):
391-396. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.
In Rhea Felicilda-Reynaldos textbook excerpt, Recognizing Signs Of
Prescription Drug Abuse and Addiction, Part I, she offers a very academic scope
of addiction to her reader. As this excerpt comes from a nursing textbook, she
explores the issue of addiction in an attempt to instruct the reader who may not
be familiar with the problem of addiction. Specifically, she focusses on the rise of
prescription drug abuse in America.
She describes this rise as an epidemic which she even cites from
another credible source. In her attempt to expose the various signs and health
risks associated with the various pharmaceuticals being abused today, she gives
a wide array of useful information. She is able to expose the science of addiction,
and how it starts voluntarily, but the drug eventually affects the central nervous
system in a way that causes dependence, and then full blown addiction.
I found her article to be very poignant. I was able to gather data specific to
large subset of those addicted, those of the pharmaceutical addicts. I feel as
though this study in particular sheds great light into the drug problem in Utah,
considering it is one of the highest in opioid dependency in America.
Not only did I agree with her approach, I was taken aback as to the
approach she offered the nursing students on how to approach addicts. She
instructs them on therapeutic techniques and soft approaches, not punitive or
demeaning in nature, like some of the laws and officials in place tend to be to
this demographic. All in all she offers great insight into the care and nature of
this disease, and was very helpful in my research.

Friedman, J. (2014, May 2). Treating addiction. CQ Researcher, 24, 385408. Retrieved from
http://library.cqpress.com/
In Jane Friedmans CQ Researcher article Treating Addiction, she exposes
the different treatment methods currently in use in the United States. She

exposes the reality of the fiscal, emotional, psychological, and physical cost of
addiction, and how it takes a toll on the American public. She presents several
celebrity stories including that of Philip Seymour Hoffman, who recently died of a
heroin overdose.
She also explores the methods of treatment in the United States for drug
abuse. She offers what she calls the traditional approach of 12 step treatment
coupled with therapy and groups. However she places most of her research in
new alternative ways of treatments for addicts. She offers scientific studies
which show that the traditional method does not work for all addicted people.
My first reaction to this story was a bit heated. I am a member of a twelve
step group, and have utilized therapy and group therapy to battle my own
addiction. I have found that this approach really works for me, and her bias to
the contrary caught me off guard, and quite frankly made me angry.
However, I know that there is more than one road that leads to Rome, and
my approach might not work for everyone. In the end, addiction is the enemy,
not opponents to the twelve steps. After being able to see past my own biases, I
was able to learn about the myriad of different methods for treating addiction
other than the one in which I was familiar. In the end, Friedmans article helped
tremendously in broadening the scope of the different options available for those
who wish to recover from their addiction.

Huebner, Robert B., and Lori Wolfgang Kantor. "Advances In Alcoholism

Treatment." Alcohol
Research & Health 33.4 (2011): 295-299.
Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.
In Robert B. Huebner and Lori Wolfang Kantors article for Alcohol Research
& Health entitled "Advances In Alcoholism Treatment", the authors provide a
brief history of the treatment of alcoholism in America. They provide the
foundation of treatment methods, and the evolution of this treatment over the
years. They provide history as well as new innovative methods as well.
The authors trace the treatment of alcoholism to the founders of
Alcoholics Anonymous, and the twelve step program they invented. Over time,
treatment centers came into existence which utilized the twelve steps as well as
behavioral therapy curriculum and medication assistance to curb the problems of
relapse back into addiction. From this model, treatment for drug addiction was
founded. However, the twelve steps do not apply to atheists, and others who do
not adhere to a spiritual program. So, new innovative ways of treatment have
evolved to combat addiction.
I personally loved this article. It was a sharp contrast to Friedmans article
which almost diminished the influence of the twelve steps in treating alcoholism.
Although the focus was mostly on alcohol specifically in this article, I was able to
trace addiction treatment to its roots.

On the other side of the coin, these authors biases were also slightly
present, in that they were obviously proponents of AA and the twelve steps.
However, I enjoyed reading how the complex and intricate care of addiction in
todays society can be stemmed back to two men who wished to recover, did
recover, and wrote a program to help others do the same, made me feel a sense
of pride in my own recovery.

Pembleton, Matthew R. "The Voice Of The Bureau: How Frederic

Sondern And The Bureau Of Narcotics Crafted A Drug War And Shaped
Popular Understanding Of Drugs, Addiction, And
Organized Crime In
The 1950S." Journal Of American Culture 38.2 (2015): 113-129.
Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.
In Matthew Pembletons fascinating biopic "The Voice Of The Bureau: How
Frederic Sondern And The Bureau Of Narcotics Crafted A Drug War And Shaped
Popular Understanding Of Drugs, Addiction, And
Organized Crime In The
1950S", which he wrote for the Journal of American Culture in 2015, he takes the
reader on an unsuspecting journey to the 1950s, where he says the drug war
was created. He takes us into the life of Frederick Sondern, Jr. who was a
journalist for Readers Digest. He wrote a book which he wrote with the help of
the FBI which exposed the evils of the Mafia in America. This book was a best
seller, and helped shape the American ideal of thugs and gangsters in America.
Among the evils these men brought to the streets were drugs. Pembleton says
that in reading this work and others, it was almost impossible to distinguish
Sonderns views and the official views of the FBI, which may in fact have been all
in one.
In these works, this journalist describe American government officials as
being constantly at war with these criminals that poison the youth. These
works gave the American public an us vs. them mentality that ultimately led to
harsher and harsher legislation first with Nixon and then culminating with
Reagan. In Pembletons opinion, these works caused the stigma to be attached
to addicts as being criminals, not sick people, and that view still rings true today.
My only problem with this article is that the presence of bias is clearly
there. Although supported by many facts, Pembletons story is obviously written
from a point of view and a theory which he feels strongly about. It comes out in
how he writes.
However, I must say that I agree with him. War was waged on addicts long
before science proved that addiction is a mental disease. Lawmakers had no
proof to counter their judgements, just their own bias and prejudice. As a result,
addicts are treated like criminals, better yet, prisoners of war. Pembleton gives
great insight as to why that is the case.
Prah, P. M. (2005, July 15). Methamphetamine. CQ Researcher, 15, 589612. Retrieved from
http://library.cqpress.com/

In Pamela Prahs informative essay which she wrote for CQ Researcher

entitled simply Methamphetamine , she provides an insightful and horrifying
look into the world of this dangerous drug. Prah informs us of how rapid the use
of Meth is growing in the United States and the tolls in which it takes on people.
She shows us that it is used in all subsets of the American culture, and no one is
safe from its grasp.
Prah gives a brief history of the drug. She shows how it morphed from the
speed used by people in the seventies to the powerful drug it is today. Moreover,
she showed that how it once was mostly used by lower income males, it is now
being used by almost every facet of the American culture. Moreover, she shows
statistically how it affects the health of people, the harmful ingredients used to
make it, and the epidemic status it now holds in Americas efforts to curb the use
of this drug.
I found this story to be very insightful. I detected really no obvious bias,
but more of a scholarly look into a drug that perhaps many are not aware of. I
learned much about this drug myself, and how it ravages peoples lives.
The overwhelming facts that show how addicting this drug is, even after
just one use, astounded me. Someone could be curious and try it, and become
hopelessly addicted. That shows the power of these substances over people.
Moreover, through pictures of people who use the drug over time, I saw
seemingly normal people morph into hideous, grotesque creatures that barely
resemble human. I felt a new sense of awareness, and found the information
Prah provided as invaluable in my research.
Price, T. (2012, June 8). Alcohol abuse. CQ Researcher, 22, 501-524.
Retrieved from http://library.cqpress.com/
In Tom Prices surprisingly enlightening report Alcohol Abuse, which he
wrote for CQ Researcher, he gives a controversial cause for the etymology of
alcohol abuse among young people in America. Price documents many studies
that suggest binge drinking among adolescents and college students is higher
than it has ever been. This rise has led to a drastic increase in violence among
this group of people and other crimes as well.
He also states that new alcoholic products possibly encourage binge
drinking. He says that products such as Tilt, Four Loko, and other fruity, highalcohol-content beverages, are marketed for the sole intent of binge drinking and
alcohol abuse. He goes on to say that drinking like this while the brain is
developing causes much higher percentages of people to become alcoholics or
addicts.
I was completely surprised by this article. I had never taken the time to
consider adolescents could potentially be marketed to become alcoholics. These
drinks that contain high alcohol contents mixed with caffeine do nothing but
encourage all night partying and binging. The culture among this group is to get

inebriated, and the opportunity to do so in the current age is more available than
ever.
The idea that alcoholics and addicts are bred in our culture affords some
serious reflection for me as an alcoholic. Price recalls my experience growing in
this culture, and drinking some of the same drinks he offers in this report, for the
very same reasons he proposes. Not only that, the culture on television and the
music I listened to all glorified this type of use.