> Dos, Dr. Associate Professor Jale Gillen “ie Tei Unies ieee Uniesty Kiya tchra lun camel Engine Depart Prot. Dr. Hanifi Sarac ‘ie Tk Onate Ya cit ue Orme Engen Deane irem Ozgindiz Kiya Mohends Chemical Fairer Bor Elementi ve Tasitlarda Kullanimi Charasteristics of Boron and Usage in Vehicles 1. Boe for element olarak yryazunde yaygn olarak bulunan bi tementti Deniz sujunda 0'5 ppm 0.8 ppm, tt sularda tee 0.01-15 pom aralgndaar.Yoksekkonsantasyonda ‘e ekonomik boptlsdah bor yatalin, borun oxnie baglonmg bleyer olaak daha ok Turkiye ve ABD'ée bulunmaktadt or patyodik tablada 8 simgesi de gésteten, atom mux tara 3, atom kites 10.8 yogunlugu 284 lem, ere hoktae S2008C ve kayrama nokta: 3660°C aah metale “metal ars yarimetlGzlleere sahpbirelementi.Kat- ierumaraan 10 ve 11 olan Karat totoptan ous. Bor testa iten sya ren set ve at Madea Amor! dura ta ee tz halde ve sah enki Bor tbitta serbest ha: te bulinmaz, Bor element dogada 150'den fsa minera In yap nde yer slmasina gen, ekonomi alamda borminesllerkasiyum, sodyum, mognezyum dementler ie dat bese: halinde blunt. Bor mineralle a Yeleindedegihoranarda bor obs (8,0) eren miner {Er elup, dryads bor element apsayan yslrce mineral ‘ulunmasina rage tat Sneme ship ololan ok adit Bor mineralleinin ten’ degere sah olanan tinea (bo ‘aks Folemanit,oleksit robert, pander, hidroborast ‘ket (1. Boe mineral nde tear clrak en faz Is Snem tajjon botatlara Bunardan bores dogada ‘yg lak bulunasu ve kullarum alanar faci ous eden ile geek ends, gorekse madenclixteboraks bor ‘alan yerine kllanimakiadr 2. Bor Element kel ve KimyasalSzalitier Bor 34 grubunn tek smetal lament olup, metaller ve ‘metal oranda. Szlinlere sahil. Bor comentinin ze! durum borun Kuck bir atom olmasindan kayak lan, Borda sadace deQerikeektroniann ainda bulunan Korba varken grubun otk ayelerine lave bir orbital bulunur Bor stom grabun sige aylerinden daha ki ‘ikolupelektroniann vzakigtrmakgn dana faa ener (ever Bor elektvonlarin gk si uttagu ign bse {de +3 dager yon hainde bulunmaktan zvade, Kove- lant baglar olstrur. Gununia beraer Biegler +3 ‘eget oléukian fabul eli (1. Bor stomu cok kagok ‘sldugundan 8 Sonu sya Fonuldugunda, sujun elke ronlannkenisine dogs kawelle cekerek OF baglarrin 1.Boron ‘Baron san commen element on the earth. The ange 0.5 ppm to 06 ppm ond 0.01 to 1-5 ppm nssaviater and fresh Water, respective. The boron deposts having ecnomic Importance, igh concentration and ongen bound ones ‘re mostly foul i Turkey and ABD. Baron isan element which shown vith 8 symbal in the period fable ts afomic number atomic weights 10.8 ‘ens ie 284g melting points 200°, bating point {3660 and aso i an element has semimeta reper thes Bebweem meta and nonmetal Baron occu frm two ‘abl topes having 10 and 11 mass number. Cystine Doran i black rd and sos but amerphous one & bron powrder state Boron isnot found re in nature Insp of having boron element inte stuctre af over 150 mineral fn'natore, economical important boron minerals ving frehyste compounds of cae, magnesium and sod tlements. The boran minerals contans diferent Bropor tions of boron orden ther sructare. Eventhough there Ste hundreds of miner! that contain boron elerant i the word only 2 few of them hove conmeral importance ‘hese are ncale bora), colemaite, ult robert, par dlermite,bidroboracte, kere [1 The mest commeres Important ones are borates The Goran uaed nteod of bron sts nducry and mining ecae ofthe more ‘sage areas ad presence of widespread in nature. 2, Physica and Chemical Properties of Boron Element The Doron which i the only nonmealic element of 24 ‘groups have properties between metals and nonmetal: ‘he special cae of boven is based on smal atom. Bor has only & orbital wich include valnce electrons but the ther members ofthe group include an atone! ora Boron atom i mar than othe” mombers of te Gru. ‘Due tothe more energy requ to remove electrons boron Keep electron ery Highly. Fortis veason i fos covalent bond instead of forming asa 3+ charge fon ‘Compounds butt ir accepted that thas 3+ charges incor pounds Dye to small Bran atom, 8 ions i wete ead {fo bresk the OH bonds and release Hons by pulling the Inoter electron tonarae Rol So B(OH, and 8,0, ae {see fons 1.$$ NGS kopmasin, doll” iyonun serbest kalmasinasebep lr. Yai BIOH}, ve ,0, beg asi. 2.1 Borun Fao Orel Kat aide bor cok sere alup kinlganelr. or gig ola fake donck bir metal paleikta op, ele 9 Het ez. or iy etken ol seal arts fete a tar Yan letenik su gekie agitanabili. Oda stag ‘lektronar merken cekidege aks balan olyp set hale gegmeler guctr. iealak artic serbest Male gege rel kstal igersinde harekete gegelr Stak yokes ‘elastal dongisinan tiuesmininortmasindan doy di eng ars da serbest hale gecen sexton says ncn ‘madden etter artar hh 2.2 Borun KimyasalOrliker imyasal olarak aluminyum, galyum, nyu ve taj ddan daha cok slsyum ve karbona yn, Raton vs "isyum gi Kovalont, motekaler bey oluyturmaya bile biregim almski bite, degetikc orbital saysindan bit ‘kik deer elektronuna sahip ola kabon ve sis suman fartik dsr Boru kimyasa ki safhgina, krista yopisina ve sca 4 bag Oda seakiguda sadecs for gia reason Verve kimyasl olarak olsen le aton, igor durum Tanda inert bt mace. Yoksek scalars asl galar ve H, Ge, Te harg bata metal dogiudan reason vert Bor alt grubundle motte har, yneyalsekeakakardaMemen heme Bo- tun metal foaykaralayon vor. Kista hall bor kiyasal olarak inert olup kaynamalta olan HF ve HCIye kar dren. Sodsce ince xe gutulddunde, tak derigh mtik ast taraindan yous Dir sete even Bununla irik bax ortamd br yoksligen ie tii da, borat vermek uzee lanyasal danagume oar. Gena ile dagids tek sina dei, bapa clemertrebilter halide blur Beruninorganik Kinyasiin period tablodaki herhangi birlomentekinden cok dahe cept ve karma lug = dis eemetedr.Gevetten de son yilaa Gok cet J3- psa per ve bad tpi kefeimeye baglanmigtr. Sonn Kimyasal daar basica kucak caps ve yaksok yong ener ie burnt. Bu Gzlilere irkte 8, Cve Win clektronegatfilerindel benzeril cok sayda ve am gn dgnda kovalent begirolismasey saga. Kovalent blesige orbitals, px, pyve paren sadece 3 elltron- i tbe bulunabimes, bora letron eit as olmas ri Lewis asi ve cok merkedh baglnmayt salayan fave bzaltierkazande.Oksjene ylksek igs gerbe bet: gin ozeligi (1. a Makale/ Article jm im Ol ial 2.1 Physial Properties of Boron Sakd boron is very hard and fragile. The appearance of boron s dll metal ister and not» good conductor of ‘tect. Boron is semiconductor and Ws conduct “reotes asthe tomporture increases. Semicondting cn ‘Be exaaned as flows At room temperature alactrns ore tight bound to the coral core andi iff 0 be come free a5 the temperature increases, becomes fee ‘nd mobies inthe cyst stucture, Even though becase of augmentation of vation of the ext ope, the Te Sistance increases, 3t the same tine the conditvy oF ‘material increases 2 the amber of ekectrons become hse Increases 1 2.2 Chemical Properties of Boron chomally boron mare closet sium and carbon than ‘aluminium, galfuny nam and thal, tant form {ovalent bond and molecular compounds sich 23 carbon ‘and scum but ako aferent due t having valence eee irons one less than the vance oral 1. The chemical acy of boron dependsan the cyst suc ture, purty and temperature. only reocts nih the fuorne {928 a oom temperature and chemically affected by 0) ‘en butin other eves its an nee mater, Boron reacts lect with inert gs and all nonmetal x cept He, Te and abo rect easly wth almost al metals except subgroup meta atthe high temperature, Chemically cystine boron s inert and resistant 0 bolt lng Wr and Hl. Only when it grinds ula fine, ly ‘affected by the hot concentrated nite aid, Hooever, win it heated with an oxidant in basic me- ‘dum, gives chensealconvesion form borate Usual ‘snot found aloe nature, 8 found compounds vith ‘other eements| {eis aimed hat inorganie chemistry of bron is more ane ‘onal and complated than any ekement inthe periodic {able ded, In recent year very various structures and bond types have begun fo be cscovered. The chem be havior f the boron is detennined by minor damster ‘and high fonization energy. However, due tothe sian Inelecronegatity of Cand prov Tor age ‘numberof eval compound nasal. That boron contributes f covalent compounds with the four oral s x.y, near only thre slactrns gain a tional properties such as being acceptor electron pair ews 2k) and multicenter boning areas. The high interest to ‘eigen an another pal characteristics of born 1} 3 Boron Products ‘Concentrated boron products 2 Get, || MM Makale / Article + bor dren ok at, boraks pants hdr, bocaks deka hia ibor A sym per borat telrahicrat, sodyum et sat mane ha, usu bral, bor ks 2. nyada bor eezerver sevetnde kin tayrak ake ABD olup, enya re- inn S113 nna ir pay var. Anca ABD bora camandirendosrnin cept lnlainda llr tndan, olen gelecelte bor rezerveinin takenme= ies le Kary kariods. BU nadenle ABD Kalan bor ein bi Ks tata rezer an ederekgkan- 3 durdurmutur Turkije’ dek bor rezersinin ta Bo'dakinden yoleeti, Dany bor rezerdetnin Kalan Rusya, Sl, Bola, Per, Anti, Sebista da soak. Dunyada stan toplem 496 mibon to zewin 375 min ton Tarkiy dedi Dunyada let tain een bor maden ezervrinin miktaronna agi) agaidattabloda veri). + colemante, Rafined boron products Bove a, Borax penta, Borax decahyeat, baron 48 Soc perborate tevanyaate Sodium Per borate monohydrate, Borax ankyane, Boron ox (2 4. Boron reserves In the word Usa where the second resource county fr baron eserves has share of anost 13% In th world reserves. But, USA has used boron in various fel of ust fra ong tine Because of the faced wit the danger of depletion of Doran inthe near future. 50 USA stopped to removal of ‘the remaining boro reserves by announcing a sates re Serve The quot ofthe boron reserve in Turkey s higher than in Americ. Te remaining words Boron reserves are ‘eit in Rusia, Cana, Chile, Bola, Per, Argentina and Serie 375 milion tons out of 496 millon tons reserves it the woad are exis in Turkey. The amount ofthe dstnbu- tion of Boron rezerer operated and estimated inthe world tegen inthe following table [3 Table 1. The variations of boron reserves in the word (4) Country "Toa Revew | Toval Reerw blo 1. Dinyadai bor vezeverinindapimlan Bin on B:0:) | (%B:04) ie Toplam Toplam Tukey R500 73 Rezerv Reve (inwon | @%6B:0) | [ABD. OOO e B03) rkiye 885 000 73 Rusia aon 2 BD. 80000 65 China FO 38 sya 35000 28 ‘Argentina 3000 oF a 47/000 38 jaatin 000 07 Bolivia 19000 1s ya 19000 15 Chili 41 000 33 i 41000 33 : saa = mu 22000 18 : zakisian | 102 000 82 Kazakhstan [102 000 a = = Serbia = = 1000 a 1241 000 100 aS 000 o Toad THAT 000 700_ ah jan F a Makale / Article 5-Tarhiy' deh Bor Rezerer 7 “Turkiye dry bor rezernin°872sine sahip olmakla bir Ite, bu miktan azerindebagka bor maderzrin vagina da sahip oldugu dusunalmestedi- Yaplan hesoplamalar Trkiye'detverenin Gran 400 yi edujunu goster- rmekteir.Ancak dunyadak! pak cok rezervin yak gel {ke takonecei thin edimetede (ABD 8 i ib ine [ABD‘de bor gkarabimek icin 400 meteyevaren maden faalan kaemak gere ken, Tokijede ie topragin 30 metre altnda bore asanabiimettei (5, Trke'de Bursa, Bales, Eskgeir ve Kitahya'da gens bor yatalan meveuttr. Taree bor rezerver gag sk tobi goruimelte, Tablo 2 Torkiye bor rezererinin made sahalanna 5 Boron Reserves in Turkey Turkey has 72% of the werl’s boron reserves. Howerer, sis thought that there Is more then boron mines. The ‘olution: shows thatthe hie of reserves In Turi 400 years. But mary of the world’s reserves are estimated £0 be exhnusted inthe nea ture (sich 988 years for USAL ‘Also even though in USA tis necesary to ig up mines ‘nose 400 metres to remove boon, in Turkey boron can ‘be found 30 meters below the ground 3. The lage borate deposits are evst in Bursa, Bakes Eskger and Kita in Turkey. Trkey’s Boron reserves ‘re shown inthe flloning abe Table 2, Variation of boron rezerves according tothe min areas in Tokay (6) gore dagihr (6) — im | Naat — Teeter | ee cee wp ae ‘fen ces — rasa Teper eam | ees a] an Eat [ ole Taser [ana] tee |e ee Ketel, Das [ Rola ose] fe a+ i ir [Tal goo [36 6. Boe OrinlerininKullarim Alanon 65, Usages Areas of Boron Prodcts ‘nye bor mineral ve ser token sanayi dll rtoplam bor oka tonapbazinda asada gb ualamak ‘mind {Cam Sanayi: Tekst cam ly, opti ier, cam serail, sipeve diger diz cama. Seramik Sanayi: Emay, sa, porselen boyala, Nukes Sanayt: Uzay ve Ravacic say, sitanmeye ve ‘unmaya ve ya dayanath malzerle,roket yt atl alee ‘Asker ve Zs Aral: Zh pla ektronilletrit ve Bilgisayar Sanayi: CD strate * de, bigisayar aglannda, sya maya dayant ber opt kalo, yon ltteer, vakur tpl, elokikkondansator le onkiynel sora. lets Arann: Ceptlefonan, movie, eevizyn- ta Inaat ve Cimento Sektéende: Mukavemet atc veo lasyon maize lark. ‘Metal: Paslanmaz ve alain el, strtunmeye ana ya tas dayan malzeree ehimlee, dk malzeme- lend kath ads ola, kasi, agrdinclar. Ener Sektor: Hidrojen tag, gone eneysinin depot ‘as ges pllernde koje ola (Otomobil Senay: Hava yastkennda, hidoslede, paste abso, yadlrda ve metal absamlada, ve Ss yam Seilamak amacyia, Tek Sektrt: ya dayanl Kumasi, izolasyon malee- ‘elt, sul ip prltma malzerse, ila ve Kozmetitsanay: Dexenfokt eller, antseptier, ig macunin Tip: Osteoporoz tedolrinde, ae hastaliarda, psi Jateid, kemik geiminde ve manopor ted, bein “tyth Saptander | ken - October 20147 The boron mineral and compounds-consuming inusties in the wor can be ited os foons on the bas ofthe total tonnage of boron exide: Glass industry: Texte glass ers, opal fibers. glass Ceramics, Bote and ther flat asses. Seramic industry: Enamel, gas, porcelain paints. Nuclear Industry: Space and aviation industry, fiction, erosion and heat resistant materia rocket ie ace itary and Armoured Vehicles: Armour plates. Electronic Electrical and Computer Industry: Co drives, computer networks, heat and crrsion resistant fiber op- ti cable, Semiconductor, vacuum tubes, elecrcal on ‘denors,fnetiona fuses ‘Communication Instruments: Mobile phones, modems televisions Construction and Cement Sector: Resistance inresing, Elation material Metallurgy: Stainless and aloyed tet, feton and core- sion resstant material soldering, a5 an alive agent Casting mater blades and abrasives. Energy Sector: Hydrogen carrey, storing solar eneray, 35 a protective i soar cel. ‘Automotive Industry: Au bags, hydaulie, peste ports, Tue! ols, metal par, to provide host snd sound nse Textile Sector: Heat resistant fabri, insulation materia, artic sk polishing materials Pharmaceutial and Cosmete Industries: Disinfectants anus, toothpastes Mealeal in treatment of esteopersis, aller diseses, ychiay, bone development, Inthe treatment oF menea Mf ME BB Makale / Article nari tedavisind mya Saney Ban Krnysealann indigenes eetrothe trier ftasyonladan,banyo crete risleme ve Beyacitma Sanayk: Tor detrankr, tox be aver, pera ra Sehr: Geer, beck bt Gt Sanayi: Beyazabeoarak yeu Olarakalyap meme’ ve aaclarda kone oak Boye ve ver kuutuculannda (7) trace. 1 Ener hammaddes! olarak bor yet Romadde olarak bor 3 skis klar, Boranar, Sroen tay olarak bor ve tatorda yakt olarak dogs sn llonion bor 1.3 Boranlar merken hove Kiwvetie ve dniz kurv! 1952 yids sr mponiarca dolar Racin ir profeye aster. Ben rokrbonlrdan en a2 2650 daha facia ene veren bor rojen bles foketiede ve atmosfe st wakarde st olarak Flaenay baad (8) 1.2 Harojon Tapes Olarak Bor linen yk ctl od bor idrirden (NaBH) hi sen eld ecimes esas dajanan bir yt hres! daha vtenmistic Amerikan Wilenium Cel fmasincs tyerogen derma ad ere bu ssteme 20dyum bor Ndr yak ne tei fideajen salma fe gored (9) ya reside, sodyum bor hia sue eaksio- tundanbirejen ele dime reatsyons oer: aH 2H,0->4H, + NABO, hor hiro yt crs ign elektro eaksnonlen se a6 in aot BH, +908 ~>80; + 6H,0 + Be Kata reaksiyon: be 1 44,0 +20, >B OH bu reaksyonda yakt dejudan hava okseninden sao Bor hr yok hctsiin tpl reaksyor Be NaBH, + 20;-> NalO, + 240 Bor hdr yt ces youn ena kana yk etki ite br ene dondstirme aes ve Kolay tapnbilen bir Sn ace ody bor hidrrin (NaBH) sl cet Fatale temasa geldignde gBeetden sat hidojen zx yay. Bu hrojen yt hucrsie veya motor ier, Burs Xaohsjenle erase gacerekyanarve Bu yanma sonucunda sect nos cha hn son ket thes slr 6.1.3 Tagt Arasannds Yat Olarak Dogrudan Bor ‘okt des nteminde,sdyum bor hidriran sul eas nu somucy ede edn sn yak kallanimaka Sz ko usu yaar imyasalrealiyonu Neshte 210-244, + NOBO, + 1 pose and inthe treatment of bain cancer. Chemical Industry: Reduction of some chemical, electro Iyte process flotation drugs, ath solutions Uicening and Bleaching Industry: Powder detergents, power bleaching, polishers Goricultare Sector: Fertilizers, asactcides or pons Paper Industry: As bleaching agent Protective: At 2 protecor n wood materi ond trees, pints and varies dries (7. 6:1 Boron as Raw Material ofEneray Baran a raw material for energy is used in three ways: Boranes, boron as a hydrogen earner and boron cats rect sed a fue inves: in 1952, United States ar force ad the nava forces a {eat huncreds of milins of dos for project. They hag fo use the Boron hydrogen compounds which pro vide ot last 30% more eneray than common hydrcar onsas foe for rackets and atmosphere above arf [8 6.1.2 Boron as a Hylrogen Carrer 1s fuel col which based on producing hydrogen trom Socium borohydride (NaBH) is ockled to known ft cel ‘Tis aystem that termed hydrogen on demand by Amer an Mitnium Cell Company provides lean hySrogenSuP- ‘bon the som Borohye fel el 1) The reaction of hycrogen preduction with soem boro Ips ond water rtment this uel cel is follows Nob, 4 2H,0 4H, + NOBO, ‘he electrode reactions in the borohyide fuel cl are a5 follows: ‘Anode reaction; BH, + 60H ~ 60; + 6H,0 + Be Cathode Reaction: de +4120 + 30,» BOH The ful supped directly rom air oxygen inthis ree tion ‘The total reaction in the borohydride ue calls as follows: Nabi, +20, = NaB0, +240, ‘The borohyehide fue cel that uses intensive energy f 2 Iigh-etfcency energy conversion equipment and tans portable itd coll easy. When aqueous solution of so ium borohydride (att) contacts with the cataiyst pure Ivdrogen ges speeds frm solution. This hyarogen goes {fol calor engine and bums acting with oxygen. As 2 suitofthiscombustion, lett energy srleased. This produced energy is moved the vehicle, 6.1.3 Boron as a Ful in The Vehicles Inthe fuel sustainable proces, the liquid fuel obtaining ‘By reaction of sodium borer with water suse. The hema reaction ofthe ao as follows Noah, + 20,0 aH, + NaBO, + heatMakale / Article oa — inde, Su inde gbatnen sedyum bor hid (NaBH) tans ola depotnmatad. Ene retmek in hide mn ye ered bu kargoma wyglanan katalc- = inyasareaksiyon Balti Reaksiyonsonucu gz hal Seibest flan huen yt linden gore eet cer ee eli. By reskayon sonunda sour bor 1 God meta borat) atk olrak bitkmektedi Sten ene kaynadyosrak Kullanian hidrojen, sadece inte ine oetlecesinn, burada hull Katalize eet rstenig eaman ayiabimeke ve raison kontrol rake durdurlbameted (10) alan arestalarsonucunds bocunhidrojenden daha Coe tae ou raya gst Bor butin ynle- ge alterna yt sstemlen He nyjestanmsbr Geek main gree hidoje,almingum, magnesyum abi a mat yo sstomlrinden stn yon tay konulnds- tt ryolth motor sstemlernde tema olarak yak Unite Piston kl, yak beer antes, safoksjen ele etme Decleor ve yatma sonrsi cian atk zernd nm yer alate Neral ben motor Ben yen yori lduf gb fare yoo dima falc. Ay ere! prenspl hrojen vey boran olarak tannin 5 rdrojen kang yak sterdeinden de aki, wotorun Gama Prensiler ern gene alga prensibsaflastnls borun bel ie ona a osjen fe yal hicresne ana, pstonun se frmasasoplanan 100 bar basin anda ekzterik bir Stsyns ve bunun sonicunds pala piston yukon relat otrmasine Jaya [1], da ssktnda yan, pam ézeiiolmayan bor oki ne bal ir eran Kam haline geile basinca m= ainda paaraa ve ign yar otra iste me kon salaraxta [11 bor sole santas bor obs parcalanmas ie Klay ee edited Saf oksjan se aracin Snne yey eck gum itlern ayaa See srasnda havadaks oranda bukinan ak’ ite etrespe ede sce “(2 stemin ays youn cams bir yapsinasahip BI, (bo- okt bona Hrokabon br tanks soil iret ib presienerek kage formuna da get rota bor ‘antrlenden yn ealastlaak gr do sl br yo ola kllaiabieked Sistem racn 2 atric lament pi) bese! ve oksen ani 3a artmas saglamabtacr (12) Jor yok yanma sistem tems emas aaa gelde ve it. Sodium borohydie (NaBH) doled n water i stored {25.0 mixture, When hydrogen is needed to produce en ‘hay, the chemical reaction 1s inated by the catalyst Vint applied tothe mature. The hydrogen inthe [phase that flere by reaction is passed inthe fue cell {produce electric energy. At the end of tis reaction, Sodium boron salt (Sodium metaborate) Is deposited 3s temsteHycregen s used an energy source in the system Vil be procuced coy a8 needed. Therefore, the cataat ted com be remaved from the soltion aay time and the reacton canbe stopped in 2 contolble oy 11], ‘Asa result ofreseorches i found thatthe boron be {er than hyorogen as an energy care. The boron con pret with othr alematve fel systems wth al spect. Gutstonding aspects of Boron from the aterative fuel Stems suchas petrol, hyrogen, aluminium, magnesiom fre demonstrated 11 fascaly, combustion unt, piston rod, fuel feeding wnt, ‘biaing pure oxygen and feeding units and the waste procesing unit fter buming are located in boron fueled Imotor stems, Different aspects of motor are abays ‘Greater hers ft has sor aspects 0 norml gasoline Ehaine. Besides bese princes are ferent than the Doon hycogen blending fuel systems defined 35 yar ‘gen oF borane * operating Principles of Engine ‘The general operating principle of engine is based on Crothermic rection of purtied boron wth 9 certain pure ‘agg nthe combustion celf under 10 bar pressure pro ded by compression ofthe piston and as @ result the piston moved up by exploding When at room temperature nor-combusibiity and non twplosion property boron mixed with oxygen under pres Sure, frexplodes and provides desired thrust nthe intr tal combustion engine [11 pure boron can be easly obtained by dsintegration of bo Fon idea solar power station. During movement of the ‘ehicl, pure oxygen wil be obtained by iltation of 2) % Dover inthe afr with iver fiers thot wl be placed in front ofthe veil 12. syste wte ie iguid 810, (bora roksit— bora) haw ing dense olassy sructre. Hydrocarbon can be depesited into tank by cooling and aso ean be formed ingot by presi. Bor can be used by re purified as 2 recycle fel tthe boron station. The jst provides to Increase fil tment feed and enygen mature By increasing the vehicle Speed 2h, The scheme of boron fuel combustion system i given 2s follows eeecoh CRIS vena omni se. so pn rt 7.80 Motorunun Avanti 7 even Sar yok ola yanmayen bir yapead. Delays in fi etme, kemlanma, stele tutsma fsb okt Bir ‘faze aninda ptlama meydona glee. Ba yonyle bor sok given br yak Bu zal dpolams ve nak yin de borin bt ust agar 13) 7.2 Taguma ve Sablama Koay Bir brim hidrojenin yaptg ig 22 bin bor yapmaktadr ‘ncak borun bie hac a drojein bi ahi ‘an 1de bir Delays ay ata bor irojenden ‘aha az hci kalo Ayea irojenin alm bir tank inde ogutlorak tlm: gerne Bors ir att tr fen di, lament pit yapsya bir maka zens yer aca, Uescuolmadigndan lara fullanisadaeksime: sce [13 73 Gaz Emisjonunun Olay foram en Dib aantalrndan bid cove dostu ola Yanmast sonucu gaz emisyons olmaraktad, Bone olrak ‘endian yogjun cams Bsn yanma sonra ac gkan ‘rerondur bi 222 atinds katiogmaktade Bu atk io™ abon bir tanita tplanbimekte vy proseslenerekKge Jaki ola llama mimkn elma 1). £8, Genel Degerlendirme or trate ve ekonomi agdan nei mineral. un ya rezevnin demi bis Turkije mas ve bu te enn ne chide degerendinldis grdemin omer ir ko- ror (5) Bor cam, sera, deterjan endsterinden okt okt y= ‘mina kadar coe gens ir lana klanmaktat Bor ve {rane cinyodagegmiyendust ve teknoloye ship Ok lero 240 gerd ulagan uc urdnl ie sonar teel i ‘di urumundac (13). Bu den bay bir meme sah olan mineratin yada Grime i lke hai Dunya rezervinin 63" Tar Ue. 810'ona ise ABD rahi Taye tek bapna dann gn Makale / Article ne a Piston ‘Ser cxygen ter = LI CES contain ipoctn eran toad Figure 1. The operating principe of vehicle 7, The Advantages of Boron Engine 31 Securty ‘he baron fuel has an easly non-combustible srt Therefore, there are no rok of explosion, sparking and te Ignition. the explosion vll not occur ina cas, Because of {hat born ss rele ful. Ths property provides an a arta fr storage and tanspartaon of boron (131, 72 Easiness of Transport and Storage 22 ete boron do the work tha proved by a uit y= ‘iogen but unit volume weight of baron fs one of elven oft weigh of hydrogen. Hence, the same weight of bo Fon occupies volume ksthan hydrogen Besides hrogen ‘must be apt na thick tank with cooling whereas boran is oti the fl tank wil be placed cn a role fo flament form. ue to nomvolatie for, wil be sed without re ‘ution for year 13. 27.3 The Absonce of Gaseous Emissions (ne of the biggest advantages of the boron is ature fen tironment end, The ret of combustion, gas emision thoes not ecu The dense gly tg led Bora 9 rod Uetwhih ireland fer comburton and tsois under [22°C Thi waste hytrocarbon canbe collected na tank of In pace toe as an ingot fel by processing {14 General Evaluation Baron i a9 inpestane mineral strategiealy and econo ‘al, An inpertan prt of word reserves iin Turkey 2nd ‘Salaton of these resaner ae an important ise On the ‘end 115, Boron is used ina wide aeas fom glass, ora detergent Insty to proton ofthe rocket foe The boron and predict which has aast 240 kinds of by procs oe the Imoin input of dusty inthe developing dnd techroogial ‘Counties nthe er (15 ‘wo countries dominated to production of the miner having such reat importance inthe werd. Trkey hes 63 of world eserves and USA has 10% Turkey afloe as the