Está en la página 1de 23



  !
 "$#&%'&&& (*),+- . /0132546 (+78491;:<
=?>5@ACBEDF@HG3@HIKJLJNMKOQPRO3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5YZM[WEYK\[GNB]JN>5^O J3>UM_Ja`@bACBcONS(VUONOQ@dAeBXIeJ3>5@WcM[OQJ<f>UM_g5J3@hGa`@hGN@bM_WXWijM[O3@HAR\[IkJ3>5@g5GN@h^<BXO3@
JN>UMlJJN>5@bACBEDF@HG3@HImJJNM[O3PCO BEIkMO3nCOoJN@h^pM[G3@M[WEWqBXIUAC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIKJdrst\l`@Hu[@hGdv!JN>UMlJwBcOGTM_GN@hWXnxJ3>5@ySHM[O3@<BEIeGN@HM[W]z{WEBE|}@M_g5gUWEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOHr
=;M[O3PCO?\_|~J3@HIx>UMu[@ @hgUWEBcS(BEJ1AC@Hgj@HIUAC@hIjS(BX@HOtO3gF@HS(BEU@dAM[^<\[I5YaJ3>U@h^OQ@HWEuK@HOHvUBX^<g5WEBcS(BEJ1AC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HO0M[G3@^<\KG3@S(\K^<^a\KIr=;M[O3PCO
^<BXY[>mJiF@HSh\[^<@aBEImJ3@HGQzAC@Hgj@HIUAC@hImJ|}\[GO3@hu[@HGNM[WGN@HMKOQ\KIUOhr S(\K^a^<\KIx|}\[GN^\_|A5@hgF@hIUAC@HIUS(nZM_GNBXO3@HOt`>5@hI'\[I5@JNMKOQPxI5@H@HA5O1JN>5@
GN@HO3V5WEJNO\_|M[I5\_JN>5@hGJTM[O3PJN\g5G3\CSh@h@HA`B]JN>ZBEJNOSh\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[IjOhrU\[G@(5M_^<g5WX@[vJN>5@<gj\mOQBEJ3BX\[IjM_W@hGNG3\KG1Sh\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[IJNMKOQPx\[|M
nmz{inKz{`BXG3@M[BEGTS(GTMl|~J1^<MnI5@H@HAJN>5@LGN@HO3V5WEJNO1\_|&MyJNM[O3PS(\[^<g5V5J3BXI5YyJN>5@aShV5GNG3@HIKJ1gj\mOQBEJ3BX\[I\[|J3>5@<M_BXGTS(GTMl|~J0|}GN\[^*J3>U@LONM_^<g5WX@HA
uK@hWX\ShB]JonM[IUA'M[ShSh@hWX@hGTMlJNBE\KIulM_WXV5@HOHr<=?>mVjOhvJ3>5@<gF\KO3B]JNBE\KIUM_W@HG3GN\[G S(\K^agUVCJNM_J3BX\[IZJNM[O3PSHM_I'^a@dM_I5BXI5Y[|}V5WEWXnGNV5I'\[I5WXnMl|~JN@hG JN>5@
S(V5GNG3@HImJgF\KO3B]JNBE\KIA5@(J3@HG3^<BXIUMlJNBE\KIULJNMKOQPbSh\[^<g5WX@(JN@HOHrUV5G3J3>5@HGHv5@Hu[@HIb`>5@HIIU\a@hCg5WEBcS(BEJtA5M_JNMa@(5ST>UM[I5Y[@dOM[G3@ BXImuK\[WXu[@dA!vmJNM[O3PCO
^<BXY[>mJtiF@wG3@dmV5BEGN@HAJN\G3V5IxBXIS(@HGQJTM_BXI\[GTAC@hGdrU\[G0@hCM[^<g5WE@Kv5JN>5@O3nOQJ3@H^BXI5BEJ3BcM_WXBEdMlJNBE\KIJTM[O3Pb^MnbIU@h@HAJN\yGNV5IUGTOoJdv5ij@h|}\[GN@
\[J3>5@HG?JNM[O3PCOShM[IGNV5Ir
1@hgF@hIUA5@hIUShn<M[^<\[I5YJTM[O3PCOO3@huK@hGN@hWXnGN@HOQJ3GNBXS(JNOJN>5@ M_g5g5WXBcShM_iUBEWXB]Jona\_|!JN>5@G3@dOQV5WEJNO&\[IJTM[O3PO3ST>5@dACV5WXBEIUYw`@AC@huK@hWX\[gF@HA<BXIyJN>5@
WcM[OQJaf>UM_g5J3@hGdr=?>5@yGN@HM[O3\[I'BcOJ3>jMlJL1M_IUAet6ONST>5@HACVUWE@HGNOBX^<gj\mOQ@bI5\S(\KIUOoJNGNM[BEImJTO \[IRJ3>U@y\[GTAC@hGBEIe`>5BcST>RulM_GNBE\KVUO
JTM[O3POq@(C@HShVCJ3@Kr5ST>5@HACVUWE@dOg5GN\A5VUS(@dA<imna&'\[G&0^<BEYK>KJumBX\[WcMlJN@?J3>5@1S(\[IjOoJNGNM[BEImJNOqBE^<gF\KO3@HAACV5@0J3\ JNMKOQP<AC@Hgj@HIUAC@hIjS(BX@HOHr
'@J3>5@HG3@h|}\[GN@&I5@H@HAJN\ @(J3@HIUAJN>5@?G3@dOQV5WEJNO;\[|5J3>5@WcM[OQJST>UM[gCJ3@HGBEIL\[GTAC@hGJ3\ij@M[i5WE@J3\ S(\Kgj@V5ga`B]JN>LBXImJ3@HGQzJNMKOQPAC@Hgj@HIUAC@hIjS(BX@HOHr
UV5GQJN>5@hGdvFJ3>5@yf&O3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5YyJN@HST>5I5BcmV5@HO1JN>UMlJ`@<OoJNVUACBX@HABEIxJN>5@aWXMKOoJST>UM_g5J3@hGShM[I5I5\_J iF@aONMlJNBXOQ|M[S(J3\[GNBXWEnij@aVUO3@HAJN\
ONST>5@HA5V5WE@M[SHS(@HONO\[|MO3@(J\[|G3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@JTM[O3PCOJ3\aOQ>jM_GN@HAS(GNBEJ3BcShM_WjG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHr'@t>jM[AyMKO3O3V5^<@HA<BXIyJN>5@tWcM[OQJST>UM[gCJ3@HGqJN>UMlJJNM[O3PCO
SHM_IiF@aOQJNM[GQJN@HAZM_IUAxgUG3@H@h^<gCJ3@dAM_JM_InJ3BX^<@<`B]JN>5\[VCJ ^M_PBXI5YM[ImnxACBED@hGN@hIUSh@wJ3\J3>U@aSh\[GNG3@dS
J3IU@HONO0\_|JN>5@LUIUM_WSh\[^<g5VCJN@HA
GN@HO3V5WEJNOHrs0\l`@hu[@HGwMJNMKOQP'VUO3BEIUYMS(GNBEJ3BcShM_WG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@ShM[IeI5\_Jaij@ygUG3@H@h^<gCJ3@dAkMlJaM_InJNBE^<@b|}G3\K^pGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<VUONM_YK@y`BEJ3>5\KVCJ
GNBXO3PBEIUYJ3>5@<S(\KG3GN@HS(J3I5@dO3Ot\_|JN>5@aSh\[^<g5VCJN@HAxGN@HO3V5WEJNOHrt\[ICz{g5GN@h@H^ag5JNM_iUBEWXB]JonBcO1MbuBE\KWXM_J3BX\[Ix\_|\[I5@L\_|J3>U@LiUMKOQBcSwgUG3@H^aBcO3@`BEJ3>
`>5BcST>'`@a>UM[A'AC@Hu[@hWX\[gF@HAJ3>U@<ONST>5@dACV5WXBEI5YGN@HO3V5WEJNO\_|J3>5@<WcM[OQJf>jM_gCJN@hGdra\jv!J3>5@<GN@HO3V5WEJNO \_|J3>5@<WcM[OQJLf>UM_gCJN@hGM_GN@<S(WX@HM_GNWXn
BXIUM_gUg5WEBcShM[i5WX@&JN\ ONST>5@dACV5WXBEI5Y1J3>U@0M[ShSh@HONO\[|FO3@huK@hGTM_WmG3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@JNM[O3PCOJ3\OQ\K^<@ShG3BEJ3BcShM[WmGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO;M_IUALI5@h`^<@(J3>U\AUO;J3\ O3ST>5@dACV5WX@
ShG3BEJ3BcShM[W!G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO?M_^<\KI5YJTM[O3PCOM_GN@1GN@HmV5BXG3@dA!r
IJ3>5BcOtf>UM[gCJ3@HG?UGNOQJ`@ACBcONS(VUONO?>5\l`ShG3BEJ3BcShM[W!G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO^Mnyij@O3>UM_GN@HAZONST>5@HA5V5WE@dAU?M_^<\KI5YaM<O3@(J\_|;G3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@JNMKOQPCOHr
'@UGTOoJyBXIu[@HOQJ3BXYKM_J3@J3>5@xgUG3\Ki5WE@H^OaJ3>UM_Jb^MnM_GNBXO3@B]| J3>U@J3GTM[ACBEJ3BX\[IUM[WG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@OQ>UM[G3BXI5Y'^<@HST>UM[I5BXO3^OM_GN@xAC@hg5WX\ln[@dABXI
GN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@wM_g5g5WXBcShMlJNBE\KIUOHrCV5iUO3@HmV5@hImJNWEnKvU`@ACBcO3ShVUO3O1Ma|}@h`BX^<gj\KGQJTM_ImJtg5GN\_JN\Sh\[WcO|}\[G1@(D@HS
JNBEuK@O3>UM_GNBEIUY\_|qS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO
M[^a\KI5YG3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@aJNMKOQPCOHrb;BEIjM_WXWEnKv`@yACBXONS(VjO3O>U\l`J3>U@bO3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5Y^a@hJ3>5\CA5O\_|J3>5@WcM[OQJaf>UM[gCJ3@HGwShM_IRiF@bM_VUY[^<@hImJ3@dAJN\
^M_PK@J3>5@H^M_gUg5WEBcShM[i5WX@1JN\aJNM[O3PCO?`B]JN>xAC@hgF@hIUA5@hIUShBE@dOhr
0aqh"8-L-twNFh-y
I^M_InbM_gUg5WEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOHvG3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@1JNMKOQPCO?I5@H@HAbJ3\OQ>jM_GN@O3\[^<@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOM_^<\[IUYJN>5@h^O3@hWXu[@HOHrt|~J3@HIbJN>5@HO3@OQ>jM_GN@HAyGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO
I5@H@HAJ3\<iF@VUO3@HAinyJ3>U@BEIUA5BEuBcACVUM_WJTM[O3PCO?BEI@(5ShWEVUO3BXu[@ ^<\A5@[rq=?>5BcO^<@HM[IUOJ3>UM_JtMaJNMKOQPJN>UMlJ0BcO?VUO3BEIUYyMLGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[vCShM[II5\[J
BX^<^a@dACBcMlJ3@HWEnb>UM_IUAb\lu[@HGqJ3>U@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@0J3\<M_IU\_J3>U@hGJNMKOQPaJ3>jMlJG3@dmV5@HOQJNOJ3>U@1GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@MlJM_InyM_GNi5BEJ3GTM_GNnLgF\[BXImJBEIbJ3BX^a@K5i5VCJBEJ
SHM_IAC\wO3\\[I5WXnLM_|~J3@hGB]JS(\[^<g5WX@(JN@HOBEJNO&VUO3@\_|FJ3>5@0GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r{|MJTM[O3PBcOqg5GN@h@H^ag5J3@HAaiF@(|}\KG3@0BEJ&S(\K^<g5WE@hJ3@dOqVUO3BEIUY J3>5@0GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[v
JN>5@hIJN>5@wGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ShM[Ixij@dS(\K^a@wSh\[GNG3VUgCJ3@dA!rqCM[^<g5WE@dO\_|qO3VUST>G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOM[G3@UWX@HOHvjA5@huBXSh@HOHvjM[IUAS(@hG3JNM[BEIAUMlJNMOQJ3GNVUS(J3V5GN@HOHr
=?>5@dOQ@1G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOM_GN@1M[WXO3\ShM[WEWX@HAbI5\[IUg5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@tGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOhvK\[G?S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WFG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHrt\l`MKA5MnCOI5\KI5g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@tGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO
M[G3@O3\[^<@(JNBE^<@HO?WX\\KO3@hWXnyGN@(|}@hGNGN@HAbJ3\yM[Owh
~N_hTh_5
vCJ3>U\[V5YK>JN>5@\[GNBXY[BXIUM_W\[gF@hGTMlJNBEIUY<O3nCOoJN@h^WEBEJ3@HGNM_J3V5GN@ VUOQ@dAJ3>5BcO?J3@HG3^
JN\aGN@(|}@HG?J3\yO3@HS(J3BX\[IUO?\[|;S(\CAC@`>U@hGN@ O3\[^<@ I5\KI5g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@ G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@BXO?VUO3@HABXI@(5S(WXVUO3BEuK@1^<\CAC@[r

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

>jM_GNBEI5Y<\[|;S(GNBEJ3BcShM_WG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO?M_^<\KI5YaJNM[O3PCO?G3@dmV5BEGN@HO?MACBED@hGN@hImJtOQ@hJ0\_|G3VUWE@dOhvUSh\[^<gUM[G3@dAJ3\<JN>5@wGNV5WX@HO?VUO3@HA|}\[G0O3>UM[G3BXI5Y
NG @HO3\[V5GTS(@dO1O3VUST>'M[O MfM_^<\[I5YbJNMKOQPCOHr'@a>jMu[@BXIZJ3>5@<WcM[OQJf>jM_gCJN@hGACBcO3ShVUO3O3@HA>5\l`GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO1O3VUST>'M[Owf& ShM[IZiF@
O3>UM_GN@HAeM[^<\[I5YJTM[O3POHr'fnCS(WXBcSyO3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5YUv&v;M[IUAk06iF@hBXI5YJN>5@bgF\[g5VUWXM[G^<@(JN>5\CAC\[WX\[YKBE@dOhrx'@^LVUOQJV5IUAC@HGNOQJNM[IUA
JN>UMlJLf& BcOM_IZ@(5M_^<g5WX@<\_|Mh(
_~ 3 h hEN
h CNNhr V5JHv`>jMlJ @(5M[S(J3WXnBXOMO3@hGNBXM[WEWXnxG3@HVUONM_i5WX@LGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@LM_IjA>5\l`
AC\@dO0BEJ1ACBEDF@HG0|}GN\[^,MyS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@ ZJNMKOQP\[IUSh@wYKM[BEIjO0M[SHS(@HONO?JN\bMOQ@HG3BcM_WXWXnbGN@hVUONM_i5WX@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@O3VUST>M[O1fwvjVUOQ@dO0BEJ
@hCShWEVjOQBXu[@HWEnKr&=?>UMlJ0BcOHv5Jo`\<A5B]D@hGN@hImJ0JTM[O3POSHM_II5\[J0G3V5I\KI\KI5@Lf&M_JJ3>5@LO3M[^a@ JNBE^<@Kr0IU\_J3>U@hG0BX^<gj\KGQJTM_ImJ|}@HM_J3V5GN@\_|M
O3@hGNBXM[WEWXn<G3@HVUONM_i5WX@tGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@tBXOJN>UMlJMwJTM[O3P<@(C@HShVCJ3BXI5Ya\[IMf&ShM[IbiF@1gUG3@H@h^<gCJ3@dAM[IUAyGN@HOQJNM[GQJN@HAyM_J?MWXM_J3@HGJNBE^<@ `BEJ3>5\KVCJ
M[ImnLg5GN\[i5WX@h^r O3@hGNBXM[WEWXnGN@hVUONM_iUWE@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BcOq\KI5@0`>5BcST>BcOqVUO3@HA<BXIy@(5ShWEVUO3BXu[@^<\CAC@[vmi5VCJ?MJNM[O3PaVUOQBXI5YwBEJ^MnaMlJM[ImnLJ3BX^<@
iF@LgUG3@H@h^<gCJ3@dAx|}GN\[^VUO3BXI5YBEJHvM[IUAxJN>5@hI'M_WXWE\l`@HAxJ3\VUOQ@aBEJ M_J O3\[^<@WcMlJN@hGJ3BX^<@L`BEJ3>U\[VCJwMlD@HS(J3BXI5YyJN>5@S(\KG3GN@HS(J3I5@dO3Ot\_|qJN>5@
Sh\[^<g5VCJN@HAGN@HO3V5W]JTOhr?I5\KICz{g5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@ BXOtM_WcOQ\VUO3@HABXIJ3>U@w@(5S(WXVUO3BEuK@^<\A5@[r? JNMKOQPVUOQBXI5YbM<IU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<\KIRJ3>5@y\[J3>5@HGw>UM[IUAeShM[IeI5\_JiF@yg5GN@h@H^<gCJ3@dA'|}G3\K^8JN>5@yGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<VUONM_YK@[v\[J3>5@HG3`BcO3@<J3>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@<`\KV5WXA'iF@HSh\[^<@
BXIUS(\KIUO3BXOQJ3@HIKJM[IUARShM[I'WX@HMKAZJ3\O3nCOoJN@h^ |M[BEWXV5GN@[r=?>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@Kv`>5@hIkMWX\l`@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonxJTM[O3P>UMKOM_WXG3@dM[ACnYmM_BXI5@HARMKShS(@dO3OJN\M
I5\KICz{g5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@0GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@tM[IUABcO&VjOQBXI5YBEJHv@Hu[@hIMw>5BXY[>5@HGgUG3BX\[GNB]JonLJNMKOQPa`\[V5WcA>UMuK@J3\a`M[B]JV5ImJ3BXWUJN>5@WE\l`@hGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonJTM[O3P
VUO3BXI5YJ3>U@tGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@S(\K^<g5WE@hJ3@dOhr5\KGJ3>UBXOG3@dM[O3\[IvmM_WXY[\KG3BEJ3>5^OO3VUST>yM[O&RM_IUA0J3>jMlJM[G3@0gF\[gUV5WXM[G3WXnVjOQ@dA<|}\[G&O3>UM[G3BXI5Y
MZOQ@hJ\_|tO3@hGNBXM[WEWXn'G3@HVUO3M[i5WX@yG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOb}@[r YUrXv&f&wShM[IkI5\[JaONMlJ3BcOQ|M[S
JN\[GNBEWXniF@VUOQ@dA'J3\'OQ>UM[G3@bI5\[ICz{g5GN@h@H^ag5JNM_iUWE@yGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO
M[^a\KI5YM<OQ@hJ?\[|;GN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@JNM[O3PCOhr
'@?I5\l`ACBcONS(VUONO;J3>5@gUG3\Ki5WE@H^O;J3>UM_J`\[VUWXAaM_GNBXO3@`>5@hIaJ3GTM[A5B]JNBE\KIUM_WJN@HST>5I5BcmV5@HO\[|jGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@?O3>UM_GNBEIUYO3VUST><M[OO3@h^M_g5>U\[GN@HO
M[IUAbWX\CSTPCOM_GN@VjOQ@dAyJN\yOQ>UM[G3@ S(GNBEJ3BcShM_W!GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO?M_^<\[IUYaM<O3@(J0\_|GN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@1JNMKOQPCOHr
q(Lq  a0(L
IJ3GTM[A5B]JNBE\KIUM_WO3nCOoJN@h^Ohv5J3>5@^<@HST>jM_I5BcOQ^O?gF\[g5VUWXM[G3WXny@h^<g5WX\ln[@dAyJN\yM[ST>5BX@huK@ ^VCJNVUM_WXWEnb@(5S(WXVUO3BEuK@VjOQ@\[|A5M_JNM<M_IjAGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO
M[^a\KI5YxMxOQ@hJw\_|?JNMKOQPCO BXIUS(WXVUAC@OQ@H^<M[g5>5\KG3@dOhvWX\CSTPCOhv;M_IUA'^<\[I5BEJ3\KGNOHrbst\l`@Hu[@hGdvJ3>U@HO3@J3GTM[ACBEJ3BX\[IjM_W\[gF@hGTMlJNBEIUYO3nCOoJN@h^8J3@HST>5z
I5BcmV5@HO<gUG3\luK@yJ3\'iF@BXIUMKAC@HmVUM_J3@|}\[GVUO3@BXI G3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@M_g5g5WXBcShMlJNBE\KIUOHr=?>5@G3@dM[O3\[IkBcOaJ3>jMlJB]|1J3>5@dOQ@JN@HST>5I5BcmV5@HO<M[G3@VUO3@HA
|}\KGtGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@O3>UM_GNBEIUYBEIMGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@M_gUg5WEBcShM_J3BX\[IvjI5\_J1\[I5WXnO3BX^agUWE@
l
~ ~ hT
lU?iUVCJM[WXO3\^<\[GN@wOQ@HG3BX\[VUO C T C [

l
~ ~ lhTT_50ShM[Ix\CShS(VUGHr0Iij\KV5IUAC@dAxg5GNBE\KG3BEJonyBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOM_GN@wOQ@Hu[@HG3@ g5GN\[i5WX@h^O?JN>UMlJ1^<MnWE@dM[AJN\yMG3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@ JTM[O3P
JN\a^<BcO3O0B]JTO0AC@HMKACWXBEI5@M[IUAShM_VjOQ@ OQnCOQJ3@H^6|M_BXWXV5G3@Kr
=\@hCg5WXM[BEIZJ3>U@yS(\[IjS(@hg5J\[|MOQBX^<g5WX@agUG3BX\[GNB]JonxBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIvS(\KIUO3BXAC@HGJ3>5@a|}\[WXWX\l`BEI5YjrL>U@hIRMWX\l`@hGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonJNM[O3PBcOM_WEz
GN@HMKACn>5\[WcACBXI5YMGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvM>5BXY[>5@HG g5G3BX\[GNBEJonJTM[O3PxI5@h@dACBXI5YbJN>5@O3M[^<@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@L>UM[O1J3\`?M_BEJ M[IUASHM_IIU\_J^M_P[@Lg5GN\[Y[GN@HONO
`BEJ3>ZB]JTO1Sh\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[IjOhr=?>5@>5BXY[>U@hGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonbJTM[O3P`\[V5WcAxGN@h^M_BXIxi5WX\CSTP[@HAV5ImJ3BXWJN>5@LWX\l`@hG0g5GNBX\[GNB]JonJNMKOQPGN@hWX@HM[O3@HOJ3>5@aG3@hz
mV5BXG3@dAI5\KICzgUG3@H@h^<gCJNM[i5WX@qG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[r!IJ3>5BcO;OQBEJ3VUM_J3BX\[IvdJN>5@>UBEYK>5@hGg5G3BX\[GNBEJontJTM[O3P1BcOONM_BcA JN\tV5IUA5@hGNY[\tO3BE^<g5WX@&gUG3BX\[GNB]JonBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[I
\KI<MKShSh\[V5ImJ\_|jJ3>5@0WX\l`@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQPw|}\[GJ3>U@tACV5GTMlJNBE\KILBEJq`M[B]JTO`>5BXWE@?JN>5@0WX\l`@HG;gUG3BX\[GNB]JonwJNM[O3PwPK@h@hgjO>5\[WcACBXI5Y J3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r
{J OQ>5\KV5WcAij@L\[iuBE\KVUOJN>UMlJ OQBX^<g5WE@Lg5GNBE\KG3BEJonbBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUO0M_GN@w\[|~J3@hIV5IUMu[\KBXAUM_i5WX@`>5@hIJo`\y\KGt^<\[GN@JTM[O3PO1OQ>jM_GN@wMyI5\KICz
g5GN@h@H^<gCJNM[i5WE@<GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KrLU\[G3J3V5IUM_J3@HWEnKvMO3BXI5Y[WX@OQBX^<g5WE@<g5GNBX\[GNB]JonxBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIBXO IU\_JwGN@HM_WXWXnJ3>UM_JA5B yS(VUW]JJN\Sh\[gF@<`B]JN>r=?>5@
ACVUGNM_J3BX\[Ia|}\[Gq`>UBXST>MO3BE^<g5WX@0g5GNBE\KG3BEJonwBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIaSHM_I<\CShS(VUGqBXOqij\KV5IUAC@dA<imnLJ3>U@WE\KI5Y[@dOoJ&ACVUGNM_J3BX\[Ia|}\[Gq`>UBXST>M WX\l`@HGg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3Py^<BEYK>KJI5@H@HAM<S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BEIxM[I@hCShWEVjOQBXu[@^<\A5@[r>5BXWE@@Hu[@HIM<O3BE^<g5WX@ g5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IA5\m@dOAC@hWcMnbMa>5BXY[>5@HG
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonaJNMKOQP<inyO3\[^<@0JNBE^<@[vJN>5@ ACV5GTMlJ3BX\[Ib|}\[G`>5BcST>MJTM[O3Pi5WX\STPCOACV5@1J3\<MLO3BX^agUWE@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonLBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIbShM[IyiF@^MKAC@tuK@hGNn
O3^M_WXWBE|&M_WXWJTM[O3POtM_GN@w^M[AC@JN\bGN@HOQJ3GNBXS(J0J3>U@h^OQ@HWEuK@HO0J3\yuK@hGNni5GNBX@(|gj@HG3BX\CA5O0\[|&S(GNB]JNBXSHM_W;OQ@dS
J3BX\[IxVjO3M[Y[@[r0=?>U@hGN@(|}\[GN@[vFMyO3BE^<g5WX@
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonaBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IySHM_I@HMKOQBXWXnaiF@1J3\[WX@hGTMlJN@HAaJN>5G3\KV5Y[>ySHM_GN@(|}V5WFg5GN\[YKGNM[^a^<BXI5YUr;s0\l`@huK@hGdvKMw^<\KG3@tO3@hGNBX\[VUO&g5G3\Ki5WX@h^ J3>UM_J?M[G3BcO3@HO
ACVUG3BXI5YOQ>jM_GNBEI5Ya\_|S(GNBEJ3BcShM_W!GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@M[^a\KI5YLJNM[O3PCO?BXO?VUImiF\[VUIUAC@HAg5GNBX\[GNB]JonyBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIr
tImiF\[VUIUAC@HA'g5GNBX\[GNB]JonZBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IBcOMJNG3\KV5i5WX@HO3\[^<@<g5GN\[i5WX@h^8J3>UM_Jg5GN\[Y[GTM_^<^<@hGTO1\_|G3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@M_IjAR@h^iF@HAUAC@HAeO3nCOoJN@h^O
\[|~J3@hIR>UMuK@<J3\x@HIUS(\KV5ImJ3@hGdrbtImiF\[VUIUAC@HA'g5GNBX\[GNB]JonBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO ShM[I'VUgUOQ@hJLM_WXW&SHM_WcS(V5WcMlJNBE\KIUO \_|Mg5GN\[Y[GTM_^<^<@hG GN@hYmM_GTACBEIUYbJN>5@
`\[GTOoJShMKOQ@ GN@HO3gj\KIUO3@1JNBE^<@\[|;M<GN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@1JNMKOQPM_IUAShM[VUO3@BEJJ3\<^<BcO3OBEJNOA5@HM[A5WEBXI5@[r










  







    



Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur


     !"#%$'&( *)+&  ,&( -  ./)(102$)  3546)+7 ($8 -  9./)("0:3# 7 )(/
)  </=>1 ? +( " < <@)=( ;& BA' )=<$:&7 C<3 9A: < ! ) 3 D  9/)(10<+# " A & E7 ($8 F  /)(10
;
4G#AIH-JKL M)(, *  <) 3 7 !N!)(5)O <1=7 "@& 7 ($8 K  2/)(102")=P  Q1A=7 13 2 3:(R)(, F46& 2
 M ")=7
# "R=#" )=( &( P& ,& -  2/)(10F$)  3S
 1TU  3 7 24V 3F W # < # "R=#" :3 # 7 )(/ < YX

TH

T I1

R
T

T I2

T I3

; BXY[V5GN@ Z tImiF\[VUIUAC@HA&G3BX\[GNB]JonIuK@hGTOQBX\[I
[@(J&VUO&I5\l` @(5M_^<BXI5@0^<\[GN@0S(WX\KO3@hWXn`>UM_J&BcOq^<@HM[IKJimnaV5IiF\[V5IUA5@HA<g5GNBE\KG3BEJonBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIaM[IUA<>5\l` B]J?M_GNBXO3@HO;JN>5GN\[V5YK>yMOQBX^az
g5WX@?@(5M_^<g5WX@[rf\[IUO3BcAC@hGMG3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@?M_g5gUWEBcShM_J3BX\[I>jMumBXI5Y Mt>UBEYK>Lg5GNBX\[GNB]JonJNMKOQP.\U]M[IUAMWX\l`kg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNM[O3P\U^;r;1O3O3V5^<@J3>UM_J
\U] M_IUA_\U^<I5@h@dAwJN\O3>UM_GN@M1S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@&wr @dOQBcAC@d`O \U] M_IU_
A \U^vKM[ONOQV5^<@&J3>UM_J;JN>5@hGN@?M_GN@O3@hu[@HGNM[W_JTM[O3PKO \Ua1b c/\UaedcR\UaMf cQggg
JN>UMlJ0>UMuK@1gUG3BX\[GNB]JNBE@dOBEImJ3@HG3^<@dACBXM_J3@ iF@(Jo`@h@hhI \U]M_IUiA \U^;v5M_IUAAC\<I5\_J0IU@h@HAbJ3>U@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@19BEIJN>5@hBXG0S(\K^agUVCJNM_J3BX\[IUOHr=?>5@HO3@
JTM[O3POw>UMu[@ONST>5@h^MlJNBXSHM_WXWEnij@H@hIkO3>5\l`IZBXIk;BEYjr rbtONOQVU^a@yJ3>UM_JwJ3>5@WX\l` g5G3BX\[GNBEJonxJNMKOQP  \ ^ OoJTM_G3JNO @h@dS(VCJNBEIUYMlJLO3\[^<@
BXIUOQJNM_ImJbM[IUAWX\CSTPCOaJ3>5@xI5\KICz{g5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@MKOOQ>U\l`IBXIBXYUr r V5g5gF\KO3@OQ\\KI M_|~J3@hGN`?M_GTA!vqJN>5@x>5BXY[> g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3P'\ ] iF@HSh\[^<@HOtG3@dM[ACnKvUg5GN@h@H^<gCJN:O \ ^ M[IUAxOQJNM_G3JNOt@(C@HShVCJ3BXI5Yjr00WcOQ\M[ONOQV5^<@JN>UMlJ1B]JI5@h@dA5O0JN>5@LONM_^<@wIU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kr{J?BXOS(WX@HM[GqJ3>jMl%J \ ] `\KV5WcAi5WX\STPL|}\[GJ3>U@tGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@0MKO&BEJBcOM[WEGN@HMKACniF@hBXI5YL>5@hWcAyin \ ^ M[IUjA \ ^ `\KV5WcAS(\[ImJNBEIV5@1B]JTO
@h@dS(VCJNBE\KIr VCJdv5JN>5@wWX\l`9g5GNBX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3+P \ ^ ^Mnij@wgUG3@H@h^<gCJ3@dAe~|}GN\[^f& VUONM_YK@dinb\[J3>5@HG0BEImJN@hGN^a@dACBcMlJ3@gUG3BX\[GNB]JonyJNM[O3PCO
 \ka1b
c/\Uaedc"ggg `>5BcST>biF@HSh\[^<@ G3@dM[ACnyM[IUAbAC\<I5\[JGN@HmV5BXGN@rCIJ3>UBXOSHM[O3@[vmJ3>5@ >5BXY[>g5GNBE\KG3BEJonaJNMKOQP \k] `\KV5WcAy>UMuK@tJN\L`?M_BEJ
I5\[J\[I5WXn|}\[G JN>5@<WE\l`gUG3BX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3Pk \U^!1J3\S(\K^agUWE@hJ3@<B]JTO VUO3@a\[|&JN>5@<G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[vi5VCJM[WXO3\M[WEWBXImJ3@HG3^<@HA5BXM_J3@ag5G3BX\[GNBEJonJNM[O3PCO
 \ka1b
c/\Uaedc"ggg qg5G3@H@h^<gCJNBEI5YJ3>5@1WE\l`gUG3BX\[GNB]JonJNMKOQPaJ3\aS(\K^agUWE@hJ3@0JN>5@hBXG?S(\[^<g5V5JNMlJNBE\KIUOHr;=?>5BcO^aBXY[>mJG3@dOQV5WEJBXIJN>5@t>5BXY[>bg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3P>UMuBXI5Y<J3\b`M[B]J0|}\KG0JN>5@GN@HmV5BXG3@dAG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ |}\[GMyS(\KIUOQBcAC@HGNM[i5WE@gF@hGNBX\A\[|J3BX^a@Kr0IJ3>U@`\[GTOoJtSHM[O3@[v5JN>5@>UBEYK>xg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3P^aBXY[>mJ?>UMu[@0J3\a`M[B]J?BEIjAC@(UIUB]JN@hWXn|}\[G?MWX\l`g5GNBE\KG3BEJonaJNMKOQP<JN\aSh\[^<g5WX@(J3@BEJNOVUO3@1\[|J3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1BEIbJ3>5@|M[Sh@t\[|G3@Hgj@dMlJN@HA
g5GN@h@H^<gCJ3BX\[IUO&\_|!JN>5@1WX\l` g5GNBE\KG3BEJonwJTM[O3PO&inLJN>5@tBXImJ3@HG3^<@HA5BXM_J3@tgUG3BX\[GNB]JonJNMKOQPCOqIU\_JIU@h@HA5BEI5YJ3>5@1G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[r;IbO3VUST>yMONS(@HIUM_GNBX\Uv
JN>5@>5BXY[>g5G3BX\[GNBEJonJNMKOQPyBcOONM_BcAyJN\V5IUAC@HG3YK\ C N C K F
_
~ ~ hT
lk l
tImiF\[VUIUAC@HAg5GNBE\KG3BEJon<BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IyBcOM_IBE^<gF\[G3JNM[IKJg5GN\[iUWE@H^J3>UM_J?GN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@O3nCOoJN@h^ A5@hu[@HWE\Kgj@HGNO&|M[Sh@[r'@1JN>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@BXWEWXVUOQz
JNGNM_J3@<J3>UBXOg5G3\Ki5WX@h^ VUO3BXI5YM_I5\[J3>5@HGw@(5M[^agUWE@yM[IUAZJ3>5BcOJNBE^<@yO3>5\l`BEIUYJ3>5@yMKS
J3BX\[IjO\_|J3>5@ACB]D@hGN@hImJJTM[O3POw\[IeMJ3BX^<@yWEBXI5@Kr
f\KIUOQBcAC@HGJN>5@@(5M[^agUWE@O3>5\l`ILBXI<BXYUr r;ILJ3>5BcO@(5M[^agUWE@KvlJ3>5@HG3@M[G3@UuK@JTM[O3PCO Z \ b g<g"g3\Um[6r \UmBXO&M1WX\l`kg5GNBX\[GNB]Jon JTM[O3PM_IU*A \ b
BcOM>5BXY[>yg5GNBX\[GNB]JonLJNMKOQPr=MKOQPCO \ d c/\ f cR\Yn1>UMu[@tg5G3BX\[GNBEJ3BX@HOq>UBEYK>5@hGJ3>UM[OI \Um0i5V5JWX\l`@HGqJN>UM_OI \ b ShM[WEWX@HAbBEImJN@hGN^a@dACBcMlJ3@tg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3POT
rJJ3BX^aF@ oGp[vmJN>5@1WX\l` g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJTM[O3PP \kmtBXO@(C@dS(VCJNBEI5YaM_IUAyBXOVUO3BEI5YaMwI5\KICz{g5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@0GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@w{ft
rC|~JN@hGMw`>UBEWX@
MlJ0JNBE^<@BXIUOQJNM[IKJtJ ?J3>5@L>5BEYK>5@hGtg5G3BX\[GNBEJonyJNMKOQhP \ b M_GNGNBEuK@HOHvCg5G3@H@h^<gCJTSO \UmwM_IjAxOoJTM_G3JNO?JN\y@(C@HShVCJ3@Kr0=MKOQiP \ b G3@dmV5@HOQJNO?JN\yVUO3@
JN>5@LGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@Lf Ml FJ o3dLM[IUAxi5WX\CSTPCOtO3BEIUSh@JN>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@wBXO1iF@hBXI5Yb>5@HWXAihn \ m r BXIUSh*@ \`b iUWE\CSTPCOhYv \ m GN@HO3V5^<@HO1B]JTOt@hC@HS(V5J3BX\[I
M_%J o3dKrqs0\l`@huK@hGdv[JN>5@ JNMKOQ+P \ n `>UBXST>AC\@HO?I5\[J0G3@dmV5BEGN@J3>5@IU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@fg5GN@h@H^<gCJN%O \ m |}GN\[^*f9VjO3M[Y[@
M[IUAbOQJNM[GQJTOqJN\L@h@dS(VCJN@M_J&JNBE^<2@ o3f_-r \ n BcOBEIbJ3V5GNIbBcOg5GN@h@h^<gCJN@HAbimjn \UfM_IUAOQ\L\[Ir1OMLGN@HO3V5W]Jdv \qb0OQV5DF@HGNO^VUW]JNBEg5WX@g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUO1M[IUA'^Mnx@hu[@HIZ>jMu[@LJ3\`M[B]JBXIUAC@hUI5BEJ3@hWXn|}\K.G \ m JN\Y[@(JwMST>UM[IUS(@aJ3\@h@dS(VCJN@M_IUA'S(\K^agUWE@hJ3@BEJNO VUONM_YK@L\[|JN>5@
ShG3BEJ3BcShM[WG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@fM_IUAGN@hWX@HMKOQ@ BEJHr{J1OQ>U\[V5WcAij@LS(WX@HM_G?JN>UMlJ1`>5@hIM<>5BXY[>xgUG3BX\[GNB]JonyJNM[O3PbVUIUAC@hGNY[\@dO?V5Iij\KV5IUAC@dAg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIvB]J0BcO?u[@HG3nyWXBXP[@hWXnJN\a^<BcO3O0B]JTO0AC@HMKACWXBEI5@Kr
'@`BcO3>eJ3\'@h^<g5>UMKOQBXh@M_YmM_BXIeJ3>UM_JLV5IiF\[V5IjAC@HAg5GNBE\KG3BEJonZBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUOM[G3BcO3@y`>5@hIJ3GTM[ACBEJ3BX\[IjM_WJ3@HST>UI5BXmV5@dOw|}\KGaO3>UM[G3BXI5Y
I5\KICz{g5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@tGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO&O3VUST>MKO?OQ@H^<M[g5>5\KG3@dOq\[G^<\[I5BEJ3\KGNO?M[G3@AC@hg5WX\ln[@dABXIbGN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@ M_gUg5WEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOHr\KONOQBXi5WXnLJN>5@ OQBX^az


 

 





Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

lock(CR)
T1 needs nonpreemptable resource CR being held by T5
T1
T1 undergoing unbounded priority inversion
T2

T1 gets nonpreemptable
resource CR held by T5

T5 preempted by T4

T3
T4

unlock(CR)
lock(CR)

T5
t1

t2

t3

t4

t5

time

tn

; BXY[V5GN@ !Z tImiF\[VUIUAC@HA&G3BX\[GNB]JonIuK@hGTOQBX\[I
g5WX@HOQJ0`?MnyJ3\yMuK\[BcAyg5GNBX\[GNB]JonyBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO?BcO?J3\g5GN@huK@hImJ0g5GN@h@H^ag5J3BX\[Ie~|}GN\[^f& VUONM_YK@d\_|J3>U@WE\l`g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQP>5\[WcACBXI5YM
ShG3BEJ3BcShM[W!G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@tinyBXImJ3@hGN^<@HACBcMlJN@ g5G3BX\[GNBEJon<JNM[O3PCOhr=?>5BcOShM[IiF@M[ST>5BX@huK@HAbimnbGNM[BXO3BEIUYJN>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<WE@Hu[@hW!\[|JN>5@WE\l`g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3PJN\iF@<@HmVUM[WJN\bJN>UMlJ \_|qJN>5@a`M[B]JNBEI5Y>5BXY[>Zg5G3BX\[GNBEJonbJTM[O3PFrIZ\_JN>5@hG`\KGNAUOhvFJ3>U@LWX\l`g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNM[O3PBXO^M[A5@JN\BXI5>5@HG3BEJ
JN>5@1gUG3BX\[GNB]Jona\_|!JN>5@`M[B]JNBEI5YL>5BXY[>yg5GNBX\[GNB]JonLJNMKOQPr=?>5BXOiUMKOQBcS0^<@dST>UM_I5BcO3^\[|MwWX\l` g5G3BX\[GNBEJonJTM[O3PaBXI5>5@HG3BEJ3BXI5YJ3>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonL\[|M
>5BXY[>g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<JNMKOQP<|}\KG3^OJ3>5@ S(@HImJ3GTM_WBXA5@HMLij@H>5BEIjAbJN>5@ F
_
~   5h
~lFT 3ldN_  
r5=?>UBXOO3BE^<g5WX@g5G3\[J3\CS(\KW!OQ@HG3uK@HO
MKOJ3>U@1iUMKOQBcSGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@0G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@tO3>UM_GNBXI5Y^<@HST>UM[I5BXO3^viUM[O3@HA<\KIy`>5BcST>y^<\[GN@tOQ\Kg5>5BcOoJNBXSHMlJN@HAg5GN\_JN\CS(\[WcO>UMuK@0iF@h@hIAC@HO3BEYKI5@HAr
IJN>5@|}\[WXWE\l`BXI5Y1O3@HS(J3BX\[IUO`@qUGTOoJACBcO3ShVUONOJN>5@ijM[O3BXS&g5G3BX\[GNBEJon1BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@g5GN\_J3\CSh\[Wjqo!BXILO3\[^<@AC@hJNM[BEWrCV5iUO3@HmV5@hImJNWEnKv
`@tACBcO3ShVUONO&>5BXY[>U@HOQJ&WE\CSTPK@hGqg5GN\_JN\CS(\[W;:s [&M_IUA<gUG3BX\[GNB]Jon<S(@HBEWXBXI5Ywg5GN\_JN\Sh\[W;f;J3>jMlJ>jMu[@iF@h@hIAC@huK@hWX\[gF@HA<ina@(J3@HIUACBXI5Y
JN>5@wOQBX^<g5WX@g5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@BcAC@dM|}VUGQJN>5@hGdr

q(Lq x0q ;w yL 
=?>5@LiUM[O3BcSg5GNBE\KG3BEJonbBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@Lg5G3\[J3\CS(\KW&&o0BXO1MyOQBX^<g5WX@wJ3@dST>5I5BcmV5@wJN\O3>UM_GN@wS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO0M[^<\[I5YJTM[O3PCO0`BEJ3>5\KVCJ
BXIUS(VUG3GNBEIUYV5IiF\[V5IjAC@HA'g5GNBE\KG3BEJonxBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhratOBEJJ3V5GNIUO \KVCJHvGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@<\[gF@hGTMlJ3BXI5YOQnCOQJ3@H^8AC@HO3BXY[I5@HGNO AC\I5\[JUIUAZB]JwuK@hGNn
ACB yS(V5WEJ J3\xO3V5g5gF\[G3J1JN>5@<iUM[O3BXSLg5GNBE\KG3BEJonBEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@<^a@dST>UM_IUBXO3^rwI|MKS
JdvM[O`@ACBcONS(VUONOBEIZJ3>5@yf>UM[gCJ3@HG Cv!^<\KOQJ\[|&JN>5@
GN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@\Kgj@HGNM_J3BXI5Y<OQnCOQJ3@h^OJN>UMlJtM[G3@S(\K^<^a@HGNShBXM[WEWXnyMulM_BXWXM[i5WX@M_J0g5G3@dOQ@HImJA5\<O3V5g5gF\[G3JJ3>UBXOgUG3\[J3\CS(\KWr
=?>5@iUMKOQBcS?qoZ`MKOgUG3\Kgj\mOQ@dAinL>UM M_IjAL0M oPV5^M_G    r=?>5@?@HONOQ@HIUS(@\_|jJ3>5BcOg5GN\_JN\Sh\[WBcO;J3>UM_J`>U@hI5@Hu[@hGMtJNMKOQPO3VCD@hGTO
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[Iv[JN>5@ g5G3BX\[GNBEJona\[|JN>5@1WX\l`@hGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonLJTM[O3P>5\[WcACBXI5YLJ3>5@ GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1BXOGTM_BcOQ@dAJ3>UG3\KV5Y[>bMLg5GNBE\KG3BEJon<BEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@
^<@HST>jM_I5BcOQ^r=?>5BcO&@HIUM_i5WX@HO&B]JJ3\LS(\[^<g5WX@(JN@tBEJNOVUONM_Y[@t\_|J3>5@S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WFG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@M[O@HM[G3WXnLMKOqgF\KONOQBXi5WX@t`BEJ3>5\KVCJ>UMuBXI5YJN\OQV5DF@HG
g5GN@h@H^<gCJ3BX\[IUOw|}G3\K^8JN>5@yBXImJ3@hGN^<@HACBcMlJN@yg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJTM[O3PCOhr>5@HIk^M_InJTM[O3PCOwM_GN@y`?M_BEJ3BXI5Y|}\[GaMxG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[vJ3>5@bJNMKOQPZ>5\[WcACBXI5Y
JN>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@BEI5>U@hGNB]JTO?J3>5@>UBEYK>5@HOQJ0g5GNBE\KG3BEJon\_|M_WXW!JNMKOQPCO?`?M_BEJ3BXI5Ya|}\[G?JN>5@wGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<}BE|JN>5BcOg5GNBE\KG3BEJonyBcOY[GN@HM_J3@hGJN>UM_IBEJNO\l`I
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon5
ryBXIUSh@<J3>5@g5GNBX\[GNB]Jonx\[|JN>5@WE\l`g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQP>U\[WcACBEIUYJ3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@LBXOwGNM[BXO3@HAJ3\@HmVUM[WJ3>5@>UBEYK>5@HOQJwg5GNBE\KG3BEJonx\_|
M[WEWJTM[O3PCO `M[B]JNBEI5Y|}\KG J3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@aiF@hBXI5Yx>5@hWcA'inBEJHv;BEImJ3@HG3^<@dACBXM_J3@<g5GNBE\KG3BEJonxJTM[O3POSHM_I'I5\_JwgUG3@H@h^<gCJwBEJM_IUA'V5IiF\[V5IUA5@HA
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon'BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IkBcOaMu[\[BcAC@dA!r'1O<OQ\\[IM[O<MxJTM[O3PZJN>UMlJ<>UMKAkBXI5>5@hGNBEJ3@HAkJ3>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonR\_|tMZ`M[B]JNBEIUY>5BXY[>5@HGLgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon'JTM[O3P
ij@dShM_VjOQ@w\[|>5\[WcACBXI5YbMGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
v5GN@hWX@HMKOQ@dO?J3>U@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ BEJ1Y[@hJNOtiUM[STPB]JTO0\[GNBXY[BXIUM_WgUG3BX\[GNB]JonulM_WXV5@wBE|qB]JBXOt>5\[WcACBXI5YyI5\y\[J3>5@HG
ShG3BEJ3BcShM[W;GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOHrwI'SHM[O3@LBEJBXO >U\[WcACBEIUY\[J3>5@HGS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHvB]J`\[V5WcAZBEI5>U@hGNB]J J3>U@agUG3BX\[GNB]Jonx\[|qJ3>U@>5BEYK>5@HOQJ g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3Py`M[B]JNBEIUYL|}\KG?J3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOij@HBEIUYa>U@hWcAinyBEJHr


 

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

pri(Ti)=5

pri(Ti)=5

CR

CR

Ti

Ti

CR
Pri(Ti)=10

Ti

Ti

pri(Ti)=5

CR

Tj

Tj
Tj

pri(Tj)=10

pri(Tj)=10
pri(Tj)=10
scenario 4

;BXY[V5GN@ rZ IUM[gUOQ>U\_JNO0C>5\l`BEIUYa'\[GNPBEIUYa\[|;&G3BX\[GNB]JonIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@qGN\_J3\CSh\[W


scenario 1

scenario 2

scenario 3


      
   

     "!#   $
!%&   ' ( (% *)+
, -    

     "$! %&$ ,  ' ( (% *)+
.
, -  ++  
$ , ' ( (% *)
 $-#  
  *   /0  *' (* (%

*) , (#      1
2

=?>5@1g5GNBE\KG3BEJonST>UM_I5YK@HOqJ3>UM_J?MJNMKOQP<>5\KWXACBXI5YaMGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@tV5IUAC@HG3YK\m@dO&>jM[Oij@H@hIbBXWXWEVUOQJ3GTMlJN@HAyJ3>5GN\[V5YK>bM_Ib@(5M_^<g5WX@MKOO3>5\l`I
XB IJN>5@BXYKOHr r M_IUA UrIZ;BXYUr r |}\[V5GSh\[IUO3@HShVCJ3BXu[@aO3Sh@hIUM[G3BX\KOtBEIZJ3>5@a@(C@dS(VCJNBE\KIZMOQnCOQJ3@h^ A5@hg5WX\lnBEI5Yqo9M_GN@LO3>5\l`IrI
@dM[ST>xO3Sh@hIUM[G3BX\UvJN>5@w@h@dS(VCJNBEIUY<JNM[O3PbBcOtO3>5\l`IOQ>jM[AC@dA!vjM[IUAJ3>5@wiUWE\CSTP[@dAJNM[O3PM[G3@O3>5\l`IV5IUO3>UM[A5@HA!r?=?>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonbST>UM[I5Y[@dO
JN>UMlJJo`\JNMKOQPCOQ\(3;M_IjAO\-41V5IUA5@hGNY[\wBXIyJN>5@S(\[VUGNO3@0\_|@(C@HShVCJ3BX\[IACV5@1J3\ag5G3BX\[GNBEJonLBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@BXOO3>5\l`IrV\3BcO?MwWX\l`g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3P`B]JN>gUG3BX\[GNB]Jon LM_IUiA \-4BcO?ML>UBEYK>5@hG?g5GNBE\KG3BEJonaJNMKOQPy`BEJ3>g5GNBE\KG3BEJon 6 5 r;IONS(@hIjM_GNBE\ !v \3;BXO?@h@dS(VCJNBEIUYaM[IUAb>jM[O?M[SHKVUBEGN@HA
MyShG3BEJ3BcShM[WGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@LfrjIZO3Sh@hIUM[G3BX\ Yv \-4>jM[O1ij@dShM_^<@wGN@HMKACnM_IUAxiF@hBXI5Y\_|q>5BXY[>5@HGtg5GNBX\[GNB]JonBXO1@(C@HShVCJ3BXI5Yjr0IONS(@hIjM_GNBE\ r v
\-4aBcOi5WX\CSTPBEI5YMl|~JN@hGwGN@HmV5@dOoJNBEIUYb|}\KG J3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<M_IUE
A \3?BEIU>5@hGNB]JT2O \-47 O g5GNBX\[GNB]JonKraIeONS(@HIUM_GNBE\ U`v \(3?>jM[O V5I5WX\CSTP[@dAJN>5@
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ M_IjAb>UMKO?Y[\[J?ijM[STPyBEJNO\KG3BXY[BXIUM[WFgUG3BX\[GNB]JonyM[IUiA \4BcO?@(C@HShVCJ3BXI5Y<`B]JN>J3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r
I;BXYUr <J3>5@Lg5GNBE\KG3BEJonbST>UM[I5Y[@dO\_|JNMKOQPCO0M[G3@wSHM_gCJNV5GN@HA\[IxM<JNBE^<@wWXBXI5@[r0=?>5@wJNM[O3+P \UfBXI5BEJ3BcM_WXWEnWX\STPCO?JN>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@wfwr
0|~J3@hG<O3\[^<@<J3BX^<@bBEJLBcOwg5GN@h@H^ag5J3@HARiBn \Ud_rx=?>5@yJTM[O3DP \UdGN@HmV5@dOoJwJN>5@bGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@yf/M_JwJ rBXIUS(@KKv \UfyM[WEGN@HMKACn>U\[WcA5OJN>5@
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@K
v \Ud?i5WE\CSTPCOM_Ij_A \Uf?BXI5>5@hGNBEJNOJN>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJon\_k| \Ud_r=?>5BXOq>UM[OiF@h@HI<O3>5\l`I<inACGTM`BEIU:Y \UdM_Ij*A \Uf?MlJJN>5@0ONM_^<@?g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
WX@huK@hWcOhr @h|}\[GN_@ \Uf<S(\[VUWXAZS(\[^<g5WX@(JN@LVjOQ@<\_|G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@<fvBEJBXO g5GN@h@H^<gCJ3@dAinM>5BEYK>5@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQCP \`b*r \`bGN@HmV5@dOoJTOt|}\KG
f M_JJNBE^<@<J r M[IUEA \qbi5WX\CSTPCOM[Owf BXOOQJ3BXWXWqij@HBEIUY>U@hWcAZiCn \Uf_ry\jvMlJ JN>5BXOwgj\KBEImJ J3>5@HG3@M[G3@aJo`\bJTM[O3PO \UdaM[IUEA \qbh
`?M_BEJ3BXI5Y|}\KG0J3>U@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@K5r \UfBEI5>U@hGNB]JTOJ3>U@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonb\[|J3>5@L>5BXY[>5@dOoJtgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon`?M_BEJ3BXI5YJNMKOQPR~JN>UMlJBXOHYv \qbh
Sr \UfLS(\[^<g5WX@(JN@HOtB]JTO
VUONM_YK@\_|J3>U@0G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@MlJqJ M_IjAM[OqO3\\[IM[O&B]J&GN@hWX@HMKOQ@dO;J3>5@1G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[v[B]J&YK@(JTOqiUMKSTPBEJNOq\KG3BXY[BXIUM[WCg5G3BX\[GNBEJon[r;{JOQ>U\[V5WcA<ij@tI5\_JN@HA
JN>UMlJLMWX\l`@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonxJTM[O3PGN@(JNM[BEIjOJ3>5@yBXI5>5@HG3BEJ3@dARg5GNBE\KG3BEJon[vVUIKJNBEWB]JL>5\[WcA5O JN>5@yGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<GN@HmV5BXG3@dAinJN>5@y`?M_BEJ3BXI5Yx>5BXY[>5@HG
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonbJNM[O3Pr>U@hI5@Hu[@hGt^a\KG3@ JN>UM_Ix\KI5@>5BXY[>5@HGtg5GNBX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3PM[G3@`?M_BEJ3BXI5Y<|}\[GtJ3>5@LO3M[^a@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[vCJN>5@JNMKOQP>5\[WcACBXI5YJN>5@
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BXI5>5@hGNBEJNOJ3>U@^<M_CBE^LV5^ \[|J3>U@g5G3BX\[GNBEJ3BX@HO?\_|M_WXW`?M_BEJ3BXI5YL>UBEYK>gUG3BX\[GNB]Jon<JTM[O3PCOhr
{J?BXOS(WX@HM[G&JN>UMlJqoShM[IbWX@(J?G3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@0JTM[O3PCOO3>UM_GN@1ShG3BEJ3BcShM[WjGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOq`BEJ3>U\[VCJ?WE@hJQJNBEI5YLJ3>U@h^6BXIUS(VUGV5IiF\[V5IjAC@HAbg5G3BX\[GNBEJon


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

T1

T1

T3

T3 releases CR

T2

T3
T1 requests CR

T2 requests CR

T3 acquires CR

Task
priority

T3 gets back
its original
priority
T2

T3

T3
t1

t2

t3

time

t4

; BEYKV5G3@  Z qGNBE\KG3BEJonf>UM_IUY[@HO?tIUAC@hG1qGNBE\KG3BEJon<I5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@qGN\_JN\Sh\[W
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOhrs0\l`@huK@hGdvB]JtO3VCD@hGTO|}G3\K^/Jo`\<BX^<gj\KGQJTM_ImJg5G3\Ki5WX@h^O Z
J J   1(R1 <M=7 :3P&() j=7 !
0((,P)=( +   <:(& (,_3h# 1(  %  <)
7 !
0" X

'@@hWcM_iF\[GTMlJN@tJN>5@HO3@Jo`\<BcO3O3V5@HO?BXIJ3>5@ |}\KWEWX\l`BXI5YUr

 =?>U@wiUM[O3BcSg5GNBE\KG3BEJonbBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@Lg5G3\[J3\CS(\KW&&o?WX@HMuK@HO\Kgj@HIxJ3>U@wgj\mO3O3BXi5BEWXBEJon\[|qAC@HMKACWE\CSTPCOHrIJ3>5@|}\[WXWE\l`BXI5Y
`@wBXWEWXVUOQJ3GTMlJ3@>5\l`AC@HMKACWE\CSTPCO0SHM_I\CShShV5G0BXIqo VUOQBXI5YbM[Ix@(5M_^<g5WX@[r1f\KIUO3BXAC@HG0JN>5@w|}\KWEWX\l`BEIUYyOQ@dKVU@hIUSh@w\_|&MKS
J3BX\[IjO0inbJo`\
JTM[O3P%O \`b1M_IjiA \Ud`>5BcST>I5@h@dAMKShS(@dO3OJN\aJo`\O3>UM_GN@HAS(GNB]JNBXSHM_W!GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO?f M[IUAf r


\`b
\U#d 

*)
*
) $

*)! $*)"! -$)


*
) #! $*
) ##! -$
) 

1O3O3V5^<@ J3>UM_'J \`b>UMKO>5BXY[>5@HG0g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJ3>jM_CI \Ud_5r \UdwOoJTM_G3JNOGNV5I5IUBEI5Y<jGNOQJ1M_IjAWX\CSTPCO0S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@wf  \`b1`?M[OI5\[J


GN@HMKACnMlJ?J3>UM_J?J3BX^a@
rq0|~J3@hG0O3\[^<@1J3BX^<@[v!\`b0M[G3GNBXu[@HOHvmg5G3@H@h^<gCJTOQ\Ud[v5M_IUAOoJTM_G3JNO@(C@HShVCJ3BXI5Yjr0|~J3@HG0OQ\K^a@1J3BX^<@[v!\`btWE\CSTPCOf
M[IUAJ3>5@HIxJ3GNBX@HO?JN\yWE\CSTPf `>5BcST>xBcO0iF@hBXI5Yy>5@HWXAxiin \ d r0tO1MyS(\KIUOQ@dmV5@hIUSh.@ \ b i5WX\STPCO0M[IUA \ d BXI5>5@hGNBEJNSO \ b 7 Otg5G3BX\[GNBEJonM[S(z
Sh\[GTACBEIUYJ3\LJ3>5@1g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<BEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@tg5GN\_JN\Sh\[W6r \ d G3@dOQV5^<@dO&BEJNO@(C@HShVCJ3BX\[IM_IUAMl|~J3@HGO3\[^<@tJ3BX^a@I5@H@HA5O&J3\LWE\CSTPaJ3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
f iF@hBXI5Y>5@HWXAiOn \ b rqt\l`!v \ b M[IUhA \ d M[G3@ iF\_J3>xAC@dM[ACWX\CSTP[@dA!r
%'& (*),+'  (*)-. JNM[O3PBXOONM_BcAJ3\V5IUAC@HG3YK\bST>UM_BXIi5WX\CSTPBEI5YjvjBE|&@dM[ST>xJNBE^<@BEJ I5@h@dA5O1MbG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[vjB]J V5IUA5@hGNY[\@HOtg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIr=?>VUOBE|MJNMKOQP<I5@H@HA50O /xGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO|}\[GBEJNO?S(\K^agUVCJNM_J3BX\[IUOHvKBEJ?^aBXY[>mJ>UMu[@JN\V5IjAC@hGNY[\Lg5G3BX\[GNBEJonLBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOIyJNBE^<@dO
JN\MKShmV5BXG3@aM_WXWB]JTOG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOH_r [@hJVjO I5\l`@(Cg5WcM_BXI>U\l` ST>UM_BXI'i5WE\CSTPBXI5YSHM_IZ\SHS(V5G VUO3BXI5YbJN>5@<@(5M_^<g5WX@OQ>U\l`IBEIR;BEYjr 5r
1O3O3V5^<@<J3>UM_JLMJNMKOQEP \`bLI5@h@dA5OO3@huK@hGTM_WG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHryI'J3>U@UGTOoJLO3IUM[gUOQ>U\_JyO3>5\l`IRBEIk;BXYUr [
vMWX\l`g5GNBX\[GNB]JonxJTM[O3DP \Ud<BcO
>5\KWXA5BEI5YJo`\G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOwf M[IUAkf v;M_IUARM>5BXY[>Rg5GNBX\[GNB]JonxJTM[O3DP \`baM_GNGNBEuK@HO M_IUA'GN@HmV5@dOoJTOJ3\xWX\STPRf r{JwV5IUAC@HG3YK\m@dO
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonLBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IM_IUASHM_VUO3@H8O \kdJ3\wBXI5>5@HG3BEJBEJNO&g5G3BX\[GNBEJon[r;I<J3>5@OQ@dS(\[IjAOQIUM[gUO3>5\_JdvKM[OOQ\\KI<MK8O \UdGN@hWX@HMKOQ@dOf BEJNO&g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
GN@HACVjS(@HOJ3\yBEJNOt\[GNBEYKBEIUM[W!g5GNBE\KG3BEJonM[IUA \`bBXOtM_i5WX@J3\bWE\CSTPf rIxJ3>5@wJ3>5BXGNAxO3IUM[gUOQ>U\_JHvFMl|~JN@hG0@h@dS(VCJNBEIUY|}\[GtO3\[^<@ JNBE^<@[Yv \`b
GN@HmV5@dOoJTOJ3\WX\CSTP'f r=?>5BcO J3BX^<@yB]JM[YKM[BEI'V5IUAC@HG3YK\@HOg5GNBX\[GNB]JonBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIZO3BEIjS(@j\Ud<BXOw>5\[WcACBXI5YZf ri\`bL`M[B]JTOV5ImJ3BXW8\Ud
GN@hWX@HMKOQ@dOf rbUG3\K^J3>5BcO@hCM[^<g5WE@Kv`@yShM[I'O3@h@<JN>UMlJST>UM[BEI'i5WX\CSTPmBXI5Y\CShShV5GNO `>U@hIeMJNMKOQPVUIUAC@hGNY[\@dO ^V5WEJ3BXg5WX@g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOJ3\<WE\CSTPyBEJNO0G3@dKVUBEGN@HAG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHr


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

CR1
T2

T2

T2

CR2

CR2

CR2

Waiting for CR1

Waiting for CR2

T1

T1
CR1

T2 Executing

T1 Executing

T1 Blocked

T2 Blocked

Snapshot 1

Snapshot 2

T1
CR1
T2 Executing
T1 Blocked
Snapshot 3

;BEYKV5GN@  Z f>UM_BXI WX\CSTPBEI5YaBXI&G3BX\[GNBEJonI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@qGN\_JN\Sh\[W


 (Lt kyqL0 ;ya   
s:[ BcOM_IR@hmJN@hIUO3BX\[Ie\_|qoM[IUARBEJ\lu[@HGNSh\[^<@HO O3\[^<@\_|?J3>U@bOQ>U\[G3JNS(\K^<BEI5YmO \_|0qor!Iks:[@Hu[@HG3nShG3BEJ3BcShM[WqGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<BcO
MKO3O3BEYKI5@HAbMT(~]~ F
l
~ ulM_WXV5@[r=?>5@ S(@HBEWXBXI5YLgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon<\[|MShG3BEJ3BcShM[WjGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ BXOBXIC|}\[GN^M_WXWEnAC@hUI5@HAM[O&J3>U@1^MlCBX^V5^
\[|&J3>U@agUG3BX\[GNB]JNBE@dO\_|M[WEWJN>5\KO3@aJNMKOQPCO`>5BcST>Z^MnxGN@HmV5@HOQJJ3\VUO3@LJN>5BcO G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[ra0IUAC@HGw's [vMKOOQ\\KIZM[O MJNMKOQPMKShmV5BXG3@dO
MGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[v5BEJNO1g5GNBE\KG3BEJonbBcOtO3@(Jt@dmVUM_WJ3\yJN>5@Sh@hBXWEBXI5Yyg5GNBX\[GNB]Jon\_|J3>U@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kr{|&M<JTM[O3P>U\[WcA5O0^LV5W]JNBEgUWE@LG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOHvCJ3>U@hIBEJ
BXI5>5@HG3BEJNO JN>5@y>5BXY[>U@HOQJS(@hBXWXBEI5Yg5GNBX\[GNB]Jon\[|?M[WEW&B]JTOwWX\STPK@HAZG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHr0IkMKO3O3V5^<gCJ3BX\[I'JN>UMlJwBcOBX^agUWEBcS(BEJ3WXnZ^MKAC@`>5BXWE@VUO3BXI5Y
s [ BXOJ3>UM_JJ3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1G3@dmV5BEGN@h^<@HIKJTO?\_|;@hu[@HG3nyJNM[O3PyBcO?PI5\l`IiF@(|}\KG3@Sh\[^<g5BXWE@ JNBE^<@[r
:
=?>5\KV5Y[>`@BEI5|}\[GN^<M[WEWXneAC@(jI5@HAkJ3>5@xS(@HBEWXBXI5Yg5GNBX\[GNB]JonR\_|MGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@M[OJ3>5@^MlCBX^V5^\_|tJ3>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJ3BX@HOL\_|M_WXW&JN>5\KO3@
JTM[O3POt`>5BcST>x^<MnGN@HmV5@HOQJ0JN\yVUO3@J3>5BcO1G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[vCJN>5@GNV5WX@|}\[GS(\K^agUVCJ3BXI5YyJN>5@LSh@hBXWEBXI5YygUG3BX\[GNB]JonBXO1OQWXBXY[>mJ3WXnA5B]D@hGN@hImJt|}\KG0JN>5@
ONST>5@HA5V5WE@HGNOJ3>UM_J&|}\[WXWX\l` fx~UGTOQJS(\K^<@UGTOoJO3@hGNu[@dAUgF\[WXBXShnaM[^<\[I5Y@dKVjM_WFg5G3BX\[GNBEJonGN@HM[A5nwJNMKOQPCOM_IUAaJN>5@1ONST>5@HA5V5WE@HGNOqJ3>UM_J
|}\KWEWX\l` MxJ3BX^a@OQWXBXSh@HARGN\[V5IjAZGN\[iUBEIkONST>5@HA5V5WEBXI5YM[^a\KI5Yx@HmVUM[W&g5GNBX\[GNB]JonGN@HMKACnJTM[O3PrIeJN>5@bf'gF\[WXBcS(n[vMJTM[O3PZGNV5IUO JN\
Sh\[^<g5WX@(J3BX\[IZ`>5BXWE@M[ImnxGN@HMKACn50@dmVUM_W;g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNM[O3PCO`M[B]JdrL1IJ3>U@a\[J3>5@HG1>jM_IUA!v!BXIZJ3BX^a@hz{O3WXBXSh@HAGN\[VUIUAGN\[i5BXIZONST>5@dACV5WXBEI5Yjv
JN>5@@HmVUM[W!g5G3BX\[GNBEJon<JNM[O3PCO?@(C@HShVCJ3@ |}\KG\[I5@JNBE^<@wO3WEBcS(@MlJtMLJNBE^<@BXIMaGN\[V5IjAbGN\[i5BXI|M[O3>5BE\KIr
[@(JVUO?UGTOQJSh\[IUO3BcAC@hG0M<ONST>5@HACVUWE@HG?J3>UM_J|}\[WXWE\l`0O?;fONST>5@HACVUWEBXI5Y<gj\KWEBcS(nM_^<\[IUYL@dKVjM_W!g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJTM[O3POH-r [@hJJN>5@wS(@HBEWXBXI5Y
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jony\[|;M<GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
3 ij@wA5@hI5\[J3@HAinf@HBEW{
3 0M_IUAbJ3>5@g5G3BX\[GNBEJon\_|MJTM[O3+P \ 3 iF@wAC@hI5\[J3@dAMKO?g5GNB \ 3
r=?>5@hIvf@hBXW
3
BcOAC@(jI5@HAM[O|}\KWEWX\l`0O Z

3    \ 3 "(! \ 3 /
3(' g"g<gh r g


#$&%
=?>UM_JwBXOHv!JN>5@yS(@HBEWXBEIUYxg5G3BX\[GNBEJonx\_|MShG3BEJ3BcShM[WG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@)
3?BcO J3>U@^<M_CBE^LV5^ \_|J3>U@g5G3BX\[GNBEJonx\_|M_WXWJNM[O3PCOJ3>UM_Jw^MnVUO3@)
33r
=?>5BcO@(Cg5GN@HONOQBX\[I>5\KWXAUO&\KI5WEn<`>5@HIb>5BXY[>U@hGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonLulM_WXV5@dO&BXIUACBcShM_J3@t>UBEYK>5@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonM[OBEIBEIjAC\l`0O&\Kgj@HGNM_J3BXI5YO3nCOoJN@h^y
r{|
>5BXY[>U@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonulM_WXV5@HOBXIUACBcShM_J3@WX\l`@HGg5GNBX\[GNB]JNBE@dOM[OBXIx0I5BEU
vCJN>5@hIJ3>U@ Sh@hBXWEBXI5Y<g5GNBE\KG3BEJon`\[V5WcAbiF@ J3>U@^<BXI5BX^V5^g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
\[|M[WEWJTM[O3PO?IU@h@HA5BEI5YaJN>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GT S(@[r=?>UM_J0BXOHv
*
3+,  /q-.   \3/
! \3$/ #$&%
3 ' g<g"gd r g
U\[G\Kgj@HGNM_J3BXI5YtO3nOQJ3@H^OOQVUg5gj\KGQJNBEIUYJ3BX^<@(zOQWXBXSh@HAGN\[VUIUAG3\Ki5BEIwONST>5@dACV5WXBEI5Y1M_^<\[I5Y@dmVUM_WKg5G3BX\[GNBEJon0JNMKOQPCOM_IUA WcM_GNY[@HG!g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
ulM_WXV5@ BXIUACBcShMlJN@HO>UBEYK>5@hGg5GNBX\[GN B]JonKvKJN>5@GNV5WE@|}\KGtS(\K^agUVCJ3BXI5YaJ3>5@wSh@hBXWEBXI5Y<g5GNBE\KG3BEJonyBcO Z
*
3 +0;21    \ 3 "(! \ 3 / #$&%
3(' 3 g<g"gh r g r
U\[G1J3>5@<ShMKOQ@L`>5@hGN@WcM_GNY[@HG0g5GNBE\KG3BEJonuM[WEVU@BXIUACBcShMlJN@HOWX\l`@HGtg5GNBE\KG3BEJonRM_IjAxJ3BX^<@(zOQWXBcS(@HAG3\KV5IUAz{GN\[i5BXIO3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5YM[^a\KI5Y
@dKVjM_W!g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<JNMKOQPCOT
vC`@>UM u[@1J3\<JTM_PK@tJN>5@^<BEI5BX^VU^\[|J3>U@ JNM[O3Pyg5GNBX\[GNB]JNBE@dOhr=?>UM_J0BXO Z

3 +,  /q41    \ 3 /
! \ 3 / #$&%
3-' 3 g"g<gH r g m
5


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

IbJ3>5@G3@dOoJ?\_|J3>5BcOtf>UM_g5J3@hG`@O3>UM_WXW!M[ONOQVU^a@;fO3ST>5@dACV5WXBEIUYLM_^<\KI5Y@dKVjM_Wg5GNBE\KG3BEJonaJNM[O3PCOM[IUAbM[WXO3\wJN>UMlJBXIUS(GN@HMKOQBXI5Y
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonZuM[WEVU@HOBXIUACBcShM_J3@yBXIUS(GN@HMKOQBXI5Yg5GNBE\KG3BEJon\[|?JNM[O3PCOhr=\xBEWXWEVjOoJNGNM_J3@y>5\l` g5GNBE\KG3BEJonZSh@hBXWEBXI5YmO\_|GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOM_GN@yS(\[^<g5V5J3@HAv
Sh\[IUO3BXA5@hGJ3>5@|}\KWEWX\l`BEIUYL@hCM[^<g5WE@O3nCOoJN@h^/`BEJ3>x;fO3ST>5@dACV5WXBEIUYaM[^a\KI5Ya@HmVUM_W!gUG3BX\[GNB]JonaJTM[O3POHrIbJN>5BcOOQnCOQJ3@h^v5MaGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
f BcO0O3>UM_GN@HAinJ3>5@wJNM[O3PC%O \ b v \Um_v M_IUhA \M_IjAf BcOO3>UM_GN@HAi+n \Umlv M_IUhA \_r8[@(J0VUO0MKO3O3V5^<@J3>UM_JJ3>5@g5G3BX\[GNBEJon\_|V\ b 
| \ d  Cvg5GNBE\KG3BEJon\_| \  rw=?>5@HIvJ3>5@ag5GNBE\KG3BEJon\_|?f `BXWEWiF@JN>5@<^MlCBE^LV5^,\_|qJN>5@<g5GNBE\KG3BEJ3BX@HO1\_8| \ b Uv \Um[v
# 5 vFJ3>UM_J\[
M[IU+A \[rq=?>5@hIv5J3>5@wSh@hWXWEBXI5Yg5GNBE\KG3BEJon\_|qf BcOtf@hBXW{f ^<M_ # 5 v Cv ' / 6 5 r=?>5@HG3@h|}\[GN@[v5M[OO3\\[IM[O?@HB]JN>5@hG\[K| \ b v \Um[v
\KG \1MKShmV5BXG3@dOf vKBEJNOg5GNBX\[GNB]Jona`BEWXWFij@GNM[BXO3@HAaJN\ # 5 r=?>5@tGNV5WX@t\[|BEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@t\_|g5G3BX\[GNBEJonLBcOqJN>UMlJ?M_InaJNMKOQPaJ3>jMlJMKShmV5BXG3@dO
JN>5@wGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BEIU>5@hGNB]JTOJN>5@S(\KG3GN@HO3gF\[IUACBXI5Y<S(@HBEWXBEIUYg5G3BX\[GNBEJon[r&{|M<JTM[O3PyBXOt>5\[WcACBXI5Y^<\[GN@ J3>UM[I\[I5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvCB]JTO0g5GNBX\[GNB]Jony`BXWXW
iF@HSh\[^<@t^MlCBX^V5^\[|!J3>5@S(@hWXWXBEI5YLg5GNBE\KG3BEJ3BX@HO\[|M_WXWUJN>5@tGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOBEJBcO>5\[WcACBXI5YUr5\KG@hCM[^<g5WE@KvCf@HBEW{f / 1^M_! 5v '  Cr
JTM[O3Py>5\[WcACBXI5Y<ij\[J3>f M_IjAxf `\[VUWXABEIU>5@hGNB]JTO?J3>U@WXM[G3YK@hG\_|;J3>5@ Jo`\S(@hBXWXBEI5Y<g5GNBX\[GNB]JNBE@dOhvCBr @Kr 6 5 r


(  !J@)./)(102/_) 4>3 6)


<W (,j)O# "R=#" 2 >) 3 " ) 5& ." (7 (,i   9 X

WEBEJQJNWE@tJ3>5BXI5PBEIUYLShM[IbO3>5\l` J3>UM_J&J3>UBXO>5@hWXgUO@hWXBE^<BXIUMlJN@0JN>5@tg5GN\[iUWE@H^<O\_|!V5IiF\[V5IjAC@HAbg5G3BX\[GNBEJonBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhvmAC@HMKACWE\CSTPvKM[IUA
ST>UM[BEIi5WX\CSTPmBXI5Yjrst\l`@Hu[@HGHvBEJtS(GN@HMlJN@HOI5@H`9g5GN\[iUWE@H^<OHrZ@ |}\KG3^M[WEWXnbM_IjM_WXnmH@tJN>5BcOgj\KBEImJtMaWXB]J3J3WX@WXM_J3@hGBXIJ3>5BcO0O3@HS(J3BX\[Ir
s:[O3\[WXu[@HOJN>5@yg5GN\[iUWE@H^<Ow\_|?V5Iij\KV5IUAC@dARg5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IvST>UM_BXIRi5WE\CSTPBXI5YUv;M_IUAeAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPrb@HSh\[WXWE@dS
JJN>UMlJwJN>5@yiUMKOQBcS
&oe`MKO&O3VUONS(@hg5J3BXi5WE@tJ3\JN>5@HO3@tgUG3\Ki5WE@H^Ohr=?>5@0|}\KWEWX\l`BXI5YJ3>U@h\[GN@h^M_IjAB]JTOSh\[GN\[WXWXM[G3BX@HOO3V5iUOQJNM[ImJ3BcMlJ3@0J3>5@dOQ@t|}@HMlJNV5GN@HOq\[|s'[r
  c h (l3
h C3T1 Ul
~& &lTa{l  mhL3(h C3T3  C~3 ~ ~c1l (XH [ y_
 &   
  5h
 C
5h" l
   5[@(J0VUOSh\[IUO3BXA5@hG?Jo`\LJTM[O3PCQ
O \`bM[IU+A \Ud1J3>jMlJ0I5@H@HAJ3\O3>UM_ GN@Jo` \<S(GNB]JNBXSHM_W!GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO0f M_IUAxf 8r [@(JVUO0MKO3O3V5^<@
JN>UMlJLMxJNM[O3DP \`b<MKShmV5BXG3@dOLf r=?>5@HIVv \`b7 Owg5GNBE\KG3BEJoniF@HSh\[^<@HO  
inR's [r;tONOQVU^a@yJ3>UM_JLOQVUiUOQ@dmV5@hImJ3WXn'B]JLM[WXO3\
GN@HmV5BXG3@dOtM GN@HO3\[VU GNSh@af r V5g5gF\KO3_@ \UdBXOM_WXG3@dM[ACn >5\[WcAC BXI5Yf rt{8| \UdBXO1>5\[WcACBXI5Yf Yv \kd7 O1g5GNBE\KG3BEJon OQ>5\KV5Wc Ax>UMu[@ij@H@hI
GTM_BcOQ@dAJ3\ 
in's [GNV5WX@[r1imuBX\[VUO3WXn 
^LVUOQJ iF@aY[GN@HMlJN@hG1J3>UM[I.   \ b
vij@dShM_VjOQ@ *
0BXO\KI5@
^<\[GN@aJ3>UM[I'J3>5@^MlCBX^V5^p\_|J3>5@gUG3BX\[GNB]Jon\_|M_WXWJNMKOQPCO VUO3BEIUYJN>5@yGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@~JN>UMlJwBXIUShWEVUA5@H.O \ b (rb=?>5@HG3@h|}\[GN@[qv \ d iF@hBXI5Yx\_|
>5BXY[>U@hG?g5GNBE\KG3BEJonyOQ>U\[V5WcAb>jMu[@ij@H@hI@(C@HShVCJ3BXI5YUv5M[IUiA \ b O3>5\[VUWXAI5\_J>UMuK@1YK\_JM<ST>UM_IUSh@tJN\<@(C@HShVCJ3@Krq=?>5BXO?BcOMaS(\[ImJNGNMKACBXS(J3BX\[I
JN\J3>5@aM[ONOQVU^ag5J3BX\[IJ3>jMl'J \ b BcO0@hC@HS(V5J3BXI5Yy`>5BXWE_@ \ d BXO1>5\[WcACBXI5YJN>5@wGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Lf r0=?>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@Kv \ d S(\KV5WcAI5\_Jij@L>5\[WcACBXI5YyM
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@GN@HmV5@dOoJN@HAxin \ b `>5@H?I \ b BcOt@hC@HS(V5J3BXI5YUrtO3BEI5YMbO3BE^<BXWXM[GtGN@HMKOQ\KI5BEIUYUvU`@LSHM_IO3>5\l`J3>jMlJ1`>U@hDI \ b M[ShmV5BXGN@HO\KI5@
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvmM[WEW!GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOG3@dKVUBEGN@HAbimnbB]J0^LVUOoJiF@|}G3@H@[rq5GN\[^JN>5BcO`@ ShM[ISh\[IUShWEVjAC@J3>UM_JMLJTM[O3Pi5WE\CSTPCOMlJiF@HOQJ\[IUSh@1|}\KGM_WXW
BEJNOGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@1GN@HmV5BXG3@H^<@hImJNO|}\[G0M[InbOQ@hJ\_|;JNM[O3PCOM_IUAGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@G3@dmV5BEGN@h^<@HIKJTOhr










 



{J |}\[WXWX\l`0O|}G3\K^8=?>5@h\KG3@H^ J3>UM_JwV5IUAC@HGw's [9JTM[O3PO M[G3@<i5WX\CSTP[@HAZMlJ^<\KOQJw\[IUSh@|}\KGwM_WXWJ3>5@HBEGG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@GN@HmV5BXG3@H^<@hImJNOHr


?= >UM_JwBXOwJNMKOQPCOM_GN@
~[E (Edl~&_rxs0\l`@huK@hG`@yOQ>U\[V5WcA'G3@H^a@H^iF@hGJN>UMlJw\KIUS(@yMJTM[O3PZM_|~J3@hGY[@(J3J3BXI5YMGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<^MniF@
g5GN@h@H^<gCJ3@dAe~|}GN\[^ f&VUONM_YK@dinM<>5BEYK>5@hG1g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQP`>5BcST>AC\@HOIU\_J1O3>UM_GN@wM_InG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO?`BEJ3>JN>5@JTM[O3PFr VCJdvUJN>5@
OQBXI5Y[WX@ i5WX\STPBXI5YKL`@ A5BXONS(VUONO3@HA!vCBcOi5WX\CSTPmBXI5Y<\[IM[SHS(\KV5ImJ?\[|GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ O3>UM_GNBEIUYUr
tI5\_JN>5@hGgF\[BXImJ0`>5BXST>`@^VUOQJ0GN@h^<@h^Lij@HGBXO?JN>UMlJJN>5@wAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPbM_IUAST>UM[BEIi5WX\CSTPmBXI5Y<GN@HO3V5W]JTO\_|'s [ M[O0`@HWEWMKOJ3>UM_J
\[|fkA5BXONS(VUONO3@HABXIyJN>5@1IU@(J?O3@HS(J3BX\[Ij&M_GN@tulM_WXBcA\[I5WXnV5IUA5@hGJ3>5@ M[ONOQVU^ag5J3BX\[IJN>UMlJMJTM[O3PaGN@hWX@HMKOQ@dO&MG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@0BEJ?AC\@dO&I5\[J
MKShmV5BXG3@wM[Imn|}V5G3J3>5@HG1GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOHr=?>UM_J1BcOhvjJ3>U@GN@HmV5@HOQJtM_IjAxG3@HWE@dM[O3@\_|GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOinM<JTM[O3PSHM_IxiF@LACBXuBXA5@HAxBXImJ3\Jo`\bS(WX@HM[G
g5>jM[O3@HO Z BEJUGTOoJ0MKShmV5BXG3@dOM_WXW!G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOBEJ0I5@h@dA5OM_IUAbJ3>U@hIxGN@hWX@HM[O3@HOJN>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHr
=?>5@|}\KWEWX\l`BEIUY<M[G3@1Jo`\aBX^<gj\KGQJTM_ImJ0S(\KG3\KWEWcM_GNBE@dO&`>UBXST>@HMKOQBXWXn|}\[WXWE\l`|}G3\K^ =?>5@H\[GN@h^ r
%   * "$#% & [h'
(  T (_3<) T_[  C~Nwl3(h C3T* _~! U 3(( C3T
 Ul, +a   TN-  C~3 ~, +

T T3T< l
%   * "$#/.0 21 {l) bTlZF_ C K( K Ul~ (Ed l~&b~3
  l






 



  

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

tIBXIKJN@hGN@HOQJ3BXI5Yb\KiUO3@hGNuM_J3BX\[IxGN@hYmM_GTACBEIUYb's [ BcOtJN>5@L|}\[WXWE\l`BXI5YUr I'qo`>5@HI5@huK@hG OQ@Hu[@HGNM[WJNMKOQPCO1G3@dmV5@HOQJMS(GNB]JNBXSHM_W;G3@hz


3O \[V5GTS(@J3>jMlJqBcOqM_WXG3@dM[ACnBXI<VUO3@[v_JN>5@hnaM_GN@?^<M[BEImJTM_BXI5@HALBEIM mV5@hVU@BEIaJ3>U@\[GTAC@hGBXIa`>UBXST>aJ3>U@hnGN@HmV5@dOoJN@HAJ3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r>U@hI
MGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@iF@HSh\[^<@HO0|}G3@H@[vjJ3>5@WE\KI5Y[@dOoJt`?M_BEJ3BXI5Y<JTM[O3PBXIxJ3>U@mV5@hV5@BXO1Y[GTM_ImJ3@dAJ3>5@wGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r?=?>mVjO0@huK@hGNnShG3BEJ3BcShM[WGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
BcO?M[ONOQ\CS(BcMlJN@HAb`B]JN>MamV5@hV5@\_|`M[B]JNBEI5YLJNMKOQPCOHrs0\l`@hu[@HGHvmBXIs'[ I5\aO3VUST>KVU@hV5@BXO?IU@h@HA5@HA!rq=?>5@GN@HM[O3\[IbBXOJ3>jMlJ`>5@hIU@hu[@HG
MJTM[O3P'MKShmV5BXG3@dOwMxGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvBEJL@h@dS(VCJN@HOLMlJwJN>5@bS(@HBEWXBXI5Yg5GNBE\KG3BEJon\[|J3>5@bG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[vM_IUAR\[J3>5@HGwJTM[O3POJ3>UM_JL^MnI5@H@HARJN>5BcO
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ AC\<I5\[J0@hu[@HIMaYK@(J0ST>UM_IjS(@J3\@h@dS(VCJN@M_IUAGN@HmV5@HOQJ?|}\[G?JN>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[r
s [ g5GN@huK@hImJNO0A5@HM[A5WE\CSTPCO|}G3\K^ \CShShV5GNG3BXI5YyO3BEIUSh@`>5@hIMaJTM[O3PbYK@(JNO1MOQBXI5YKWE@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kv5M_WXW\[J3>5@HG0G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO?GN@HmV5BXGN@HAimn
:
BEJ0^VUOQJ0iF@ |}G3@H@<inf\[GN\[WXWcM_GNn
r
.&   ( )
-   q=?>U\[V5YK>R:
s [O3\[WXu[@dOJ3>5@ygUG3\Ki5WE@H^O \_|V5Iij\KV5IUAC@dA'g5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[Iv;AC@HMKACWX\STPvM[IUAeST>UM[BEI
i5WX\CSTPBEI5YjvCB]J\Kgj@HIUO?V5gJ3>5@ gF\KONOQBXi5BXWEBEJon|}\KG~ 5h
~lFT
3hEl ~ lhTT_y`>5BcST>A5BXAI5\_J0@hCBXOQJBEIqorCI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HA
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KI\SHS(V5GTO;`>5@hIJ3>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJon ulM_WXV5@\[|jM1WE\l`eg5GNBX\[GNB]JonJNMKOQP>U\[WcACBEIUY1M1G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@qBcOGTM_BcO3@HA JN\M1>5BXY[>ulM[WEV5@in J3>5@?S(@HBEWXBXI5Y
GNV5WX@[vjJ3>5@LBEImJ3@HG3^<@dACBXM_J3@Lg5G3BX\[GNBEJonyJNMKOQPCOtI5\_JI5@h@dACBEIUYyJ3>U@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@wSHM_IxI5\[J1@(C@dS(VCJN@LM_IjAxM_GN@O3M[BXAJN\bV5IjAC@hGNY[\yBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hz
GN@hWcMlJN@HAg5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[Ir
'@I5\l` BXWEWXVUOQJ3GTMlJN@BXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@(z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dABEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IJ3>UG3\KV5Y[>M[I@(5M_^<g5WX@[rf\[IUO3BcAC@hGMyOQnCOQJ3@H^,Sh\[IUO3BcOoJNBEI5Yb\_|UuK@wJNMKOQPCO Z
\ b cR\ d c/\ f cR\kn c  / $ \Um[vM_IUAJ3>5@HBEG g5GNBX\[GNB]JonulM_WXV5@HO iF@ v v r v UvM[IUA yGN@HO3gj@dS
JNBEuK@hWXn[rtWXO3\UvMKO3O3V5^<@JN>UMlJ JN>5@<>5BEYK>5@hGJN>5@
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonyulM[WEV5@KvCJ3>U@w>5BXY[>5@HG0BXOJ3>5@wgUG3BX\[GNB]Jonb\_|;J3>5@JTM[O3Pr&=?>UMlJ0BcOHv aBcO?J3>5@>5BEYK>5@HOQJtM_IjA BcO?JN>5 @wWX\l` @dOoJg5GNBE\KG3BEJonyulM_WXV5@KQr [@hJ
\ b cR\  d c  /  $ \ f I5@h@dAJ3>U@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@f M_IU+
A \ b c/\kn  / \Um1I5@h@dAJ3>U@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@f r=?>5@HIv
BcO^M_! v v r " r v
M[IUA 
BXO^Ml v jv K/ 5r>5@H+I \ b MKShmV5BXG3@dO$J3>U@1GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1f BEJNOg5G3BX\[GNBEJonL`\[V5WcAiF@HSh\[ ^<@ 5r0|~J3@HQG \ b MKShmV5BXG3@dO
f vU\UdLM[IUA?\Ufw`\[VUWXAI5\_J ij@M[i5WE@J3\@(C@HShVCJ3@a@huK@hIJ3>5\KV5Y[>J3>5@Hnx^<MnxiF@aG3@dM[ACnKvO3BXIUS(@LJ3>5@HBEG g5GNBX\[GNB]JonBcO1WX@HONOtJ3>UM[IJN>5@
BXI5>5@HG3BEJ3@dAgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon\[K| \`bdrIJN>5BXOtOQBEJ3VUM_J3BX\[I!v \UdM[IU+A \UfM[G3@ O3M[BXAbJ3\iF@V5IUA5@hGNY[\[BXI5YaBEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@ G3@HWXM_J3@HABXImuK@hGTOQBX\[Ir
s [kBcOGNM[G3@HWEnaVUO3@HAyBXIbGN@HM[W]z{WXB]|}@tM[g5g5WXBXSHMlJNBE\KIUOMKOqJN>5@g5G3\Ki5WX@h^\_|BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@G3@HWXM_J3@dA<BEIu[@HGNO3BX\[I\_|~JN@hIij@dS(\[^<@ OQ\aOQ@Hu[@HG3@
:
MKOtJN\^M[P[@wJN>5@<g5GN\_J3\CSh\[W;V5IVUO3M[i5WX@[rw=?>5BcOM_GNBXO3@HO1iF@HShM[VUO3@wJ3>U@agUG3BX\[GNB]Jon\[|&@huK@hIuK@hGNnWE\l`gUG3BX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3PO1^<BEYK>mJiF@<GNM[BXO3@HA
JN\bu[@HG3n>5BXY[>uM[WEVU@HO1`>5@hIBEJM[ShmV5BXGN@HOtM[InGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[rt1OMbG3@dOQVUW]JdvO3@huK@hGTM_WBEImJ3@HG3^<@dACBXM_J3@Lg5G3BX\[GNBEJonbJTM[O3POtI5\_J I5@H@HACBXI5YM[In
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@^<BEYK>mJyV5IUAC@HG3YK\'BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hzGN@hWcMlJN@HABEIuK@hGTOQBX\[I M_IUA ^<BXONO<JN>5@hBXGyGN@HO3gj@dS
J3BXu[@xAC@dM[ACWXBXI5@HOHr I O3g5B]JN@x\_|J3>5BcO^M o\KG
>UM[IUACBcShM[g\_|'s [v[`@1OQJ3VUA5nJN>5BXOg5GN\_JN\Sh\[WjBEIJN>5BcOqJN@(JMKOJ3>U@0|}\[VUIUA5MlJNBE\KI<|}\[GV5IUAC@HGNOQJNM[IUACBXI5YJ3>U@ F
_
~ Th~ ~ 3ldN_
JN>UMlJBcOwuK@hGNngF\[g5VUWXM[GM_IUARBcOiF@hBXI5YVUO3@HAR@hJ3@hIjOQBXu[@HWEnZBEIeGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@yM_g5g5WXBcShMlJNBE\KIkAC@huK@hWX\[g5^<@HIKJdr&G3BX\[GNBEJonS(@HBEWXBEIUYxg5G3\[J3\CS(\KW
fBcO0ACBcO3ShVUONOQ@dAbBXIJ3>5@I5@hJO3@HS(J3BX\[Ir

q(Lq thHh yL  
&G3BX\[GNB]Jonef@hBXWEBXI5Y'qGN\_J3\CSh\[Wtfw@(J3@HIUA5OJ3>5@BcAC@HMKO\[|tqoM[IUAk's [JN\ZO3\[WXu[@JN>5@bg5GN\[iUWE@H^<OL\_|0VUImiF\[VUIUAC@HAkg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIvFST>jM_BXIi5WX\STPBXI5YUv!M[IUAAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPOHv`>5BXWE@<MlJ1J3>5@<O3M[^<@JNBE^<@a^aBXI5BX^<BEHBEI5YBXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@(z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dABEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUOHr |}V5I5z
A5M[^<@hImJNM[WA5B]D@hGN@hIUSh@1iF@(Jo`@h@HI&oM_IjAbfBXOJN>UMlJ?J3>U@t|}\KG3^<@hGBcOMLY[GN@h@dACnM_g5gUG3\mM[ST>`>5@HG3@dM[O&J3>5@ WcMlJQJN@hGBXOI5\[JHrIqo
`>5@HI5@huK@hGMwGN@HmV5@HOQJ&|}\KGMwG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@0BcO&^M[A5@[vmJ3>5@1G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@0`BXWEWFiF@M[WEWX\CShMlJN@HA<JN\wJN>5@tGN@HmV5@dOoJNBEI5YJNMKOQPaB]|B]J?BXO&|}GN@h@[rst\l`@Hu[@hGdv
BXIxf M<G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@t^MnyI5\[J0ij@YKGNM[ImJ3@HAyJ3\yMaGN@HmV5@HOQJ3BXI5YaJNMKOQPb@hu[@HIBE|;J3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BcO|}G3@H@[r
 

KVUOQJMKO'
s [eAC\@HOHv[fRM[ONO3\ShBXM_J3@dO;M Sh@hBXWEBXI5YulM_WXV5@ *
3;`BEJ3>@Hu[@hGNnGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
33v_JN>UMlJqBcO;J3>U@^<M_CBE^LV5^ \[|jJN>5@
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonulM_WXV5@HOt\_|&M_WXWJTM[O3PCOJ3>jMlJ ^aBXY[>mJtVjOQ@
33r1tI\[gF@hGTMlJNBEI5YOQnCOQJ3@h^*ulM_GNBXM[i5WX@ShM[WEWX@HAZf?jffV5GNG3@HImJnCOoJN@h^8f@hBXWXBEI5Y
BcO?VUO3@HAJ3\<P[@H@hgJ3GTM[STPy\[|JN>5@ ^MlCBE^L V5^Sh @hBXWEBXI5Y<ulM_WXV5@ \_|M_WXWJ3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO&J3>UM_JtM_GN@BXIVUOQ@wM_J0M_InyBXIUOoJTM_ImJ\_|;J3BX^<@[rq=?>VUOHv
M_JM_InJNBE^<@f?Uf  0
3 /!
3 # /Uo / ' (ryJLO3nOQJ3@H^pOQJNM[GQJdvf?Uf BcOBEIUB]JNBXM[WEBXh@dAJN\ 5 }WX\l`@HG
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<JN>UM_IJ3>U@WE@dM[OQJ?gUG3BX\[GNB]Jon<JT M[O3PyBXIJN>5@wO3nOQ% J3@H^y
r      %
@dOQ\KV5GTS(@O3>UM_GNBXI5YM[^a\KI5YyJTM[O3PCOtV5IjAC@hGfBXOGN@hYKV5WXM_J3@dAxVUO3BEI5YbJo`\G3VUWE@dOt|}\KG1>jM_IUACWXBXI5YGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@wG3@dmV5@HOQJNO Z GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
YKGNM[IKJM_IjAGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@1GN@hWX@HMKOQ@Kr'@@hWcM_iF\[GTMlJN@tJN>5@HO3@ Jo`\<GNV5WX@HO?BXIJN>5@ |}\[WXWX\l`BEI5Y Z






 
  

 

  - ) 





Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

@dOQ\KV5GTS(@Y[GTM_ImJG3V5WX@S(\KIUOQBcOQJNO?\_|Jo`\ShWXM[VUOQ@dOhr=?>5@dOQ@Jo`\S(WcM_VUO3@HOM[G3@ M_g5gUWEBX@HA`>5@HIMLJTM[O3PyG3@dmV5@HOQJNOJN\aWX\CSTPbMaG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[r
r !    3   3 
   *   
Mm{|&MaJNM[O3+P \ BcO>5\KWXA5BEI5YM<G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ `>5\KO3@wS(@HBEWXBEIUYg5G3BX\[GNBEJonb@HmVUM[WXOtf?jf1v5J3>U@hIJ3>U@wJNMKOQPBXO0Y[GTM_ImJ3@dAMKShSh@HONOJ3\JN>5@
G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[r

 
}ijtJN>5@hGN`BXO3@[Uv \ 3 `BXWEWI5\[Jij@<Y[GTM_ImJN@HA
4 vV5IUWE@dO3OBEJNO g5GNBE\KG3BEJonx BcO1YKG3@dMlJN@hG1J3 >UM[Ie f?Uf6 }Br @KrLgUG3B{ \ 3   
raI
ij\[J3 >'MK M_IjA}iFM[ij\luK@[vmB]K| \ 3 BcOY[GTM_ImJ3@dAyM[SHS(@HONO&J3\LJ3>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@
4 vCM_IUAbB]|   
4
vJN>5@hIf?Uf BcO?OQ@hJ
J3\ 
4d
r  ) &   ()
 *   >5@HIMaJNMKOQPBXOtg5G3@Hu[@HIKJN@HAb|}G3\K^WX\CSTPBEI5YM<GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ iny|M[BEWXBXI5Y<J3\y^<@H@(J0JN>5@wGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Y[GTM_ImJ
S(WcM_VUO3@[vmBEJi5WX\CSTPCO&M_IjAJ3>U@0JNMKOQP<>5\KWXA5BEI5YJ3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@0BXI5>5@HG3BEJNO&J3>U@1g5GNBX\[GNB]Jona\_|!JN>5@1iUWE\CSTP[@dA<JNMKOQPaBE|J3>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJona\_|JN>5@
JNMKOQPy>U\[WcACBEIUYLJN>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BXO?WX@HONOJ3>jM_IJ3>UM_J0\_|J3>5@i5WX\CSTP[@dAyJTM[O3PFr
    3  * 3

{|qMaJNMKOQPG3@HWE@dM[O3@HOMShG3BEJ3BcShM[W!G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ B]Jt`?M[O?>U\[WcACBEIUYbM_IUABE|J3>5@Sh@hBXWEBXI5Yg5GNBX\[GNB]Jony\[|JN>5BcO0GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ @HmVUM[WXOtf?jf1v5J3>U@hIZf?Uf
BcO0^M[A5@w@HmVUM[WJ3\yJ3>5@L^<M_CBE^LV5^\[|J3>5@aS(@hBXWXBEI5YbuM[WEVU@w\_|qM_WXW\[J3>5@HGtGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO?BEIVUOQ@Kj@HWXO3@af?UfGN@h^M_BXIUOtV5IUST>UM[I5Y[@dA!r=?>5@
JTM[O3PG3@HWE@dM[O3BEIUYbJN>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@a@hBEJ3>5@HGY[@(JTOiUMKSTPxB]JTO\[GNBEYKBEIjM_Wg5GNBE\KG3BEJon\[GJN>5@>5BXY[>5@dOoJwg5GNBX\[GNB]Jonx\[|?M[WEWJTM[O3PO `?M_BEJ3BXI5Y|}\[GwM[In
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO`>5BXST>BEJ0^aBXY[>mJtOQJ3BXWEWij@>5\KWXA5BEI5YjvC`>5BcST>5@huK@hG?BXO0>5BEYK>5@hGdr
?f BcO1uK@hGNnxOQBX^<BEWcM_GJ3\'s [@h5S(@hg5J1JN>UMlJBXIZfMbJNM[O3P`>5@hI'Y[GTM_ImJN@HAMG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@AC\@dO1IU\_JBE^<^<@HA5BXM_J3@hWXnM[SHmV5BEGN@
JN>5@Sh@hBXWEBXI5YZg5G3BX\[GNBEJon\_|tJ3>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[rI|M[S(JHvV5IUA5@hG<fJN>5@bgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon'\_|tMJNMKOQPeAC\@HOLI5\[JaST>UM[I5Y[@yVUgj\KIM[SHmV5BEGNBXI5YM
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@^<@hGN@hWXnRJ3>5@xulM_WXV5@\_| M'O3nCOoJN@h^ ulM_GNBcM_i5WX@xf?jf/ST>UM[I5Y[@dOhr=?>U@gUG3BX\[GNB]Jone\[|MJNMKOQPkST>UM[I5Y[@dOaimnRJN>5@BEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@
ShWXM[VUOQ@\_|1?f\[IUWEnR`>5@HI\[IU@b\[Ga^<\[GN@yJTM[O3POL`?M_BEJ|}\[G<MGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@yB]J<BcOL>U\[WcACBEIUYUrR=MKOQPCOLG3@dKVU@HOQJ3BXI5YZMG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@yi5WX\CSTP
M[WE^<\KOQJtV5IjAC@hG1BXAC@HImJ3BcShM_WO3B]JNVUMlJNBE\KIUO0V5IjAC@hGf M[IUAx's [rj=?>5@L\[I5WXnA5B]D@hGN@hIUSh@w`BEJ3>Z?f BXO0J3>UM_JM<JTM[O3iP \ 3 ShM_IM[WXO3\yiF@
i5WX\CSTP[@dA<|}G3\K^@hImJ3@HG3BXI5YLMaS(GNBEJ3BcShM_WO3@HS
JNBE\KIvB]|J3>5@HG3@1@(CBXOQJNO?M[Imn<GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1S(V5GNG3@HImJ3WXnL>5@HWXAbinyOQ\K^a@1\_JN>5@hGJNMKOQP<`>5\mOQ@1g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
Sh@hBXWEBXI5YBcOY[GN@HM_J3@hG\[G@HmVUM[WUJN\JN>UMlJ?\_q| \ 3 r9WXB]J3J3WX@1JN>5\[VUY[>mJ`\[V5WcAyO3>5\l` J3>jMlJJ3>5BcO?M_GNGNM[I5Y[@H^a@HImJ&g5GN@hu[@HImJNOJN>5@ V5I5I5@dS(@dO3ONM_GNn
BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@?i5WX\CSTPmBXI5YmO;SHM_VUO3@HAaACV5@JN\1JN>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJon\_|M1JNM[O3PMKShmV5BXG3BXI5Y M1GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@&iF@hBXI5YGNM[BXO3@HAwJ3\ u[@HG3n>UBEYK>LulM_WXV5@dOS(@HBEWXBXI5Y
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon5MlJJN>5@BEIjOoJTM_ImJ0B]JtMKShmV5BXG3@dOMaG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[rIxfvCBXIOoJN@HMKAb\[|MKS
J3VjM_WXWEnyGTM_BcO3BEI5YaJN>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJony\_|;J3>U@ JNM[O3PbMKShmV5BXG3BXI5Y
MGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kv!^a@HG3@HWEnJ3>5@ulM[WEV5@<\[|?MO3nOQJ3@H^8ulM_GNBcM_i5WX@{f?Uf? BcO GNM[BXO3@HAJ3\JN>5@yS(@HBEWXBEIUYxuM[WEVU@[r nS(\K^<gUM_GNBEIUYbJN>5@yulM_WXV5@<\_|
f?UfM_YmM_BXIUOoJ1J3>5@<g5GNBX\[GNB]Jonx\[|MJNM[O3PxGN@HmV5@HOQJ3BXI5YMGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[vFJ3>5@<gF\KONOQBXi5BXWEBEJonx\_|?AC@HMKACWX\STPCO1BXOMuK\[BcAC@HAr{|I5\xS(\K^<gUM_GNBXO3\[I
`BEJ3>ef?Uf9`\KV5WcAx>UMu[@ij@H@hI^MKAC@M[O1BEI&o(vFMb>5BEYK>5@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNM[O3P^<MnWcMlJN@hGWE\CSTPOQ\K^a@LG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@GN@HmV5BXG3@dAxinJN>5BcO
JTM[O3PWE@dM[ACBXI5Y1J3\Mgj\[J3@hImJNBXM[WA5@HM[A5WE\CSTPwO3B]JNVUMlJNBE\KIL`>5@HG3@@HMKST>wJTM[O3Pw>5\[WcA5OM1gUM_G3J\_|UJN>5@?G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOGN@HmV5BXG3@dAwin J3>5@?\[J3>5@HGJNM[O3Pr
'@I5\l`@hCg5WXM[BEIJ3>U@`\KG3PBXI5YL\[|?fkJN>5GN\[V5YK>M[I@hCM[^<g5WE@Kr




$ *  

f\KIUOQBcAC@HGM O3nOQJ3@H^ Sh \[IUO3BcOoJNBEI5Y\_|?|}\[V5 GLG3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@JTM[O3PC.O \`bvV\Ud_vV\Uf_vV\ n r=?>5@dOQ@|}\KV5GwJTM[O3PCOwOQ>jM_GN@<Jo`\IU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@


NG @HO3\[V5GTS(@dO
.byM[IUA
Fd[rRtONOQVU^a@
2byBcOVUO3@HAkimn \`bv-\UdM_IUA \Uf[vqM_IUA
FdBXOLVUO3@HAkin \`bM[IUA \ n r'tONOQV5^<@J3>UM_J
JN>5@wg5GNBE\KG3BEJonbulM[WEV5@dO\_|-\`bv \Ud_v\Uf[vjM_IjA\ n M_GN@ 65 v v CvFM_IUA 5 G3@dOQgF@HS(J3BXu[@HWEnKrtONO3V5^<@;fONST>5@HACVUWEBXI5YbM[^a\KI5Y@HmVUM[W
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<JTM[O3POHv5M_IjAbJN>UMlJ>5BXY[>U@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonyulM_WXV5@dO?BEIUA5BXSHMlJ3@ >5BXY[>U@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJ3BX@HOHr
U G3\K^/ J3>5@YKBEuK@hIA5MlJTM5vJN>5@wS(@HBEWXBEIUYagUG3BX\[GNB]Jonb\_|JN>5@ Jo`\aGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO?ShM[IiF@@HMKOQBXWEnS(\[^<g5V5J3@HAr
   2

dbh  ;; ..   \q\ bHb  c c"1     \U\kdHnd1 Qc .   \k5 fdr Q  5r




[@(JVUOS(\KIUO3BXAC@HGM_IbBXIUOQJNM[IKJBXIbJN>5@@(C@dS(VC JNBE\KIb\_ |J3>5@O3nCOoJN@h^6BXI`>UBXSTh
> \ b BcO@(C@HShVCJ3BXI5YMl|~JN@hGM[SHmV5BEGNBXI5YJN>5@ G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@
b r
>5@HI \ b MKShmV5BXG3@dO0f vjf?Uf BcOOQ@hJJ3\ *
b  Cr
t\l`9S(\KIUO3BXAC@HG?J3>5@ |}\KWEWX\l`BXI5YJo`\M_WEJ3@HG3IUM_J3@O3B]JNVUMlJNBE\KIUOJ3>UM_J0^<BEYK>KJ0M[G3BcOQ@ BXIJ3>5@wSh\[V5GTOQ@\_|;@(C@HShVCJ3BX\[I\[|J3>U@ JNM[O3PCOhr

(
   (* ) 

1 O3O3V5^<@tJN>UMlJ \ n iF@HSh\[^< @HOGN@HMKACn[r @hBXI5Y\[|>5BXY[>5@HG?g5G3BX\[GNBEJon\ n vCgUG3@H@h^<gCJNO5\`btM_IUAOoJTM_G3JNO&J3\a@(C@HShVCJ3@Kr0|~J3@HG0OQ\K^a@tJ3BX^<@[v!\ n


GN@HmV5@dOoJTOJ3>U@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ 
Fd[r BXIUS(@J3>5@Lg5G3BX\[GNBEJonbulM_WXV5@\[|8\ n }YKBEuK@hIJN\biF@ 5 ?BcOtYKG3@dMlJ3@HGJ3>jM_I'f?Uf `>5BcST>BXO K
Y\ n BcO
YKGNM[IKJN@HAbJ3>5@LG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@
:d}inyJN>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@GN@HmV5@HOQJtS(WcM_VjOQ@M_IUAf?UfBcOtO3@(JJN\ 5 r&>5@HI?\ n S(\[^<g5WX@(JN@HOBEJNOt@(C@HShVCJ3BX\[Iv
65


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

t`BEWXWYK@(JtM<ST>UM_IjS(@J3\<@(C@dS(VCJN@[r

\`b

(
   (* )%.#

1 O3O3V5^<@J3>UM_J5\ f ij@dS(\K^a@dO G3@dM[ACnKr @hBXI5Ya\_|;>5BEYK>5@hG?g5GNBX\[GNB]JonKv\ f g5GN@h@h^<gCJTO5\ b M_IjAOQJNM[GQJTOqJN\a@hC@HS(V5J3@[r0|~J3@hG0O3\[^<@1J3BX^<@[v!\ f


GN@HmV5@dOoJTO|}\[GJN>5@w GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
b r1O?J3>U@g5G3BX\[GNBEJony\_|-\ f }YKBEuK@hIJ3\iF@ KBXOIU\_J0Y[GN@HM_J3@HGJN>UM_IZf?jf`>5BXST>xBcO [
\ f `BXWXW
I5\[JtiF@Y[GTM_ImJN@HA
b r \ f `\KV5WcAiUWE\CSTPvjM[IUA\ b `\KV5WcABEI5>U@hGNB]J0JN>5@gUG3BX\[GNB]Jon\_|-\ f }inJ3>5@Lf BXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@ShWXM[VUOQ@
r0\jv
\ b 7 O?g5GNBE\KG3BEJony`\[V5WcAST>UM_I5YK@t|}GN\[^ 6 5 J3\ Cr


'01 Zt qhq  L0(a  x0 


=;M[O3PCOO3>UM_GNBXI5Y1M O3@(J\_|UGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOVjOQBXI5Y f^MnV5IjAC@hGNY[\tJ3>5GN@h@?BX^agF\[G3JNM[ImJJongF@HO;\_|UgUG3BX\[GNB]JonBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO Z A5BEGN@HS(JBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIv
BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hzGN@hWcMlJN@HABXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIvM[IUAZMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@aBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[Ir<I'J3>5@<|}\KWEWX\l`BXI5YUv`@ACBcO3ShVUO3OJN>5@HO3@<J3>UG3@H@<JonmgF@HO \[|BXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO
JN>UMlJJTM[O3PO?^MnyVUIUAC@hGNY[\aBXI?fr
'(     )  (* ) 0tBXG3@dS
JtBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KI\CSHS(V5GTO?`>5@hIM<>UBEYK>5@hG0gUG3BX\[GNB]JonyJNM[O3Pb`?M_BEJNO|}\KGtM<WX\l`@HGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonJNMKOQPbJ3\GN@hWX@HM[O3@
MaGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1J3>UM_J0B]J0IU@h@HAUOhr








 

TL
TH

CR

BXY[VUG3@ 1Z 1BXG3@dS


JtqGNBX\[GNB]Jon<Iu[@HGNO3BE\KI

f\KIUOQBcAC@HG?J3>5@@hCM[^<g5WE@wO3>5\l`IBXI;BXYUr 1 rVUg5gj\mOQ@LMLWX\l`g5G3BX\[GNBEJonJNMKOQPO\ ^ BXO0>5\[WcACBXI5YyMS(GNB]JNBXSHM_W!GN@HO3\[V5 GTS(@ IUM[^<@HA
ar
t\l`BE|M>5BXY[>5@HGqg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQP*\ ] I5@h@dA5OJN>5BcOqGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvlJ3>5@HIB]J`\KV5WXAa>UMuK@?J3\`?M_BEJJ3BXWEYW \ ^ jI5BXO3>5@dOVUO3BEI5Y
M_IjA<G3@HWE@dM[O3@HO
BEJHr1Z@aShM_IO3@h@wJ3>UM_J1BXIxJ3>5BcOtJonmgF@\[|qBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IvjMWE\l`@hGtg5G3BX\[GNBEJonbJTM[O3PACBXGN@HS
JNWEnShM[VUO3@HOtMy>5BEYK>5@hG1g5GNBE\KG3BEJonbJTM[O3PbJN\yV5IUA5@hGNY[\
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIbiny>5\KWXACBXI5YaJ3>U@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@1BEJ0I5@H@HA5OHr
.0  ) &   (  )
 ! *    )   ( )  f\[IUO3BXA5@hG MbO3B]JNVUMlJNBE\KI`>5@hGN@LMbWE\l`@hG1g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNM[O3PBXO1>5\KWXACBXI5YMyGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@M[IUA
M>UBEYK>5@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonyJTM[O3PBcO0`?M_BEJ3BXI5Yb|}\[GtBEJHr=?>5@hIvjJN>5@gUG3BX\[GNB]Jon\_|JN>5@WX\l`@hG0g5GNBX\[GNB]JonJNMKOQPBXO1GTM_BcOQ@dAJ3\JN>UMlJ \_|JN>5@`?M_BEJ3BXI5Y
>5BXY[>U@hG g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNM[O3PxinxJ3>U@aBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@<S(WcM_VjOQ@a\_|?fr!tO MG3@dOQVUW]JdvJ3>5@<BXIKJN@hGN^<@HACBcMlJN@Lg5GNBX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3POI5\[JIU@h@HA5BEI5YJN>5@
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@V5IUA5@hGNY[\aBEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HAbBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[Ir
I5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HABXIu[@HGNO3BE\KI>UMKO1iF@h@HIZBXWXWEVUOQJ3GTMlJN@HABEIZJ3>5@<@hCM[^<g5WE@<O3>5\l`IBXI';BXYUr 5Cr \U] BXOM>5BXY[>5@HG1g5GNBX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3P
JN>UM_I \k^;vqM[IU;A \Ua>UM[OLg5GNBE\KG3BEJonZBXImJ3@HG3^<@HA5BXM_J3@biF@(Jo`@h@HI \U^ M_IUA \U]wr \U]M[IUA \U^ ij\[J3>I5@h@dARJ3>5@S(GNBEJ3BcShM_WGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@fwv
`>5@HG3@dM[VO \Ua >UMKOI5\GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@GN@HmV5BXG3@H^a@HImJNOHrJO3\[^<@?gj\KBEImJ&\[|jJNBE^<@0BXIaJ3>5@t@(C@HShVCJ3BX\[IvmM WE\l`g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQ*P \U^y>UMKOqM[SHKVUBEGN@HA
MG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@
ar=?>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@Kvf?Uf  ulM[WEV5@1BXO?O3@(JJ3\<f@HBEW{f1qinaJ3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@0GN@HmV5@dOoJ?S(WcM_VUO3@[r9WEBEJQJNWE@WXM_J3@HGHvMw>5BXY[>bg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3*P \ ] G3@dKVU@HOQJNOJN>5@1GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@
LKr \ ] `\[VUWXA<i5WX\CSTPL\KIfinLJ3>5@1G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@G3@dmV5@HOQJS(WcM_VjOQ@Kr nLJ3>5@1BEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@1ShWXM[VUOQ@Kv
\ ^ `\[V5WcAyBXI5>5@HG3BEJ?J3>5@ g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<\_K| \ ] r0\l`v5Sh\[IUO3BcAC@hGJ3>5@ BXImJ3@hGN^<@HACBcMlJN@ g5G3BX\[GNBEJonLJTM[O3j
P \ a r=?>5\KV5Y[h> \ a IU@h@HAUOIU\aGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[v
BEJ SHM_IIU\_J @(C@HShVCJ3@<ACV5@LJ3\bJ3>5@aGNM[BXO3@HAg5G3BX\[GNBEJon\[| \ ^ r IJ3>5BcO ShM[O3@[vFJN>5@JTM[O3P \ a BcO1ONM_BcAJN\V5IjAC@hGNY[\BEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HA
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIr
 ( 
 )
 ! *    )  (* ) 1I?fv5`>5@HIM<JNMKOQPGN@HmV5@HOQJNO1MGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BEJNO1g5GNBE\KG3BEJonbBcO1ST>U@HSTP[@dAM_YKM[BEIjOoJ f?jf1r
=?>5@ GN@HmV5@dOoJNBEI5YaJTM[O3PBXO?YKGNM[IKJN@HAbVUOQ@ \[|J3>U@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@t\KI5WEnb`>5@hIBEJNO?g5GNBE\KG3BEJonBcO?Y[GN@HMlJN@hGJ3>UM[If?Uf1r5=?>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@Kv@hu[@HI`>U@hI
MG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@?J3>UM_J?MwJNMKOQP<BcO&GN@HmV5@dOoJNBEI5YBXOBXA5WE@KvKJN>5@G3@dKVU@HOQJ3BXI5YJNMKOQP<^Mn<ij@AC@hIUBE@dAbM[SHS(@dO3OqJ3\wJN>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@0BE|!J3>5@G3@dmV5@HOQJ3BXI5Y
JTM[O3P 7 Og5GNBE\KG3BEJon<BXOWX@HONO&JN>UM_Ixf?Uf1rC9JNM[O3P`>5\mOQ@1g5G3BX\[GNBEJonaBcO?Y[GN@HM_J3@HGqJ3>jM_IyJN>5@S(V5GNGN@hImJ3WXn<@(C@HShVCJ3BXI5YLJNM[O3PvCi5VCJ?Y[GN@HM_J3@hGJ3>jM_I






Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

TL
TI

CR

TH

; BEYKV5G3@25 Z I5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@(z@HWXM_J3@HAbIu[@hGTO3BE\KI
f?UfM_IjAbI5@H@HA5OtMLGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@tJN>UMlJBcO0S(V5GNGN@hImJ3WXnyI5\[J?BXIVUO3@[v5BcOO3M[BXAbJ3\VUIUAC@hGNY[\<Mu[\KBXAUM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HAyBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[Ir
tu[\[BcA5M[IUS(@hzGN@hWcMlJN@HAyBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIBXO1M_WcOQ\O3\[^<@(JNBE^<@HOtG3@h|}@hGNG3@dAJ3\bMKOg5GNBE\KG3BEJonSh@hBXWEBXI5Y_z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dAbBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIvUO3BEIjS(@M<>5BXY[>U@hGtgUG3BEz
\KG3BEJonJNM[O3PBXOI5\[J M[WEWX\l`@HAJ3\@(C@dS(VCJN@[v!I5\[J1iF@HShM[VUO3@LBEJGN@HmV5@dOoJTO1MGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@JN>UMlJ BcO1M[WEGN@HMKACnWE\CSTP[@dAxinxM_I5\[J3>5@HGtJTM[O3PFvi5V5J
iF@HSHM_VUO3@<B]JTOg5GNBE\KG3BEJonxBXOwWE@dO3OJN>UM_I'J3>U@uM[WEVU@a\[|0f?jf1rI'MuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@(z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dAxBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IvM>UBEYK>5@hGg5GNBX\[GNB]JonxJTM[O3Pi5WX\CSTPO|}\KG
MGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@aJN>UMlJwBcOwI5\[Jwij@HBEIUYVUO3@HA'inZM_InZ\_|J3>5@JTM[O3PCOhr=?>5\[V5YK>'J3>5BcOwGN@HOQJ3GNBXS(J3BX\[I'^<BEYK>KJM[g5gF@HM_GwJ3\xiF@J3\\xGN@HOQJ3GNBXS(J3BXu[@
M[IUA`?M[OQJ3@h|}V5WvMWEBEJQJNWE@<JN>5\[VUY[>mJ`\KV5WXA'O3>5\l`JN>UMlJJN>5BXOwG3@dOoJNG3BcS
JNBE\KIBcO I5@HSh@HONO3M[G3nJN\xg5G3@Hu[@HIKJAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPOHr=?>5BcOJonmgF@\_|BEI5z
uK@hGTOQBX\[IBcO1J3>5@HG3@h|}\[GN@gF\[g5VUWXM[G3WXnShM[WEWX@HAZM[OAC@HMKACWE\CSTPxMu[\KBXAUM_IUSh@BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[Ivj\KGO3BE^<g5WXnMuK\[BcA5M_IUSh@wBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjJN>5@<G3@dM[O3\[Ix|}\KG
JN>5BXOJ3@hGN^BcOJ3>jMlJJ3>5@iUWE\CSTPBEIUY SHM_VUO3@HAaACV5@JN\ J3>5@g5GNBX\[GNB]JonwSh@hBXWEBXI5Y G3VUWE@?BcO;J3>5@0Sh\KOQJ;|}\KGqMu[\KBXA5M[IUS(@\_|AC@HMKACWX\STPwM[^<\[I5YJNMKOQPCOHr
TL
CR1

CR2
TH

Ceil(R1)=10
CSC=10

pri(TH )=8

; BXY[V5GN@ 4Z 0uK\[BcA5M_IUSh@@hWcMlJN@HAImuK@hGTOQBX\[I


'@1IU\l` BEWXWXVUOoJNGNM_J3@ AC@HMKACWX\STPyMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@0BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIyVUO3BEI5Y<M_I@(5M_^<g5WX@[r&f\KIUOQBcAC@HG&JN>5@ @(5M_^<g5WX@O3>5\l`IBEI;BEYjr 4 rIbJN>5@
@hCM[^<g5WE@ O3>5\l`IyBXI;BXYUr 4 v5MWE\l` gUG3BX\[GNB]JonaJTM[O3P \ ^ M[IUAbML>5BXY[>g5G3BX\[GNBEJonLJTM[O3P \ ] qiF\_JN>I5@H@HAyJo`\aG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO M_IUA
ACVUG3BXI5YJ3>5@HBEGwSh\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[IjOhr<tONOQVU^a@aJN>UMlJ J3>U@aWX\l`g5GNBX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3CP \ ^ BXO g5GN@HO3@hImJNWEnxVUO3BXI5YxMShG3 BEJ3BcShM[WG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@
b r<=?>5BcO
^<@HM[IUO JN>UMlJ`>U@hIRJ3>U@yG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@<`MKO Y[GTM_ImJ3@dA!v f?jf^LVUOQJ>UMu[@<iF@h@HIkOQ@hJ@HmVUM[WJ3\JN>5@f@hBXW{
b (rt\l`v`>5@HIkM>5BXY[>
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonJNM[O3P\ ] G3@dmV5@HOQJNOqJ3\wVUO3@0JN>5@tGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@
d vKBEJi5WX\CSTPCOqiF@HShM[VUO3@0B]JTO&gUG3BX\[GNB]JonLBXOWX@HONOJ3>jM_If?Uf1rtOM_WXG3@dM[ACnLgj\KBEImJN@HA
\KVCJHvKJ3>5BcOg5G3\luBcOQBX\[I<>UMKOqiF@h@HIyBEIjS(\[GNgF\[GTMlJ3@dAaBEIb?feBXIy\[GTAC@hGqJ3\LMuK\[BcA<AC@HMKACWE\CSTPCOHr0\[JM[WEWX\l`BEIUY J3>5@tJNM[O3PP \U]J3\LM[ShSh@HONO F
d
g5GN@HShWEVjAC@HOqJ3>5@1gj\mO3O3BEiUBEWXB]JonaJN>UMl5J \k]^MnaWcMlJN@hGG3@dKVU@HOQJ 2
b0M_IUOA \k^^MnaG3@dKVU@HOQJ :
dtWE@dM[ACBXI5YJ3\MLAC@HMKACWE\CSTPr0WcOQ\wIU\_J3@tJ3>UM_J
BE|\U] 7 O1g5G3BX\[GNBEJonBcO1>5BEYK>5@hG1J3>jM_IRf?jf1vjJN>5@hIZB]JwAC\@dOt^<@HM[IJN>UMl2J \U] `BXWEWI5@Hu[@HG1I5@H@HA .
bM_IUDA \k]BXIJ3>jMlJShM[O3@LSHM_I'O3M_|}@hWXn
iF@M_WXWE\l`@HA<JN\M[ShSh@HONO-:
d[r=?>U@@h5M_^<g5WX@ O3>5\l`0O&J3>UM_J0Mu[\[BcA5M[IUS(@1G3@HWXM_J3@HAbBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IyBcOJ3>U@gUG3BcS(@1J3\<gUMnaJ3\MuK\[BcAyAC@HMKACWX\STPCOHr
st\l`@Hu[@hGdvUM<JTM[O3Pb^Mnij@A5@hI5BX@HAMKShSh@HONO?J3\bMyG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ @hu[@HIx`>5@hIMyY[GTM_ImJ0\_|J3>U@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@S(\KV5WcABEIIU\y`Mnb`\KV5WXA>jMu[@
SHM_VUO3@HAMyAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPr=?>UM_JtBcOhvFB]J1BXOtgj\mO3O3BEiUWE@JN>UMlJ1V5IUAC@HG1fMJNM[O3PbVUIUAC@hGNY[\@dO0Mu[\KBXA5M[IUS(@ BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIvCJ3>U\[V5YK>BEJNO1GN@HmV5@HOQJ
|}\KGqM1GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@&BXIaIU\`?MnwS(\KV5WcA>UMuK@SHM_VUO3@HALM_InAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPCOhrZ@BXWEWXVUOQJ3GTMlJN@&JN>5BXO&M[O3gj@dS
JBEIaJN>5@|}\[WXWE\l`BXI5Y VUO3BEI5Y M_Ia@(5M[^agUWE@Kr
f\KIUOQBcAC@HGMaGN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@ O3nOQJ3@H^/BEI`>5BcST>yJN>5@hGN@M_GN@t|}\KV5GJNMKOQPC5O \ b !v \ d !v \ f v5M[IUiA \YnKrtONOQV5^<@J3>jMlJ?J3>5@gUG3BX\[GNB]JNBE@dO&\[|JN>5@HO3@
JN>5G3@H@aJNM[O3PCOM_GN@ v Uv CvM_IjA # 5 G3@dOQgF@HS(J3BXu[@hWXn[rUV5GQJN>5@hGwMKO3O3V5^<@aJ3>UM_JJ3>5@<JTM[O3PC2O \ b M[IUBA \YnO3>UM_GN@<MxS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@f
M[IUAJN>UMlJ?J3>U@1JTM[O3PCQO \ d M_IUiA \ f O3>UM[G3@ MLShG3BEJ3BcShM[WG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ f r=?>5@Sh@hBXWEBXI5Y<g5GNBE\KG3BEJ3BX@HO\_|J3>5@ GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOf M_IjAf M_GN@
P \ b UGTOQJtM[ShmV5BXGN@HO?JN>5@wGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@f r=?>5@HIvjJ3>5@af?jf `\[VUWXAiF@OQ@hJ0J3\ 6 5
# 5 M_IUA aGN@HO3gj@dS
JNBEuK@hWXn[r?tONOQV5^<@JN>UMlJtJ3>5@JTM[O3+
S(@hBXWXBEI5Y<g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon\[|f inJN>5@ G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@1YKGNM[ImJS(WcM_VjOQ@Kr;{|;JNMKOQjP \ d GN@HmV5@HOQJNO0f I5@hJHvJ3>U@hIB]J0`\[V5WcAyiF@GN@(|}VUO3@HAM[ShSh@HONO
iF@HSHM_VUO3S@ \Ud7 Oqg5GNBX\[GNB]JonLBXOWE@dO3OqJ3>UM[If?Uf1rKIJ3>5BcOShM[O3@[v \Ud`\KV5WcAyOQV5DF@HGMu[\KBXAUM_IUSh@BXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIaJ3>5\KV5Y[><JN>5@hGN@tBcOqI5\gj\mO3O3BEiUBEWXB]Jon
\[|M<AC@dM[ACWX\CSTP@hu[@HIBE-| \Ud1`?M[O?gF@hGN^<B]J3J3@dAMKShSh@HONO&JN\f r

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

t\l`/WE@hJ<VjOJNG3nRJN\'mVUM[ImJ3BEJNMlJNBEuK@hWXneAC@(JN@hGN^aBXI5@J3>5@xACVUGNM_J3BX\[Ie|}\KGa`>UBXST> MJTM[O3Pe^<MnRV5IjAC@hGNY[\J3>5@xACBEDF@HG3@HImJLJongF@HOa\_|
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOq`>5@HIyGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO&M_GN@tO3>UM_GN@HA<VUIUAC@hG?frK=\BXWEWXVUOQJ3GTMlJ3@>5\l` J3>UBXO?ShM[IyiF@AC\KI5@[v`@1Sh\[^<g5VCJN@0J3>U@tJTM[O3PaBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO
ACVU@yJ3\ZG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@yO3>UM_GNBEIUYxJ3>5GN\[VUY[>RJ3>U@y|}\[WXWX\l`BEI5YJo`\@h5M_^<g5WX@HOHrIeJ3>U@M_IjM_WXnO3BcOwGN@hYKM[GNA5BEI5YxgUG3BX\[GNB]JonZBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUOACV5@yJN\
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@OQ>jM_GNBEI5Yjv`@>UMu[@ M[ONO3V5^<@HAJN>UMlJ0\KIUS(@ MJNM[O3PyBEJG3@HWE@dM[O3@HOMLGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[vmB]J0AC\@HO?IU\_J0M[SHKVUBEGN@M[In\_J3>U@hG?G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[r;I
\[J3>5@HG`\KGNA5OHvmJNMKOQPCO@(C@HShVCJ3@ BXIJo`\<g5>UMKOQ@dOhvGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ M[SHmV5BEGN@g5>UM[O3@|}\[WXWE\l`@HAbinyG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@G3@HWE@dM[O3@tg5>UMKOQ@KrIbJN>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
MKShmV5BXG3@Lg5>UM[O3@[vJTM[O3PCO1PK@h@Hg\[I'M[ShmV5BXGNBEI5YJ3>U@LGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO0JN>5@hnxIU@h@HA }IU\GN@hWX@HMKOQ@0M_IjABXIJN>5@<G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@wGN@hWX@HM[O3@gU>UM[O3@JN>5@hn
\KI5WEnG3@HWE@dM[O3@bGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOI5\eM[ShmV5BXGNBEI5Y
r 0I5WX@HONOaJ3>5@JTM[O3PCOaM[G3@@hI5|}\[GTS(@HAJ3\Z|}\[WXWX\l`6J3>UBXOACBcONS(BXg5WEBXI5@KvAC@hJ3@HG3^<BXIUMlJNBE\KI\_| M
mVUM[IKJNB]JTMlJNBEuK@iF\[VUIUA\[IJ3>5@BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIyJ3BX^<@`\KV5WcAbiF@HSh\[^<@wACB ShV5WEJHr




$ * .

O3nCOoJN@h^ >UM[Oq|}\[V5G&JNMKOQPCO Z \`bv \Udlv \Uf[r=?>U@HO3@JNMKOQPCOI5@H@HAaJo`\S(GNBEJ3BcShM_WUG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO&f M_IUAbf r;1O3O3V5^<@JN>UMlJJ3>5@0gUG3BX\[GNB]JNBE@dO


\[|&J3>U@L|}\KV5GJNMKOQPCO M_GN@LMKOt|}\KWEWX\l`0O Z    \`bh  65 c .  \kdH  5c    \UfH  c .  \ n  ra=?>5@a|}\[V5GJTM[O3PO Z \`blv \Ud_v \UfLM[IUA
\ n >UMuK@ij@H@hIM[G3GTM_I5YK@HABEIA5@HS(GN@HMKOQBXI5Y\KGNAC@HG\_|J3>U@hBXG1g5GNBX\[GNB]JNBE@dOhr?=?>UMlJ1BXOHv .  \qbh .  \UdH  g gg     \ n (r?=?>U@@(5MKS
J
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@GN@HmV5BXGN@h^<@hImJNOt\_|JN>5@HO3@wJTM[O3PO1M_IUAxJ3>5@aACV5GTMlJ3BX\[I|}\KG1`>UBXST>xJN>5@wJTM[O3PCO0I5@H@HAJN>5@Jo`\yGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO>UMuK@ij@H@hIZO3>5\l`I
BXIxBXYUr  r&f\[^<g5VCJN@ J3>5@wACBED@hGN@hImJJongj@dO?\_|BEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUO&J3>UM_J0@HMKST>bJTM[O3Py^<BEYK>KJ0>jMu[@1J3\<V5IUAC@HG3YK\<BEIJ3>U@`\KGNOQJ?SHM[O3@[r


Task Priorities

Pri(T1)= 10

T1

40ms
CR1

Pri(T2)= 7

T
2

60ms

10ms
Pri(T3)= 5

T
3

CR2
20ms

Pri(T4)= 2

T
4

BXY[VUG3@ Z =;M[O3PGTM_g5>\_|5M_^<g5WX@ r r




\KWEV5J3BX\[I Z tO OQ>U\l`IBXIZ;BEYj r  vFJN>5@aJNM[O3PC\`b`\[VUWXAxGN@HmV5BXGN@wJ3>U@aGN@HO3\[VUGN Sh@
2bw|}\KG 5 ^OM_IUA
:dL|}\[G #5 ^Ohr=?>5@aJTM[O3P
\Uf `\[V5WcAG3@dKVUBEGN@ G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@
.bt|}\[G 15 ^OM[IUAJNM[O3+
P \ n `\[V5WcAG3@dKVUBEGN@ :
d |}\KG ^<OHr [@(J0VUO0MKO3O3V5^<@;fONST>5@HACVUWEBXI5Y
M[^a\KI5Y<@HmVUM[W!g5G3BX\[GNBEJon<JNM[O3PCOhrt\l`  J3>U@wS(@hBXWXBEI5Y<\[|M[ImnbG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ f ShM[IiF@wShM[WXShV5 WcMl5 J3@dAbVjOQBXI5YyCg5Gdr r r MKO Z

"   < \ 3' \  3 0  / ##$
'

1OQBXI5YLJ3>5BcOhvC`@Y[@(Jtf@hBXW{
b -^Ml v  '  M[IUAf@HBEW{
d - ^<M_ v ' / `r [@hJVjO?I5\l` AC@(JN@hGN^<BEI5@JN>5@
ACBED@hGN@hImJ1JongF@HO \[|&BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUO0J3>UM_J@HM[ST>JNM[O3Px6 5 ^<BEYK>mJ O36VC5 D@hGdvM_IUAJ3>5@ACV5GTMlJNBE\KI\_|J3# >55 @aBXImuK@hGT6 OQ5 BX\[IjOhrf\[IjOQBcAC@hGNBXI5YyJN>5@aJNM[O3PCO
\KI5@ imn\[I5@ Z
 =MKOQPi\`bShM_IO3VCD@hGtA5BEGN@HS(JtBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IRACVU@wJ3\yJ3>5@wGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@wf ?inyJTM[O3iP \Uf \KGACVU@wJ3\<JN>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@wf ?i+n \ n r
5GN\[^,M_IBXIUO3gj@dS
JNBE\KI\_|&;BXYUr  BEJ SHM_IiF@@dM[O3BEWXnxOQ@H@hIxJN>UMlFJ \`bwSHM_IO3VCDF@HGACBEGN@HS(J1BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIA5V5@JN+\ \Uf|}\KG 15 ^OtM[IUA
<r


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

ACV5@aJ3\C\ n |}\[G 5 ^OHr*\`bL`BXWEWI5\[JOQV5DF@HGwM_InBXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@(z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dABXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIvOQBXIUSh@aBEJwBcOJ3>5@>5BXY[>U@HOQJ gUG3BX\[GNB]JonJNM[O3Pr


5GN\[^ M<O3BE^<BXWXM[GG3@dM[O3\[I5BXI5YjvKBEJ0BXO0@HM[O3nJN\<O3@h@JN>UMlJS\`bShM[IIU\_JV5IUAC@HG3YK\AC@HMKACWE\CSTPbMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@tBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIr
=MKOQiP \Ud `BEWXWI5\[J1O3VCDF@HG1M[ImnACBXG3@dS
J0BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IvUOQBXIUSh@B]J AC\@HOI5\[JtI5@H@HAx M_InG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@|}\[G0BEJNO1S( \[^<g5V5JNMlJNBE\KIUOHr VCJdv\Ud
ShM[IaO3VCD@hGBXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@?G3@HWXM_J3@dABXIu[@hGTO3BE\KILACV5@?JN.\ \Uf`>U@hPI \UfM[ShmV5BXGN@HO 2
bM[IUA \`bq`?M_BEJNO;|}\KG 2
b_r;{JqBXOIU\_JqACB ShV5WEJ
J3\OQ@H@w|}GN\[^ ;BXYUr  J3>UM_2J \UdL`BEWXWOQV5DF@HGBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@aGN@hWcMlJ3@dAxBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[I\[IZMKShSh\[V5ImJ1\[| \Ufw|}\KG 15 ^OHrwBE^<BXWXM[G3WXn[vA5V5@
J3P\ \ n B]J0ShM[IVUIUAC@hGNY[\aBXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@(z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dAyBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIy|}\[G 5 ^OhrqBXIUShF@ \Ud AC\@HO?IU\_J0GN@HmV5BXG3@ M_InGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvmBEJ0ShM[II5\[J
OQV5DF@HG0M_InbAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPyMu[\[BcA5M[IUS(@hzGN@hWcMlJN@HABXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIr
\Uft`BXWEWI5\[J?O3VCD@hGM_InACBXG3@dS
J?BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IbO3BXIUS(@B]J0AC\@dO&I5\[J0OQ>UM[G3@M_In<G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@0`BEJ3>MWX\l`@hG&gUG3BX\[GNB]JonaJTM[O3PFrst\l`@Hu[@hGdv
\UfShM[IO3VCDF@HG1BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@LG3@HWXM_J3@dAxBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IM[IUAAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@GN@hWcMlJ3@dAxBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IA5V5@JN+
\ \ n |}\KGM_J^<\mOoJ 5
^Ohr
\ n `BXWXWI5\_J0O3VCD@hGtM[Imnbg5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IvCM[O?BEJ0BcOJ3>5@WX\l`@dOoJg5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<JTM[O3PFr
Z@ I5\l`9G3@Hg5GN@HO3@hImJJN>5@^MlCBX^V5^ A5V5GNM_J3BX\[I|}\[G`>5BcST>@HM[ST>JNMKOQPOQVCD@hGTO|}GN\[^6@dM[ST>yJongF@\_|;BEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IbBXIx=M[i5WX@ r r r
=;M[O3P 1BEGN@HS(J I5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@ 0u[\KBXAUM_IUSh@
\Ud \Uf \ n \Ud \Uf \ n \kd \kf \ n
\ b
15  5
\ d
15 5
\Uf
5 5
=;M_i5WX@ r r qGNBE\KG3BEJon<Iu[@hGTO3BE\KIUO|}\[G05M[^agUWE@ r r
!








T1

20ms
CR 1

T
2

10ms

10ms

30ms
T
3

T
6

CR 2
40ms

T
4

10ms

50ms
CR 3

T
5

;BXY[V5GN@ 65Z 0@HO3\[V5GTS(@w>UM[G3BXI5Y<0^<\[IUYy=MKOQPCO\_|5M_^<g5WX@ r r r




$ * .


[@(JVUOS(\KIUO3BXAC@HGM<O3nCOoJN@h^/`BEJ3>xMLO3@(J\[|gj@HG3BX\CACBcS1GN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@tJTM[O3PCOQ\`b
g gg \[r=?>U@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@1M_IjASh\[^<g5VCJNBEI5YaGN@HmV5BXG3@H^a@HImJNO\_|
JN>5@HO3@aJNM[O3PCOt>jMu[@aij@H@hIROQ>5\l`IZBEIR;BEYjr 65 rtONO3V5^<@LJN>UMlJ JN>5@aJNM[O3PCOF\qb
g gg \L>UMuK@LiF@h@HI'M[G3GTM_I5YK@HABXI'A5@HS(GN@HMKOQBXI5Y\[GTAC@hG\_|

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

JN>5@hBXG0g5GNBE\KG3BEJ3BX@HOHrqf\[^<g5VCJN@ J3>5@wACBED@hGN@hImJJongj@dO?\_|BEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUOJ3>jMlJ0MaJNMKOQPy^<BXY[>mJ>UMu[@JN\aVUIUAC@hGNY[\jr
  (* ) 

U \[G&@dM[ST><\_|!JN>5@tYKBEuK@hIaJNMKOQPCO&`@0>jMu[@0S(\K^<g5VCJ3@dA<J3>U@t^MlCBX^V5^ACV5GTMlJNBE\KI<|}\[G&`>UBXST>BEJ^<BXY[>mJ&>UMuK@?J3\LO3VCD@hG&|}G3\K^ ACBED@hGN@hImJ
JongF@HO\[|BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOM[IUA>UMu[@ GN@hg5GN@HO3@hImJ3@dAJN>5\KO3@ BEIx=;M_i5WX@ r r r
=;M[O3P
1BXG3@dS
J
IU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@
0uK\[BcA5M_IjS(@
\Ud \Uf \ n \ m \ \kd \kf \ n \ m \ \Ud \Uf \ n \ m \
\`b
6 5 6 5
\Ud
 5 # 5 # 5 6 5 6 5
\Uf
6 5  5 # 5  5 6 5
\kn
# 5 6 5
\Um
# 5
=;M_i5WX@ r r tBEDF@HG3@HImJt=&ngF@HO?\_|Iu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO|}\[G0qCM[^<g5WE@ r r r
!
[@(JVUOI5\l`9@(5M_^<BXI5@J3>5@gUG3\Kgj@HGQJNBE@dOJ3>UM_J?>U\[WcAb|}\KG0OQVjST>M[IBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIyJTM_i5WX@[r
 &MKST>bBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IyJNM_iUWE@ BcOM_IV5g5gF@hG?J3GNBcM_I5YKV5WXM[G?^<M_J3GNB]!r=?>5@ WX\l`@HGJNG3BcM_IUY[V5WcM_GB]JN@h^O\[|@HMKST>yJTM_i5WX@M_GN@ M[WEWH@hGN\Ur=?>5BcO
OoJNG3VjS
J3VUG3@w\[|J3>5@aBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IJTM_i5WX@HOtBXO@hgF@HS(J3@dAOQBXIUSh@LMyWX\l`@hGtgUG3BX\[GNB]JonJNMKOQPShM[II5\[JO3VCDF@HGM[InBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO0ACVU@wJ3\M
>5BXY[>5@HGgUG3BX\[GNB]JonyJNM[O3Pr
 =?>5@LMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@ JNM[i5WX@BcO1O3BE^<BXWXM[G0JN\bBXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@wJTM_i5WX@@h5S(@hg5Jt|}\[G1J3>U@LShMKOQ@\_|JNMKOQPJN>UMlJ AC\bI5\[J1I5@H@HAM[InGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r
=?>5@<G3@dM[O3\[Ix|}\KGJ3>5BcO BXOM[YKM[BEIZI5\_Ju[@HG3n|M[GJ3\xOQ@H@hPrL=?>U@LJTM[O3PCO1IU\_JI5@h@dACBXI5YxM_InxG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[vI5@Hu[@HGGN@HmV5@dOoJ|}\[GwM[In
G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@1MKOM<S(\[IjOQ@dKVU@hIUSh@1JN>5@hnShM[II5\[JtOQV5DF@HG0Mu[\[BcA5M[IUS(@BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUOHr
UG3\K^*f\[GN\[WXWXM[G3n \_|=?>5@H\[GN@h^ r r `@M[WEGN@HMKACn>UM[AJN>5@ |}\[WXWE\l`BXI5YaG3@dOQVUW]J Z


/)(10.")=_"k K) ' "/%)= _ 24V # <1"@ =&  /)=
1 =@!)  ! )=
1 _   (<X

UG3\K^/J3>5BcO0GN@HO3V5WEJ0B]Jt|}\[WXWE\l`0OJN>UMlJ0JN>5@JN\_JNM[WACV5GTMlJNBE\KI|}\[G0`>5BcST>xM_InJTM[O3P+\ 3 ^MnbiF@i5WX\STPK@HAinbWX\l`@HGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQPCOHv
Sh\[IUO3BXA5@hGNBEI5Y<M_WXW!JongF@HO?\_|BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjO&BcO0M[O|}\KWEWX\l`0O Z
o 3  0 43 b m 3 4 cd 3 3 4 cd 3 4 '
g<g"gh r g [
`>5@HG3@ 3 4BcO0i5WX\CSTPmBXI5Yy\[|JNMKOQhP \3qinMbWE\l`@hGtg5G3BX\[GNBEJonyJNMKOQhP \-4LACV5@J3\bACBXGN@HS
JBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[Iv 3 3 4BcOtiUWE\CSTPBEIUY\_8| \3qin \-4wA5V5@
JN\aBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hzGN@hWcMlJN@HABEIuK@hGTOQBX\[Iv 3 4 BXOiUWE\CSTPBEIUYa\[6| \3iOn \-4A5V5@J3\yMu[\KBXAUM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HA<BXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIr
=?>VUOHv[JN>5@ ^MlCBE^LV5^/ACV5GTMlJNBE\KI|}\[G?`>5BcST>bMJNM[O3PShM[Iyij@i5WX\CSTP[@HAyimnBEJNOWX\l`@HG&g5GNBX\[GNB]JonaJNMKOQPCO\[IbMKShSh\[V5ImJ\[|O3>UM_GNBEIUYw\_|
BcO0JN>5@WcM_GNY[@dOoJ0@HImJ3GNnBXIxJ3>U@LS(\KG3GN@HO3gF\[IUACBXI5Y<GN\l`9|}\KG0JN>5@wJTM[O3PBXIxJ3>U@BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IJTM_i5WX@[r0'@LSHM_IxI5\l` ^<\CACBE|}nqCg5GHr r  1 \_|
f>UM[gCJ3@HG J3\yAC@hJ3@hGN^<BEIU@1JN>5@GN@HO3gj\KIUOQ@JNBE^<@\_|MLJNMKOQOP \ 3 MKO|}\[WXWE\l`0O Z
3 b
3
3 %#% 3 3 o 3 3 4 b  4 3  4 g"g<gH r g 1
`>5@HG3@ %#% 3 BcOJ3>5@wAC@HWXMnACV5@ J3\O3@hWE|~z{O3VUO3gj@HIUO3BE\KIUOhv5M[IUA o 3 BXOJ3>5@ JN\_JNM[W!BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IACV5@ J3\GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@1O3>UM_GNBEIUYUr
 ' w 0 0, 
IJ3>5BcOO3@HS
JNBE\KIvC`@ A5BXONS(VUONO?OQ\K^<@1BX^<gj\KGQJTM_ImJ?|}@HMlJNV5GN@HO\_|frZ@ jGNOQJgUG3\luK@tJN>UMlJ?JNMKOQPCO?M_GN@ OQBXI5Y[WX@i5WE\CSTPBXI5YL\KIMKShSh\[V5ImJ
\[|;GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1VUONM_Y[@Kr



 

 

 

 







Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

j ll3
~[E (Edl~& C [h    l
   0f\KIUO3BXAC@HG?J3>UM_J1MLJNMKOQPi\ 3 IU@h@HAUO0M<OQ@hJ0\_|G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOC 2#
3' r1iuBX\[VUO3WEnKvJ3>5@LS(@hBXWXBEI5Y<\[|;@dM[ST>G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@
3 BXIC
^LVUOoJiF@ Y[GN@HMlJN@hGJ3>UM[I\KG?@HmVUM_WFJN\agUG3B{\ 3 (rq0\l`MKO3O3V5 ^<@1J3>UM_J?`>U@hIh\ 3 MKShmV5BXG3@dOO3\[^<@G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@
3 v5M_I5\[J3>5@HGJTM[O3Pj\ 4 `MKO
M[WEGN@HMKACn>U\[WcACBEIUYbMyGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@4
4 v!M_IUAxJ3>UM_J
3 c"
4
ar VUST>ZMbOQBEJ3VUM_J3BX\[I`\[VUWXAxWX@HMKAJ3i\ \ 3 J3\i5WX\STPxM_|~J3@hG M[SHmV5BEGNBXI5YyM
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kr VCJdv5`>5@HiI \ 4 WX\CSTP[@dA
4 f?Uf OQ>U\[V5WcAb>jMu[@ij@H@hIxOQ@hJ?J3\MlJWX@HM[OQJg5GNB \ 3 inJ3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@tY[GTM_ImJS(WcM_VUO3@ \_|f
M[IUA \ 3 S(\KV5WcAI5\_J>UMu[@iF@h@HIY[GTM_ImJ3@dA
3 r0=?>5BcO0BcO1MySh\[ImJ3GTM[A5BXS(J3BX\[I`B]JN>xJ3>U@g5GN@h^<BcOQ@Kr?=?>U@hGN@(|}\[GN@[vj`>5@hDI \ 3 M[ShmV5BXGN@HO\KI5@
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ M_WXW!GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOGN@HmV5BXGN@HAyinB]J0^LVUOoJiF@ |}G3@H@[r
'@SHM_IBEIMO3BE^<BXWXM[G?`MnO3>5\l` J3>UM_J\[IUSh@MwJNM[O3jP \3M[ShmV5BXGN@HO&MLGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvKBEJ0ShM_II5\_J?V5IUA5@hGNY[\LM[InBEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HA
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIr;1O3O3V5^<@1J3>UM_JMLWX\l`@HGg5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<JTM[O3jP \wBXO>5\KWXA5BEI5Y<O3\[^<@1GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@ 
M_IUAM>5BXY[>U@hG?g5GNBE\KG3BEJonaJNM[O3jP \ LBXO?`?M_BEJ3BXI5Y
|}\KG&JN>5@1GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r VCJdvmJ3>5BcOBXOI5\_J?gF\KONOQBXi5WX@1M[OS(@HBEW{ ^LVUOQJiF@M_JWX@HMKOoJ?M[O^VUST>bMKO&gUG3B{ \ [(rq=?>5@ f?jf OQ>U\[V5WcA<J3>U@hGN@(|}\[GN@
>UMuK@iF@h@HI'O3@(J J3\MuM[WEVU@JN>UMlJBcOM_JWE@dM[OQJ MKO1^LVUST>ZMKOg5G3B{ \  1M[IU?A \ 3 `\[V5WcA>UMuK@iF@h@HIZg5GN@huK@hImJ3@dAx|}GN\[^ MKShS(@dO3O3BXI5YyJN>5@
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
3 BXIJ3>5@ jGNOQJg5WXMKS(@Kr=?>UBXO?BcOM<S(\[ImJNGNMKACBXS(J3BX\[I`B]JN>JN>5@g5GN@h^<BcOQ@`@OQJNM[GQJN@HA`B]JN>rq=?>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@KvB]J0BcO?I5\_JgF\KONOQBXi5WX@
JN>UMlJtMLJNMKOQPbV5IUAC@HG3YK\m@dO?BEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@dAyBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IMl|~JN@hGBEJtM[ShmV5BXGN@HO?MaG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[r
1OQBXI5YtMO3BE^<BXWXM[GGN@HMKOQ\KI5BEIUYUvh`@&SHM_IwO3>5\l`JN>UMlJ;M?JNMKOQP ShM[II5\_JO3VCD@hG;M_In1MuK\[BcA5M_IUSh@BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[I Ml|~JN@hGMKShmV5BXG3BXI5Y0MGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r
=?>VUOHvK\KIUS(@ MJTM[O3PM[ShmV5BXGN@HOMwGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@0BEJShM_II5\_JV5IUAC@HG3YK\LM[Imn<BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIr{J?BcO&JN>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@1S(WX@HM_GJ3>jMlJJNM[O3P<V5IUAC@HGf
M[G3@O3BEI5YKWE@ i5WX\CSTPBEI5Yjr
!
=?>5@|}\KWEWX\l`BEIUY<Sh\[GN\[WXWXM[G3n<@dM[O3BEWXn|}\[WXWX\l`0O&|}GN\[^=?>5@h\KG3@H^ r r
%   * "$# & K(   ) bT_ C K( Kl
+<lT?lw~ hT
l C
~b~w
T Clk l
&G3BX\[GNB]Jonf@hBXWEBXI5Y&G3\[J3\CS(\KW!BXOt|}GN@h@|}GN\[^AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPOHvUVUImiF\[VUIUAC@HAg5G3BX\[GNBEJonbBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhvUM[IUAST>UM[BEIxiUWE\CSTPBEIUYKOHrIJ3>5@|}\[WEz
WX\l`BEIUYUvC`@ A5BXONS(VUONOJ3>U@HO3@ |}@HMlJNV5GN@HO?\_|fr
 (  
 * .   (* (*)  % a1@HM[A5WE\CSTPCO\CShShV5Gq\[IUWEna`>5@hIyA5B]D@hGN@hImJ1^a\KG3@?JN>UM_Ib\[I5@;JNMKOQPCO>5\KWXA<gjM_G3JNO\[|@dM[ST>
\[J3>5@H6G 7 OGN@HmV5BXG3@dAG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOM_J0J3>5@aO3M[^<@ J3BX^a@Kv!M_IUAJN>5@hIxJN>5@hnGN@HmV5@HOQJ0|}\KGJ3>5@LG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO?iF@hBXI5Y>5@hWcAin@dM[ST>x\_JN>5@hGdr VCJ
V5IjAC@hGfv5`>5@HI\[IU@JNMKOQPBXOt@(C@HShVCJ3BXI5Yy`BEJ3>O3\[^<@wGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOHv5M_In\[J3>5@HGJNMKOQPShM[IxI5\_J1>5\[WcAxMGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@J3>jMlJ1^Mn@hu[@HG
iF@1IU@h@HA5@HAimnaJN>5BXOJTM[O3P<imny=?>U@h\[GN@h^ r r r=?>jMlJ?BXOHv`>5@hIMwJTM[O3PaBcOY[GTM_ImJ3@dA\[IU@tGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvmM[WEWBEJNOG3@dmV5BEGN@HAyG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO&^VUOQJ
iF@ |}G3@H@[rq=?>5BcO?g5GN@huK@hImJNOJN>5@gj\mO3O3BXi5BEWXBEJony\_|M_InbAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPFr
 &   
.0  )

 



 





( 
 ) )


 *(  (# ( )   ( )   (*

/ >UBEYK>5@hGwgUG3BX\[GNB]JonJNM[O3PZO3VCD@hGTOV5IiF\[V5IUA5@HARg5GNBE\KG3BEJonBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIv`>5@HIeB]JLBXO`?M_BEJ3BXI5Y|}\KGMxWX\l`@HGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonxJNMKOQPJ3\xGN@hWX@HM[O3@
O3\[^<@y\[|JN>5@bGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO GN@HmV5BXG3@dARimn'BEJHvqM_IjARBEIeJN>5@b^<@dM_Ie`>5BXWE@bBEImJ3@HG3^<@dACBXM_J3@g5G3BX\[GNBEJonJNMKOQPCOgUG3@H@h^<gCJJN>5@bWX\l` g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3P|}GN\[^pf VjO3M[Y[@[r VCJOQVjST>ZMOQBEJ3VUM_J3BX\[ISHM_IZI5@huK@hG>UM_g5gF@hIZBEIRf9OQBXIUSh@L`>5@HI5@huK@hG My>5BXY[>U@hG g5GNBE\KG3BEJonbJTM[O3Px`M[B]JTO
|}\KGO3\[^<@xG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO<`>UBXST> BcObShV5GNG3@HIKJNWEnij@HBEIUYkVUO3@HA in MkWE\l`,g5GNBE\KG3BEJoneJTM[O3PFv?JN>5@hI J3>5@@hC@HS(V5J3BXI5YkWX\l`@HGyg5GNBE\KG3BEJonkJTM[O3P
BcO ^M[AC@LJ3\BXI5>5@hGNBEJ1JN>5@<g5G3BX\[GNBEJonx\_|qJN>5@<>5BEYK>ZgUG3BX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3Pk}in=?>5@H\[GN@h^ r r (rL\jv!J3>5@<BXImJ3@hGN^<@HACBcMlJN@LgUG3BX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3PCO1SHM_I
I5\[Jg5G3@H@h^<gCJWE\l`@hG;g5GNBE\KG3BEJon JNMKOQP |}GN\[^fVjO3M[Y[@[r;=?>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@KvlV5Iij\KV5IUAC@dAgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOSHM_ILI5\_J\CShS(VUG;VUIUAC@hGq?fr


(  & ( )  (*)-   (*

nb=?>5@H\[GN@h^ r r GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ O3>UM_GNBEIUYaM[^a\KI5YLJNM[O3PCO?V5IUAC@HGtfBcO0OQBXI5YKWE@ i5WX\CSTPmBXI5Yjr


=?>5\KV5Y[>?fMuK\[BcA5O0AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPOHvFV5Iij\KV5IUAC@dAg5GNBE\KG3BEJonBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUOHvjM[IUAST>UM[BEIiUWE\CSTPBEIUYUFJNMKOQPCO1V5IUAC@HG?fOQJ3BXWEWOQV5DF@HG
|}GN\[^*M|}@H`JongF@HO\[|;BXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUOHr;IJN>5@ |}\[WXWX\l`BEI5YjvC`@wA5BXONS(VUONOJ3>U@ACBEDF@HG3@HIKJJongF@HO\[|BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOJ3>UM_JJNMKOQPCO?^MnyV5IUA5@hGNY[\
`>5@HIG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@O3>UM[G3BXI5Y<M_^<\[I5YLJ3>U@h^*BXO?^M_IjM_Y[@dAbVjOQBXI5Yfr


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

b L7 !0,h ;H" ta qh ;ya


IJ3>5BcOOQ@dS
JNBE\KI`@<ACBcO3ShVUONO1O3\[^<@aBXONOQVU@HOtJ3>UM_J ^MnxM_GNBcOQ@L`>5BEWX@aVUOQBXI5YG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@O3>UM_GNBXI5Ybg5GN\_JN\CS(\[WcOJN\A5@hu[@HWE\KgMG3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@
M[g5g5WXBXSHMlJ3BX\[IjOG3@dmV5BEGNBXI5Y JNMKOQPCOJN\OQ>jM_GN@I5\[ICz{g5GN@h@H^ag5JNM_iUWE@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOhr=?>5@UGTOoJBXONOQVU@J3>UM_J&`@0ACBXONS(VjO3O&BXO&>5\l`JN\wVUO3@tfRBXI
ACnIUM[^<BXSgUG3BX\[GNB]JonOQnCOQJ3@H^<OHrtV5ijOQ@dKVU@hImJ3WXn[vF`@LACBXONS(VjO3O0J3>5@aOQBEJ3VUM_J3BX\[IUOtBEI`>5BXST>JN>5@LA5B]D@hGN@hImJ1GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@ O3>UM[G3BXI5Yyg5GN\_JN\CS(\[WcO
`@ >UM[AACBcO3ShVUONOQ@dAb`\[V5WcAij@VUO3@(|}VUWr





     !" #$" &%')(* +%
,-

10

#*32/" 4#5 )#$6879,-+#*: ";,<(=>?  @#A%B#C;#5D

\|M_G BXIZM[WEW\[VUGACBcONS(VUONOQBX\[IjOtGN@hYmM_GTACBEIUYyVUONM_Y[@L\_|?fvF`@a>UM[ABE^<g5WXBcS(BEJ3WXnM[ONOQVU^a@dAJ3>jMlJ J3>5@LJNMKOQPxgUG3BX\[GNB]JNBE@dO1M[G3@aOoJTMlJNBXS[r


?= >UM_JBXOHv5MLJNM[O3P(7 Og5GNBX\[GNB]JonyAC\@dOIU\_J0ST>UM_IUY[@1|}\[GBEJNO?@hImJNBEGN@1WXBE|}@ J3BX^a@/.7|}GN\[^/JN>5@J3BX^<@B]J0M_GNGNBEuK@HO&J3\aJ3>5@JNBE^<@BEJSh\[^<g5WX@(JN@HOHr
IACnIUM[^<BXSgUG3BX\[GNB]JonOQnCOQJ3@H^<OHv5JN>5@gUG3BX\[GNB]Jon\_|qM<JTM[O3Pb^<BEYK>mJST>UM[I5Y[@`BEJ3>JNBE^<@[r01O1MbS(\[IjOQ@dKVU@hIUSh@[vCJN>5@g5GNBX\[GNB]JonS(@hBXWXBEI5YmO
\[|q@hu[@HG3nGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@wIU@h@HAUO0JN\biF@aM[g5g5GN\[g5GNBXM_J3@HWEnG3@dS(\[^<g5V5J3@HA@HM[ST>J3BX^a@aMJTM[O3P7 O1g5G3BX\[GNBEJonST>UM[I5Y[@dOhrtIZM[AUACB]JNBE\KIvFJ3>5@LulM_WXV5@
\[|J3>U@wf?jfM_IjAyJN>5@ BEI5>U@hGNB]JN@HAg5G3BX\[GNBEJonaulM[WEV5@dO?\_|JN>5@ JNMKOQPCO>5\KWXACBXI5YaG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOM_WcO3\I5@H@HAbJ3\<ij@ST>UM[I5Y[@dA!r=?>5BcO?G3@Hg5G3@dOQ@HImJNO
ML>5BXY[>G3V5I5zJNBE^<@\lu[@hGN>5@dM[A!r=?>5@ >5BXY[>bGNV5IJ3BX^<@\luK@hGN>5@HMKA<^M_P[@dOVUOQ@ \[|fBEIACnIUM[^aBcS1g5G3BX\[GNBEJonyOQnCOQJ3@h^OV5IUM_JQJNGNMKS
J3BXu[@Kr
'@0>UMuK@0OQ\|M[G&ACBcO3ShVUONOQ@dAaJ3>5GN@h@0BX^<gj\KGQJTM_ImJ&GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@O3>UM_GNBXI5Yg5GN\_J3\CSh\[WcO|}\[GqGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@?JNMKOQPCO Z g5GNBX\[GNB]JonLBEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@g5G3\[J3\CS(\KW
qo(v[>5BXY[>U@HOQJ&WE\CSTPK@hGqg5GN\_JN\CS(\[W;:s [qM_IUAgUG3BX\[GNB]JonaS(@HBEWXBEIUYwg5GN\_J3\CSh\[Wf(rK=?>5@OQ>U\[G3JNS(\K^<BEI5YmOqM_IjAM[ACulM_ImJTM_Y[@dO\_|JN>5@HO3@
g5GN\_JN\CS(\[WcO?M_GN@ACBXONS(VjO3O3@HAij@HWE\l`r
 qGNBE\KG3BEJonI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@&G3\[J3\CS(\KWqo Z =?>5BcOBcOqMO3BE^<g5WX@g5GN\_J3\CSh\[W5M_IjAL@hDF@dS
JNBEuK@hWXn\lu[@HGNSh\[^<@HOJN>5@V5Iij\KV5IUAC@dAag5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IygUG3\Ki5WE@H^/\_|J3GTM[ACBEJ3BX\[IUM[WG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@O3>UM[G3BXI5YwJN@HST>5IUBXmV5@dOhrq=?>5BcO?g5GN\_JN\Sh\[WFG3@dmV5BEGN@HOJN>5@ ^aBXI5BX^M_WO3V5g5gF\[G3J|}GN\[^
J3>5@a\[gF@hGTMlJNBEIUYO3nOQJ3@H^ M_^<\[IUYM_WXW;J3>5@aGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@aOQ>UM[G3BXI5Yg5G3\[J3\CS(\KWXOt`@<ACBcO3ShVUONOQ@dA!rws0\l`@huK@hGdvjV5IjAC@hGqo JNMKOQPCO^Mn
OQV5DF@HG?|}G3\K^ ST>UM_BXIi5WE\CSTPBXI5YM_IUAqo M_WcO3\<A5\m@dO?I5\_J0gUG3@Hu[@hImJAC@HMKACWX\STPCOHr
 s0BXY[>5@dOoSJ [\STPK@hGqGN\_JN\CS(\[W{:s [ Z 's [GN@HmV5BXGN@HO?\[IUWEny^<\CAC@HGNM_J3@OQVUg5gj\KGQJ?|}GN\[^/JN>5@\[gF@hGTMlJNBEIUY<O3nCOoJN@h^r{JtO3\[WXu[@HOJN>5@
ST>UM_BXI<i5WX\STPBXI5YM[IUAAC@HMKACWX\STPLg5GN\[i5WX@h^O\[|!&orKst\l`@Hu[@hGdv[:s [kSHM_I<^M_P[@0J3>5@0BXImJ3@HG3^<@HA5BXM_J3@0g5GNBX\[GNB]JonJNM[O3PCOV5IUA5@hGNY[\
WXM[G3YK@1BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hzGN@hWcMlJN@HAbBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUO?M_IjASHM_IJ3>5@HG3@h|}\[GN@ SHM_VUO3@JNMKOQPCOJ3\<^<BcO3OJN>5@hBXGtAC@dM[ACWXBEIU@HOHr
 qGNBE\KG3BEJonbf@hBXWEBXI5YqGN\_JN\CS(\[W?f Z f\lu[@hGTS(\K^<@HO&J3>5@O3>5\[G3JNSh\[^<BEIUYKO\_|J3>5@iUMKOQBcSqo M[O`@hWXWM[O's [gUG3\[J3\CS(\KWXOHr
fegUG3\[J3\CS(\KWUBcOq|}GN@h@|}GN\[^/AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPaM[IUAyST>UM[BEIbi5WE\CSTPBXI5YUr;Ibfkg5G3BX\[GNBEJonL\[|MJNMKOQPaBcO&I5\[J?ST>jM_I5YK@HA<V5ImJ3BXWMw>5BXY[>5@HG
g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<JNMKOQPyGN@HmV5@dOoJTOJ3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r;{JJ3>5@HG3@h|}\[GN@O3VCD@hGTO?^VUST>WX\l`@HGBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hzGN@hWcMlJN@HAbBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUOJ3>jM_I's [r
UG3\K^ JN>5@LM[ij\luK@ACBcO3ShVUO3O3BX\[IUOt`@aShM_IxBXIC|}@HGtJN>UMlJ fBcOt`@hWXWOQV5BEJ3@dA|}\[GVUO3@BXIM_gUg5WEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOt>UMuBEIUYyWXM[G3YK@IV5^iF@hG\_|
JTM[O3PO&M_IUA<^M_InaS(GNB]JNBXSHM_W5GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOhv[`>5BEWX@t&oRij@HBEI5YLM u[@hGNnLO3BX^agUWE@0gUG3\[J3\CS(\KW5BXOOQVUB]JTM_i5WX@?J3\wiF@0VUO3@HA<BXIyO3^<M[WEWFM_g5gUWEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOHr
 w hh"; 't xt0h0
E
tIM[ONOQVU^ag5J3BX\[IJ3>jMlJ1`?M[O0BE^<g5WXBXShB]JBEIZM_WXWJ3>U@LONST>5@HACVUWEBXI5YbM[WEYK\[GNB]JN>5^O`@LACBXONS(VjO3O3@HABXIZf>UM_g5J3@hG BcO0JN>UMlJ0JN>5@wJTM[O3PCO0BXIM_I
M[g5g5WXBXSHMlJ3BX\[IyM[G3@BXIUAC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIKJdrq=?>UMlJBXOHv[JN>5@hGN@0BcO&IU\S(\KIUOoJNGNM[BEImJq\KI<J3>5@1\[GTAC@hGqBXIy`>5BcST><J3>U@1ACBEDF@HG3@HImJqJNMKOQPCO&SHM_IiF@0JTM_P[@HIV5g
|}\KGt@(C@dS(VCJNBE\KIr1st\l`@Hu[@hGdvCJN>5BXO1BcO0|M[G0|}GN\[^*J3GNV5@wBXIg5GTM[S(J3BcShM_W;OQBEJ3VjMlJ3BX\[IjOhvF`>5@hGN@\KI5@JTM[O3P^MnI5@h@dAxG3@dOQVUW]JTO0|}GN\[^,M_I5\[J3>5@HG
JTM[O3PFv\KG&JN>5@tJTM[O3PCO&^<BXY[>mJ>jMu[@0JN\iF@ShM_GNGNBE@dA<\[VCJ?BEIS(@HGQJTM_BXIy\[GTAC@hG|}\[GJ3>U@gUG3\Kgj@HG&|}V5IjS
J3BX\[IUBEI5Ya\_|J3>5@ OQnCOQJ3@H^r>5@HIO3VUST>
AC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HOLM_^<\[I5YJTM[O3PCO@(CBcOoJdvJN>5@bONST>5@HACVUWEBXI5YJ3@dST>5I5BcmV5@HOwA5BXONS(VUONO3@HARBXIf>UM_gCJN@hG JNV5GNIe\[VCJwJN\xij@bBEIUO3V yS(BX@hImJLM[IUA
I5@H@HAJ3\<iF@wOQVUB]JTM_i5WXnb^<\CACBEU@HA!r
'@UGTOoJ;ACBXONS(VjO3O!>U\l`ZJN\0AC@huK@hWX\[gwMONMlJNBXOQ|M[S(J3\[GNn1ONST>5@dACV5WX@|}\[GMO3@(J\_|JNMKOQPCOJN>UM_IwSHM_IiF@qVUO3@HA BXIJNM[i5WE@hz{A5G3BXu[@HI ONST>5@dACV5WXBEI5Yjr
  $ *   ( )  *-  (  & =?>5@|}\[WXWE\l`BXI5Y1M[G3@J3>U@^M[BEIaOoJN@hgUO\[|jM1O3BX^agUWE@M_WXY[\KG3BEJ3>U^9|}\KGAC@(JN@hGN^aBXI5BXI5Y M0|}@dM[O3BEi5WX@?O3ST>5@dACV5WX@
|}\KG0MaO3@(J0\[|gF@hGNBE\CACBcS GN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@JTM[O3PO`>5\mOQ@AC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HO0M[G3@ YKBEuK@hI Z

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

T1

T2

T3

T5

T4

;BEYKV5G3@ K Z qGN@HSh@HAC@HIUS(@ @hWcMlJNBE\KIUO3>5BEg0^<\KI5Yy=MKOQPCO|}\[G0q5M_^<g5WX@ r r 





( $(#

  
*)# #(  6    +- +$6
 ,  
(* #  &* 0& *)+6 $# ) $* 

1 '



)0 ' *)


 #  $  *+ $#
+%
 # -$ 6  1

*) $ * '   
$
# -$ +$+ ' 6!-$1
 ($ $$ *)0  # -$ 



1 0& -$  $$ *) + (&$6


-
 $( /' (
6 & $1

 1

 $%

 %+'  (

"' #!$

,  +* !(# 

'@qI5\l`'BEWXWXVUOoJNGNM_J3@JN>5@qVUO3@q\_|JN>5@&M_iF\lu[@M[WEYK\[GNB]JN>5^ JN\0S(\[^<g5V5J3@&M?|}@dM[O3BEiUWE@qONST>5@HA5V5WE@|}\KGMO3@(J\[|JNM[O3PCO`B]JN>AC@Hgj@HIUAC@hIjS(BX@HOHr

 $ * 
&1@(JN@hGN^aBXI5@M |}@HMKOQBXi5WX@tO3ST>U@HACV5WX@|}\KG&JN>5@tGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@?JNM[O3PCOq\[|M JNMKOQP<OQ@hJ  \qb(c/\Ud
c"ggg cR\ m ' |}\[G`>5BcST>J3>5@1g5GN@HS(@hz
AC@HIUS(@G3@HWXM_J3BX\[IUO>jMu[@iF@h@hIZOQ>5\l`IBXI;BEYjr [ |}\KG0VUO3@w`B]JN>M<JTM_i5WX@(zACGNBEuK@hIxO3ST>U@HACV5WX@hGdr=?>5@w@h@dS(VCJNBE\KIJ3BX^<@HO0\[|J3>5@JNM[O3PCO
\`b(cR\Ud
c"gg gc/\ m M[G3@ Z 5Cv 6 5 v Cv 1 v M[IUAJ3>5@wSh\[GNG3@dOQgF\[IUA5BEI5YaAC@HMKACWXBEI5@dO0M_GN
@  5 v  5 v Cv 5 v 4 v[GN@HO3gj@dS
J3BXu[@HWEnKr
 (* ) =?>5@ACBEDF@HG3@HIKJtOQJ3@HgUO\[|J3>U@wOQ\KWEVCJNBE\KI>jMu[@ ij@H@hI`\[GNP[@HAb\[VCJ0M[IUAOQ>5\l`IBEIx;BXYUr r


  )
    &  
  &G3@dS(@dAC@hIUSh@1Sh\[IUOQJ3GTM_BXImJNOM_^<\[I5YLJNMKOQPCOShM[IiF@1>jM_IUACWX@HABXIiF\_JN>1eM[IUAt
JN>5G3\KV5Y[>J3>U@ |}\[WXWE\l`BXI5Ya^a\CACBEjSHMlJ3BX\[IJN\LJN>5@wM_WXY[\KG3BEJ3>U^r
 t\<I5\[J0@hIUM[i5WX@ MLJTM[O3PyV5ImJ3BXWM_WXWBEJNO?g5GN@HA5@HS(@dO3O3\[GSh\[^<g5WX@(J3@JN>5@hBXG0@(C@dS(VCJNBE\KIr
 f>5@HSTP<JN>5@ JNMKOQPCO`?M_BEJ3BXI5YaJ3\<ij@ @HIUM_i5WX@HA'}\KIxM[ShSh\[V5ImJ?\_|;B]JTOg5GN@HAC@dS(@HONO3\[GTO&S(\K^<g5WE@hJ3BXI5YaJ3>5@HBEGt@(C@HShVCJ3BX\[IUOTMl|~J3@HG@huK@hGNn
JNMKOQPbSh\[^<g5WX@(JN@HOHr
'@?>5\l`@Hu[@HG;^LVUOQJGN@h^<@H^iF@hGJ3>jMlJJ3>U@0M[ST>5BX@hulM_iUWE@?O3ST>U@HACV5WcM_iUWE@?VCJNBEWXBEdMlJNBE\KIa\[|UJTM[O3PO`BEJ3>AC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HO`\[VUWXALij@WX\l`@hG
Sh\[^<gUM_GN@HAJ3\`>5@HIJN>5@aJNM[O3PCO M_GN@LBXIUAC@Hgj@HIUAC@hImJdr<=?>U@hGN@(|}\[GN@[vJN>5@O3ST>U@HACV5WcM_iUBEWXB]JonxGN@HO3V5WEJNO `\[GNP[@dAx\[VCJBXIJN>5@<WXMKOoJwST>UM[gCJ3@HG
`\[V5WcAI5\_J0iF@wM_g5gUWEBcShM[i5WE@ `>5@HIJNM[O3PbAC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HO@hCBXOQJHr
 


IZ^M[ImnG3@dM_WEzWXB]|}@<M_gUg5WEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOHvGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@JTM[O3POM[G3@aGN@HmV5BXG3@dAJN\O3>UM[G3@aI5\[I5zg5GN@h@H^<gCJNM[i5WE@aGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOM[^<\[I5YJ3>5@H^az
OQ@HWEuK@HOHr{|!JNGNMKACBEJ3BX\[IUM[WjGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@0O3>UM[G3BXI5YJN@HST>5I5BcmV5@HOO3VUST>bM[OOQ@H^M_g5>5\KG3@dO&M[G3@tA5@hg5WX\ln[@dA<BEIbJ3>5BcOO3BEJ3VUM_J3BX\[IvV5IiF\[V5IUA5@HA
g5GNBE\KG3BEJonBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUO^<BEYK>mJ0\SHS(V5GWX@HMKACBXI5YaJ3\<G3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@JNMKOQPCOJN\a^<BcO3OJ3>5@HBEG0AC@dM[ACWXBXI5@HOHr
4
 



Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

Arrangement of tasks in ascending order:

Step1:

T1 T3 T2 T5 T4
Schedule tasks as late as possible
without violating precedence constraints:

Step 2:

T1
6 8

14

T3 T2
20 25

T5 T4
33 40
50

Move tasks as early as possible


without altering the schedule:

Step 3:

T1 T3 T2 T5 T4
2
8 13 20 30

; BXY[V5GN@ Z C\[WXVCJ3BX\[I\_|5M_^<g5WX@ r r 
=?>5@gUG3BX\[GNB]JonBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@Lg5G3\[J3\CS(\KWqoBcO1gF\KONO3BEi5WXnJ3>U@aO3BE^<g5WX@HOQJ g5G3\[J3\CS(\KW|}\KG O3>UM[G3BXI5YbShG3BEJ3BcShM[WGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOtM[^a\KI5Y
MO3@(J\[|?GN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@JNMKOQPCOHr{JLGN@HmV5BXG3@dO^<BEI5BX^M_W?OQVUg5gj\KGQJ|}G3\K^8JN>5@yV5IUA5@hGNWEnBXI5YGN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@b\[gF@hGTMlJ3BXI5YO3nCOoJN@h^r=?>5BcO
g5GN\_J3\CSh\[Wj|}\[GOQ>jM_GNBEI5YaS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOqBcO&JN>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@ O3V5g5gF\[G3J3@HAbinyM_WX^a\mOoJ?@huK@hGNn<G3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@\[gF@hGTMlJ3BXI5YaOQnCOQJ3@h^OHr=?>5@
g5GNBE\KG3BEJonBEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@?^a@dST>UM_IUBXO3^g5GN@huK@hImJNO;V5IiF\[V5IUA5@HAag5GNBE\KG3BEJonwBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhrst\l`@Hu[@HGHvlBEJqij@dS(\K^a@dO;J3>5@gUG3\KY[GTM_^<^<@h#G 7 O
G3@dOQgF\[IjOQBXi5BXWEBEJon<J3\\luK@hGTS(\[^<@tJ3>5@wAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPbM_IjAST>UM[BEIi5WX\CSTPmBXI5Y<g5GN\[i5WX@h^OJN>5G3\KV5Y[>ShM[G3@h|}V5W!g5GN\[YKGNM[^a^<BXI5YUr
feBXIUSh\[GNgj\KGNM_J3@HO&M[A5ACBEJ3BX\[IjM_WFG3V5WX@HOBXIyJ3>U@tiUMKOQBcSt&okM_IUAb\lu[@HGNSh\[^<@HO;JN>5@A5@HM[A5WE\CSTPvKVUImiF\[VUIUAC@HAbg5GNBE\KG3BEJonLBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIv
M_IUALST>UM_BXIai5WE\CSTPBXI5Y1gUG3\Ki5WE@H^O\[|F&orst\l`@Hu[@HGHvV5IUA5@hGqfJNMKOQPCO;^<BEYK>mJOQJ3BXWXWUOQV5DF@HG;^<\CAC@HGNM_J3@?BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUOHr?f>UMKO
ij@H@hI<`BcAC@hWXnLMKShS(@HgCJ3@dA<M[OM gF\[g5V5WcM_GGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@O3>UM_GNBXI5Y g5G3\[J3\CS(\KW5M_IUAaBcOI5\KG3^M_WXWXnVUOQ@dAaVUOQ@dAL|}\[G&AC@Hu[@HWE\Kg5BEIUY^<\CAC@HGNM_J3@
M_IUAWcM_GNY[@G3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@M_g5gUWEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOHrf BXOO3V5g5gF\[G3J3@dAbin^<M[Iny^<\A5@hGNISh\[^<^<@hGTS(BcM_W!GN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@\[gF@hGTMlJNBEIUY<O3nCOoJN@h^OHr
=MKOQPLAC@hgF@hIUA5@hIUShBE@dOqShM[IaiF@0>UM[IUACWX@HALJ3>UG3\KV5Y[>a^<BEI5\KG&M_WEJ3@HGNM_J3BX\[IUO;JN\ J3>5@ijM[O3BXSJTM[O3PO3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5YwM_WXY[\KG3BEJ3>5^OHrst\l`@Hu[@hGdv
J3>5@wMKST>5BX@hulM_i5WX@VCJ3BXWEBXHM_J3BX\[I\_|J3>5@wONST>5@dACV5WX@hGTOACG3\Kg`>U@hIJNMKOQPCO?M_GN@ I5\_J0BXIUAC@Hgj@HIUAC@hImJdr
0






;
r0t@hJ3@HG3^<BXI5@ `>5@(JN>5@hG?JN>5@|}\[WXWE\l`BXI5Y<OoJTMlJ3@H^<@hImJNOM[G3@   \[G   Lr5I@dM[ST>ShM[O3@ oVUOoJNB]|}nn[\KV5GST>5\[BcS(@BEI\[IU@\KG
Jo`\<O3@hImJ3@HIUS(@dOhr
Mmb0M_J3@q^<\KI5\_JN\[I5BcSO3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5Y0ShM[I ONMlJNBXOQ|M[S(J3\KG3BXWEn1ij@&VUOQ@dA|}\[GONST>5@dACV5WXBEI5Y0MKShSh@HONO\_|5OQ@Hu[@HGNM[Wl>UM_GTAG3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@gF@hGNBE\CACBcS
JTM[O3POJN\MS(@hG3JNM[BEIO3>UM_GN@HAS(GNB]JNBXSHM_W!GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kr
}ijtWEYK\[GNB]JN>5^Oq@(CBcOoJ`>5BcST>ygj@HG3^<BEJO3>UM_GNBXI5Yw\_|MLOQ@hJ\_|!GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOBXIJ3>5@@(5ShWEVUO3BXu[@^<\CAC@1M[^a\KI5YJTM[O3PO&\_|ACBED@hGN@hImJ
g5GNBX\[GNB]JNBE@dO?`B]JN>5\[VCJtM[InJNMKOQPCO>UMuBEIUYLJN\<BEIUShV5GtM[ImngUG3BX\[GNB]JonbBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[Ir
SH>5@HIMO3@(J\[|0G3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@<JTM[O3POLM_GN@yO3ST>U@HACV5WX@HARVjOQBXI5Y0 M_IjAeOQ>UM[G3@S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WqGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOVUO3BEIUYxJ3>5@bg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
Sh@hBXWEBXI5Y g5GN\_J3\CSh\[Wf
vlBEJBXOgF\KONOQBXi5WX@J3>UM_JMtJNMKOQP^<MniF@AC@hIUBE@dALMKShS(@dO3OJN\ M1GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@@hu[@HIL`>U@hILJ3>5@?GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
BcOI5\[J?GN@HmV5BXGN@HAimnM_Iny\_JN>5@hG?JTM[O3Pr
AUstBEYK>5@HOQJqWE\CSTPK@hGg5GN\_J3\CSh\[W:s [;^<M[BEImJTM_BXIUO;J3>5@0JNM[O3PCO`M[B]JNBEIUY1|}\KGqM OQ>UM[G3@dAIU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@?G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@BEI;o;
\KGNAC@HGHr
}@d>5@HIbMO3@(J&\[|gF@hGNBX\A5BXSGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@?JNMKOQPCOqONST>5@HA5V5WE@dA<VUO3BEI5YL0 O3>UM_GN@0S(@HGQJTM_BXIS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WUGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO;VUO3BEI5YLqGNBE\KG3BEJon
I5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@ &G3\[J3\CS(\KWqo
v5O3\[^<@ \_|;J3>5@ JTM[O3PCO?^aBXY[>mJ0O3VCDF@HG0V5IiF\[V5IUA5@HAg5GNBE\KG3BEJonBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUOHr


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

~ |NIbJ3>5@s0BXY[>U@HOQJ%[\STPK@hGqGN\_J3\CSh\[Ws'[(vK|}\KG?@HM[ST>S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WFG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@1MLOQ@HgUM_GTMlJN@1mV5@hVU@1I5@H@HA5OJN\LiF@1^M[BEImJNM[BEIU@HA
|}\KG?J3>5@ JTM[O3PO?`?M_BEJ3BXI5Ya|}\[G?JN>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOhr
}Yb1OQBXI5YyJN>5@ijM[O3BXSw&G3BX\[GNBEJonbI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@aqGN\_JN\Sh\[W&qo|}\[G O3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5YbM[SHS(@dO3Ot\_|qMbO3@(J\_|qGN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@wJNM[O3PCOJN\bM
O3@(J0\[|I5\KICzgUG3@H@h^<gCJNM[i5WX@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO`\KV5WcAbGN@HO3V5WEJ?BXIJNMKOQPCO?BXIUS(V5GNGNBEI5YaV5IiF\[V5IUA5@HAg5GNBE\KG3BEJonyBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhr
}>j>5@HIMyO3@(J0\_|qOQJNM_J3BcS g5G3BX\[GNBEJonbgF@hGNBE\CACBcS G3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@ JTM[O3POtO3ST>5@dACV5WX@HAVUO3BEIUYy0 O3>UM[G3@O3\[^<@wS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO
VUO3BXI5YxJ3>U@yg5GNBE\KG3BEJonZSh@hBXWEBXI5Yg5GN\_JN\CS(\[W1f
v!JN>5@yJNBE^<@bA5V5GNM_J3BX\[IR|}\KGw`>5BcST>kMJNMKOQP'ShM_IeVUIUAC@hGNY[\xBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hz
GN@hWcMlJN@HAyBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIbBcO?@(5M[S(J3WXn<J3>5@ONM_^<@ M[OJ3>U@ A5V5GNM_J3BX\[Ib|}\[G`>5BcST>BEJ0ShM[IbV5IUA5@hGNY[\<AC@HMKACWE\CSTPyMuK\[BcA5M_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@dA
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIr
BcVUg5gj\mOQ@?MJTM[O3P I5@h@dA5OJN>5GN@h@I5\[ICz{g5GN@h@H^ag5JNM_iUWE@&O3>UM[G3@dAG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO;f vKf v_M_IUAaf r ACVUG3BXI5YB]JTOSh\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[Ir
tIUAC@hG0:s [stBEYK>5@HOQ%J [\CSTP[@hG?qGN\_JN\CS(\[W~
vm\[IjS(@1J3>5@JNMKOQPyMKShmV5BXG3@dO&\KI5@\_|JN>5@HO3@ G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOHv[BEJBXOY[VjM_GTM_ImJ3@H@HAI5\[J
JN\i5WE\CSTP|}\KG0M[SHKVUBEGNBEIUYJN>5@\_JN>5@hGGN@HmV5BXG3@dAbGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOHr
3>5@HI:s [ stBEYK>5@HOQSJ [\CSTP[@HG&G3\[J3\CS(\KWcqBXOVUO3@HAM[OJN>5@ g5G3\[J3\CS(\KWF|}\[GOQ>jM_GNBEI5YaOQ\K^<@ShG3BEJ3BcShM[WFGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOM_^<\[I5YaM
O3@(J0\[|GN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@JTM[O3POHv5AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPbShM[I5I5\_J\CShShV5G0ACV5@JN\G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@O3>UM[G3BXI5YUr
PC{|qJNGNMKACBEJ3BX\[IUM[WGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@O3>UM[G3BXI5Yy^<@HST>jM_I5BcOQ^O1OQVUST>ZM[OOQ@H^<M[g5>5\KG3@dOtM_IjAx^<\[I5BEJ3\KGNO1M_GN@wVUO3@HAxJN\O3>UM_GN@MKShS(@dO3Ot\_|
O3@huK@hGTM_WGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@JNMKOQPCOtJ3\MbO3BEI5YKWE@aS(GNB]JNBXSHM_W;G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[vjI5@hBEJ3>U@hG V5Iij\KV5IUAC@dAxg5GNBE\KG3BEJonBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUOHvjIU\[G1A5@HM[A5WE\CSTPCO
SHM_I\SHS(V5Gdr
Wc>5@HIkMxOQ@hJ\_|gF@hGNBE\CACBcS<GN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@<JTM[O3PCOwO3ST>U@HACV5WX@HA'VUO3BXI5Y06O3>UM[G3@yShG3BEJ3BcShM[WqG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOVUO3BXI5YJ3>5@bg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
Sh@hBXWEBXI5YgUG3\[J3\CS(\KW?f
vmBE|M JNMKOQPShM[IyOQV5DF@HGBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@0iUWE\CSTPBEIUYwinaM[I5\_JN>5@hG&JNM[O3PL|}\[G?S(@hG3JNM[BEIyA5V5GNM_J3BX\[IvKJ3>U@hI
BEJ0^MnbM_WcOQ\O3VCD@hG0ACBXG3@dS
JBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IACV5@ JN\<J3>UM_JJNM[O3P|}\KG?J3>5@wONM_^<@ACV5GTMlJNBE\KIr
^>5@HIMZOQ@hJL\_|0gF@hGNBX\A5BXSbG3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@JTM[O3POLO3ST>U@HACV5WX@HAkVUOQBXI5Y'0*OQ>UM[G3@S(@hG3JNM[BEIkShG3BEJ3BcShM[WGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOVUO3BXI5YJN>5@
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonS(@HBEWXBXI5YLgUG3\[J3\CS(\KW;f(vB]|MwJTM[O3P \`b1ShM[IbO3VCDF@HGBEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@ti5WX\CSTPBEI5YainyM_I5\[J3>5@HG&JTM[O3jP \Ud0|}\KG?Sh@hG3JNM[BEI
ACVUGNM_J3BX\[IvJN>5@hIxBEJ0^MnbM_WcOQ\O3VCD@hG0AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPbMu[\KBXA5M[IUS(@BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[Ib|}\[G?JN>5@ONM_^<@ACV5GTMlJ3BX\[IACV5@ JNj\ \Ud1@h5S(@hg5J3BXI5Y
BEK| \ b AC\@dO?I5\_J0I5@H@HAM_InyGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kr
}Ij>5@HIkMOQ@hJw\_|?G3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@aJNMKOQPCOO3>UM_GN@S(@hG3JNM[BEIRS(GNBEJ3BcShM_W&G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOVUO3BEIUYJN>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonSh@hBXWEBXI5Yxg5GN\_JN\Sh\[W?f(v
JN>5@>5BXY[>5@dOoJ0g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<JTM[O3PbAC\@HO?I5\[JtOQV5DF@HG0M_InyBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhr
}\y>5@HIMLOQ@hJ\_|G3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@JTM[O3POO3>UM_GN@tS(GNBEJ3BcShM_WFGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOVUO3BEI5YJ3>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<S(@hBXWXBEI5YLg5GN\_J3\CSh\[Wf
vKJ3>5@WE\l`@HOQJ
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<JTM[O3PAC\@HO?IU\_J0OQV5DF@HGtM_InyBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOhr
}gj{JBXObgj\mO3O3BEiUWE@xJN>UMlJBEIMkG3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@O3nOQJ3@H^@Hu[@HI J3>5@WX\l`@HOQJbg5GNBE\KG3BEJonkJTM[O3P^Mn O3VCD@hGV5Iij\KV5IUAC@dA g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOV5I5WX@HONOMaO3V5BEJNM[i5WE@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@(zOQ>UM[G3BXI5YwgUG3\[J3\CS(\KWFBcOVUO3@HAr
>5@HIMLOQ@hJ\_|GN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@JNMKOQPCOOQ>UM[G3@1S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WFG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOVjOQBXI5YwJN>5@tgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon<S(@HBEWXBXI5Yg5GN\_JN\CS(\[Wf
vMJTM[O3PaSHM_I
V5IjAC@hGNY[\MlJiF@HOQJ0\[I5@ \[|ACBXGN@HS
JdvCBEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@[v5\KGMu[\[BcA5M[IUS(@hzGN@hWcMlJN@HABXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIACV5@ JN\M_InJNMKOQPr
}G
b=?>5@?g5GNBX\[GNB]JonwSh@hBXWEBXI5Yg5G3\[J3\CS(\KW!fSHM_Iaij@Sh\[IUO3BXA5@hGN@HAJN\1iF@0MO3M_J3BcOo|MKS
J3\KG3n g5GN\_JN\CS(\[WmJN\ O3>UM[G3@MO3@(J\[|jOQ@HG3BcM_WXWXn
GN@hVUONM_iUWE@ g5GN@h@H^ag5JNM_iUWE@ GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOM[^<\[I5Y<M<OQ@hJ0\_|GN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@JNM[O3PCOhr
ON{|g5GNBE\KG3BEJonwS(@HBEWXBEIUYgUG3\[J3\CS(\KWfBcOBX^<g5WE@H^<@hImJ3@dALBXI<0I5BEL\Kgj@HGNM_J3BXI5YO3nCOoJN@h^OHvlJ3>5@HIaJ3>5@0Sh@hBXWEBXI5Y g5GNBE\KG3BEJonulM_WXV5@
\[|M<S(GNBEJ3BcShM_W!GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@1`\[V5WcAij@ JN>5@^MlCBE^LV5^6\[|JN>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonulM_WXV5@HO?\[|M[WEWJN>5@ JNMKOQPCO?VUO3BEIUYLJN>5BcOG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[r
~JT=?>5@LACV5GTMlJ3BX\[I|}\[Gt`>5BXST>M<WX\l`@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJTM[O3PShM[IBEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@i5WE\CSTPM<>5BEYK>5@hGtg5G3BX\[GNBEJonJNMKOQPBXO0M[WXO3\<BXA5@hImJ3BcShM[W
JN\<J3>5@wACVUGNM_J3BX\[I|}\[G`>5BcST>BEJtShM[IMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@i5WE\CSTPyBEJHr
}VjtIUAC@hGf @huK@hI MJTM[O3Pk`>5BcST>AC\@HO<I5\[JyG3@dKVUBEGN@M[InkG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@ShM_I V5IjAC@hGNY[\'g5GNBE\KG3BEJoneBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[I|}\[GbO3\[^<@
ACVUGNM_J3BX\[Ir
r0Cg5WcM_BXI J3>5@Zg5G3\Ki5WX@h^OJN>UMlJ^aBXY[>mJM[G3BcO3@xB]|w>UM[GNA GN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@xJNMKOQPCOyM[G3@^<MKAC@xJN\O3>UM_GN@S(GNB]JNBXSHM_W1G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOM[^a\KI5Y
J3>5@H^OQ@HWEuK@HOVUO3BEI5YaJNGNMKACB]JNBE\KIUM_W!\Kgj@HGNM_J3BXI5Y<OQnCOQJ3@h^ g5G3BX^<B]JNBEuK@HOO3VUST>M[OO3@h^M_g5>U\[GN@HO\[G?^<\[I5BEJ3\KGNOHr G3BX@ nb@(Cg5WcM_BXI>5\l`
J3>5@dOQ@ g5GN\[iUWE@H^<OSHM_Iij@\luK@hGTS(\K^a@Kr
r r0Cg5WcM_BXIZVjOQBXI5YM_IeM[g5g5GN\[g5GNBXM_J3@<@(5M[^agUWE@M[OJ3\x`>nZMxShG3BEJ3BcShM[WqG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@<ShM_IRYK@(JS(\KG3GNV5gCJN@HAZB]|?JN>5@JNMKOQPZVUO3BEI5YBEJBcO
g5GN@h@h^<gCJN@HA!v5M[IUAJ3>5@HIxM_I5\[J3>5@HG?JNM[O3PyBcO?Y[GTM_ImJ3@dAyVUO3@\_|J3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r


5

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

AC\ynK\[VxV5IUA5@hGTOoJTM_IUAinJ3>5@J3@HG3^ gUG3BX\[GNB]JonBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUaBXIxJ3>U@LS(\KImJ3@(J\_|G3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@JTM[O3PxO3ST>5@dACV5WXBEIUY e>U@hI


OQ@Hu[@HGNM[WJNM[O3PCOO3>UM_GN@yMO3@(JL\_|tS(GNBEJ3BcShM_WG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHvBcOwBEJLgF\KONO3BEi5WX@JN\ZMu[\KBXA'g5GNBX\[GNB]JonZBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IeM_WEJ3\KY[@(JN>5@hGimn'VUO3BEIUYM
OQVUB]JTM_i5WX@JNM[O3PbONST>5@HA5V5WEBXI5YM_WXY[\KG3BEJ3>U^ qCg5WXM[BEIn[\KV5GM_IUO3`@hGdr
5r0Cg5WcM_BXIJN>5@y\Kgj@HGNM_J3BX\[I'\_|?g5G3BX\[GNBEJonS(@HBEWXBEIUYxg5G3\[J3\CS(\KWt?fBXIeOQ>UM[G3BXI5YxS(GNBEJ3BcShM_W&G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO M_^<\KI5YG3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@<JNMKOQPCOHr
Cg5WcM_BXIb>5\l`f BcO0M_i5WX@J3\Mu[\KBXAAC@HMKACWX\STPvCV5IiF\[V5IjAC@HAg5GNBE\KG3BEJonBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhvCM_IjAST>UM[BEIi5WX\CSTPmBXI5YmOhr
1 r0Cg5WcM_BXIJ3>U@ A5B]D@hGN@hImJJonmgF@HO\[|g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<BEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUO&J3>UM_J?MJNMKOQP^<BXY[>mJOQVCD@hGACVU@tJN\aMLWE\l`@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonaJNMKOQP<`>5@HIbJN>5@
g5GNBE\KG3BEJonS(@HBEWXBEIUYgUG3\[J3\CS(\KW0f1BXO VUO3@HAZJN\OQ>UM[G3@<S(GNBEJ3BcShM_WGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO M_^<\[IUYMxO3@(J\_|?GN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@aJTM[O3PFrbfM[I'MJTM[O3P
OQV5DF@HGiF\_JN>BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hzGN@hWcMlJN@HABXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIyM_IUAACBEGN@HS(JBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIyACV5@J3\<O3\[^<@tWX\l`@HGgUG3BX\[GNB]JonLJNMKOQP {|;n[\[VM_IUO3`@HGBXI
J3>5@0M G3^MlJNBEuK@[v[Sh\[IUOQJ3GNVUS(JMO3V5BEJNM[i5WE@@h5M_^<g5WX@?J3\S(\KG3GN\[iF\[GTMlJN@nK\[V5GM_IjOQ`@hGdr{|!n[\KVaM[IUO3`@HGBEIaJ3>U@I5@hYmMlJ3BXu[@Kv_@(Cg5WcM_BXI
`>nyI5\_Jdr
5Cr0otO @hB]UJwI5gF@L\KJ3ON>5O3@aBEi5JNWX@<@hGNJ3^<\O A5@h
uBXlO3
@~ MG3~@d OQl\K(V5TGN
Sh@alO3>UM[M[IUG3A BXI5CY g5TGN \_CJ3 \CKSh \[WF`
>5BclST
>'~ SHM_~IR lY[hVjTM_TGT_M_xImJ3M[@HO@VUJN>UO3@HMlAJwBXI5I'\G3JT@dM[M_O3WEPzJNBEV5^<IU@A5@h\KGNgjY[@H\GN@HM_O J3BXI5}YB~OQg5nCG3OQBXJ3\[@hGN^BEJoOHn r
Z
BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[I 'BEB~V5Iij\KV5IUAC@dAg5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[I KVUOQJ3BE|}nbn[\KV5GM_IUO3`@hGTOhr
4 r>UMlJAC\Ln[\[VbV5IUAC@HGNOQJNM[IUAinx~ U(
~lN
3hEl <~ lhTT_ Cg5WcM_BXIy>5\l`BEJ?SHM_IbM[G3BcOQ@1`>5@hIG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO&M_GN@1O3>UM_GN@HA
BEI@(5S(WXVUO3BEuK@^<\CAC@LBXIZMbG3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@L@hIuBEGN\[I5^<@HIKJdrfM[IBXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@(z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dABEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IxiF@L@HWEBX^<BEIjMlJ3@dAM[W]JN\[Y[@hJ3>5@HG {|
n[\KV5GM[IUOQ`@hGBcO[n[@HON5vm@(Cg5WcM_BXIb>U\l` b{|;n[\KV5GM[IUOQ`@hGBcO[I5\KUv[JN>5@hI@(Cg5WcM_BXIb>5\l` SHM_IBEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HA<BXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO
ij@wSh\[ImJNM[BEIU@HA
 r0tO3BEIUYwJo`\\[GJ3>UG3@H@1O3@hImJ3@HIUS(@dO@hCg5WXM[BEIb>5\l` fShM_Ibij@VUO3@HA|}\KGGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@tOQ>jM_GNBEI5YLM_^<\[I5YaMO3@(J?\_|JTM[O3PCO&`>5@HIyJN>5@
JNMKOQPCO?M_GN@O3ST>5@dACV5WX@HAVUO3BEI5Yy1rjfM[InK\[V5GO3\[WXVCJ3BX\[IiF@VUOQ@dABEIg5GTM[S(J3BcShM_W!O3B]JNVUMlJNBE\KIUO {|;IU\_JHvC`>nI5\_J
#5 r?>5@hI&RBXOVUO3@HA|}\[GJNMKOQPONST>5@HACVUWEBXI5YBXIMLGN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@1M_g5g5WXBcShMlJNBE\KIv@(Cg5WcM_BXIMLO3ST>5@H^<@tin`>5BcST>bOQ>jM_GNBEI5YL\_|ShG3BEJ3BcShM[W
G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOM[^<\[I5YJTM[O3PCO0ShM[Iij@aOQVUg5gj\KGQJN@HA!r BXu[@aM_IM[WEYK\[GNB]JN>5^ BXIgUO3@hVUA5\_zS(\CAC@wI5\[JNM_J3BX\[IJ3\AC@HONS(GNBEiF@wJN>5@LOQJ3@HgUOJN\
>UM_IjACWE@ GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Y[GTM_ImJM_IUAGN@hWX@HMKOQ@Kr
K r OQ@hJ?\[|>UM[GNAbG3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@gj@HG3BX\CACBcStJTM[O3PCOIU@h@HAbJ3\<iF@O3ST>5@dACV5WX@HA\[IMVUI5BEgUG3\CS(@dO3O3\[GVUO3BEIUY<twr5=?>5@|}\KWEWX\l`BEIUYJTM_i5WX@
S(\KIKJTM_BXIUOaJ3>U@AC@(JTM_BXWXO\[|1JN>5@HO3@xgF@hGNBE\CACBcSJNMKOQPCOM_IjAJN>5@hBXGyVUO3@\_|J3>5GN@h@xIU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@xOQ>jM_GN@HAG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOHrfM_I
J3>5@JNMKOQPCSO \UdLM_IUCA \Uf^a@H@(J1J3>5@HBEGG3@dOQgF@HS(J3BXu[@A5@HM[A5WEBXI5@HO1`>5@HIg5GNBE\KG3BEJonSh@hBXWEBXI5YygUG3\[J3\CS(\KW?f0BXOtVUOQ@dA|}\[GGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
O3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5Y
=;M[O3P  3  3 r
\`b
 55 r5  5
\ d
 z 5 6 5
55
\Uf
z z z
r55  5
\ n
 5 r  6 5 # 5 6 5
\ m
5 5 z
z 
M[3OBEBEIUJNOtA5BXACSH@HMlMKJ3AC@dO0WEBXI5JN>5@Kr@=?gF@h>5GN@BX\@hAImJ3\_GN|BE@dJNOMKBXOQIhP J3\ >53 @M[ IUA vU 3 BXIUvjACM[BcIUShAxM_J3 @dOtBES(JNO\KWES(VU\K^a^aIjgUOVCBEJNIjM_ACJ3BXBXSH\[MlIJN@J3BXJ3^<>5@[@wr J3=?BX^a>5@L@ACgFV5@hGTGNMlBX\J3BXA\[I\_|q|}\K@HG0MKST`>>5JNBcMKST>OQPMaBXOtJNM[J3O3>UPb@aIUON@hM_@H^<AU@O

r
J3>5@ IUM[^<@HAG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@tBXIIU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJNBEuK@1^<\CAC@Kr1O3O3V5^<@J3>UM_J0Ml|~J3@HG0MwJTM[O3PyGN@hWX@HM[O3@HOMLG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[vBEJA5\m@dOI5\_J0M[SHmV5BEGN@
J3>5@wONM_^<@ \[GM[Imnb\_J3>U@hGGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kr
r?>5BXWE@B]J<BXOLBXIY[@HI5@hGTM_WqJ3GNV5@yJN>UMlJMu[\KBXA5M[IUS(@BXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIeBEIfBcOLJ3>5@g5G3BcS(@gUM_BcARJN\ZMu[\KBXAeO3BEJ3VUM_J3BX\[IUOLWE@dM[ACBXI5YxJN\
AC@HMKACWX\STPCOHmO3\[^<@hJ3BX^a@dOJTM[O3PO^<BEYK>mJV5IUA5@hGNY[\LMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[I`>U@hIJN>5@hBXG?G3@dKVU@HOQJq|}\[G?MwGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1ShM_IbBEIyIU\`?Mn
ShM[VUOQ@AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPCOhrqWXWXVUOoJNGNM_J3@J3>UBXOtimnS(\KIUOoJNG3VjS
J3BXI5YM_I@hCM[^<g5WE@ JN\yOQ>U\l` J3>jMlJt@Hu[@hI`>5@HIJ3>5@HG3@BcOI5\yST>UM[IUS(@\[|M[In
AC@HMKACWX\STPCOiF@hBXI5YyShM[VUOQ@dA!v5MLJNMKOQPyVUIUAC@hG0?f ^aBXY[>mJtOQJ3BXWEW!VUIUAC@hGNY[\MuK\[BcA5M_IUSh@tBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIr
jr>UMlJ



     







C


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

r r O3@(J\[|0gj@HG3BX\CACBcS<JNMKOQPCOwIU@h@HAeJ3\iF@ONST>5@dACV5WX@HAR\[IkMV5I5BXg5GN\Sh@HONOQ\KGHrx=?>5@b|}\[WXWE\l`BXI5YJTM_i5WX@Sh\[ImJNM[BEIUOwJ3>5@AC@(JTM_BXWXO\_|
J3>5@dOQ@gF@hGNBX\A5BXS<JTM[O3PCOwM_IUA'JN>5@hBXGVjOQ@y\[|I5\[ICz{g5GN@h@H^ag5JNM_iUWE@yO3>UM_GN@HA'GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO v v;M[IUAe r rfM_IRJTM[O3PD\Uf^<@h@hJ
B]JTOAC@HMKACWXBEI5@ `>5@HIJ3>5@JNMKOQPCOM[G3@ O3ST>U@HACV5WX@HAV5IUA5@hG00M[IUAg5G3BX\[GNBEJonyS(@hBXWXBEI5Y<g5GN\_JN\CS(\[WfBcO?VUO3@HAb|}\[GGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
O3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5Y
=;M[O3P - 3  3 r % 3
\`b
 55 r5  5
6 5
 z 5 6 5 5
\Ud
55
\ f
z z z 6 5
r55  5
\ n
 5 r  6 5 # 5 6 5  5
\Um
 5  5 z
z  
S(\K3WEBXV5IU^<ACBcIUShOtMlJNBEIj@HOACBXJNSH>5Ml@<JN@gjJ3@H>5G3BX@\CJ3ABX^<\[|&@JNACMKV5OQGTDP MlJN\(BE3?\KIM[IU|}\[A Gt `3?>UBXIUBXSTAC>BcShM<M_J3JT@HM[OO3PBEJNOwIU@hSh@H\[AU^<Og5J3VC>UJT@MlJNIUBEM[\K^aI@dJ3ABX^<G3@[@drOQ\K=?V5GT>5S(@<@ @hBEImIJNG3I5BX\[@HICO z{BXg5IGN@hJN@H>5^a@yg5 J3BX u[v@ ^<\CvACM[@[IUv A'3q Bcr O
%
J3>5@wO3@hWE|;O3VUO3gj@HIUO3BE\KIbJNBE^<@w\[|JNMKOQ+P \(3Qrq0WXW!J3BX^<@V5I5BEJNO>jMu[@ ij@H@hIxO3gj@dS(BEU@HABXI^<BXWEWXB~@HSh\[IUA5OHr
Ur O3@(Jq\_|!gF@hGNBE\CACBcS?JTM[O3POIU@h@HAaJN\wiF@tO3ST>U@HACV5WX@HAa\KIyM V5I5BXg5G3\CSh@HONOQ\KGHr;=?>5@|}\[WXWX\l`BEI5YJTM_i5WX@tS(\KImJNM_BXIUOJN>5@tAC@hJNM[BEWcO\_|JN>5@HO3@
gj@HG3BX\CACBcS0JTM[O3PO?M[IUAyJN>5@hBXGVUO3@ \_|I5\KICz{g5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@O3>UM[G3@dAyGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOhrqfM_IbJ3>5@ JTM[O3jP \kf^<@h@hJB]JTOAC@HMKACWEBXI5@ `>5@HIbJN>5@
JNMKOQPCO?M_GN@O3ST>5@dACV5WX@HAV5IUAC@HGt0M[IUAbJ3>5@g5GNBX\[GNB]JonbSh@hBXWEBXI5Y<g5GN\_JN\Sh\[W?fBcO?VUO3@HA|}\[GGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@O3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5Y
=;M[O3P  3  3 r
\`b
 55 r5  5
\ d
 z 5 6 5
55
\Uf
z z z
r55  5
\ n
 5 r  6 5 # 5 6 5
\ m
5 5 z
z 
S(\K3 WEBXV5IU^<ACBcIUShO1MlJNBXIU@HOACBcJNSh>5Ml@<JN@gjJN@H>5G3BX@a\CAJ3BX^<\[|&@aJNACMKVUOQDP GNM_\J3BX3 \[IM[IU|}A \KG1 `3 >UBXIUBXSTAC>'BcShM_MyJ3@HJTM[OO3BEPJNOwIUSh@h\[@H^<AUOtg5JNVC>5JT@<MlJNIUBE\KM_I^<J3@dBXA^<GN@[@HrO3\[=?V5>5GT@<S(@w@hImBXIJNG3IUBX@H\[O ICz{BXIg5GNJN@h>5@h@y^<gCJN BEuKv@ ^<v\CM[ACIU@[A'rL0 WXr W
J3BX^<@V5I5BEJNO>UMuK@1iF@h@HIxOQgF@HShB]U@dABEI^<BEWXWXBc@dS(\KIUA5OHr
Crtf\[IUO3BcAC@hGtMyG3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@wO3nOQJ3@H^`>U\KO3@ JNM[O3PST>UM_GTM[S(J3@hGNBcOoJNBXSHOM_IUAxAC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HOM_GN@wAC@HONS(GNBXij@dABEIJN>5@w|}\KWEWX\l`BEIUY<JNM_iUWE@Kr
tONOQVU^a@ JN>UMlJtJ3>5@JTM[O3PCO>UMu[@ H@hGN\g5>UM[O3BXI5YyM_IUAGN@hgF@HM_Jt`B]JN>M<gj@HG3BX\CA\_| 5 ^y@dS_r?t@hJ3@hGN^<BEIU@Ma|}@HMKOQBXi5WX@wO3ST>5@dACV5WX@
`>5BcST>Sh\[V5WcAbiF@VUO3@HAinbMaJNM[i5WX@(zACG3BXu[@HIONST>5@HA5V5WE@HGHr
=;M[O3P f\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[IJ3BX^<@K  3 ^y@HS t@dM[ACWXBXI5@y $ 3 ^y@dS 1@hgF@hIUA5@hIUShn
\`b
z
r5
5
\ d
5
\ b c/\ f

\Uf
5
\`b
5
\ n
55
\Ud
6 5
1 rtgjf@H\[G3IUBX\CO3BcAyAC@h\[G| Ma G3@dM_^WEzOQJN@dBE^<S_rq@ =?OQ>5nC@1OQJ3JN@HMK^6OQPyBEIST>j`M_>5GTM[BcSTS
>JN@hUGNBXu[OQ@ J3BcGNSh@HOM_M_WEzIUJ3ABX^aAC@ @hgFgF@h@hIjGNBEAC\C@hACIUBcShS1BE@dJNOMKOQM_PCGN5O @1\ ACb @dgO3g Shg \UG3BXm iF>U@HAyMu[BX@IhJ3@H>5G3@\a|}g5\[>UWXWXMK\lOQ`BXI5BEI5YYM_JNIUM[Ai5WEGN@K@hrqgFt@HMl@hJJ3@H`G3^<BEJ3>BXI5M@
5
ML|}@HM[O3BXi5WE@ONST>5@HA5V5WE@ `>5BcST>xS(\KV5WXAiF@VUOQ@dAimnMJTM_i5WX@(zACGNBEuK@hIO3ST>U@HACV5WX@hGdr
=MKOQP f\[^<g5VCJTMlJNBE\KIJNBE^<@m  3 ^y@dS 1@HM[A5WEBXI5@y $ 3 ^C@HS 1@hgF@hIjAC@hIUShn
\`b
5
z

\ d
55
\ b
r5
\Uf
\Ud
# 5
5


\ n

5

\`b



Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

5rtf\[IUO3BcAC@hGtMyG3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@wO3nOQJ3@H^`>U\KO3@ JNM[O3PST>UM_GTM[S(J3@hGNBcOoJNBXSHOM_IUAxAC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HOM_GN@wAC@HONS(GNBXij@dABEIJN>5@w|}\KWEWX\l`BEIUY<JNM_iUWE@Kr
=?>5@HO3@JNMKOQPCOGN@hgF@HM_Jy@huK@hGNn  5 ^<O3@HS[r1@(JN@hGN^<BEI5@ZMR|}@HMKOQBXi5WX@O3ST>5@dACV5WX@x`>5BcST> S(\[VUWXA iF@VUO3@HA in M'JTM_i5WX@(zACGNBEuK@hI
O3ST>U@HACV5WX@hGdr
=;M[O3P f\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[IJ3BX^<@K  3 ^OQ@dS 1@HM[A5WEBXI5@y $ 3 ^<O3@HS t@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(n
\`b
5
z
6 5
\Ud
\`b
6 5
45
\ f
\ b
r5
15
\ n
5
\Uf[v \Ud
5
\Um
\ d
r
5
[0t0
  K\[>5IKr [@H>5\CS(hPn [V5B0>jM5v0M_YKV5IUM_J3>UM[Ik0M oPV5^M_Gdr&G3BX\[GNB]JonZBEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@yg5GN\_JN\Sh\[WcO Z tIM_g5gUG3\mM[ST>'J3\ZG3@dM_WEzJNBE^<@
O3nmIjST>5G3\KI5BXHMlJNBE\KIr
CNl5hK(lUw_ q + ChTTv r ZX[ 5  [ 4 5v  5 r








r

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

También podría gustarte