Está en la página 1de 209

480,&$,,









w.
ww

m
ui

e
P
a

ic

www.Quimica.pe

1',&(

3UyORJRDODSULPHUDHGLFLyQ
,QWURGXFFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
2EMHWLYRVGHDSUHQGL]DMH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

81,'$',
[LGRUHGXFFLyQ\HVWHTXLRPHWUtD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

1.1 [LGRUHGXFFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

&RQFHSWRGHR[LGDFLyQ\UHGXFFLyQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

$JHQWHR[LGDQWH\DJHQWHUHGXFWRU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

5HJODVSDUDGHWHUPLQDUQ~PHURGHR[LGDFLyQBBBBBBBBBB 

%DODQFHRGHHFXDFLRQHVSRU5HGR[ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

1.2 (VWHRTXLPHWUtD

'HWHUPLQDFLyQGHODPDVDPRODUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

0RO\Q~PHURGH$YRJDGURBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

9ROXPHQHVPRODURYROXPHQPROHFXODUJUDPRBBBBBBBBB

1.3 /H\HVSRQGHUDOHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

/H\GHODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHODPDVD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

/H\GHSURSRUFLRQHVFRQVWDQWHVRGHILQLGDV BBBBBBBBBBB 

/H\GHODVSURSRUFLRQHVPXOWLSOHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

/H\GHSURSRUFLRQHVUHFtSURFDVROH\GH5LFKWHU:HQ]HO 

/H\GHODVFRPELQDFLRQHVJDVHRVDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

1.4 'HWHUPLQDFLyQGHIyUPXODVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

)yUPXODPtQLPDRHPStULFDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

)yPXODPROHFXODU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

1.5 5D]RQHVHVWHTXLRPpWULFDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

5HODFLRQHVPDVDPDVD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

5HODFLRQHVPDVDPRO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

5HODFLRQHVPROPRO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

5HODFLRQHVPDVDYROXPHQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

5HODFLRQHVYROXPHQYROXPHQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

5HDFWLYROLPLWDQWH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

www.Quimica.pe

1RWDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 


5HVXPHQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
$FWLYLGDGHVGHDSUHQGL]DMHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
(YDOXDFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

81,'$'
6LVWHPDVGLVSHUVRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 


'LVROXFLRQHVFRORLGHV\VXVSHQVLRQHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODVGLVSHUVLRQHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

 'LVROXFLRQHV\FRQFHQWUDFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

8QLGDGHVItVLFDVGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

8QLGDGHVTXtPLFDVGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

5HVXPHQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
$FWLYLGDGHVGHDSUHQGL]DMHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
B BBBBB
BBB
(YDOXDFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB


.
81,'$'
a
c
BBBB
BBB
Bi
BB
&LQpWLFDTXtPLFD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

iu m

BBBBB
BBBB
BBBB
 9HORFLGDGGHUHDFFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

. BB
DDOO w BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
&RQFHSWRJHQHUDO
w
)DFWRUHVTXHDIHFWDQODYHORFLGDGGHUHDFFLyQ BBBBBBBB 
5HDFFLRQHVLUUHYHUVLEOHV\UHYHUVLEOHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

(TXLOLEULRTXtPLFR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
/H\GHDFFLyQGHPDVDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
'HWHUPLQDFLyQGHODFRQVWDQWHGHHTXLOLEULR BBBBBBBBB 
3ULQFLSLRGH/HFKDWHOLHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
)DFWRUHVTXHDIHFWDQHOHTXLOLEULRTXtPLFR BBBBBBBBBBB 

5HVXPHQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
$FWLYLGDGHVGHDSUHQGL]DMHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
(YDOXDFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

81,'$'
FLGRV\EDVHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 


Pe

www.Quimica.pe

&ODVLILFDFLyQGHORVVLVWHPDViFLGREDVHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 



7HRUtDGH$UUKHQLXV

7HRUtDGH%URQVWHG/RZU\

7HRUtDGH/HZLV

)XHU]DGHiFLGRV\EDVHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
FLGRV\EDVHVIXHUWHV\GpELOHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
&RQVWDQWHGHLRQL]DFLyQ .L BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
(OHFWUyOLWRV\QRHOHFWUyOLWRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
&RQVWDQWHGHLRQL]DFLyQGHODJXD NZ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

S+GHGLVROXFLRQHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
&RQFHSWRGH3K\3RK BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
(VFDOD\FiOFXORGHS+ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
,QGLFDGRUHVGHSKBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

5HDFFLRQHVGHQHXWUDOL]DFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
7LWXODFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
6ROXFLRQHVDPRUWLJXDGRUDVWDPSyQEXIIHURUHJXODGRUDV
+LGUyOLVLVGHVDOHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

5HVXPHQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
$FWLYLGDGHVGHDSUHQGL]DMHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
(YDOXDFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

81,'$'
1RPHQFDWXUDGHFRPSXHVWRVRUJiQLFRV\PDFURPROpFXODVBBBBBBBBBBB 

(VWUXFWXUDPROHFXODUGHORVFRPSXHVWRVGHOFDUERQR BBBBBBBBBBBB 
&RPSDUDFLyQJHQHUDOHQWUHORVFRPSXHVWRV
LQRUJiQLFRV\RUJiQLFRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

7LSRVGHKLEULGDFLyQGHOiWRPRGHFDUERQR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
+LEULGDFLyQVS BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
+LEULGDFLyQVS BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
+LEULGDFLyQVS BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
7LSRVGHIyUPXODV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

,VRPHUtD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

www.Quimica.pe

1RPHQFODWXUDGHKLGURFDUEXURV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 


+LGURFDUEXURVDFtFOLFRVVDWXUDGRVHLQVDWXUDGRVBBBBBBB 
&tFOLFRVVDWXUDGRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

&ODVLILFDFLyQGHJUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
$OFRKROHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
$OGHKtGRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
&HWRQDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
FLGRVFDUER[tOLFRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
eWHUHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
eVWHUHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
$PLQDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
$PLGDV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
+DORJHQXURVGHDOTXLOR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
$URPiWLFRV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

0FURPROpFXODV
3ROLPHUL]DFLyQDGLFLyQ\FRQGHQVDFLyQ
BBBBBBBBBBBBB 
FRQ
RQ
QG
QGH
G
0DFURPROpFXODVVLQWpWLFDVV BBB
BB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 
0DFURPROpFXODVQDWXUDOHV
HVV aBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

ic
m
5HVXPHQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

B BBBB
BBB
i
$FWLYLGDGHVGHDSUHQGL]DMHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

BBBB
BBBBB
BBBB
BBB
BuB
(YDOXDFLyQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

BwB
BB
w
%LEOLRJUDItD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 

Pe




www.Quimica.pe

,1752'8&&,1


/DTXtPLFDPRGHUQDMXHJDXQSDSHOSULPRUGLDOSDUDPHMRUDUODFDOLGDGGH
YLGD GH OD SREODFLyQ 6XV DSOLFDFLRQHV FRWLGLDQDV VRQ P~OWLSOHV \ PX\ YDULDGDV
UHIOHMiQGRVHHQXQVLQILQGHEHQHILFLRVWDQWRDQLYHOLQGLYLGXDOFRPRFROHFWLYR


3RU HOOR HV GH JUDQ LPSRUWDQFLD TXH ORV MyYHQHV EDFKLOOHUHV FRQR]FDQ
DQDOLFHQ \ YDORUHQ ORV IXQGDPHQWRV GH HVWD FLHQFLD SDUD SRGHU DSOLFDUOD
DGHFXDGDPHQWH


(VWH VHJXQGR WH[WR EiVLFR GH 4XtPLFD  IXH HODERUDGR GH DFXHUGR DO
SURJUDPDRILFLDOGHO&ROHJLRGH%DFKLOOHUHVGHO(VWDGRGH2D[DFDFRQODILQDOLGDG
GH VHU XQ YDOLRVR DSR\R GLGiFWLFR HQ HO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH \
HVWLPXODUHQORVDOXPQRVVXLQWHUpVSRUHOHVWXGLRGHHVWDFLHQFLD


/D REUD HVWD FRQVWLWXLGD SRU FLQFR XQLGDGHV ODV FXDOHV JXDUGDQ
FRQWLQXLGDGFRQODVVHLVXQLGDGHVUHYLVDGDVHQHOSULPHUFXUVRGH4XtPLFD




/D SULPHUD XQLGDG FRPSUHQGH HO HVWXGLR \  DQiOLVLV GH ORV FRQFHSWRV \
SURFHVRV GH R[LGDFLyQ \ UHGXFFLyQ VXV DSOLFDFLRQHV \ HO EDODQFHR GH HFXDFLRQHV
SRU HO PpWRGR GH 5HGR[ 7DPELpQ VH GHVDUUROOD HO HVWXGLR GH OD HVWHTXLRPHWUtD
UHVDOWDQGRODLPSRUWDQFLDGHpVWDiUHDGHELGRDTXHVHHQFDUJDGHODQiOLVLVGHODV
UHODFLRQHV FXDQWLWDWLYDV HQ ODV UHDFFLRQHV TXtPLFDV DVt FRPR ODV OH\HV TXH ODV
ULJHQ

(Q OD VHJXQGD XQLGDG FDUDFWHUL]DPRV  ODV GLVSHUVLRQHV \ SRVWHULRUPHQWH
UHDOL]DPRV FiOFXORV HVWHTXLRPpWULFRV GH VROXFLRQHV WDQWR GH XQLGDGHV ItVLFDV GH
FRQFHQWUDFLyQ FRQFHQWUDFLyQ HQ SHVR SDUWHV SRU PLOOyQ  HQ SHVR  HQ
YROXPHQ  FRPR HQ XQLGDGHV TXtPLFDV GH FRQFHQWUDFLyQ 0RODULGDG PRODOLGDG
QRUPDOLGDG\IRUPDOLGDG 


/DWHUFHUDXQLGDGGHQRPLQDGDFLQpWLFDTXtPLFDDERUGDHOHVWXGLRGHODV
YHORFLGDGHV D ODV TXH VH HIHFW~DQ ODV UHDFFLRQHV TXtPLFDV DVt FRPR ORV IDFWRUHV
TXH OD  PRGLILFDQ WHPSHUDWXUD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ FDWDOL]DGRUHV \ QDWXUDOH]D GH ODV
VXVWDQFLDV 7DPELpQVHHVWXGLDHOHTXLOLEULRTXtPLFR\HOHIHFWRTXHSURYRFDHQpO
www.Quimica.pe

XQDFDPELRGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQWHPSHUDWXUDRSUHVLyQ 3ULQFLSLRGH/H&KDWHOLHU 
3RU ~OWLPR VH GHVDUUROODQ HMHUFLFLRV SDUD GHWHUPLQDU HO YDORU GH OD FRQVWDQWH GH
HTXLOLEULR

/D FXDUWD XQLGDG SUHVHQWD \ DQDOL]D ODV GLIHUHQWHV WHRUtDV TXH GHILQHQ D
ORViFLGRV\EDVHV $UUKHQLXV%U|QVWHG/RZU\\/HZLV DVtFRPRORVDJHQWHVTXH
GHWHUPLQDQVXIXHU]D6HHVWXGLDWDPELpQODFRQVWDQWHGHLRQL]DFLyQHOS+GHODV
GLVROXFLRQHV\VXHVFDODILQDOL]DFRQODVUHDFFLRQHVGHQHXWUDOL]DFLyQ\ODKLGUyOLVLV
GHVDOHV

3RU ~OWLPR OD TXLQWD XQLGDG QRV LQWURGXFH DO HVWXGLR GH ORV FRPSXHVWRV
RUJiQLFRV \ ODV PDFURPROpFXODV LQLFLDQGR FRQ HO HVWXGLR GHO FDUERQR \ VXV
KLEULGDFLRQHV FRQWLQXDQGR FRQ ODV UHJODV GH QRPHQFODWXUD GH OD 8,43$ SDUD
KLGURFDUEXURV DFtFOLFRV \ FtFOLFRV &RQWLQ~D FRQ OD FODVLILFDFLyQ GH ORV JUXSRV
IXQFLRQDOHV  \ ODV PDFURPROpFXODV QDWXUDOHV \ VLQWpWLFDV &DEH PHQFLRQDU TXH
HVWRV GRV ~OWLPRV WHPDV VH WUDWDQ HQ IRUPD JHQHUDO GHELGR D OR DPSOLR GH ORV
PLVPRV \ TXH VRQ WUDWDGRV SURIXQGDPHQWH HQ ORV FXUVRV GH 7HPDV 6HOHFWRV GH
4XtPLFDXQR\%LRORJtD,\,,

'HVSXpV GHO GHVDUUROOR GH FDGD
XQLGDG VH SUHVHQWDQ XQD VHULH GH
D aX
D
DFWLYLGDGHVGHDSUHQGL]DMH\HMHUFLFLRVGHHYDOXDFLyQFRQODILQDOLGDGGHUHIRU]DU
GHHHicH
G
m
ORDSUHQGLGR
ui

(QHVWHWH[WRODVH[SOLFDFLRQHVGHWRGRVORVWHPDVVHDERUGDQHQODIRUPD
Rw Q
RQ
QHV
TXH FRQVLGHUDPRV PiV VHQFLOOD VLQ
L w GHVFXLGDU HO ULJRU FLHQWtILFR FRQ OD ILQDOLGDG
TXHHODOXPQRFRPSUHQGDIiFLOPHQWHORVPLVPRV

(VSHUDPRVTXHHVWDREUDFXPSODVXREMHWLYRSRQLpQGRODDFRQVLGHUDFLyQ
GH WRGDV ODV SHUVRQDV YLQFXODGDV FRQ OD PDWHULD SDUD TXH VXV RSLQLRQHV \
VXJHUHQFLDVHQULTXH]FDQIXWXUDVHGLFLRQHV


Pe

www.Quimica.pe




2%-(7,926'($35(1',=$-(

'HVFULELUHOSURFHVRGHy[LGRUHGXFFLyQ


 (VWDEOHFHU HO Q~PHUR GH R[LGDFLyQ GH ORV HOHPHQWRV \ EDODQFHDU SRU HO
PpWRGR5('2;


 5HDOL]DU FRUUHFWDPHQWH FiOFXORV HVWHTXLRPpWULFRV VLPSOHV FRPR XQD
KHUUDPLHQWD SDUD OD UHVROXFLyQ GH SUREOHPDV GH SURSRUFLRQDOLGDG GLUHFWD
DSOLFDQGRODVOH\HVSRQGHUDOHV


'LIHUHQFLDUFRUUHFWDPHQWHORVVLVWHPDVGLVSHUVRV


'HVDUUROODUFiOFXORVHVSHFtILFRVGHFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVItVLFDV\TXtPLFDVGHODV
GLVROXFLRQHV


 ,GHQWLILFDU ORV IDFWRUHV GH ORV TXH GHSHQGH OD YHORFLGDG GH XQD UHDFFLyQ
TXtPLFD


 &RPSUHQGHU ORV FRQFHSWRV GH iFLGR \ EDVH DQDOL]DQGR ORV IDFWRUHV TXH
GHWHUPLQDQVXIXHU]D


 'HWHUPLQDU WHyULFD \ H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH HO S+ GH GLIHUHQWHV VXVWDQFLDV \
UHDOL]DUWLWXODFLRQHV


 9DORUDU OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH OD TXtPLFD RUJiQLFD HQ OD QDWXUDOH]D \ YLGD
FRWLGLDQD


$SOLFDUODVUHJODVGHQRPHQFODWXUD8,43$&SDUDORVKLGURFDUEXURV

,GHQWLILFDUORVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHVGHORVFRPSXHVWRVRUJiQLFRV
www.Quimica.pe





&RQRFHU\DQDOL]DUODFRQVWLWXFLyQTXtPLFDGHODVPDFURPROpFXODVQDWXUDOHV
\VLQWpWLFDVUHFRQRFLHQGRVXLPSRUWDQFLDHLPSDFWRHQODVRFLHGDG







 
















w.
ww



m
ui

e
P
a

ic

www.Quimica.pe















2;,'25('8&&,1<(67(48,20(75$


2%-(7,92'($35(1',=$-(


&RPSUHQGHU\DQDOL]DUORVFRQFHSWRVGHR[LGDFLyQ\UHGXFFLyQ
$SUHQGHUDEDODQFHDUHFXDFLRQHVTXtPLFDVSRUHOPpWRGRGHR[LGR
UHGXFFLyQ
5HDOL]DUFiOFXORVHVWHTXLRPpWULFRVEiVLFRV


www.Quimica.pe





2;,'25('8&&,1


(Q QXHVWUR SULPHU FXUVR DQDOL]DPRV TXH OD TXtPLFD HV XQD FLHQFLD
FXDOLWDWLYD\FXDQWLWDWLYD\VHHQFDUJDGHHVWXGLDUORVFDPELRVHQODFRPSRVLFLyQ\
HVWUXFWXUD GH OD PDWHULD ORV FXDOHV RFXUUHQ  PHGLDQWH  SURFHVRV GHQRPLQDGRV
UHDFFLRQHVTXtPLFDVTXHVHUHSUHVHQWDQSRUPHGLRGHHFXDFLRQHVTXtPLFDV

/DLQIRUPDFLyQTXHQRVSURSRUFLRQDQODVHFXDFLRQHVTXtPLFDVHVPX\~WLO
SRUTXH QRV LQGLFDQ ODV  VXVWDQFLDV  TXH LQWHUYLHQHQ FRPR UHDFWLYRV \ FXDOHV VH
JHQHUDQ HV GHFLU TXLHQHV VRQ ORV SURGXFWRV WDPELpQ LQGLFDQ HO HVWDGR GH
DJUHJDFLyQ GH ODV VXVWDQFLDV TXH SDUWLFLSDQ \ FRQGLFLRQHV WHPSHUDWXUD SUHVLyQ
FDWDOL]DGRUHV EDMRODVFXDOHVVHHIHFW~DODUHDFFLyQ

Pe

XtP
tPL

5HFXHUGD TXH WRGD HFXDFLyQ TXtPLFD
GHEH FXPSOLU OD OH\ GH OD
/DY
DYYRL
RLVL
RLV
LVV
FRQVHUYDFLyQ GH  OD PDVD  GH $QWRLQH  /DYR
/DYRLVLHU
  SRU HOOR HQ OD 
PRV
RRVVV OR
XQLGDGGHOFXUVRGHTXtPLFDLGHQWLILFDPRVORVWLSRVGHUHDFFLRQHVTXHH[LVWHQ\
G icaGH
GR
GR
G WDQWHR $O EDODQFHDUODV  SRGHPRV
DSUHQGLPRV D EDODQFHDUODV SRU HO PpWRGR
HO
HOD
O V
VXV
Vm
GHWHUPLQDUODVFDQWLGDGHVUHDOHVGHODVVXVWDQFLDTXHLQWHUYLHQHQFRPRUHDFWLYRV\
ui
ODVTXHVHSURGXFHQ(MHPSOR
w.
ww

0J 2+  V +&O O 0J&O V +2 O 


5HDFWLYRV2ULJLQDSURGXFH3URGXFWRV
0J [  0J [  
2 [  2 [ 
+ [  + [ 
&O [  &O [ 
XPD
XPD


&RPRSXHGHVREVHUYDUHQHVWDHFXDFLyQODPLVPDFDQWLGDGGHPDWHULDTXH
UHDFFLRQDHVODTXHVHSURGXFHSXHVVRORVHWUDVIRUPD

www.Quimica.pe

&21&(372'(2;,'$&,1<5('8&&,1


([LVWHQ RWURV PpWRGRV SDUD EDODQFHDU HFXDFLRQHV FRPR VRQ HO PpWRGR GH
[LGR5HGXFFLyQ 5HGR[ HOGHLyQHOHFWUyQ\HODOJHEUDLFR

(Q HVWH FXUVR DSUHQGHUHPRV D EDODQFHDU HFXDFLRQHV SRU HO PpWRGR GH
[LGR5HGXFFLyQSHURDQWHVHVQHFHVDULRUHFRUGDUDOJXQRVDVSHFWRVFRPRVRQ

(O Q~PHUR GH iWRPRV SUHVHQWHV HQ XQD IyUPXOD HVWD GHWHUPLQDGR SRU HO
VXEtQGLFH\SRUHOFRHILFLHQWH(MHPSOR

+62

6XEtQGLFHLQGLFDHQQ~PHURGHiWRPRV

&RHILFLHQWH1~PHURGHPROpFXODViWRPRVRXQLGDGHVIyUPXOD



/RVVXEtQGLFHVQRVLQGLFDQTXHKD\iWRPRVGHKLGUyJHQRGHD]XIUH\
GHR[tJHQR

&XDQGRHQODIyUPXODH[LVWDXQSDUpQWHVLVHOVXEtQGLFHTXHVHHQFXHQWUD
IXHUD GH HVWH DIHFWD D WRGRV ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH VH HQFXHQWUHQ GHQWUR GH pO
(MHPSOR


&U 0Q2 


(OVXEtQGLFHTXHVHHQFXHQWUDIXHUDGHOSDUpQWHVLVGHEHPXOWLSOLFDUVH
SRUHOVXEtQGLFHGHFDGDHOHPHQWRTXHVHHQFXHQWUHGHQWURGHpO
0Q [ 2 [ 


&RPRHO&UHVWDDIXHUDQRVHPXOWLSOLFD&U 


3RURWURODGRORVFRHILFLHQWHVVRQORVQ~PHURVTXHDQWHFHGHQDODIyUPXOD
GHXQFRPSXHVWRRDOVtPERORGHXQHOHPHQWRHQXQDHFXDFLyQTXtPLFDHLQGLFDQ
HOQ~PHURGHPROpFXODViWRPRVRXQLGDGHVIyUPXODSUHVHQWHV(MHPSORV

www.Quimica.pe



&X
LQGLFDiWRPRVGH&X
LQGLFDPROpFXODVGH2
+&OLQGLFDXQLGDGHVIyUPXODGH+&O
&D 2+ LQGLFDXQD PROpFXODGH&D 2+ 
&X 12 LQGLFDPROpFXODVGH&X 12 


3DUDHQFRQWUDUHOQ~PHURGHiWRPRVGHFDGDHOHPHQWRHQXQDIyUPXODVyOR
VH PXOWLSOLFD HO Q~PHUR GH iWRPRV GHO HOHPHQWR TXH FRQWLHQH OD IyUPXOD SRU HO
FRHILFLHQWHTXHODSUHFHGH

2[LGDFLyQ(VWHWpUPLQRVHHPSOHDEDDQWHULRUPHQWHSDUDLQGLFDUODDGLFLyQ
GH R[tJHQR D XQD HVSHFLH TXtPLFD \  HO WpUPLQR GH UHGXFFLyQ VH XWLOL]DED SDUD
LQGLFDUTXHXQDHVSHFLHTXtPLFDSHUGtDR[tJHQR


$FWXDOPHQWHHVWRVFRQFHSWRVVRQGHILQLGRVFRPR

Pe

2;,'$&,1

5('8&&,1
('

*DQDQFLDGHR[tJHQR
3pUGLGDGHHOHFWURQHVH
3pUGLGDGHKLGUyJHQR

.
ww

.
3pUGLGDGHR[tJHQR
3pa
3p
3pU
ci
m
ui *DQDQFLDGHHOHFWURQHV H 

$XPHQWRHQHOQ~PHURGHR[LGDFLyQ

*DQDQFLDGHKLGUyJHQRV
'LVPLQXFLyQ
R[LGDFLyQ

HQ

HO

Q~PHUR

GH


&XDQGR XQ HOHPHQWR VH R[LGD VX Q~PHUR GH R[LGDFLyQ DXPHQWD SRU OD
SpUGLGD GH HOHFWURQHV H  VL HO HOHPHQWR VH UHGXFH VX Q~PHUR GH R[LGDFLyQ
GLVPLQX\HSRUODJDQDQFLDGHHOHFWURQHV
2;,'$&,1 SpUGLGDGHHOHFWURQHV 
         










5('8&&,1 JDQDQFLDGHHOHFWURQHV 
www.Quimica.pe







(MHPSORV
&XH



&XVHR[LGySHUGLyH

)HH)HVHUHGXMRJDQRH

(V LPSRUWDQWH PHQFLRQDU TXH OD R[LGDFLyQ \ OD UHGXFFLyQ HQ ORV SURFHVRV
TXtPLFRV VH GD GH PDQHUD VLPXOWiQHD HV GHFLU HQ XQD UHDFFLyQ TXtPLFD QR VH
SXHGH R[LGDU XQD VXVWDQFLD VL RWUD QR VH UHGXFH  6L XQD VXVWDQFLD SLHUGH
HOHFWURQHVRWUDORVJDQD
$*(17(2;,'$17(<$*(17(5('8&725




&XDOTXLHU HVSHFLH TXtPLFD DO R[LGDUVH SLHUGH


HOHFWURQHV \ SURYRFD TXH RWUD JDQH HOHFWURQHV SRU HOOR VH
GHQRPLQDDJHQWHUHGXFWRU

3RUHOFRQWUDULRFXDOTXLHUVXVWDQFLDTXHVHUHGXFH
JDQD HOHFWURQHV \ SURYRFD TXH RWUD SLHUGD GLFKRV
HOHFWURQHVSRUHOORVHGHQRPLQDDJHQWHR[LGDQWH




(MHPSOR6HR[LGD DJHQWHUHGXFWRU 

.&O.&O



6HUHGXFH DJHQWHR[LGDQWH 


(O Q~PHUR GH HOHFWURQHV SHUGLGRV SRU XQD VXVWDQFLD GHEH VHU LJXDO D ORV
JDQDGRV SRU RWUD $ FXDOTXLHU R[LGDQWH GH XQ WLSR 2[  VH OH SXHGH DVRFLDU XQ
UHGXFWRU 5HG GHOPLVPRWLSR\YLFHYHUVDGHHVWHPRGRVHGHILQHXQSDUUHGR[
TXHVHGHVLJQDSRU2[5HG

8QDUHDFFLyQGHR[LGRUHGXFFLyQHVXQLQWHUFDPELRGHHOHFWURQHVHQWUHHO
R[LGDQWH GH XQ SDU UHGR[ \ HO UHGXFWRU GH RWUR SDU &RQVLGHUDQGR Q FRPR HO
Q~PHURGHHOHFWURQHVLPSOLFDGRV\GRVSDUHVGHUHGR[GHVLJQDGRVFRPR2[5HG
www.Quimica.pe

\ 2[5HG WHQHPRV TXH HO 2[ UHDFFLRQD FRQ HO 5HG   \ VH SURGXFLUiQ ODV
VLJXLHQWHVVHPLUUHDFFLRQHV
2[QH


5HG



5HG



2[QH



&RQHOEDODQFHVLJXLHQWHQ2[Q5HGQ5HGQ2[

6HKDPXOWLSOLFDGRODSULPHUDHFXDFLyQSRUQ\ODVHJXQGDSRUQSDUDTXH
HOQ~PHURGHHOHFWURQHVLQWHUFDPELDGRVHQDPEDVVHPLUUHDFFLRQHVVHDHOPLVPR

8Q SDU UHGR[  SRVHH XQ SRWHQFLDO QRUPDO GH HOHFWURGR ( HO FXDO OD
8,43$ OR GHILQH FRPR VX SRWHQFLDO GH UHGXFFLyQ HV GHFLU FRUUHVSRQGH D OD
VHPLUUHDFFLyQ
2[QH




5HG

m
ui

e
P
a

ic


/RVSDUHVUHGR[VHRUGHQDQGHDFXHUGRDOYDORUGHVXSRWHQFLDOQRUPDOGH
Q GH
G D
w
UHGXFFLyQ HQWUH PiV HOHYDGR VHDwVVX SRWHQFLDO HV PD\RU HO SRGHU R[LGDQWH GH OD
IRUPDR[LGDGD




(Q GLVROXFLyQ FXDQGR VH WLHQHQ GRV SDUHV UHGR[ 2[5HG  \
2[5HGFRQSRWHQFLDOHVQRUPDOHVUHVSHFWLYRV( \(VH( >(ODUHDFFLyQ
TXHVHSURGXFHHV
Q2[Q5HGQ5HGQ2[


(V QHFHVDULR FRPSDUDU ORV SRWHQFLDOHV GH HOHFWURGR SDUD


WHUPRGLQiPLFDPHQWHHOVHQWLGRGHODUHDFFLyQGHR[LGRUHGXFFLyQ
www.Quimica.pe

SUHYHU

5(*/$63$5$'(7(50,1$510(52'(2;,'$&,1


(Q HO SULPHU FXUVR GH 4XtPLFD DQDOL]DPRV HVWH WHPD SHUR GHELGR D OD
LPSRUWDQFLD TXH WLHQH SDUD HVWD XQLGDG WH SUHVHQWDPRV QXHYDPHQWH OR PiV
UHOHYDQWH




1~PHUR GH R[LGDFLyQ &RQFHSWR WHyULFR TXH DJUXSD D OD


YDOHQFLD LyQLFD \ D OD FRYDOHQWH (V LJXDO DO Q~PHUR GH HOHFWURQHV
SHUGLGRVRJDQDGRVWRWDORSDUFLDOPHQWHSRUHOHOHPHQWRDOIRUPDU
XQFRPSXHVWR6LWRGRVORVHQODFHVHQHOFRPSXHVWRIXHUDQLyQLFRVHO
Q~PHURGHR[LGDFLyQVHUtDLJXDODODFDUJDGHOiWRPR(OQ~PHURGH
R[LGDFLyQUHSUHVHQWDODFDUJDDSDUHQWHGHXQiWRPRHQODPROpFXOD



*DUULW] \ &KDPL]R OR GHILQHQ FRPR 8Q LQYHQWR R PHMRU GLFKR XQD
FRQYHQFLyQ GH ORV TXtPLFRV 6H WUDWD GH XQ Q~PHUR HQWHUR TXH VH DVLJQD D FDGD
HOHPHQWR SUHVHQWH HQ XQ FRPSXHVWR FRQ OD LGHD GH FRPSDUDU VX DPELHQWH
HOHFWUyQLFRFRQHOGHOPLVPRHOHPHQWRHQHVWDGROLEUH
3DUDDVLJQDUHOQ~PHURGHR[LGDFLyQGHEHQHPSOHDUVHODVVLJXLHQWHVUHJODV








&XDOTXLHUHOHPHQWRHQHVWDGROLEUHWLHQHQ~PHURGHR[LGDFLyQFHUR
(MHPSORV2.=Q+J+1D&O1R[ 
3DUDORVLRQHVHOQ~PHURGHR[LGDFLyQHVLJXDODVXFDUJD
(MHPSORVLyQFORUXUR&O1R[ 
,yQPDJQHVLR0J1R[ 
(OQ~PHURGHR[LGDFLyQGHKLGUyJHQRHVH[FHSWRHQORVKLGUXURV
PHWiOLFRVTXHHV
(MHPSORV+21R[GHO+  .+1R[GHO+ &+1R[GHO+ 
(OQ~PHURGHR[LGDFLyQGHOR[tJHQRVLHPSUHVHVH[FHSWRHQORV
SHUy[LGRV 2 KLSHUy[LGRV 2 \D]yQLFRV 2 &RQIOXRWWUDEDMDFRQ
Q~PHURGHR[LGDFLyQ  GHELGRDTXHHVWHHOHPHQWRHVPiV
HOHFWURQHJDWLYRTXHHOR[tJHQR
(OQ~PHURGHR[LGDFLyQGHORVPHWDOHVHVLJXDODVXYDOHQFLDLyQLFD$O
IRUPDUFRPSXHVWRVELQDULRV\WHUFLDULRVFRQQRPHWDOHVVLHPSUHWHQGUDQ1R[
3RUORJHQHUDOHVLJXDODOJUXSRHQTXHVHHQFXHQWUDHQODWDEODSHULyGLFD
(MHPSORV$OFDOLQRV1R[ 

$OFDOLQRWpUUHRV1R[ 


www.Quimica.pe





/DVXPDDOJHEUDLFDGHORVQ~PHURVGHR[LGDFLyQGHORViWRPRVHQXQ
FRPSXHVWRHVLJXDODFHUR6LHVXQLRQODVXPDGHEHVHULJXDODODFDUJDGHO
LyQ
(OQ~PHURGHR[LGDFLyQSRVLWLYRRQHJDWLYRGHXQHOHPHQWRHQXQD
PROpFXODHVUHODWLYRGHSHQGHGHORVGHPiVHOHPHQWRV


/DPD\RUtDGHODVYHFHVHOQ~PHURGHR[LGDFLyQFRLQFLGHFRQHOQ~PHURGH
YDOHQFLDSHURKD\DOJXQDVH[FHSFLRQHV/RVHOHPHQWRVGHXQPLVPRJUXSRWLHQHQ
Q~PHURVGHR[LGDFLyQVLPLODUHVGHELGRDTXHVXHVWUXFWXUDHOHFWUyQLFDH[WHUQDHV
VHPHMDQWH

3DUDDVLJQDUQ~PHURVGHR[LGDFLyQDFDGDHOHPHQWRHQXQFRPSXHVWRVH
UHDOL]DHQHOVLJXLHQWHSURFHGLPLHQWR
D 6HHVFULEHODHVWUXFWXUDGH/HZLV
E /RVHOHFWURQHVHQOD]DQWHVVHDVLJQDQDOQ~FOHRPiVHOHFWURQHJDWLYRTXH
SDUWLFLSDHQHOHQODFH

6LVHXQHQiWRPRVGHXQPLVPRHOHPHQWRORVHOHFWURQHVHQOD]DQWHVVH
GLYLGHQHTXLWDWLYDPHQWH
F 6HHQFXHQWUDQORVHOHFWURQHVDVLJQDGRVDFDGDiWRPR1
DGR
GR
GRV
DVLJ
.
G $KRUDUHVWDHO1DVLJDOQ~PHURGHYDOHQFLDGHOHOHPHQWR1
HYDO
YDa
YD
YDO
ic
(MHPSORV
m

ui

Pe


a)

 .2
K

w.
ww

b)

c) (OR[tJHQRWLHQHDVLJQDGRVH(OVRGLRWLHQHDVLJQDGRVFHURH

d 3URFHGHPRVDHIHFWXDUHOSDVR
K Noxi = 1 0 = 1+
.2.21R[L  
3RU~OWLPRVHUHDOL]DODVXPDGHFDUJDVSDUDYHULILFDUTXHVHDLJXDODFHUR
5HFXHUGDTXHVLVHWUDWDGHXQLyQODVXPDGHORVQ~PHURVGHR[LGDFLyQGHEHVHU
LJXDODVXFDUJD
..2
 
www.Quimica.pe

 1D12


D 212



2



E 212  


1D



2



1D
 

 
F (O2[tJHQRWLHQHDVLJQDGRVHHOQLWUyJHQRWLHQHDVLJQDGRVH\
HOVRGLRQRWLHQHDVLJQDGRVH


G 3URFHGHPRVDUHDOL]DUHOSDVR

11R[L  


H 6XPDGHFDUJDV

21R[L  1D1R[L  


6XPDGHFDUJDV

2 
2 
2 
1 
1D 


3DUD VLPSOLILFDU HVWH SURFHGLPLHQWR SRGHPRV GHWHUPLQDU HO Q~PHUR GH
R[LGDFLyQ GH ORV HOHPHQWRV SUHVHQWHV HQ XQD IyUPXOD D SDUWLU GH ORV HOHPHQWRV
FX\R Q~PHUR GH R[LGDFLyQ QR FDPELD \ FRQVLGHUDQGR WDPELpQ HO JUXSR DO TXH
SHUWHQH]FDQSHURVREUHWRGRFRQODVUHJODVPHQFLRQDGDV(MHPSORV

www.Quimica.pe








%U+6&D62 
               




&X 12 +321D+62

                      




)H 32 .&U2$O 2+ 

                     




%$/$1&(2'((&8$&,21(63255('2;

3DUDEDODQFHDUHFXDFLRQHVSRUy[LGRUHGXFFLyQVHHPSOHDQORVVLJXLHQWHVSDVRV
(VFULEHFRUUHFWDPHQWHODHFXDFLyQ

e
P
a
.

 $VLJQD ORV Q~PHURV GH R[LGDFLyQ GH


WRGRV
H iWWR
cR ORV iWRPRV TXH SDUWLFLSDQ HQ OD
SHUL
SHU
HU RU
RUUGH
G
UHDFFLyQ\FROyFDORVHQODSDUWHVXSHULRUGHVXVtPERORUHVSHFWLYR
m
i

Qu

Dw\ FX
D\
,GHQWLILFDTXHHOHPHQWRVHR[LGD\FXDOVHUHGXFH
w

(VFULEHODVVHPLHFXDFLRQHV
&DOFXODHOQ~PHURGHHOHFWURQHVTXHJDQDRSLHUGHFDGDHOHPHQWR FDPELRHQVX
Q~PHURGHR[LGDFLyQ 
6LXQHOHPHQWRWLHQHQ~PHURGHR[LGDFLyQFHUR\pVWHVHUHGXFHRVHR[LGDHO
Q~PHURGHHOHFWURQHVSHUGLGRVRJDQDGRVSRUpOVHPXOWLSOLFDSRUVXVXEtQGLFH
,QWHUFDPELDHOQ~PHURGHHOHFWURQHVGHPDQHUDTXHODFDQWLGDGGHHOHFWURQHV
SHUGLGRVGHOHOHPHQWRTXHVHR[LGDSDVHDVHUHOFRHILFLHQWHGHOHOHPHQWRTXHVH
UHGXFH\YLFHYHUVD6LDPERVVRQGLYLVLEOHVHIHFW~DODVLPSOLILFDFLyQ(OQ~PHURGH
HOHFWURQHVSHUGLGRV\JDQDGRVGHEHVHULJXDO
 /RV FRHILFLHQWHV REWHQLGRV VH FRORFDQ HQ ODV IyUPXODV GH ORV FRPSXHVWRV TXH
FRQWLHQHQDORVHOHPHQWRVTXHFDPELDURQVXQ~PHURGHR[LGDFLyQ
www.Quimica.pe

 %DODQFHDU ORV GHPiV HOHPHQWRV SRU HO PpWRGR GH WDQWHR LQLFLDQGR FRQ ORV
PHWDOHVGHVSXpVORVQRPHWDOHVHOKLGUyJHQR\DOILQDOHOR[tJHQR6LQPRGLILFDU
ORVFRHILFLHQWHVREWHQLGRVSRU5('2;


(MHPSORV$ 

3DVR&+62
0

1+ 6+ 2-

62&2+2

4+ 2-

Paso 2 C + H2SO4

4+ 2-

1+ 2-

SO2 + CO2 + H2O

3DVRV\

&VHR[LGD&

3LHUGHH

 VHUHGXFH
6*DQDH-
3DVR
& VHR[LGD&
3LHUGHH


6VHUHGXFH66LPSOLILFDPRVORVFRHILFLHQWHV

*DQDH
3DVR&+6262&2+2
3DVR     &      +62                            62      &2      +2
&RPSUREDFLyQ





WRPRVHQ
UHDFWLYRV


(OHPHQWR
&

WRPRVHQ
SURGXFWRV




6





2





+



www.Quimica.pe

(MHPSOR
3DVR+&O.0Q20Q&O.&O&O+2

3DVR+&O.0Q20Q&O.&O&O+2


3DVRV\0QVHUHGXFH0Q
JDQDH

VHR[LGD
&O&O
SLHUGHH


3DVR

0QVHUHGXFH0Q
JDQDH



e
P
a

&OVHR[LGD&O
&OO

SLHUGHH
Hic
H

m
ui

w  0Q&O  .&O&O  + 2


3DVR+&O.0Q2
ww





3DVR
16HCl + 2KMnO4



2 MnCl2 + 2KCl + 5Cl2 + 8 H2O

&RPSUREDFLyQ
WRPRVHQ
UHDFWLYRV


(OHPHQWR WRPRVHQ
SURGXFWRV
.




0Q







&O
2
+





www.Quimica.pe

(67(48,20(75$. 




'HORVYRFDEORVJULHJRVVWRLFKHyQHOHPHQWR\PHWUyQ PHGLGD 


(QYDULDVSURIHVLRQHV\DFWLYLGDGHVGLDULDVHQWUDHQMXHJRODGHWHUPLQDFLyQ
GHFDQWLGDGHVFRUUHFWDV3RUHMHPSORHQODSUHSDUDFLyQGHXQSDVWHOVHGHWHUPLQDQ
ODV FDQWLGDGHV H[DFWDV GH ORV LQJUHGLHQWHV SDUD XQ  GHWHUPLQDGR Q~PHUR GH
SHUVRQDVODVFXDOHVHVWiQGHWHUPLQDGDVHQUHFHWDVHVSHFtILFDV

(QTXtPLFDHVQHFHVDULRUHDOL]DUHOFiOFXORGHFDQWLGDGHVGHSURGXFWRVRGH
UHDFWLYRV XVDQGR HFXDFLRQHV TXtPLFDV EDODQFHDGDV 8QD HFXDFLyQ TXtPLFD YLHQH
VLHQGR OD UHFHWD GHO TXtPLFR HQ GRQGH D SDUWLU GH HOOD SRGHPRV FDOFXODU OD
FDQWLGDG GH XQ UHDFWLYR GDGR SDUD SURGXFLU XQD FDQWLGDG GHWHUPLQDGD GH
SURGXFWRRLQYHUVDPHQWHHQFRQWUDUODVFDQWLGDGHVH[DFWDVGHSURGXFWRTXHSXHGH
REWHQHUVHDSDUWLUGHXQDFDQWLGDGGHUHDFWLYR

/DSDODEUD(VWHTXLRPHWUtDIXHHVWDEOHFLGDHQSRUHOTXtPLFRDOHPiQ
-HUHPtDV % 5LFKWHU TXLpQ OD HPSOHy SDUD GHVLJQDU D OD FLHQFLD TXH PLGH ODV
SURSRUFLRQHVVHJ~QODVFXDOHVVHGHEHQFRPELQDUORVHOHPHQWRVTXtPLFRV5LFKWHU
IXHXQRGHORVSULPHURVTXtPLFRVTXHGHVFXEULyTXHODVPDVDVGHORVHOHPHQWRV\
ODVFDQWLGDGHVHQTXHVHFRPELQDQVHKDOODQHQXQDUHODFLyQFRQVWDQWH

(Q OD DFWXDOLGDG HO WpUPLQR (VWHRTXLPHWUtD VH
HPSOHD HQ UHODFLyQ DO HVWXGLR GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ
FXDQWLWDWLYDTXHVHGHGXFHDSDUWLUGHVtPERORV\
ODDVIRUPXODVHQODVHFXDFLRQHVTXtPLFDV






(VWD UDPD GH OD 4XtPLFD HVWXGLD  ODV SURSRUFLRQHV SRQGHUDOHV R
YROXPpWULFDV HQ XQD UHDFFLyQ TXtPLFD 8QD HFXDFLyQ TXtPLFD HV HVHQFLDOPHQWH
XQD UHODFLyQ TXH PXHVWUD ODV FDQWLGDGHV UHODWLYDV GH UHDFWLYRV \ SURGXFWRV
LQYROXFUDGRVHQXQDUHDFFLyQTXtPLFD


www.Quimica.pe

'(7(50,1$&,1'(/$0$6$02/$5
/DPDVDHQJUDPRVGHPROGHXQDVXVWDQFLDVHGHQRPLQDPDVDPRODU
/DPDVDPRODU HQJUDPRV GHFXDOTXLHUVXVWDQFLDVLHPSUHHVQXPpULFDPHQWH
LJXDODVXSHVRIyUPXOD HQXPD \VHREWLHQHVXPDQGRODVPDVDDWyPLFDVGHORV
HOHPHQWRVTXHODIRUPDQ3DUDHOORVHHPSOHDQORVVLJXLHQWHVSDVRV
 (VFULELUODIyUPXOD
 0XOWLSOLFDUHOSHVRDWyPLFRGHFDGDHOHPHQWRSRUHOQ~PHURGHiWRPRV
UHFXHUGDTXHQSVORSURSRUFLRQDHOVXEtQGLFH SUHVHQWHV
 6XPDUORVUHVXOWDGRVSDUFLDOHVSDUDREWHQHUODPDVDPRODUGHOD
VXVWDQFLDHQXPD

(MHPSORV'HWHUPLQDUODPDVDPROHFXODUGHORVVLJXLHQWHVFRPSXHVWRV

D 

)H2[LGRGHKLHUUR,,,

(OHPHQWRV1R'HiWRPRV

0DVDDWyPLFD
0

Pe

)H


[



.

a
2


[





ic



0DVDPRODU
XPD
 0D
0
m
i

u
E +62FLGRVXOI~ULFR
.
w
ww

(OHPHQWRV
1RGHiWRPRV 0DVDDWyPLFD

+ 


[

6 


[

2 


[

 

0DVDPRODU

F &D 12 1LWUDWRGHFDOFLR

(OHPHQWRV
1R'HiWRPRV 0DVDDWyPLFD

&D


[

1 


[

2 


[

 

0DVDPRODU

www.Quimica.pe





XPD







XPD







02/<10(52'($92*$'52
0RO(VODXQLGDGIXQGDPHQWDOHPSOHDGDHQTXtPLFD\VH
GHILQHFRPR

&DQWLGDGGHXQDVXVWDQFLDTXHFRQWLHQH[XQLGDGHV
IXQGDPHQWDOHV
2ELHQFRPR

&DQWLGDGGHVXVWDQFLDTXHFRQWLHQHWDQWDVXQLGDGHVIyUPXOD
FRPRiWRPRVKD\H[DFWDPHQWHHQJGHFDUERQR

5HFXHUGDODPDVDGHXQPROGHFXDOTXLHUVXVWDQFLDH[SUHVDGDHQJUDPRV
VHOODPDPDVDPLODU


PRO PDVDPRODUHQJ

PRO [XQLGDGHVIXQGDPHQWDOHV

5HWRPDQGRORVHMHUFLFLRVDQWHULRUHVHQORVFXDOHVGHWHUPLQDPRVODPDVD
PRODUWHQHPRV


D /DPDVDPRODUGHO)H2   [LGRGHKLHUUR,,, HV XPDSRUOR
WDQWR







PROGH)H2 J
E ODPDVDPRODUGHO+62 FLGRVXOI~ULFR HV XPDSRUHOOR
PROGH+62 J
F /DPDVDPRODUGHO&$ 12  QLWUDWRGHFDOFLR  XPDVHVGHFLU
PROGH&D 12  J


$KRUD ELHQ VL VH WUDWD GH XQ HOHPHQWR OD PDVD PROHFXODU VHUi LJXDO D VX
PDVDDWyPLFD







PROGHVRGLR 1D WLHQHXQDPDVD J


PROGHR[tJHQR 2 WLHQHXQDPDVD J
6LVHWUDWDGHXQLRQGHWHUPLQDGHLJXDOIRUPD
PROGHOLRQIRVIDWR 32 WLHQHXQDPDVD J
www.Quimica.pe


&XDQGR VH HVFULEH XQD HFXDFLyQ TXtPLFD ORV FRHILFLHQWHV LQGLFDQ HO
Q~PHURGHPROGHFDGDVXVWDQFLDSUHVHQWHHMHPSOR
1 J + J 

 1+ J 


8QDPROGHQLWUyJHQRVHFRPELQDFRQPROHVGHKLGUyJHQR\IRUPDQGRV
PROHVGHDPRQLDFR
10(52 '( $92*$'52  (V HO Q~PHUR GH SDUWtFXODV
TXHFRQWLHQHXQPROGHFXDOTXLHUVXVWDQFLD(VWHQ~PHURHV
LJXDO D ; XQLGDGHV HOHPHQWDOHV iWRPRV PROpFXODV
LRQHVHWF 

e
P
a

92/80(102/$5292/80(102/(&8/$5*5$02
02/
2/(
(





ic

m
3DUDODVVXVWDQFLDVJDVHRVDVHQFRQGLFLRQHVHVWiQGDU173 DWPyVIHUD
HQF
Q FRQ
RQG
RQ
GH SUHVLyQ \  R&  XQ PRO
O GH
GH
H uFXDOTXLHU
F
VXVWDQFLD JDVHRVD RFXSD XQ
YROXPHQLJXDODOLWURV$HOORVHOHGHQRPLQDYROXPHQPRODU
$
$
w
w


(MHPSOR
1 J + J 


1+ J 


OLWURVGH1 VHFRPELQDQFRQ[  OLWURVGH+ \IRUPDQ[
 OLWURVGH1+VLODUHDFFLyQVHHIHFW~DHQFRQGLFLRQHVHVWiQGDU 173 

www.Quimica.pe





/(<(6321'(5$/(6



/D HVWHTXLRPHWUtD VH EDVD HQ ODV OH\HV TXH HVWDEOHFHQ ODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH
ODV PDVDV \ ORV YRO~PHQHV LQYROXFUDGRV HQ ODV UHDFFLRQHV TXtPLFDV ODV FXDOHV VH
GHQRPLQDVOH\HVSRQGHUDOHVHQWUHODVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVWHQHPRV


/(<'(/$&216(59$&,1'(/$0$6$


(O TXtPLFR IUDQFpV $QWRLQH /DXUHQW GH /DYRLVLHU   HVWi
FRQVLGHUDGR FRPR HO SDGUH GH OD TXtPLFD PRGHUQD 6H LQWHUHVy HQ ORV
H[SHULPHQWRVTXHSHUPLWtDQPHGLUODPDWHULDSRUHOORHPSOHRXQDEDODQ]DFRPR
LQVWUXPHQWRGHPHGLFLyQ(QFRPRUHVXOWDGRGHVXVWUDEDMRVHVWDEOHFLyODOH\
GHODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHODPDVDTXHGLFH

(Q WRGD UHDFFLyQ TXtPLFD OD PDVD GH ORV UHDFWLYRV HV
LJXDODODGHORVSURGXFWRV/DPDVDQRVHFUHDQLVHGHVWUX\HVROR
VHWUDQVIRUPD2ELHQ(QWRGRVORVIHQyPHQRVTXtPLFRVODPDVD
WRWDO GH ODV VXVWDQFLDV TXH LQWHUYLHQHQ HQ XQD UHDFFLyQ
SHUPDQHFHQFRQVWDQWHV

/(<'(352325&,21(6&2167$17(62'(),1,'$6

(VWD OH\ IXH SURSXHVWD SRU HO TXtPLFR IUDQFpV -RVHSK 3URXVW HQ  \ VH
H[SUHVD




&XDQGR GRV R PiV HOHPHQWRV VH FRPELQDQ SDUD


IRUPDU XQ FRPSXHVWR OR KDFHQ VLHPSUH HQ SURSRUFLyQ
GHILQLGD \ FRQVWDQWH HV GHFLU XQ FRPSXHVWR GHWHUPLQDGR
VLHPSUH WLHQH XQD IyUPXOD SUHFLVD \ VX FRPSRVLFLyQ QR
GHSHQGHGHOPHWRGRSRUPHGLRGHOFXDOVHREWLHQH

www.Quimica.pe


7DPELpQ SXHGH GHILQLUVH FRPR /D UHODFLyQ HQ PDVD GH GRV R PiV
HOHPHQWRVTXHVHXQHQSDUDGDUXQDFRPELQDFLyQTXtPLFDGHILQLGDHVFRQVWDQWH

3URXVWIRUPXOyHVWDOH\EDViQGRVHHQORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVHQGLIHUHQWHV
H[SHULPHQWRVSRUHMHPSORGHPRVWUyTXHHOFDUERQDWRGHFREUH ,, &X&2HVWDED
IRUPDGR SRU FDUERQR R[tJHQR \ FREUH ORV FXDOHV FRQVHUYDQ ODV PLVPDV
SURSRUFLRQHVHQPDVDiWRPRGHFDUERQRSRUiWRPRVGHR[tJHQR\iWRPRGH
FREUHVLQLPSRUWDUHOPpWRGRGHSUHSDUDFLyQRHOWDPDxRGHODPXHVWUD7DEOD
ODVSURSRUFLRQHVHQPDVDGHFDGDXQRGHORVHOHPHQWRVHQHO&X&2
(OHPHQWR 0DVD
1~PHUR 0DVDWRWDOGH 5HODFLyQHQPDVDGHiWRPRV
DWyPLFD
GH
FDGDHOHPHQWR HQHOFRPSXHVWR
iWRPRV
J 
&X



 
2



 
&



 

Q VVH
HH SXHGH H[SUHVDU HQ JUDPRV R HQ

(VWD SURSRUFLyQ  HQ PDVD WDPELpQ
VH
SRUFHQWDMHV

e
P
a
.


$SDUWLUGHODIyUPXODGHXQFRPSXHVWRSRGHPRVFDOFXODUHOSRUFHQWDMHHQ
SX
XiHc
XH
XHV
HO TXH LQWHUYLHQHQ FDGD XQR GH
HOHPHQWRV
TXH OD IRUPDQ FRPSRVLFLyQ
H ORV
ORV
OR
RV
V im
H
u
FHQWpVLPDO 
w.
ww

GHOHOHPHQWR PDVDGHOHOHPHQWRHQHOFRPSXHVWR[

PDVDPROHFXODU

7DEOD(MHPSORGHODOH\GHSURSRUFLRQHVFRQVWDQWHV

(OHPHQWR

&X

0DVD
DWyPLFD




&





2





1~PHURGH
iWRPRV

0DVDWRWDOGHFDGD
HOHPHQWR J 



GHOHOHPHQWR

[ 
[ 



0DVDPROHFXODU
J

[ 

9LOODUUHDO)LGHO%XWUXLOOH'DQLHO5-(VWHTXLRPHWUtD(G7ULOODV$18,(6
S
www.Quimica.pe


&RPR RWUR HMHPSOR WHQHPRV TXH H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH VH KD FRPSUREDGR
SRUPHGLRGHODHOHFWUyOLVLVRSRUFXDOTXLHURWURPpWRGRGHGHVFRPSRVLFLyQTXHHO
DJXD +2  HVWD FRQVWLWXLGD SRU KLGUyJHQR \ R[tJHQR HQ XQD UHODFLyQ  
LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVHQTXHVHHIHFW~HHOH[SHULPHQWR

6L VH HIHFW~D HO SURFHVR LQYHUVR HV GHFLU OD VtQWHVLV GHO DJXD OD UHODFLyQ
SRQGHUDOGHOKLGUyJHQR\HOR[tJHQRHVODPLVPD(QWpUPLQRVGHPDVDHVWR
VLJQLILFD TXH  FDGD J GH DJXD FRQWLHQHQ  J GH KLGUyJHQR \  J GH
R[tJHQR &RPR REVHUYDVWH HQ OD WDEOD  ODV UHODFLRQHV SRQGHUDOHV SXHGHQ
H[SUHVDUVHWDPELpQHQSRUFHQWDMHV
0DVDDWyPLFDGHO+LGUyJHQR 0DVDDWyPLFDGHO2[tJHQR 
+   



2   
 


5HODFLyQ+2
 

+ J 2 J 

+2 J 




PROGH+ J  PROGH2 J  SURGXFHQ

JUDPRVGH+ J JUDPRV2 J 


PROpFXODVGH+ J PROpFXOD2 J 


(QFRQGLFLRQHV173



 / GH+ J /GH2 J  / GH+2 J


(OHPHQWR 0DVD
1~PHUR
DWyPLFD GHiWRPRV

PROGH+2 J 
JUDPRVGH+2 J 
PROpFXODVGH+2 J 

+





0DVDWRWDOGH GHOHOHPHQWR 
FDGDHOHPHQWR PDVD WRWDO GHO HOHPHQWR
J 
HQWUHODPDVDPROHFXODU[
[ 


2







[ 

$KRUDFRPSUREHPRVHVWDOH\HQXQSUREOHPDVHQFLOOR


6HWLHQHQPXHVWUDVGHXQFRPSXHVWRIRUPDGRSRU&\%ODSULPHUDGH
HOODVFRQWLHQHGH&\GH%ODVHJXQGDPXHVWUDFRQWLHQHJGH&\
JGH%'HPXHVWUHTXHVHFXPSOHODOH\GHSURSRUFLRQHFRQVWDQWHV
www.Quimica.pe

'DWRV 
3ULPHUDPXHVWUDGH&\GH%


6HJXQGDPXHVWUDJGH&\JGH%
3URFHGLPLHQWRFDOFXODPRVODPDVDGHOD0XHVWUD

JJ JpVWDHVODPDVDWRWDOGHODPXHVWUDSRUHOOROD
LJXDODPRV


GH& JJ[ 


GH% JJ[ 

&RPRSXHGHVDQDOL]DUODUHODFLyQHQPDVDGHORVHOHPHQWRVTXHVHXQHQ
SDUDIRUPDUHVWHFRPSXHVWRHVGHILQLGD\FRQVWDQWH&RQHOORFRPSUREDPRVODOH\
GHSURSRUFLRQHVGHILQLGDV
/(<'(/$6352325&,21(60/7,3/(6





(VWDOH\IXHSURSXHVWDSRU-RKQ'DOWRQ  HLQGLFD


TXHFXDQGRGRVRPiVHOHPHQWRVVHFRPELQDQSDUDIRUPDUXQDVHULH
GH FRPSXHVWRV PLHQWUDV HO SHVR GH XQ HOHPHQWR  SHUPDQHFH
FRQVWDQWH ORV  RWURV YDUtDQ HQ UHODFLyQ
HODF
ODFLyQ GH Q~PHURV HQWHURV \
SHTXHxRV
.

e
P
a

ic
m
UOOD
UOD
OD&
&
7DPELpQSRGHPRVHQXQFLDUOD&XDQGRXQHOHPHQWR$VHFRPELQDFRQRWUR
ui


LLR
RRQH
QH SDUD IRUPDU GRV R PiV FRPSXHVWRV ORV
QH
HOHPHQWR % HQ GLIHUHQWHV SURSRUFLRQHV
w
SHVRV GHO HOHPHQWR $ TXH VH FRPELQDQ
FRQ XQ  SHVR ILMR GHO HOHPHQWR % VH
RP
Pw
HQFXHQWUDQHQWUHVtHQUHODFLRQHVQXPpULFDVHQWHUDV\VHQFLOODV


&RPR HMHPSOR WHQHPRV HO +LGUyJHQR \ HO R[tJHQR ORV FXDOHV IRUPDQ HO
DJXD+2SHURWDPELpQIRUPDQHODJXDR[LJHQDGD+2


3RGHPRVGHPRVWUDUHVWDOH\DSDUWLUGHODVPDVDVGHFDGDHOHPHQWR


3DUD REWHQHU OD SURSRUFLyQ GH ODV PDVDV GH R[tJHQR TXH VH FRPELQDQ FRQ
XQDPDVDILMDGHKLGUyJHQRDSDUWLUGHODVPDVDVGHORVPLVPRVSURFHGHPRVGHOD
VLJXLHQWHIRUPD

6HREWLHQHODUHODFLyQGHODVPDVDVGHOR[tJHQRTXHVHFRPELQDFRQJGH
KLGUyJHQRHQFDGDFRPSXHVWR
3

Ibidem p.51
www.Quimica.pe

0DVDGH2TXHVHFRPELQDSRUFDGDJGH+HQHO+2
JGH2 JGH2JGH+
JGH+
0DVDGH2TXHVHFRPELQDSRUFDGDJGH+HQHO+2

JGH2 JGH2JGH+
JGH+



6H REWLHQH OD SURSRUFLyQ HQ TXH HVWi SUHVHQWH HO R[LJHQR HQ ORV GRV
FRPSXHVWRV
+2 JGH2JGH+ 
+2 JGH2JGH+


(VWRQRVLQGLFDTXHODSURSRUFLyQHVGHXQLGDGGHPDVDGHR[tJHQRHQHO
+2SRUXQLGDGHVGHPDVDGHR[tJHQRHQHO+2

3RGHPRV GHPRVWUDU HVWD OH\WDPELpQ SRU PHGLR GHO VLJXLHQWH FXDGUR TXH
PXHVWUDODUHODFLyQHQPDVDGHORViWRPRVTXHIRUPDQORVy[LGRVGHQLWUyJHQR


0DVDDWyPLFDGHO1 0DVDDWyPLFDGHO2 


3DUDREWHQHUODSURSRUFLyQHQPDVD PDVDUHODWLYD GHEHPRVGLYLGLUODPDVD
GHFDGDHOHPHQWRHQWUHODPDVDPiVSHTXHxDFRQHOORWHQGUHPRVILMDODFDQWLGDG
GHXQHOHPHQWR


)yUPXOD

1RGH
1RGH
WRPRVGH iWRPRVGH
1
2

0DVDWRWDO 0DVD
3URSRUFLyQHQ
GH1
WRWDOGH PDVD
2
12

D  12
E  12
















F  12












D 1  2      FRPR REWXYLPRV XQD IUDFFLyQ
SURFHGHPRVDPXOWLSOLFDUODSRUXQQ~PHURTXHQRVGHXQHQWHURHQHVWHFDVRHV
'DQGRFRPRUHVXOWDGR
www.Quimica.pe


E 1    2           FRPR REWXYLPRV XQD
IUDFFLyQSURFHGHPRVDPXOWLSOLFDUODSRUXQQ~PHURTXHQRVGHXQHQWHURHQHVWH
FDVRHV6LHQGRODUHODFLyQ

F 1    2           FRPR REWXYLPRV XQD
IUDFFLyQSURFHGHPRVDPXOWLSOLFDUODSRUXQQ~PHURTXHQRVGHXQHQWHURHQHVWH
FDVRHV6LHQGRODUHODFLyQ

/(<'(352325&,21(65(&352&$62/(<'(5,&+7(5

:(1=(/





&XDQGR GRV HOHPHQWRV $ \ % VH FRPELQDQD


VHSDUDGDPHQWH FRQ XQ SHVR ILMR GH XQ WHUFHU HOHPHQWR & ORV
SHVRVUHODWLYRVFRQORVFXDOHV$\%VHFRPELQDQDHQWUHVtVRQORV
 PLVPRV FRQ ORV TXH VH FRQELQDURQ FRQ & R ELHQ P~OWLSORV R
VXOP~OWLSROV

e
P
a
.


7DPELpQVHGHILQHFXDQGRHOHPHQWRVVHFRPELQDQSRUVHSDUDGRFRQXQ
P ic
PH
PHQ
SHVRILMRGHXQWHUFHUHOHPHQWRORVSHVRVUHODWLYRVGHDTXHOORVVRQORVPLVPRVTXH
RVS
VSH
S
SHV
HVR
VRVm
VR
u
VHFRPELQDQHQWUHVt
w.
ww


3DUD H[SOLFDU HVWD OH\ UHWRPDUHPRV HO HMHUFLFLR GHO DJXD +2 GRQGH HO
KLGUyJHQR \ R[tJHQR VH FRPELQDQ HQ XQD UHODFLyQ   VL HO PLVPR SHVR GH
R[tJHQR J  VH FRPELQDQ FRQ %U SDUD IRUPDU %U2 VH UHTXLHUHQ J GH
EURPRRELHQHQXQDUHODFLyQPiVVLPSOHJGHR[tJHQRVHFRPELQDQFRQJGH
EURPR


0DVDDWyPLFDGHO+LGUyJHQR 0DVDDWyPLFDGHO2[tJHQR 

+  2  5HODFLyQ



 



0DVDDWyPLFDGHO%URPR J

+2
 


&XDQGR HO EURPR \ HO KLGUyJHQR VH FRPELQDQ \ IRUPDQ +%U J GH
KLGUyJHQR VH FRPELQD FRQ J GH EURPR y J GH KLGUyJHQR SRU J  GH
EURPR
www.Quimica.pe

%U2 JGHR[tJHQRSRUGH%U JGHR[tJHQRSRUJGH%U


+%U JGHKLGUyJHQRSRUJGH%U JGHKLGUyJHQRSRUJGH%U

/D OH\ VH FXPSOH GHELGR D TXH OD UHODFLyQ TXH JXDUGDQ HO KLGUyJHQR \ HO
R[tJHQRHVODPLVPD

/(<'(/$6&20%,1$&,21(6*$6(26$6





(VWDOH\HVWDEOHFHTXHODUHODFLyQGHORVYRO~PHQHVGH
ODVVXVWDQFLDVTXHSDUWLFLSDQHQXQDWUDQVIRUPDFLyQTXtPLFD
VHH[SUHVDSRUPHGLRGHQ~PHURVHQWHURV\VHQFLOORV


3RU HMHPSOR FXDQGR VH GHVFRPSRQH HO DJXD SRU HOHFWUyOLVLV
LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVHQTXHVHHIHFW~HVHREWLHQHQVLHPSUHORV
YRO~PHQHVGHKLGUyJHQR\R[tJHQRHQUHODFLyQ

$VtWDPELpQFXDQGRVHVLQWHWL]DHO62 VHFRPELQDQHOD]XIUH\HOR[tJHQR
HQXQDUHODFLyQGHXQYROXPHQGHD]XIUHSRUWUHVGHR[tJHQR

www.Quimica.pe

'(7(50,1$&,1'()508/$6



'HPDQHUDJHQHUDOVHUHFRQRFHQWUHVFODVHVGHIyUPXODVTXtPLFDVHVWDVVRQ
)yUPXODVHPStULFDV
)yUPXODVPROHFXODUHV
)yUPXODVHVWUXFWXUDOHV

)508/$01,0$2(035,&$



(VSHFLILFDODUHODFLyQPiVVLPSOHHQWUHHO Q~PHURGHiWRPRVGH
ORVHOHPHQWRVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQXQFRPSXHVWR


3DUDGHWHUPLQDUODSDUWLPRVGHODFRPSRVLFLyQSRUFHQWXDOGHORVHOHPHQWRV
S
RVVVL
VVLJ
LJX
JX
TXHIRUPDQXQFRPSXHVWRSRUPHGLRGHORVVLJXLHQWHVSDVRV

e
P
a
.

WLY
WL
LYR
YRR GH iWRPRV SUHVHQWHV GLYLGLHQGR HO

D  6H GHWHUPLQD HO Q~PHUR UHODWLYR
ic SHVR DWyPLFR UHVSHFWLYR 7DPELpQ
SRUFHQWDMH GH FDGD HOHPHQWR HQWUH
Q H VX
VVX
m
R ui
GHQRPLQDGDUHODFLyQiWRPRJUDPR
w.

5HODFLyQiWRPRJUDPRGH$ w

GHOHOHPHQWR$

3HVRDWyPLFRGHOHOHPHQWR$


E 6HGLYLGHQWRGRVORVQ~PHURVREWHQLGRVHQWUHHOPHQRUGHHOORV FRP~Q
GHQRPLQDGRU SDUDREWHQHUQ~PHURVHQWHURV

&  6L ORV YDORUHV REWHQLGRV QR VRQ YDORUHV HQWHURV VH PXOWLSOLFDQ ORV
FRFLHQWHVREWHQLGRVSRUHOPtQLPRFRP~QP~OWLSOR

/RVQ~PHURVTXHH[SUHVDQHVWDUHODFLyQGHORVHOHPHQWRVHQHOFRPSXHVWR
FRUUHVSRQGHQDORVVXEtQGLFHVHQODIyUPXOD

(MHPSOR  8Q DQiOLVLV FXDQWLWDWLYR GH XQ FRPSXHVWR GHWHUPLQR TXH pVWH
HVWDED IRUPDGR SRU  GH KLGUyJHQR \  GH FDUERQR 'HWHUPLQD VX IyUPXOD
PtQLPD
0DVDVDWyPLFDV& + 
www.Quimica.pe


D &   +  



 
E 
6HGLYLGHQORVQ~PHURVREWHQLGRVHQWUH

&  
+  


)yUPXODPtQLPD &+



(MHPSOR8QDQiOLVLVFXDQWLWDWLYRGHGRVFRPSXHVWRVGLIHUHQWHVIRUPDGRV
SRUKLGUyJHQR\R[tJHQRGHWHUPLQyTXHHOSULPHUFRPSXHVWRHVWDEDIRUPDGRSRU
 GH R[tJHQR \   GH KLGUyJHQR \ HO VHJXQGR FRQWLHQH  GH
R[tJHQR\GHKLGUyJHQRGHWHUPLQDODIyUPXODPtQLPDGHFDGDFRPSXHVWR
3ULPHUFRPSXHVWR2  +  


6HJXQGRFRPSXHVWR
2  +  




(QHOSULPHUFRPSXHVWRORVGRVUHVXOWDGRVVRQLJXDOHVSRUHOORODUHODFLyQ
HV(QHOVHJXQGRFRPSXHVWRHOYDORUPiVSHTXHxRHVSRUHOORGLYLGLPRVHO
REWHQLHQGRODUHODFLyQ
&RPSXHVWR 2

+

5HODFLyQ
WRPRJUDPR
2+


5HODFLyQ GH )yUPXODPtQLPD


FRPELQDFLyQ
2+

 

+2


  

+2


(MHPSOR(QWUHHOIyVIRUR\HOR[tJHQRVHIRUPDURQGRVFRPSXHVWRV6H
HQFRQWUyTXHJGHXQFRPSXHVWRFRQWHQtDJGHIyVIRURPLHQWUDVTXHXQD
PXHVWUDGHJGHORWURFRQWHQtDJGHIyVIRUR'HWHUPLQHODIyUPXODPtQLPD
GHORVGRVFRPSXHVWRV

3ULPHUFRPSXHVWR


PDVDWRWDO JPDVDGHO3 JPDVDGHO2 ;

3RUGLIHUHQFLDGHODPDVDWRWDO\ODGHO3HQFRQWUDPRVODPDVDGHO2
www.Quimica.pe

 JGH2
$KRUDFDOFXODPRVHOSRUFHQWDMHGHFRPSRVLFLyQ
3 [ 2 [ 

3URFHGHPRVDFDOFXODUODUHODFLyQiWRPRJUDPR
3  2  


'LYLGLPRVDKRUDORVGRVUHVXOWDGRVHQWUHSRUVHUHOYDORUPiVSHTXHxR
3  2  VHPXOWLSOLFDQSRU
 
)yUPXODPtQLPDGHOSULPHUFRPSXHVWR32





Pe

6HJXQGRFRPSXHVWR
0DVDWRWDOGHODPXHVWUD JPDVDGHO3
PDVDGHO2 ;
PDDVDDG
G
GH
3RUGLIHUHQFLDGHODPDVDWRWDO\ODGHO3HQFRQWUDPRVODPDVDGHO2
GHO
GH
GHO
.
 JGH2
ca

i
m
i
$KRUDFDOFXODPRVHOSRUFHQWDMHGHFRPSRVLFLyQ
F PS
FRP
PuS
.w

3 [ 2ww [ 




2.5

2.5

3URFHGHPRVDFDOFXODUODUHODFLyQiWRPRJUDPR


3  2  


 
'LYLGLPRVDKRUDORVGRVUHVXOWDGRVHQWUHSRUVHUHOYDORUPiVSHTXHxR
3  2  VHPXOWLSOLFDQSRU


)yUPXODPtQLPDGHOVHJXQGRFRPSXHVWR32

1RWD/DIyUPXODPtQLPDGHXQFRPSXHVWRQRH[SUHVDVLHPSUHHOQ~PHUR
UHDOGHiWRPRVGHFDGDHOHPHQWRSUHVHQWHVHQODPROpFXi
www.Quimica.pe





)508/$02/(&8/$5
5HSUHVHQWD HO Q~PHUR UHDO GH iWRPRV GH
FDGD HOHPHQWR SUHVHQWHV HQ XQD PROpFXOD 3XHGH
VHUXQP~OWLSORGHODIyUPXODPtQLPD


3DUDFDOFXODUODIyUPXODPROHFXODUFXDQGRVHFRQRFHODIyUPXODPtQLPDVH
HPSOHDQORVVLJXLHQWHVSDVRV

D  6H VXPDQ ORV SHVRV DWyPLFRV GHO Q~PHUR WRWDO GH ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH VH
HQFXHQWUDQHQODIyUPXODPtQLPD


E 6HGLYLGHHOSHVRPROHFXODUHQWUHHOSHVRIyUPXOD
5HODFLyQ 3HVRPROHFXODU
3HVRIyUPXOD



F 6HPXOWLSOLFDQORVVXEtQGLFHVSRUHOFRFLHQWHGHODGLYLVLyQ6LHOFRFLHQWH
QRHVXQQ~PHURHQWHURVHUHDOL]DQORVDMXVWHVQHFHVDULRVSRUPHGLRGHUHGRQGHR

(MHPSOR  8Q FRPSXHVWR FRQ IyUPXOD PtQLPD 1D&2 WLHQH XQ SHVR
IyUPXODGHFDOFXOHVXIyUPXODPROHFXODU


0DVDVDWyPLFDV1D & 2 

D 6XPDGHORVSHVRVDWyPLFRVGHORVHOHPHQWRVGHODIyUPXODPtQLPD

1D [ 


& [ 
2 [ 

E 6HGLYLGHHOSHVRPROHFXODUHQWUHHOSHVRIyUPXOD

 


F  0XOWLSOLFDPRV ORV VXEtQGLFHV SRU HO UHVXOWDGR REWHQLGR HQ HO SDVR
DQWHULRU
)yUPXODPROHFXODU 1D&2
www.Quimica.pe


&XDQGRFRQRFHPRVODFRPSRVLFLyQSRUFHQWXDOGHXQFRPSXHVWR\ODPDVD
PROHFXODU GHO PLVPR SULPHUR GHWHUPLQDPRV OD IyUPXOD PtQLPD \ OXHJR OD
PROHFXODU

(MHPSOR  'HWHUPLQDU OD IyUPXOD PROHFXODU GH XQ FRPSXHVWR TXH HVWD
IRUPDGRSRUGH1\GH2\VXPDVDPROHFXODUHVLJXDODJ
5HOWRPRJUDPR1  
2  



$KRUDGLYLGLPRVORVFRFLHQWHVHQWUHHOPiVSHTXHxR

1  2  


2EWHQHPRVDVtODIyUPXODPtQLPD12

3RVWHULRUPHQWHVXPDPRVORVSHVRVDWyPLFRVGHORVHOHPHQWRVGHODIyUPXOD
PtQLPD
 1 [ 

Pe

2 [
[
[

. 


ca

i
'LYLGLPRVODSHVRPROHFXODUHQWUHHOSHVRIyUPXOD
UH WUUHH
UH
m

ui



.
ww

3RU~OWLPRPXOWLSOLFDPRVORVVXEtQGLFHVSRU

/DIyUPXODPROHFXODUHV12

www.Quimica.pe

5$=21(6(67(48,20e75,&$6






$O FRFLHQWH HQWUH GRV FRHILFLHQWHV HVWHTXLRPpWULFRV VH OH


GHQRPLQDUD]yQHVWHTXLRPpWULFD\HVXQSDUiPHWURFRQVWDQWH
\XQLYHUVDOSDUDFDGDSDUGHSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQXQDUHDFFLyQ

(MHPSOR

+ J 2 J 
+2 J 


(QHVWDUHDFFLyQODUD]yQHVWHTXLRPpWULFDHQWUHHOR[tJHQR\HOKLGUyJHQR
HV
+ PRO+
2PRO


/DUD]yQLQGLFDTXHVHUHTXLHUHQGRVPROGHKLGUyJHQRSRUXQRGHR[tJHQR
SDUD SRGHU UHDFFLRQDU 6H XVDQ ORV FRHILFLHQWHV SDUD GHILQLU OD UHODFLyQ PRODU
$OJXQDVRWUDVUD]RQHV(VWHTXLRPpWULFDVTXHSRGHPRVWHQHUVRQ
2=PRO2=J
+2PRO+2J


/RV FiOFXORV HVWHTXLRPpWULFRV VRQ DTXHOORV TXH VH UHDOL]DQ SDUD FRQRFHU
FRQ SUHFLVLyQ OD FDQWLGDG TXH VH YD D REWHQHU GH XQ GHWHUPLQDGR SURGXFWR
FRQRFLGDV ODV FDQWLGDGHV GH ORV UHDFWLYRV R SRU HO FRQWUDULR ODV FDQWLGDGHV GH
UHDFWLYR TXH VH KDQ GH XWLOL]DU SDUD REWHQHU XQD GHWHUPLQDGD FDQWLGDG GH
SURGXFWR /D H[SUHVLyQ FDQWLGDG HVWHTXLRPpWULFD LQGLFD OD FDQWLGDG H[DFWD TXH
VHQHFHVLWDGHXQDVXVWDQFLDGHDFXHUGRFRQXQDHFXDFLyQTXtPLFD
3DUDSRGHUUHDOL]DUORVFiOFXORVHVWHTXLRPpWULFRVGHEHPRDV
D (VFULELUFRUUHFWDPHQWHODHFXDFLyQTXtPLFD
E %DODQFHDUODHFXDFLyQ
F ([DPLQDUODVUHODFLRQHVPRODUHVHQODHFXDFLyQTXtPLFDSDUDREWHQHUOD
UHVSXHVWDDODSUHJXQWDTXHKD\DVLGRIRUPXODGDHVGHFLUVHLGHQWLILFDQ
ODVVXVWDQFLDVTXHLQWHUYLHQHQHQHOSUREOHPD
www.Quimica.pe

G (VWDEOHFHUODVUD]RQHVPRODUHVGHODUHDFFLyQRUD]RQHV
HVWHRTXLPpWULFDVeVWDVUHSUHVHQWDQHOFRFLHQWHGHOQ~PHURGHPROHVGH
GRVHVSHFLHVTXtPLFDV
H (IHFWXDUODVRSHUDFLRQHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV\REWHQHUUHVXOWDGRV

1RWD/DUD]yQGHGRVFDQWLGDGHVFXDOHVTXLHUDHQODHFXDFLyQDMXVWDGDQRV
GDHOIDFWRUTXtPLFRGHFRQYHUVLyQ



/RVFiFXORVHVWHTXLRPpWULFRVSXHGHQVHU

0DVDPDVD

0DVDPRO
0DVDYROXPHQ

0ROPRO

0ROYROXPHQ 9ROXPHQYROXPHQ

5(/$&,21(60$6$0$6$



(QHVWDSULPHUDDSOLFDFLyQODFDQWLGDGGHVXVWDQFLDTXHVH
FRQRFH\ODTXHVHEXVFDHVWiQHQXQLGDGHVGHPDVD

e
P
a


(MHPSOR4XpPDVDGHGLy[LGRGHFDUERQRVHSURGXFHHQODFRPEXVWLyQ
HFFFDU
HFD
DUE
UE
.
FRPSOHWDGHJGHSHQWDQR&+"

ic

QJJ OODD
Q
QJD
DimH

(QFDVRGHTXHQRVHWHQJDODHFXDFLyQTXtPLFDHVWDEOHFHUODHQEDVHDO
ORV
ORVU
ORV
VUUu
SUREOHPDLGHQWLILFDQGRFXDOHVVRQORVUHDFWLYRV\FXDOHVORVSURGXFWRV
w.
ww

2&2+2

&+2


(Q XQD UHDFFLyQ TXtPLFD GH FRPEXVWLyQ VH UHTXLHUH R[tJHQR \ OR TXH VH
SURGXFHWHyULFDPHQWHHVELy[LGRGHFDUERQR\DJXD

 9HULILFDU VL OD UHDFFLyQ VH HQFXHQWUD EDODQFHDGD VL QR SURFHGHU D
EDODQFHDUOD
&+2&2+2


 (VWDEOHFHU OD UHODFLyQ  PDVDPDVD GH OD VXVWDQFLD LQLFLDO J GH
SHQWDQRO  \ GH OD TXH VH SLGH JUDPRV GH ELy[LGR GH FDUERQR  &DOFXODU OD PDVD
PROHFXODUGHORVFRPSXHVWRVTXHLQWHUYLHQHQ

J;J
&+2&2+2
72g

220g

www.Quimica.pe


 (VWDEOHFHU OD UD]yQ HVWHTXLRPpWULFD \ HIHFWXDU ODV RSHUDFLRQHV SDUD
REWHQHUHOUHVXOWDGR
J&+J&2 J&2
J&+



(MHPSOR  &XDQWRV JUDPRV GH ]LQF VH UHTXLHUHQ SDUD SURGXFLU  J GH
QLWUDWRGH]LQFVHJ~QODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ"
=Q V +12 DF =Q 12  DF 12 J +2
6HEDODQFHDODHFXDFLyQ
=Q V +12 DF =Q 12  DF 12 J +2


(VWDEOHFHU OD UHODFLyQ PDVDPDVD GH OD VXVWDQFLD LQLFLDO \ OD TXH VH SLGH
&DOFXODUODPDVDPROHFXODUGHODVVXVWDQFLDVTXHLQWHUYLHQHQHQHOSUREOHPD
;JJ
=Q V +12 DF =Q 12  DF 12 J +2
JJ

6HHVWDEOHFHODUD]yQHVWHTXLRPpWULFD\VHHIHFW~DQODVRSHUDFLRQHV
J=Q 12  DF J=Q J=Q
J=Q 12  DF 

5(/$&,21(60$6$02/


(Q HVWRV SUREOHPDV XQD GH ODV VXVWDQFLDV TXH
SDUWLFLSDVHH[SUHVDHQJUDPRV\ODRWUDHQPRO





(MHPSOR &XiQWRV JUDPRV GH KLGUyJHQR VH SXHGH SURGXFLU FXDQGR
UHDFFLRQDQPROGHiFLGRFORUKtGULFRFRQDOXPLQLR"
$O V +&O DF $O&O DF + J 
www.Quimica.pe

6HEDODQFHDODHFXDFLyQ


$O V +&O DF $O&O DF + J 

6HHVWDEOHFHODUHODFLyQPDVDPRO

PRO;J
$O V +&O DF $O&O DF + J 
PROJ
6HHVWDEOHFHODUD]yQHVWHTXLRPpWULFD\VHHIHFW~DQODVRSHUDFLRQHV
PRO+&O[J+J+
PRO+&O

(MHPSOR  6H GHVHDQ REWHQHU J GH +LGUy[LGR GH VRGLR PHGLDQWH OD
VLJXLHQWHUHDFFLyQ

e
P
a

1D&2%D 2+  

&DOFXOHHOQ~PHURGHPROGH1D&2
2cUHTXHULGRV

6HEDODQFHDODHFXDFLyQ

1D&2%D 2+  

6HHVWDEOHFHODUHODFLyQPDVDPRO

1D2+%D&2
1
1D
D2
2
2+


w.
ww

m
ui

1D2+%D&2

;PRO
J
1D&2%D 2+  
1D2+%D&2


PRO
  J






PRO[J PROHV1D&2
J

5(/$&,102/02/
/D FDQWLGDG GH VXVWDQFLD LQLFLDO VH GD HQ PROHV \ OD FDQWLGDG GH
VXVWDQFLDVHSLGHHQPROHV
www.Quimica.pe


(MHPSOR  &XiQWDV PROHV GH R[tJHQR VH QHFHVLWDQ SDUD UHDFFLRQDU
FRPSOHWDPHQWHFRQPROHVGHKH[DQR&+"


(VFULELUODHFXDFLyQGHODUHDFFLyQ
&+2
&2+2
 
%DODQFHDUOD
&+2
 
&2+2



(VFULELUODUHODFLyQHQPROHVGHEDMRGHODHFXDFLyQ

PRO
;PRO
&+2&2+2
PROPRO

/DUD]yQHVWHTXLRPpWULFDHV
PRO&+[PRO2PROGH2
PRO&+







5(/$&,10$6$92/80(1
(QPXFKDVUHDFFLRQHVORVUHDFWLYRV\RORVSURGXFWRVVRQJDVHV
\HVWRVJDVHVVHPLGHQJHQHUDOPHQWHHQYROXPHQ(QHVWRVSUREOHPDV
VH VLJXH HO PLVPR SURFHGLPLHQWR TXH HQ ORV DQWHULRUHV VROR TXH VH
GHEHFRQVLGHUDUTXHPROGHFXDOTXLHUJDVDFRQGLFLRQHV(VWiQGDUHV
GH7HPSHUDWXUD\3UHVLyQ 173 RFXSDUiXQYROXPHQGHOLWURV6H
VDEH TXH D FRQGLFLRQHV GLIHUHQWHV GH WHPSHUDWXUD \ SUHVLyQ HO
YROXPHQVHREWLHQHFRQODHFXDFLyQ39 Q57




&RQGLFLRQHV173VHUHILHUHQDSUHVLyQ DWP\WHPSHUDWXUD &


(MHPSOR  4Xp YROXPHQ GH &2 VH REWLHQH HQ FRQGLFLRQHV 173 HQ OD
FRPEXVWLyQWRWDOGHJUGHPHWDQR"


6HHVWDEOHFHODHFXDFLyQTXHUHSUHVHQWDDODUHDFFLyQGHOSUREOHPD

&+2&2+2
www.Quimica.pe

%DODQFHDUODHFXDFLyQ
&+2&2+2

6HHVWDEOHFHODUD]yQHVWHTXLRPpWULFD


J
;
&+2&2+2
JOW


JUGH&+[

OW&2 OW&2
JU&+

5(/$&,192/80(192/80(1



Pe

3DUD JDVHV UHDFFLRQDQWHV D WHPSHUDWXUD


UDWX
DWX
XUD
UUDD \ SUHVLyQ FRQVWDQWH ODV
UHODFLRQHV GH YROXPHQ D YROXPHQ VRQ
Q LJXDOHV
L
TXH ODV UHODFLRQHV GH
.
PRODPRO
a

ic
m

(MHPSOR4XpYROXPHQGHR[tJHQRHQFRQGLFLRQHV(73UHDFFLRQDQFRQ
GHR
G
GH
HRR[
R[t
[tti
[tJ
u
/GHKLGUyJHQRSDUDIRUPDUYDSRUGHDJXD"
SRU
SRUG
SRU
RUG
RU
UUG
G
G
.w


ww

/;
+ J 2 J +2 J 


PROPRO
 / /


YROXPHQHVYROXPHQ

3RUFDGDGRVYRO~PHQHVGH+TXHUHDFFLRQDQUHDFFLRQDXQYROXPHQGH2

/+[YROXPHQGH2 /GH2
YRO~PHQHVGH+

(MHPSOR4XpYROXPHQGH&2HQFRQGLFLRQHV(73SXHGHQREWHQHUVH
SRUODFRPEXVWLyQGHOWGHHWHQR"


6HHVWDEOHFHODHFXDFLyQTXHUHSUHVHQWDDODUHDFFLyQGHOSUREOHPD
&+ J 2 J &2 J +2 O 
www.Quimica.pe

%DODQFHDUODHFXDFLyQ
/
;
&+ J 2 J &2 J +2 O 
OW OW 

6HHVWDEOHFHODUD]yQHVWHTXLRPpWULFD
OW&+[OW&2 OW&2
OW&+

5($&7,92/,0,7$17(

(Q XQDUHDFFLyQTXtPLFDHO Q~PHURGHPROHVGHORVSURGXFWRVGHSHQGH
GHO Q~PHUR GH PROHV GHO UHDFWDQWH TXH VH HQFXHQWUD HQ PHQRU FDQWLGDG (VWH
UHDFWDQWH VH GHQRPLQD UHDFWLYR OLPLWDQWH (O UHDFWLYR HQ H[FHVR QR VH FRQVXPH
WRWDOPHQWH

&XDQGR XQR GH ORV UHDFWDQWHV HV LPSXUR HV QHFHVDULR FRQRFHU VX JUDGR
GHSXUH]DSDUDSRGHUGHWHUPLQDUHOQ~PHURGHPROHVTXHSDUWLFLSDQUHDOPHQWHHQ
ODUHDFFLyQ

3DUDGHWHUPLQDUFXDOHVHOUHDFWLYROLPLWDQWHVHHPSOHDQORVVLJXLHQWHVSDVRV

D %DODQFHDUODHFXDFLyQ
E &DOFXODUHOQ~PHURGHPROHVSUHVHQWHVGHFDGDUHDFWLYR n y n 
F

'HWHUPLQDUODUHODFLyQ n

n 

G &RPSDUDUFRQODUHODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFD S ( ) 

(MHPSOR 6L UHDFFLRQDQ J GH DOXPLQLR FRQ J GH iFLGR FORUKtGULFR
SURGXFLHQGRFORUXURGHDOXPLQLR'HWHUPLQH&XiOHVHOUHDFWLYROLPLWDQWH"

D %DODQFHDUODHFXDFLyQ



2 Al + 6 HCl
2 AlCl 3 + 3 H 2

www.Quimica.pe

E 0DVDPROHFXODU


+&O  [  [  

$O&O  [  [  

1~PHURGHPROHVGHORVUHDFWDQWHV
$O  PROHV
+&O J 

F  'H DFXHUGR D OD HFXDFLyQ EDODQFHDGD SDUD  PROHV GH $OXPLQLR VH
QHFHVLWDQPROHVGH+&OSDUDREWHQHUPROHVGH$O&O
6LVHWLHQHQPROHVGH$OVHQHFHVLWDQ

6
0.66 = 1.98 moles de HCl SDUDREWHQHU
2
2
0.66 = 0.66 moles de AlCl 3 
2

Pe

&RPRGLVSRQHPRVGHPROHVGH$O\GHPROHVGH+&O
GH
GH$
H $O
$O
$O \

HOUHDFWLYROLPLWDQWHHVHO$O\HOTXHVHHQFXHQWUDHQH[FHVRHV
TXH
XH
HV

ci a

HO+&O

im

1RWD([LVWHQRWURVSURFHGLPLHQWRVSDUDGHWHUPLQDUHOUHDFWLYROLPLWDQWH
GLP
G
GLPLH
PLH
Lu
3RUHMHPSORSRGHPRVREWHQHUORHPSOHDQGRORVVLJXLHQWHVSDVRV
PwSOHD
PS
SO
 6HFDOFXODQORVPROHVGHFDGDUHDFWLYR
FDDw
 6HFDOFXODQORVPROHVGHSURGXFWRTXHVHSXHGHQREWHQHUDSDUWLUGHFDGD
UHDFWLYR

(MHPSOR8QDPXHVWUDGHJGHFDUERQDWRGHFDOFLRUHDFFLRQDFRQJGH
iFLGRIRVIyULFRSURGXFLHQGRIRVIDWRGHFDOFLRELy[LGRGHFDUERQR\DJXD
'HWHUPLQDHOUHDFWLYROLPLWDQWH


3CaCO3 + 2 H 3 PO4

Ca3 ( PO4 ) 2 + 3CO2 + 3H 2 O

3ULPHUSDVR

CaCO3 PDVDPROHFXODU  101 uma  25 g 101 = .247 mol 

H 3 PO4

PDVDPROHFXODU XPD 35 g

www.Quimica.pe

98 = .35 mol 

6HJXQGRSDVR

3DUDHVWHSDVRGHEHPRVFRQVLGHUDUHOSURGXFWRGHOFXDOKD\PHQRVPROHV
HQHVWDHFXDFLyQHVHO&D 32 


.247mol CaCO3

1 mol Ca3 ( PO4 ) 2


3 mol de CaCO3

= 0.082 molCa3 ( PO4 ) 2

.35mol H 3 PO4

1 mol Ca3 ( PO4 ) 2


2 mol de H 3 PO4

= 0.175 mol Ca3 ( PO4 ) 2


(O UHDFWLYR OLPLWDQWH VHUi HQWRQFHV HO &D&2 SRUTXH HV HO TXH SURGXFH
PHQRUFDQWLGDGGHSURGXFWR


www.Quimica.pe

127$6

w.
ww

m
ui

e
P
a

ic

www.Quimica.pe

5(680(1

(QHVWDXQLGDGDQDOL]DPRVODR[LGDFLyQ\ODUHGXFFLyQFRPRORVSURFHVRV
SRUPHGLRGHORVFXDOHVVHWUDQVILHUHQHOHFWURQHVHQFRQWUDQGRTXHHQODPD\RUtD
GH ODV UHDFFLRQHV H[LVWH GLFKR IHQyPHQR &XDQGR XQ iWRPR JDQD HOHFWURQHV VH
UHGXFH \ VX Q~PHUR GH R[LGDFLyQ GLVPLQX\H DJHQWH R[LGDQWH  SRU HO FRQWUDULR
FXDQGR  SLHUGH HOHFWURQHV VH R[LGD DJHQWH UHGXFWRU  \ DGTXLHUH XQ Q~PHUR GH
R[LGDFLyQPD\RU

$SUHQGLPRVDEDODQFHDUSRUHOPpWRGRGHWDQWHRSDUDHOORGHEHVUHFRUGDU
ODV UHJODV HPSOHDGDV SDUD DVLJQDU HO Q~PHUR GH R[LGDFLyQ GH ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH
IRUPDQXQDVXVWDQFLD\UHFRQRFHUDOHOHPHQWRTXHVHR[LGD\DOTXHVHUHGXFHHQ
ODUHDFFLyQTXtPLFD

7DPELpQ FRPSUHQGLPRV OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH OD HVWHTXLRPHWUtD FRPR OD
UDPD GH OD TXtPLFD TXH VH HQFDUJD GHO DQiOLVLV FXDQWLWDWLYR GH ORV SURFHVRV
TXtPLFRV$VtFRPRGHODVOH\HVSRQGHUDOHVTXHORVULJHQHQWUHODVFXDOHVWHQHPRV
OD OH\ GH SURSRUFLRQHV GHILQLGDV OD OH\ GH SURSRUFLRQH P~OWLSOHV   \ OD OH\ GH
SURSRUFLRQHVUHFtSURFDV

2WUR SXQWR DERUGDGR IXH HO HVWDEOHFHU DGHFXDGDPHQWH ODV UD]RQHV
(VWHTXLRPpWULFDVPDVDPDVDPDVDPROPDVDYROXPHQPROYROXPHQPROPRO\
YROXPHQYROXPHQ3DUDUHVROYHUHVWDVUD]RQHVHVWTXLRPpWULFDVSULPHURGHEHPRV
EDODQFHDU OD HFXDFLyQ SRVWHULRUPHQWH LGHQWLILFDPRV D ODV VXVWDQFLDV TXH
LQWHUYLHQHQ HQ HO SUREOHPD HVWDEOHFHU ODV UHODFLRQHV PRODUHV \ HIHFWXDU
RSHUDFLRQHV
(VWDXQLGDGWHYDDVHUYLUGHEDVHSDUDSRGHUFRPSUHQGHUDGHFXDGDPHQWH
ODVVLJXLHQWHVXQLGDGHVTXHFRQIRUPDQHVWHFXUVR



www.Quimica.pe

$&7,9,'$'(6'($35(1',=$-(



(QOLVWD HMHPSORVGHSURFHVRVGHR[LGDFLyQ\GHUHGXFFLyQTXHVH
HIHFW~HQHQVXHQWRUQRIDPLOLDU
- 5HDOL]DXQDSUiFWLFDGHODERUDWRULRGRQGHVHOOHYHQDFDERUHDFFLRQHVGH
R[LGDFLyQ\UHGXFFLyQ
- 5HDOL]DXQHQVD\RVREUHODLPSRUWDQFLDGHODHVWHTXLRPHWUtD
- 3RU PHGLR GH XQ PDSD FRQFHSWXDO  y XQ  FXDGUR VLQySWLFR H[SOLFD ORV
SDVRVSDUDDVLJQDUORVQ~PHURVGHR[LGDFLyQ
- )yUPXODHMHPSORVHQORVTXHVHFXPSODQODVOH\HVSRQGHUDOHV
- &RQVWUX\HXQPDSDFRQFHSWXDOGHODVOH\HVSRQGHUDOHV
- ([SOLFD D SDUWLU GH XQ HMHPSOR OD GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH IyUPXOD PtQLPD \
IyUPXODPROHFXODU
([SOLFD ORV SDVRV D VHJXLU SDUD EDODQFHDU SRU HO PpWRGR GH y[LGR
UHGXFFLyQ
-

(9$/8$&,1

m
ui

e
P
a

ic



w.

ww


  6H SUHSDUDQ WUHV PXHVWUDV GH XQD VXVWDQFLD VyOLGD IRUPDGD SRU ORV
HOHPHQWRV;\<(QODSULPHUDVHHQFRQWUyXQFRQWHQLGRGHJGH;\J
GH<ODVHJXQGDHVWDEDFRPSXHVWDSRUGH;\GH<VHREVHUYyTXH
J GH ; UHDFFLRQDEDQ FRQ < IRUPDQGR J GH OD WHUFHUD PXHVWUD
'HPXHVWUD OD PDQHUD HQ TXH HVWRV GDWRV FRPSUXHEDQ OD OH\ GH SURSRUFLRQHV
FRQVWDQWHV


 'HWHUPLQDODFRPSRVLFLyQSRUFHQWXDOGHODJOXFRVD&+2


  (O FREUH IRUPD GRV y[LGRV (Q XQR GH HOORV J GH R[tJHQR VH
FRPELQDQFRQJGHFREUH(QHORWURJGHR[tJHQRVHFRPELQDQFRQJGH
FREUH 'HPXHVWUH TXH HVWRV GDWRV FRQFXHUGDQ FRQ OD OH\ GH SURSRUFLRQHV
P~OWLSOHV

www.Quimica.pe


  'RV FRPSXHVWRV GLIHUHQWHV IRUPDGRV SRU & \ ' WLHQHQ OD VLJXLHQWH
FRPSRVLFLyQ SULPHU FRPSXHVWR J GH $ FRPELQDGRV FRQ J GH % HO
VHJXQGR FRPSXHVWR WLHQH J GH $ FRPELQDGRV FRQ J GH % 'HPXHVWUH
FRQHVWRVGDWRVTXHVHFXPSOHODOH\GHSURSRUFLRQHVP~OWLSOHV


 &RPSOHWDODVVLJXLHQWHVWDEODV

1R
GH 0DVD
)yUPXOD 1RGH
WRPRV GH iWRPRV GH WRWDOGH
6L
+
6L



D  6L+



E  6L+



F  6L+



0DVD
WRWDOGH
+




3URSRUFLyQ
PDVD
6L2




HQ

1R
GH 0DVDWRWDO 0DVD
3URSRUFLyQHQPDVD
1RGH
WRPRV GH iWRPRV GH GH
WRWDOGH &U2
&U
&U
2
2
&U2





&U2





&U2






  $QDOtWLFDPHQWH VH GHWHUPLQy TXH XQD PXHVWUD GH DUHQD FRQWHQtD J
GH VLOLFLR \ J GH R[tJHQR 2WUD PXHVWUD GH DUHQD FRQWHQtD J GH 6LOLFLR \
GHR[tJHQR([SOLFDUHQTXHIRUPDHVWRVGDWRVLOXVWUDQODOH\GHSURSRUFLRQHV
GHILQLGDV
)yUPXOD


  (O DQiOLVLV HOHPHQWDO GH XQD VXVWDQFLD SXUD EODQFD \ FULVWDOLQD HV  & 
 +   \ 2   'HWHUPLQH OD IyUPXOD PLQLQD \ OD IyUPXOD
PROHFXODUVLVXPDVDPROHFXODUHVGHJP

  $O GHWHUPLQDU SRU DQiOLVLV OD FRPSRVLFLyQ GH XQD VXVWDQFLD VH
HQFRQWUDURQORVVLJXLHQWHVGDWRVJGH1\JGH0J'HWHUPLQHVXIyUPXOD
PtQLPD


 %DODQFHDSRU5('2;ODVVLJXLHQWHVHFXDFLRQHV

+12)H

)H 12 12+2

www.Quimica.pe

,2&2

,&2

&O.12+2

.&O2.&O+12

.&U2+&O

.&O&U&O&O+2

$O&X62

&X$O 62 


 (OiFLGRFORUKtGULFRHVSURGXFLGRFRPHUFLDOPHQWHSRUUHDFFLyQGHODVDO
FRQHOiFLGR6XOI~ULFRFRPRVHPXHVWUDHQODVLJXLHQWHUHDFFLyQ


1D&O+621D62+&O


&XiQWDV PROHV GH +&O SXHGHQ SURGXFLUVH D SDUWLU GH  J GH iFLGR
VXOI~ULFR"

e
P
a

FURP
P

 &XiQWRVJUDPRVGHFORUXURGHFURPR ,,, VHQHFHVLWDQSDUDSURGXFLU
JGHFORUXURGHSODWD"


&U&O$J12&U 12


ic

 $J&O

im

URG
URGX
GX
Xu
XF

 4XpPDVDGHDJXDVHSURGXFHSRUODFRPEXVWLyQFRPSOHWDGHJGH
.
EXWDQR&+"
ww
w

&+2&2+2


 (OHWDQRJDVHRVR&+VHTXHPDHQHODLUHHVGHFLUUHDFFLRQDFRQHO
R[tJHQRGHODLUHSDUDIRUPDUGLy[LGRGHFDUERQR\DJXD


&+2&2+2


&XiQWDV PROHV GH 2 VH QHFHVLWDQ SDUD OD FRPEXVWLyQ FRPSOHWD GH 
PROHVGHHWDQR"


&XiQWRVJUDPRVGH&2VHSURGXFHQSRUFDGDJGH+2"

 &XiQWRVJUDPRVGH&2VHSURGXFHQSRUODFRPEXVWLyQGHJGH&+"

www.Quimica.pe

'DGDODHFXDFLyQ

)H62)H262

&XiQWDVPROHVGH)H2VHSXHGHQIDEULFDUSDUWLHQGRGHPROGH)H6"


&XiQWRVOLWURVHQFRQGLFLRQHV(73GH2VHQHFHVLWDQSDUDUHDFFLRQDUFRQ
PROGH)H6"

6L OD UHDFFLyQ SURGXFH  PRO GH )H2  FXDQWDV PROHV GH 62 VH
SURGXFHQ"

&XiQWRV JUDPRV GH 62 VH SXHGHQ IRUPDU SDUWLHQGR GH  PRO GH
)H6"


6LODUHDFFLyQSURGXFHJGH62FXiQWDVPROHVGH2UHDFFLRQDURQ"

&XiQWRVJUDPRVGH)H6VHQHFHVLWDQSDUDSURGXFLUJGH)H2"

 &XDQGRODQLWURJOLFHULQDH[SORWDVyORVHSURGXFHQJDVHV

&+ 12  /LT &2 J 2 J +2 J 1 J 


6LORVJDVHVGHODH[SORVLyQVHOLEHUDQD&\PP+JTXpYROXPHQ
GHJDVHVVHREWLHQHQFXDQGRH[SORWDXQNLORJUDPRGHQLWURJOLFHULQD"








www.Quimica.pe









81,'$'



6,67(0$6',63(5626


w.
ww

m
ui

a
ic

2%-(7,926'($35(1',=$-(



&RPSUHQGHUHOFRQFHSWRGHVLVWHPDVGLVSHUVRV
(VWDEOHFHUODVGLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHXQDGLVROXFLyQXQFRORLGH\XQD

VXVSHQVLyQ
5HDOL]DUFiOFXORVGHFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGHGLVROXFLRQHV




www.Quimica.pe

',62/8&,21(6&2/2,'(6<6863(16,21(6



)LJ  (MHPSORV GH PH]FODV 8QLYHUVR OD WLHUUD OD QDWXUDOH]D HQ HO SODQHWD
(QFLFORSHGLDYLVXDOGHORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVSS


&RPR VH YLR HQ HO SULPHU FXUVR GH TXtPLFD WRGR OR TXH REVHUYDPRV D
QXHVWURDOUHGHGRUHVPDWHULD\HVWDSXHGHVHUKRPRJpQHDRKHWHURJpQHDVHJ~QVX
FRPSRVLFLyQ WDPELpQ UHFRUGDUiV TXH DPERV WLSRV GH PDWHULD IRUPDQ HO JUDQ
PXQGR GH ODV  PH]FODV 3HUR SDUD HO VHU KXPDQR TXp LPSRUWDQFLD WLHQHQ ODV
PH]FODV"
/DVPH]FODVVHHQFXHQWUDQHQWRGDVSDUWHVORVDOLPHQWRVFRPRHOTXHVR
ODJHODWLQD\ODPDQWHTXLOODORVPHGLFDPHQWRVODVDOHDFLRQHVTXHVHXWLOL]DQSDUD
HODERUDU KHUUDPLHQWDVRXWHQVLOLRVGHXVRFRP~QHQHO KRJDUHODLUHHODJXDHO
KRPEUHPLVPRVRQWDQVRORDOJXQRVHMHPSORVGHPH]FODV

(QHVWDXQLGDGYHUHPRVFRPRODVVXVWDQFLDVHQORVGLIHUHQWHVHVWDGRVGH
DJUHJDFLyQVHPH]FODQSDUDIRUPDUVLVWHPDVGLVSHUVRVFRPRGLVROXFLRQHVFRORLGHV
\ VXVSHQVLRQHV GHVFULELHQGR VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV \ VXV GLIHUHQFLDV WDPELpQ
UHDOL]DUHPRVFiOFXORVVREUHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHODVGLVROXFLRQHV

www.Quimica.pe

&$5$&7(567,&$6'(/$6',63(56,21(6
(QODPH]FODGHGRVVXVWDQFLDVSRUORJHQHUDOH[LVWHXQDVXVWDQFLDTXHVH
SUHVHQWD HQ PD\RU FDQWLGDG \ RWUD TXH VH HQFXHQWUD HQ PHQRU SURSRUFLyQ HVWD
~OWLPD SXHGH YHUVH URGHDGD SRU ODV SDUWtFXODV GH OD RWUD VXVWDQFLD  &XDQGR HVWR
RFXUUH VH GLFH TXH VH KD IRUPDGR XQ VLVWHPD GLVSHUVR  R GLVSHUVLyQ FX\RV
FRPSRQHQWHV FRQVWLWX\HQ OD IDVH GLVSHUVD VXVWDQFLD HQ PHQRU SURSRUFLyQ  \ OD
IDVH GLVSHUVDQWH R GLVSHUVRUD VXVWDQFLD HQ PD\RU FDQWLGDG  (O WDPDxR GH ODV
SDUWtFXODV GH OD IDVH GLVSHUVD GHWHUPLQDUi VX FRPSRUWDPLHQWR HQ HO VLVWHPD \ VX
FODVLILFDFLyQHQGLVROXFLRQHVFRORLGHVRVXVSHQVLRQHV

'LVROXFLRQHV

/DV GLVROXFLRQHV WDPELpQ OODPDGDV VROXFLRQHV YHUGDGHUDV VRQ GH
HVSHFLDO LPSRUWDQFLD SDUD HO KRPEUH \ RWURV RUJDQLVPRV SRUTXH PXFKRV GH ORV
OtTXLGRV TXH ORV IRUPDQ VRQ GLVROXFLRQHV GH GLIHUHQWHV VXVWDQFLDV WDPELpQ OD
PD\RUtD GH ODV UHDFFLRQHV TXtPLFDV TXH ORV PDQWLHQHQ FRQ YLGD VH HIHFW~DQ HQ
GLVROXFLRQHVOODPDGDVDFXRVDV
(OFRQFHSWRGHGLVROXFLyQHVHOVLJXLHQWH .
a





ic

Pe

8QD GLVROXFLyQ HV XQD


Q PH]
QD
QD
P
PH
PH]FOD
m KRPRJpQHD GH GRV R
PiVVXVWDQFLDVGHFRPSRVLFLyQYDULDEOH
RPS
RPSR
PS
SRu
w.
ww

3XHVWRTXHODFRPSRVLFLyQGHXQDGLVROXFLyQHVYDULDEOHDVtHQFRQWUDPRV
TXHXQDGLVROXFLyQVHIRUPDGHXQFRPSRQHQWHTXHVHKDOODHQPHQRUSURSRUFLyQ
\VHOHOODPDVROXWR\RWURTXHHVWiHQPD\RUFDQWLGDGOODPDGRGLVROYHQWH
(OVROXWRHVODVXVWDQFLDTXHVHGLVWULEX\HRGLVSHUVDHQODGLVROXFLyQ
(OGLVROYHQWHHVHOPHGLRHQHOFXDOVHGLVSHUVDRGLVXHOYHHOVROXWR



62/872',62/9(17( ',62/8&,1


/DVGLVROXFLRQHVGLILHUHQGHRWURVWLSRVGHPH]FODVHQFXDQWRDTXHVROR
KD\XQDIDVHSUHVHQWHQRKD\VHSDUDFLyQGHSDUWHVDSUHFLDEOHHQIRUPDYLVLEOH(Q
ODWDEODVHSUHVHQWDQODVSURSLHGDGHVGHODVGLVROXFLRQHV

www.Quimica.pe


3523,('$'(6
7DPDxRGHODSDUWtFXOD

'(6&5,3&,1
0HQRUTXHQP QDQyPHWUR P 
6LJQLILFDTXHXQDPXHVWUDWRPDGDGHXQDSDUWHGHOD
GLVROXFLyQHVLJXDODFXDOTXLHURWUDPXHVWUDWRPDGDHQ

+RPRJHQHLGDG

RWUDSDUWHGHHVWDGLVROXFLyQ<HVWRVHGHEHDTXHVRQ
PH]FODVKRPRJpQHDVGRQGHORVFRPSRQHQWHVHVWiQ
XQLIRUPHPHQWHGLVSHUVRV
1RVHGLPHQWDQGHELGRDTXHODVPROpFXODVGHOVROXWR

6HGLPHQWDFLyQ

HVWiQSDUFLDOPHQWHXQLGDVDODVPROpFXODVGHO
GLVROYHQWH
3XHGHQDWUDYHVDUFXDOTXLHUWLSRGHILOWURSRUTXHODV

)LOWUDELOLGDG

VXVWDQFLDVGLVXHOWDVHVWiQILQDPHQWHGLYLGLGDV WDPDxR
PHQRUDQP 

7UDQVSDUHQFLD VH

&RPRVRQPH]FODVKRPRJpQHDV\ODFRPSRVLFLyQHV

SUHVHQWDHQODPD\RU

WDQXQLIRUPHQRHVSRVLEOHDVLPSOHYLVWDRFRQXQ

SDUWHGHODV

PLFURVFRSLRGHWHFWDUODSUHVHQFLDGHVXVFRPSRQHQWHV

GLVROXFLRQHV 

7LSRVGHGLVROXFLRQHV



/DVGLVROXFLRQHVDFXRVDVVRQODVPiVFRPXQHVHQHOODVHOGLVROYHQWHHV
HODJXDHOVROXWRJHQHUDOPHQWHHVXQVyOLGRFRPRHOD]~FDU\ODVDOGHPHVD 1D&O 
RELHQXQOtTXLGRFRPRHOHWDQROVLQHPEDUJRH[LVWHQRWURVGLVROYHQWHV
6L FRQVLGHUDPRV HO HVWDGR GH DJUHJDFLyQ GHO GLVROYHQWH ODV GLVROXFLRQHV SXHGHQ
VHU VyOLGDV OtTXLGDV \ JDVHRVDV 7H SUHJXQWDUiV SRUTXp HO GLVROYHQWH \ QR HO
VROXWR GHWHUPLQD HO HVWDGR GH DJUHJDFLyQ GH OD GLVROXFLyQ" /D UHVSXHVWD HV PX\
VHQFLOOD SRUTXH VH HQFXHQWUD HQ PD\RU SURSRUFLyQ \ HQ pO VH GLVSHUVD
XQLIRUPHPHQWH HO VROXWR (Q OD WDEOD  HQFRQWUDPRV DOJXQRV HMHPSORV GH
GLVROXFLRQHVFRPXQHV

www.Quimica.pe

(67$'2'(
$*5(*$&,1
'(/62/872

(67$'2'(
$*5(*$&,1
'(/
',62/9(17(

6yOLGR

6yOLGR

/tTXLGR

6yOLGR

*DVHRVR

6yOLGR

6yOLGR

/tTXLGR

/tTXLGR

/tTXLGR

*DVHRVR

/tTXLGR

6yOLGR

/tTXLGR

*DVHRVR

7,32'(
',62/8&,1
5(68/7$17(

$OHDFLRQHVPHWiOLFDVFRPR
HOEURQFHHODFHUR
LQR[LGDEOH\HOODWyQ
6yOLGD

/tTXLGD

*DVHRVR

*DVHRVR

(-(03/26

m
ui

e
P
a

ic

*DVHRVD
w. *
ww

*DVHRVR

%HQFHQRHQ\RGRVyOLGR\
DPDOJDPDGHPHUFXULR
3DODGLRKLGURJHQDGR\HO
KLGUyJHQRGLVXHOWRHQ
KLHUUR
7RGDVODVVDOHVVROXEOHVHQ
DJXDXRWURVVROYHQWHV
*OLFHULQDRHWDQROHQDJXD
DQWLFRQJHODQWH HWLOHQJOLFRO 
HQDJXD\HOYLQDJUH
%HELGDVFDUERQDWDGDV1+
&2R+&OHQDJXD
$OJXQRVKXPRVILQRV
SDUWtFXODVGHSROYRPX\
ILQRHQHODLUH\QDIWDOHQRHQ
DLUH ERODVGHQDIWDOLQD 

9DSRUGHDJXDHQHODLUH
$LUH PH]FODGHQLWUyJHQR
R[tJHQRJDVHVQREOHVHWF 
JDVSDUDEXFHR KHOLR
R[tJHQR \JDVQDWXUDO


(QODVVLJXLHQWHVILJXUDVVHPXHVWUDQHMHPSORVGHORVGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGH
GLVROXFLRQHVPHQFLRQDGDVHQODWDEOD


www.Quimica.pe











)LJ  /DV VRGDV R ORV UHIUHVFRV FRQ JDV


VRQ GLVROXFLRQHV GH GLy[LGR GH FDUERQR HQ
DJXD












)LJ  (VFXOWXUD GH EURQFH (O EURQFH


PH]FOD GH FREUH \ HVWDxR  HV XQ HMHPSOR GH
GLVROXFLyQVyOLGRHQVyOLGR

www.Quimica.pe












)LJ(OD]~FDUGHPHVDRVDFDURVDHVVROXEOHHQ
DJXDIRUPDQGRXQDGLVROXFLyQVyOLGRHQOtTXLGR





















w.
ww

m
ui

e
P
a

ic

)LJ(ODJXDGHPDUHVXQDGHODVGLVROXFLRQHVPiVDEXQGDQWHVHQODQDWXUDOH]D\HVXQFODURHMHPSOR
GHGLVROXFLyQVyOLGRHQOtTXLGR

www.Quimica.pe

(OSURFHVRGHODGLVROXFLyQ.


$KRUDFRQRFHVXQDJUDQYDULHGDGGHGLVROXFLRQHVSHURFyPRSXHGHXQ
VROXWRGLVSHUVDUVHHQHOGLVROYHQWH\IRUPDUDVtXQDGLVROXFLyQFX\DFDUDFWHUtVWLFD
SULQFLSDOHVODGHSUHVHQWDUXQDVRODIDVHHQODTXHQRVHGLVWLQJXHQORVUHVSHFWLYRV
FRPSRQHQWHV"

$QDOLFHPRVHOFDVRGHODVVROXFLRQHVDFXRVDVGHFORUXURGHVRGLR 1D&O \
GHVDFDURVD &+2 &XDQGRXQDPDVDVyOLGDGHFORUXURGHVRGLRVHDxDGHDO
DJXDHOVRGLR\HOFORURVHGHVSUHQGHQGHODPDVDHQIRUPDGHLRQHVVHGLVSHUVDQ
HQHODJXDHLQPHGLDWDPHQWHVHYHQURGHDGRVSRUHVWDVPROpFXODV
(O DJXD DO VHU XQD PROpFXOD SRODU WLHQH XQ H[WUHPR SRVLWLYR \ RWUR
QHJDWLYRORTXHSURSLFLDTXHHOUHVSHFWLYRH[WUHPRVHRULHQWHGHDFXHUGRDOLyQGH
TXHVHWUDWHVRGLR 1D RFORUR &O FRPRVHPXHVWUDHQODILJXUD




)LJ(OFORUXURGHVRGLRVHGLVXHOYHHQDJXDORVLRQHVVRGLRSRVLWLYRVDWUDHQDORViWRPRVGHR[tJHQR
GHO DJXD TXH HV HO H[WUHPR QHJDWLYR \ ORV LRQHV FORUR QHJDWLYRV DWUDHQ D ORV iWRPRV GH KLGUyJHQR GHO
DJXDTXHFRUUHVSRQGHQDOH[WUHPRSRVLWLYRGHODPROpFXOD
www.Quimica.pe

(O DJXD GLVXHOYH VXVWDQFLDV LyQLFDV \ WDPELpQ HV EXHQ GLVROYHQWH GH
VXVWDQFLDV FRYDOHQWHV &RPR HMHPSOR VH WLHQH HO FDVR GH OD VDFDURVD R D]~FDU GH
PHVD (Q OD ILJXUD  VH SUHVHQWD HO SURFHVR GH GLVROXFLyQ GH HVWD PROpFXOD HQ
DJXD(ODJXDIRUPDSXHQWHVGHKLGUyJHQRFRQORVJUXSRV 2+ TXHSUHVHQWDOD
VDFDURVD YHQFLHQGR ODV IXHU]DV GH DWUDFFLyQ LQWHUQDV GH HVWD PROpFXOD OR TXH
JHQHUDTXHHOD]~FDUVHDPiVVROXEOH


D 

m
ui

a
ic




E 

.
ww
w
)LJXUD   3URFHVR GH GLVROXFLyQ GH OD VDFDURVD D  /D VDFDURVD VH GLVXHOYH HQ DJXD SDUD IRUPDU

PROpFXODVKLGUDWDGDVE (QHVWDILJXUDVHPXHVWUDQORVJUXSRV2+GHODVDFDURVDTXHIRUPDQHQODFHV
SRUSXHQWHGHKLGUyJHQRFRQHODJXD


$GHPiVGHODJXDH[LVWHQGLVROYHQWHVQRSRODUHVTXHWLHQGHQDGLVROYHUD
ORVVROXWRVQRSRODUHVORVLPLODUGLVXHOYHDORVLPLODUXQHMHPSORFDUDFWHUtVWLFR
VRQODVJUDVDVODVFXDOHVVHGLVXHOYHQHQVROYHQWHVQRSRODUHVFRPRHOHWDQRO

6ROXELOLGDG

$OJXQRV VROXWRV VRQ PiV GLItFLOHV GH GLVROYHU TXH RWURV HO JUDGR GH
GLVROXFLyQ GHSHQGH GH XQD SURSLHGDG TXH SUHVHQWDQ ORV VROXWRV OODPDGD
VROXELOLGDG

www.Quimica.pe

/D VROXELOLGDG GHVFULEH OD FDQWLGDG GH XQD VXVWDQFLD VROXWR  TXH VH
GLVXHOYHHQRWUDVXVWDQFLD HOGLVROYHQWH EDMRFRQGLFLRQHVHVSHFtILFDV

/RVIDFWRUHVTXHDIHFWDQODVROXELOLGDGGHXQVROXWRHQXQGLVROYHQWHVRQ
ODQDWXUDOH]DGHOVROXWR\GHOGLVROYHQWHODWHPSHUDWXUD\ODSUHVLyQ/DSUHVLyQHV
XQ IDFWRU TXH QR DIHFWD GH IRUPD DSUHFLDEOH D ODV GLVROXFLRQHV IRUPDGDV VyOR SRU
VyOLGRV\OtTXLGRV6LQHPEDUJRODVGLVROXFLRQHVGHJDVHQOtTXLGRRJDVHQJDVVL
WLHQHQXQDLQIOXHQFLDGLUHFWDGHODSUHVLyQ



&XDQGR XQD VXVWDQFLD HV VROXEOH HQ RWUD H[LVWHQ DOJXQRV IDFWRUHV TXH
PRGLILFDQ VX YHORFLGDG GH GLVROXFLyQ (O WDPDxR GH SDUWtFXOD HV XQR GH HVRV
IDFWRUHV SRU HMHPSOR VDEHPRV TXH XQ WHUUyQ VyOLGR GH D]~FDU VH GLVXHOYH PiV
OHQWDPHQWH HQ DJXD TXH OD PLVPD FDQWLGDG GH D]~FDU HQ IRUPD GH JUiQXORV
SHTXHxRV2WURVIDFWRUHVVRQODDJLWDFLyQ\ODWHPSHUDWXUD

&RORLGHV

(Q  HO FLHQWtILFR LQJOpV 7KRPDV *UDKDP OODPy FRORLGHV D WRGDV
DTXHOODV VXVWDQFLDV TXH QR DWUDYHVDEDQ XQD PHPEUDQD GH SHUJDPLQR /D SDODEUD
FRORLGH GHULYD GHO JULHJR .ROOD TXH TXLHUH GHFLU FROD VXVWDQFLD GH FRQVLVWHQFLD
YLVFRVD (O WpUPLQR QR LPSOLFD TXH ORV FRORLGHV WHQJDQ SUHFLVDPHQWH OD
FRQVLVWHQFLDGHHVWDVXVWDQFLD/RVFRORLGHVVHGHILQHQFRPR

0H]FODVKRPRJpQHDVTXHFRQWLHQHQSDUWtFXODVTXH PLGHQGHQP
D  QP \ TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ GLVWULEXLGDV R GLVSHUVDV GH PDQHUD
XQLIRUPHHQXQPHGLRGLVSHUVDQWH


(QORVFRORLGHVHQOXJDUGHKDEODUGHVROXWR\GLVROYHQWHVHHPSOHDQORV
WpUPLQRV IDVH GLVSHUVD \ IDVH GLVSHUVRUD /DV SDUWtFXODV GH OD IDVH GLVSHUVD VRQ
DJUHJDGRV GH LRQHV R PROpFXODV \ SRU VX WDPDxR UHODWLYDPHQWH JUDQGH D ORV
FRORLGHV VH OHV FRQVLGHUD FRPR XQ HVWDGR LQWHUPHGLR HQWUH ODV GLVROXFLRQHV
VROXFLRQHV YHUGDGHUDV  \ ODV PH]FODV KHWHURJpQHDV &LHUWDV PROpFXODV VRQ WDQ
JUDQGHV TXH VH OHV FRQVLGHUD FRPR SDUWtFXODV FRORLGDOHV XQ HMHPSOR GH HOOR VRQ
DOJXQDV PROpFXODV ELROyJLFDV FRPR ODV SURWHtQDV TXH VRQ EDVWDQWH JUDQGHV \ VX

www.Quimica.pe

FRPSRUWDPLHQWRHQODFpOXODVHHQWLHQGHPHMRUVLVHODVFRQVLGHUDFRPRXQVLVWHPD
FRORLGDO



$OLJXDOTXHODVGLVROXFLRQHVORVFRORLGHVSUHVHQWDQSURSLHGDGHVDOJXQDV
GHHOODVVHPXHVWUDQHQODWDEOD

3URSLHGDGHVGHORVFRORLGHV
3523,('$'(6
7DPDxRGHODSDUWtFXOD

'(6&5,3&,1
'HQPDQP
/DIDVHGLVSHUVDQRHVWDXQLGDHQIRUPDDSUHFLDEOH

6HGLPHQWDFLyQ

DODIDVHGLVSHUVDQWHVLQHPEDUJRQRSUHVHQWDQ
VHGLPHQWDFLyQFRQHOWLHPSR

)LOWUDELOLGDG

Pe

3DVDQDWUDYpVGHSDSHOILOWURRUGLQDULR
pVGH

.

/RVFRORLGHVSUHVHQWDQDGHPiVRWUDVSURSLHGDGHVTXHORVGLIHUHQFLDQGH
RWUD
RWU
WUUDa
c
i
RWURWLSRGHGLVSHUVLRQHV
iu m

(IHFWR ySWLFR R 7\QGDOO OODP
OODPDGR
DVt HQ KRQRU GH TXLHQ OR HVWXGLR HQ
OOD
ODP
OD
DDP
P
w.

-RKQ7\QGDOO $OKDFHUSDVDUXQKD]GHOX]DWUDYpVGHXQDGLVROXFLyQHOUD\R
UwX
UX
VHUHIUDFWDHVGHFLUORVLRQHVRPROpFXODVVRQGHPDVLDGRSHTXHxRVSDUDGLVSHUVDU
ODOX] ODWUD\HFWRULDGHOKD]OXPLQRVRHVSUiFWLFDPHQWHLQYLVLEOH HQFDPELRHQXQ
FRORLGH ODV SDUWtFXODV VRQ OR VXILFLHQWHPHQWH JUDQGHV TXH UHIOHMDQ HO KD] GH OX]
KDFLpQGROR YLVLEOH HQ WRGD VX DPSOLWXG (VWH HIHFWR UHIOHMDQWH VH PXHVWUD HQ OD
ILJXUDV\



(IHFWR7\QGDOO/DOX]HVYLVLEOHHQHOFRORLGHGHELGRDODGLVSHUVLyQGHODOX]

www.Quimica.pe


D 










E 

D 5D\RGHORVUHIOHFWRUHVYLVLEOHVHQODQLHEODE /DOX]GHOVROSDVDDWUDYpVGHODV
QXEHV



(IHFWRGHPRYLPLHQWR%URZQLDQR5REHUW%URZQERWiQLFRLQJOpVIXHHO
TXH HVWXGLR HO PRYLPLHQWR GH ODV SDUWtFXODV GH XQ FRORLGH GLFKDV SDUWtFXODV VH
PXHYHQHQ]LJ]DJDOD]DUHVWHPRYLPLHQWRHVSURYRFDGRSRUHOERPEDUGHRGH
ODVPROpFXODVGHOGLVROYHQWH ILJXUD /DVSDUWtFXODVFRORLGDOHVVHPDQWLHQHQHQ
VXVSHQVLyQ GHELGR D HVWH PRYLPLHQWR OODPDGR %URZQLDQR HQ KRQRU D VX
GHVFXEULGRU

)LJ(IHFWRGHPRYLPLHQWRGHORVFRORLGHV
PRYLPLHQWREURZQLDQR 
www.Quimica.pe

)ORFXODFLyQ /D IORFXODFLyQ GH XQ FRORLGH VH SUHVHQWD FXDQGR ODV
SDUWtFXODV GH OD IDVH GLVSHUVD VH MXQWDQ XQDV FRQ RWUDV (VWH IHQyPHQR VH GHEH D
YDULRV IDFWRUHV XQR GH HOORV HV HO GH DxDGLU XQD VXVWDQFLD iFLGD DO FRORLGH R HO
LQFUHPHQWRGHODWHPSHUDWXUDRWURIDFWRUHVODUHSXOVLyQGHWLSRHOpFWULFRHQWUHODV
SDUWtFXODV GHO FRORLGH HVWH ~OWLPR VH GHEH D TXH OD SDUWtFXOD GLVSHUVD OLJD
SDUWtFXODV R LRQHV FRQ FDUJD HOpFWULFD HQ VX VXSHUILFLH 6L XQ FRORLGH FRQ FDUJD
HQWUDHQFRQWDFWRFRQRWURFRORLGHRLyQGHFDUJDRSXHVWDODVSDUWtFXODVFRORLGDOHV
VHSUHFLSLWDQ(OHIHFWRGHFRDJXODFLyQGHORVFRORLGHVFRQXQDFDUJDHOpFWULFDVH
XWLOL]D SDUD HOLPLQDU SDUWtFXODV VXVSHQGLGDV GH ORV JDVHV TXH VDOHQ GH ODV
FKLPHQHDVLQGXVWULDOHV/DPDQWHTXLOOD\HOTXHVRVHREWLHQHQDJUHJDQGRXQiFLGR
DODOHFKHSURYRFDQGRODIORFXODFLyQ
(OHIHFWRGHDGVRUFLyQ/DDGVRUFLyQVHUHILHUHDODDGKHUHQFLDGHLRQHVR
PROpFXODVDXQDVXSHUILFLHHQORVFRORLGHVVHSUHVHQWDSRUTXHORViWRPRVRLRQHV
TXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQODVXSHUILFLHGHXQDJUHJDGRFRORLGDOQRHVWDQURGHDGRVSRU
FRPSOHWRSRURWURViWRPRVRLRQHVFRPRORHVWiQDTXHOORVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQHO
LQWHULRU(QFRQVHFXHQFLDORVFRORLGHVSUHVHQWDQXQDJUDQiUHDGHFRQWDFWRSRUOR
TXH WLHQHQ XQ DOWR SRGHU GHDGVRUFLyQ (VWD SURSLHGDG VH XWLOL]D SRU HMHPSOR HQ
ODVPDVFDULOODVDQWLJDVHVTXHOOHYDQFDUERQRFRORLGDOSDUDDGVRUEHUJDVHVWy[LFRV
RFR
FRROR
FR
ORR


/RV FRORLGHV SXHGHQ H[LVWLU HQ ORV
OR
aRVV WUHV HVWDGRV GH DJUHJDFLyQ GH OD
PDWHULDWDEOD
ic

Pe

im

7DEOD7LSRVGHFRORLGHV
7u

7
w.
ww

)$6(
',63(5625$

)$6(
',63(56$

120%5(
'(/&2/2,'(

6yOLGR

6ROVyOLGD

/tTXLGR

(PXOVLyQVyOLGDRJHO

*DVHRVR
6yOLGR

(VSXPDVyOLGD
6RO

/tTXLGR

(PXOVLyQ

6yOLGD

/tTXLGD

*DVHRVD

*DVHRVR

(VSXPD

6yOLGR
/tTXLGR

$HURVROVyOLGRKXPR
$HURVROOtTXLGR

www.Quimica.pe

(-(03/26

/DWXUTXHVDHOUXEtODVSHUODVHO
JUDQDWH
*HOSDUDHOFDEHOORTXHVR\
PDQWHTXLOOD
3LHGUDSyPH]\HOKXOHHVSXPD
3LQWXUDVGHOiWH[\ODVJHODWLQDV
/HFKHDOJXQRVSURGXFWRV
IDUPDFpXWLFRVODPD\RQHVD\ODV
FUHPDVFRVPpWLFDV
(VSXPDGHODVFUHPDVGHDIHLWDU
FUHPDEDWLGD\HOPHUHQJXH
3ROYR\KXPR
1LHEODEUXPDQXEHV

(MHPSORVGHFRORLGHV
















)LJ   /DV SLQWXUDV VRQ SLJPHQWRV PX\


ILQRV PH]FODGRV FRQ UHVLQDV DFUtOLFDV
GLVXHOWDVHQDJXD

)LJ/DOHFKHODPDQWHTXLOOD\HOTXHVRVRQHMHPSORVGHFRORLGH
www.Quimica.pe

Suspensiones.

8QDVXVSHQVLyQVHGHILQHGHODVLJXLHQWHIRUPD
(V XQD PH]FOD FRQVWLWXLGD SRU XQ VROXWR QR VROXEOH \
VHGLPHQWDEOHHQHOOtTXLGRGLVSHUVRUHQTXHVHHQFXHQWUD

$OJXQDV YHFHV VH OH OODPD HPXOVLyQ SRUTXH VH PH]FODQ GRV OtTXLGRV
LQPLVFLEOHV SRU HMHPSOR HO DJXD \ HO DFHLWH TXH DO DJLWDUVH YLJRURVDPHQWH HQ
DSDULHQFLDIRUPDQXQDGLVSHUVLyQKRPRJpQHDSHURDOFDERGHXQWLHPSRWHUPLQDQ
VHSDUiQGRVH7DPELpQVHXWLOL]DHOWpUPLQRHPXOVLyQHQDOJXQDVSUHVHQWDFLRQHVGH
PHGLFDPHQWRV/DVSURSLHGDGHVJHQHUDOHVGHODVVXVSHQVLRQHVVHSUHVHQWDQHQOD
WDEOD
7DEOD3URSLHGDGHVGHODVVXVSHQVLRQHV
3523,('$'(6

e
P
a

'(6&5,3&,1
'(
'

7DPDxRGHODSDUWtFXOD

0D\RUTXHQPSRUORTXHVRQYLVLEOHVDVLPSOHYLVWD
PicS
P
P

/DVVXVSHQVLRQHVVRQPH]FODVKHWHURJpQHDVTXHSRUHOWDPDxRGH
LRQH
LRQHV
RQHHVuV

im

+RPRJHQHLGDG

.
VXVSDUWtFXODVWHUPLQDQSRUVHGLPHQWDUVHSUHVHQWDQGRGRVIDVHV
DVww
DV
w
6XVSDUWtFXODVVHGLPHQWDQRIORWDQVHJ~QVXGHQVLGDGVRQ

6HGLPHQWDFLyQ

HMHPSORVGHVXVSHQVLRQHVPXFKDVSUHVHQWDFLRQHVGH
PHGLFDPHQWRVFRPRORVOD[DQWHV\ORVDQWLELyWLFRV

)LOWUDELOLGDG

6RQILOWUDEOHV
7LHQHQDSDULHQFLDWXUELDFXDQGRVHDJLWDQ QRVRQWUDQVSDUHQWHV 

7UDQVSDUHQFLD

VXVFRPSRQHQWHVVHVHSDUDQIiFLOPHQWHSRUGHFDQWDFLyQ
FHQWULIXJDFLyQRILOWUDFLyQ

www.Quimica.pe










)LJ8QDGHODVSUHVHQWDFLRQHVHQORVPHGLFDPHQWRVVRQODV
VXVSHQVLRQHV





www.Quimica.pe

',62/8&,21(6<68&21&(175$&,1



+HPRV YLVWR TXH ORV FRPSRQHQWHV GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ VRQ HO VROXWR \ HO
GLVROYHQWHGRQGHHOVROXWRHVODVXVWDQFLDTXHVHHQFXHQWUDHQPHQRUFDQWLGDG\
HO GLVROYHQWH HQ PD\RU FDQWLGDG  $KRUD ELHQ FXiOHV VRQ HVWDV FDQWLGDGHV" (Q
HVWH VHQWLGR VLHQGR YDULDEOH OD FRPSRVLFLyQ GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ HV QHFHVDULR
HVSHFLILFDUODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHORVVROXWRV


 6H GHQRPLQD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ D OD FDQWLGDG GH VROXWR GLVXHOWR HQ
XQDFDQWLGDGGDGDGHGLVROXFLyQ



)RUPDVGHH[SUHVDUODFRQFHQWUDFLyQ

e
P
a

/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQSXHGHH[SUHVDUVHFXDOLWDWLYDRFXDQWLWDWLYDPHQWH
HFFXD
/DVVROXFLRQHVSRUVXFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHSXHGHQFODVLILFDUHQVROXFLRQHV
yQ
yQ
Q VH
VHH
HPStULFDV\YDORUDGDVGHODPDQHUDVLJXLHQWH
WH .
WH

w.
ww
6ROXFLRQHV
HP StULFDV

m
ui

ic

'LOXLGDV
&RQFHQWUDGDV
6DWXUDGDV
1RVDWXUDGDV
6REUHVDWXUDGDV

)RUP DVGH
H[SUHVDUOD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQ

6ROXFLRQHV
YDORUDGDV

(QXQLGDGHV
ItVLFDVGH
FRQFHQWUDFLyQ

&RQFHQWUDFLyQ
HQSHVR
3DUWHVSRU
P LOOyQ SSP 
3RUFHQWDMHHQ
SHVR
3RUFHQWDMHHQ
YROXP HQ

(QXQLGDGHV
TXtP LFDVGH
FRQFHQWUDFLyQ

0RODOLGDG P 
0RODULGDG 0 
)RUP DOLGDG ) 
1RUP DOLGDG 1

www.Quimica.pe

'LVROXFLRQHVHPStULFDV


(Q ODV GLVROXFLRQHV HPStULFDV OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ HVWD H[SUHVDGD HQ
WpUPLQRVFXDOLWDWLYRVHVGHFLUQRHVSHFLILFDODFDQWLGDGH[DFWDGHOVROXWRSUHVHQWH

'LVROXFLRQHV GLOXLGDV \ FRQFHQWUDGDV /RV WpUPLQRV GLOXLGR \
FRQFHQWUDGRVHXWLOL]DQFRQPXFKDIUHFXHQFLDHQQXHVWUDYLGDFRWLGLDQD(VFRP~Q
HVFXFKDUHOFDIpHVWDPX\IXHUWHODOLPRQDGDHVWDPX\GXOFHSDUHFHPLHOOD
FRPLGD HVWD PX\ VDODGD R OR FRQWUDULR SRU HMHPSORHO FDVR GHO FDIp HVWH FDIp
HVWD PX\ GLOXLGR &RPR YHPRV HVWDV H[SUHVLRQHV GHSHQGHQ GH OD FDQWLGDG GH
VROXWRTXHVHDJUHJDDODGLVROXFLyQ


'HSHQGLHQGR GH OD FDQWLGDG GH VROXWR SUHVHQWH XQD GLVROXFLyQ

SXHGHGHVFULELUVHFXDOLWDWLYDPHQWHFRPRGLOXLGDRFRQFHQWUDGD



8QDGLVROXFLyQGLOXLGDGHVFULEHXQDFDQWLGDGUHODWLYDPHQWHSHTXHxDGHO
VROXWR GLVXHOWR FRPSDUDGD FRQ OD FDQWLGDG GHO GLVROYHQWH 3RU HO FRQWUDULR XQD
GLVROXFLyQ HV FRQFHQWUDGD FXDQGR FRQWLHQH FDQWLGDGHV UHODWLYDPHQWH JUDQGHV GH
VROXWRHQODGLVROXFLyQ

6ROXFLRQHV VDWXUDGDV QR VDWXUDGDV \ VREUHVDWXUDGDV 'H DFXHUGR D OD
VROXELOLGDGGHODVVXVWDQFLDVDOJXQDVVRQVXPDPHQWHVROXEOHVVLQHPEDUJRH[LVWH
XQOtPLWHFRQUHVSHFWRDODFDQWLGDGGHVROXWRFDSD]GHGLVROYHUVHHQGHWHUPLQDGD
FDQWLGDG GH GLVROYHQWH 3DUD H[SOLFDU HVWR UHDOLFHPRV XQ VHQFLOOR H[SHULPHQWR
DxDGLUD]~FDUDXQYDVRGHDJXDSRFRDSRFR


4Xp REVHUYDVWH FXDQGR DJUHJDVWH HO D]~FDU DO YDVR GH DJXD"
(IHFWLYDPHQWHDOSULQFLSLRVHREVHUYDTXHHOD]~FDUGHVDSDUHFHFRQUDSLGH]SHUR
DOFRQWLQXDUDxDGLHQGRPiVD]~FDUVHDOFDQ]DXQSXQWRHQHOTXHHOVyOLGR\DQRVH
GLVXHOYHVLQRTXHTXHGDHQHOIRQGRGHOYDVR

/DGLVROXFLyQTXHQRKDOOHJDGRDOOtPLWHGHOVROXWRTXH SXHGHFRQWHQHU
VHOHOODPDQRVDWXUDGDSRUORTXHSXHGHGLVROYHUPiVVROXWR

&XDQGR XQD GLVROXFLyQ FRQWLHQH OD FDQWLGDG Pi[LPD GH VROXWR TXH VH
SXHGHGLVROYHUDXQDGHWHUPLQDGDWHPSHUDWXUDVHGLFHTXHHVWDVDWXUDGD

www.Quimica.pe

/D GLVROXFLyQ VREUHVDWXUDGD HV DTXHOOD TXH FRQWLHQH PD\RU FDQWLGDG GH
VROXWR TXH OD VROXFLyQ VDWXUDGD D GHWHUPLQDGD WHPSHUDWXUD /D GLVROXFLyQ
VREUHVDWXUDGDHVLQHVWDEOH\DTXHQRSXHGHVRSRUWDUSHUPDQHQWHPHQWHHOH[FHVR
GHVROXWRXQDVLPSOHDJLWDFLyQKDFHTXHODVREUHVDWXUDFLyQSDVHDVDWXUDFLyQ\HO
VROXWRHQGHPDVtDTXHDQWHVHVWDEDGLVXHOWRFULVWDOLFHFRQUDSLGH]

&yPRVDEHUVLXQDGLVROXFLyQHVQRVDWXUDGDVDWXUDGDRVREUHVDWXUDGD"
([LVWHQ WDEODV HQ ODV TXH VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV YDORUHV GH VROXELOLGDG SDUD
VXVWDQFLDV VDWXUDGDV D GLIHUHQWHV WHPSHUDWXUDV TXH SRGHPRV FRQVXOWDU SDUD
FRPSDUDUFRQORVYDORUHVTXHVHWLHQHQHQODGLVROXFLyQSUREOHPDWDEOD
7DEOD6ROXFLRQHVVDWXUDGDVD&\D&

6ROXELOLGDG
JGHVROXWRJGH+2 

e
.P

6ROXWR
1D&O
.&O

&
&
&
&

&








ica





m
ui 











&X62





&+2





1D12
.&O2
$J12

w.
ww

(MHPSOR6HSUHSDUDXQDGLVROXFLyQDJUHJDQGRJGHVXOIDWRGHFREUH
,,  &X62 DJGH+2'HWHUPLQHVLODGLVROXFLyQHVQRVDWXUDGDRVDWXUDGDD
XQDWHPSHUDWXUDGH&
3DUDGDUUHVSXHVWDHHVWHSUREOHPDVHFRQVXOWDODWDEODYHPRVTXHOD
VROXELOLGDGGHO&X62D&WLHQHXQYDORUGHJSRUJGHDJXDKDFLHQGR
ODSURSRUFLyQFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDJGHDJXDVHWLHQHQJGHVROXWR

$KRUDVHFRPSDUDODFDQWLGDGGHJGHVROXWRGDGDHQHOSUREOHPDFRQ
ORV  J HQ  J GH +2 GH OD WDEOD &RPR  J HV PD\RU OD GLVROXFLyQ HVWD
VDWXUDGDTXHGDQGRXQH[FHVRGHJGHVXOIDWRGHFREUH ,, VLQGLVROYHU

www.Quimica.pe

'LVROXFLRQHVYDORUDGDV
(QODVGLVROXFLRQHVYDORUDGDVODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHGHWHUPLQDGHPDQHUD
FXDQWLWDWLYDVHFRQRFHFRQSUHFLVLyQTXpFDQWLGDGHVSHFtILFDWDQWRGHVROXWRFRPR
GHGLVROYHQWHKD\HQODGLVROXFLyQ/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQHQHVWHWLSRGHGLVROXFLRQHV
VHSUHVHQWDHQXQLGDGHVItVLFDV\TXtPLFDV

/DV XQLGDGHV ItVLFDV H[SUHVDQ OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH OD


GLVROXFLyQ HQ WpUPLQRV UHIHULGRV D OD PDVD GHO VROXWR
LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHVXPDVDPROHFXODU

/DV XQLGDGHV TXtPLFDV H[SUHVDQ OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH OD
GLVROXFLyQ HQ WpUPLQRV UHIHULGRV DO Q~PHUR GH iWRPRV R
 PROpFXODVGHOVROXWRSUHVHQWHVHQODGLVROXFLyQ








/DV XQLGDGHV ItVLFDV VRQ PX\ SUiFWLFDV \ EDVWD XQD EDODQ]D XQD SUREHWD
JUDGXDGD XQD EXUHWD R XQD SLSHWD SDUD PHGLU FDQWLGDGHV GHO VROXWR \ GHO
GLVROYHQWH ILJXUD  VLQ HPEDUJR QR VRQ WDQ VLJQLILFDWLYDV /DV
WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV TXH RFXUUHQ HQ ODV UHDFFLRQHV TXtPLFDV LPSOLFDQ Q~PHURV
HQWHURV GH iWRPRV R PROpFXODV &RQVLGHUDQGR HVWR HV PiV VLJQLILFDWLYR UHIHULUVH
GLUHFWDPHQWHDODVFDQWLGDGHVGHiWRPRVRPROpFXODVTXHHVWiQUHDFFLRQDQGRTXHD
SURSLHGDGHVFRPRODPDVDRHOYROXPHQ


3RUHVWDUD]yQ ODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVH[SUHVDGDVHQ XQLGDGHVTXtPLFDVVRQ
PiV H[DFWDV \ SRU FRQVLJXLHQWH VRQ PX\ XWLOL]DGDV HQ OD TXtPLFD DQDOtWLFD
FXDQWLWDWLYD(OPDWHULDOGHODERUDWRULRTXHVHXWLOL]DHQHVWDUDPDGHODTXtPLFD
HVWDFDOLEUDGRSDUDPHGLFLRQHVPiVSUHFLVDVGHPDVD\GHYROXPHQWDOHVHOFDVR
GHOD EDODQ]DDQDOtWLFD\ ORVPDWUDFHVYROXPpWULFRVILJXUDHVWRV~OWLPRVVRQ
UHFLSLHQWHV FRQ XQ FXHOOR ODUJR HQ HO FXDO VH HQFXHQWUD XQD PDUFD TXH LQGLFD HO
QLYHOGHDIRUR





www.Quimica.pe

e
P
a


)LJ0DWHULDOGHODERUDWRULRTXHVHXVDSDUDSUHSDUDUVROXFLRQHVH[SUHVDGDVHQXQLGDGHVItVLFDV
SDU
DUDDUVR
DUDU
VRRO

w.
ww

m
ui

ic


)LJ0DWHULDOGHODERUDWRULRTXHVHXVDSDUDSUHSDUDUVROXFLRQHVH[SUHVDGDVHQXQLGDGHVTXtPLFDV

www.Quimica.pe

$FRQWLQXDFLyQDERUGDUHPRVODVXQLGDGHVPiVHPSOHDGDVGHVGHHOSXQWR
GHYLVWDFXDQWLWDWLYRSDUDH[SUHVDUODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHXQDGLVROXFLyQ(QODWDEOD
VHSUHVHQWDQGHIRUPDUHVXPLGDHVWDVXQLGDGHV
7DEOD8QLGDGHVGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHODVVROXFLRQHV
81,'$'(6

60%2/2

&RQFHQWUDFLyQHQ
SHVR

&

3DUWHVSRUPLOOyQ

SSP

3RUFHQWDMHHQSHVR

PP

'(),1,&,1

Gramos de soluto

litros de disolucin
Gramos de soluto
X 1000000 
Gramos de disolucin
Gramos de soluto
X 100 
Gramos de disolucin

YY

Mililitros de soluto
X 100 
Mililitros de disolucin

0RODOLGDG

P

Moles de soluto

Ki log ramos de disolucin

0RODULGDG

0

)RUPDOLGDG

)

Frmula gramo de soluto



litros de disolucin

1RUPDOLGDG

1

Gramo equivalentes de soluto



litros de disolucin

3RUFHQWDMHHQ
YROXPHQ

Moles de soluto
Litros de disolucin

81,'$'(6)6,&$6'(&21&(175$&,1.

Concentracin en peso.
(VODPDVDGHOVROXWRFRQWHQLGDHQXQDXQLGDGGHYROXPHQGHODGLVROXFLyQ


www.Quimica.pe

0DWHPiWLFDPHQWHVHH[SUHVDGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD

C=
OLWUR



m

v

'RQGH& FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHOVROXWRHQODGLVROXFLyQHQJUDPRVSRU

P JUDPRVGHVROXWR
Y OLWURVGHVROXFLyQ
(MHPSORGHHVWDIRUPDGHH[SUHVDUODFRQFHQWUDFLyQJUDPRVGH1D&O
SRUOLWURGHGLVROXFLyQ J1D&OO 

(MHUFLFLR6LVHGLVXHOYHQJUDPRVGHEURPXURGHSRWDVLR .%U KDVWD
DMXVWDUFRQHOGLVROYHQWHXQYROXPHQGHOLWURVFXiOVHUiODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH
.%UHQJUDPRVGHVROXWRSRUOLWURGHGLVROXFLyQ"
5HVSXHVWD6XVWLWX\HQGRHQODIyUPXOD
& JO JOGH.%U

(MHUFLFLR&XDQWRVJUDPRVGHQLWUDWRGHEDULR %D 12
QLLWUD
WUDDW
DWR
DWR
  VHQHFHVLWDQ
SDUDSUHSDUDUPOGHXQDGLVROXFLyQTXHFRQWHQJDJUDPRVSRUOLWUR"
FRQ
RQWH
RQ
.
yUUP
Pa O
PX
5HVSXHVWD6XVWLWX\HQGRHQODIyUPXOD
c
i
JO ;O
iu m
[  JO  O 
[ JGH%D 12 
w.

ww
3DUWHVSRUPLOOyQ SSP 
7DPELpQHVIUHFXHQWHH[SUHVDUODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGHORVVROXWRVTXHVH
KD\DQPX\GLOXLGRVHQSDUWHVSRUPLOOyQ

Pe

/DVSDUWHVHQSHVRGHOVROXWRTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQFRQWHQLGDVHQXQPLOOyQ
GHSDUWHVLJXDOHVGHODGLVROXFLyQ


/DIyUPXODHVODVLJXLHQWH:

ppm =

Gramos de soluto
X 1000000
Gramos de disolucin
'RQGHPDVDGHODGLVROXFLyQ PDVDGHOVROXWRPDVDGHOGLVROYHQWH

www.Quimica.pe

(MHPSOR$ODQDOL]DUXQDPXHVWUDGHDJXDVHHQFRQWUDURQSSPGHOLyQ
FORUR &O 
(Q OD DFWXDOLGDG HO PpWRGR GH SSP VH XWLOL]D SDUD OD GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GH
FRQWDPLQDQWHVHQHODJXDRHQHODLUHRGHGURJDVHQHOFXHUSRKXPDQRHQWUHRWUDV
DSOLFDFLRQHV

3RUFHQWDMHHQSHVR

(O SHVR SRU FLHQWR HV OD PDVD GHO VROXWR FRQWHQLGD HQ 
XQLGDGHVGHSHVRGHODGLVROXFLyQ

([SUHVLyQPDWHPiWLFD

% en peso del soluto =

Gramos de soluto
X 100 
Gramos de disolucin

'RQGHPDVDGHODGLVROXFLyQ PDVDGHOVROXWRPDVDGHOGLVROYHQWH


(MHPSOR+DEODUGHXQDGLVROXFLyQDOGHVXOIDWRGHFDOFLR &D62 
VLJQLILFDTXHJGHGLVROXFLyQFRQWLHQHQJGH&D62\JGHDJXD

(MHUFLFLR&XiOHVHOSRUFHQWDMHHQSHVRGHOKLGUy[LGRGHVRGLR
1D2+ HQXQDGLVROXFLyQTXHVHSUHSDUDGLVROYLHQGRJGH1D2+HQJGH
DJXD"

5HVSXHVWD3ULPHURVHREWLHQHODPDVDGHODGLVROXFLyQ
PDVDGHODGLVROXFLyQ JGH1D2+JGHGLVROXFLyQ
JGHGLVROXFLyQGH1D2+ 

6XVWLWX\HQGRHQODIyUPXOD
HQSHVR JGH1D2+  JGHGLVROXFLyQ
HQSHVR GH1D2+HQODGLVROXFLyQ

(MHUFLFLR4XpPDVDVGHFORUXURGHSRWDVLR .&O \DJXDVHQHFHVLWDQ
SDUDSUHSDUDUJGHGLVROXFLyQDO"

www.Quimica.pe

3RUFHQWDMHHQSHVRPP 

Gramos de soluto
X 100 
Gramos de disolucin

5HVSXHVWD6XVWLWX\HQGRHQODIyUPXOD
 ;  JO
'HVSHMDPRV
[    JO 
[ JGH.&O
&RPRODPDVDGHODGLVROXFLyQHVLJXDODODPDVDGHOVROXWRPiVODPDVD
GHOGLVROYHQWHVHWLHQH
JGHGLVROXFLyQ JGH.&O[JGHDJXD
[ JGHGLVROXFLyQJGH.&O
[ JGHDJXD


3RUFHQWDMHHQYROXPHQ

e
P
a
.

(O SRUFHQWDMH HQ YROXPHQ HV


HHV
ic HO YROXPHQ GHO VROXWR
FRQWHQLGRHQXQLGDGHVGHYROXPHQGHODGLVROXFLyQ
HV HYR
H m

([SUHVLyQPDWHPiWLFD

% en volumen del soluto =

w.
ww

ui

Mililitros de soluto
X 100 
Mililitros de disolucin

'RQGH 9ROXPHQ GH OD GLVROXFLyQ  YROXPHQ GHO VROXWR  YROXPHQ GHO
GLVROYHQWH

(VWDIRUPDGHH[SUHVDUODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVRORVHDSOLFDFXDQGRHOVROXWR\
HO GLVROYHQWH VRQ JDVHV R ELHQ OtTXLGRV 8Q HMHPSOR VRQ ORV YLQRV HVWH WLSR GH
GLVROXFLRQHVFRQWLHQHFDVLVLHPSUHGHDOFRKROHWtOLFR &+2+ HQYROXPHQ
(VWRTXLHUHGHFLUTXHHQPOGHGLVROXFLyQVHWLHQHQPOGHDOFRKROHWtOLFR\
POGHDJXD

(MHUFLFLR  $ XQD WHPSHUDWXUD GH  & VH WLHQHQ  PO GH XQD
GLVROXFLyQ TXH FRQWLHQH  PO GH HWDQRO &+2+  &XiO HV HO SRUFHQWDMH HQ
YROXPHQGHO&+2+HQODGLVROXFLyQ"
www.Quimica.pe


5HVSXHVWD6XVWLWX\HQGRHQODIyUPXOD

HQYROXPHQ POGH&+2+  POGHGLVROXFLyQ

HQYROXPHQ GH&+2+HQODGLVROXFLyQ


(MHUFLFLR  6H WLHQHQ  PO GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ DO   HQ YROXPHQ GH
iFLGR VXOI~ULFR +62  D XQD WHPSHUDWXUD GH  & &XiO HV HO YROXPHQ GHO
+62HQODGLVROXFLyQ"


5HVSXHVWD6XVWLWX\HQGRHQODIyUPXOD

 [  PO

[    PO 

[ POGH+62


81,'$'(6480,&$6'(&21&(175$&,1




Molalidad (m).
(VHOQ~PHURGHPROHVGHVROXWRTXHKD\HQXQNLORJUDPRGHGLVROYHQWH



0DWHPiWLFDPHQWHVHH[SUHVDGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD

molalidad =

Moles de soluto

Ki log ramos de disolucin


(MHPSOR'LVROXFLyQPGH1D&OHOVtPERORGHODPRODOLGDG P VHOHH
PRODO\VLJQLILFDTXHHQXQNLORJUDPRGHVROXFLyQVHWLHQHQPROHVGHFORUXUR
GHVRGLR

(MHUFLFLR(QJUD
PRV GH DJXD VH WLHQHQ  PROHV GH HWDQRO FXiO HV OD PRODOLGDG GH OD
GLVROXFLyQ"

5HVSXHVWD6XVWLWX\HQGRHQODIyUPXOD
P PROHVGHHWDQRO.JGHGLVROYHQWH
 PROHVNJGHHWDQRO
= 4.11 m de etanol
www.Quimica.pe

Molaridad (M).
(VHOQ~PHURGHPROHVGHVROXWRGLVXHOWRHQXQOLWURGHGLVROXFLyQ

([SUHVLyQPDWHPiWLFD


molaridad =

Moles de soluto
Litros de disolucin

/DDEUHYLDWXUDGHODPRODULGDGHV 0 FX\DVXQLGDGHVVRQPROHVOLWUR
\ VH OHH PRODU 8Q HMHPSOR HV XQD GLVROXFLyQ  0 GH &X62 VLJQLILFD TXH VH
WLHQHQPROHVGH&X62HQXQOLWURGHVROXFLyQ
(O PRO HV XQD XQLGDG TXtPLFD TXH PLGH OD FDQWLGDG GH PDWHULD SRU OR
TXH ORV PROHV GH FXDOTXLHU VXVWDQFLD QR VH SXHGHQ SHVDU HQWRQFHV HV QHFHVDULR
XWLOL]DU RWUD XQLGDG FRPR ORV JUDPRV 3DUD
UDD HO
UD
HOOR
HHOOR
OOO HQ WX SULPHU FXUVR GH TXtPLFD
DSUHQGLVWH TXH PHGLDQWH UD]RQHV XQLWDULDV
FRQYHUWLU JUDPRV D PROHV \
V SXHGHV
S
SX
. WH SXHGH
YLFHYHUVD DKRUD FRQRFHUiV RWUD IRUPD TXH
TXH
UHVXOWDU PiV IiFLO \ HV
T
TX
XH
a
ic
DSOLFDQGRODVLJXLHQWHIyUPXOD
im


Pe

Qu

masa del
el
. l ssoluto en gramos 
n=
ww
w
masa
s molar del soluto
sa




GyQGHQ Q~PHURGHPROHV

(QODILJXUDVHLQGLFDQORVSDVRVJHQHUDOHVSDUDODSUHSDUDUDFLyQGH
GLVROXFLRQHVPRODUHV(OSURFHGLPLHQWRSDUDSUHSDUDUGLVROXFLRQHVQRUPDOHVHVHO
PLVPR GH ODV GLVROXFLRQHV PRODUHV OD GLIHUHQFLD HV HO XVR GH SUHIHUHQFLD GH XQD
EDODQ]DDQDOtWLFD


www.Quimica.pe

)LJ  3UHSDUDFLyQ GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ PRODU (Q HO SDVR  VH SHVD HO VROXWR 3DVR 
WUDQVIHUHQFLDGHOVROXWRDOPDWUD]YROXPpWULFRGHYROXPHQFRQRFLGR(QHOSDVRVHDJUHJD
VXILFLHQWHGLVROYHQWHSDUDGLVROYHUHOVROXWRGHVSXpVVHDxDGHPiVGLVROYHQWHKDVWDODPDUFD
GH DIRUR )LQDOPHQWH OD VROXFLyQ VH DJLWD \ VH DOPDFHQD HQ XQ UHFLSLHQWH FRQ WDSD \
GHELGDPHQWHURWXODGR


(MHUFLFLR&DOFXODUODPRODULGDGGHXQDGLVROXFLyQTXHVHSUHSDUD
GLVROYLHQGRJGH+&OJDVHRVRHQDJXDVXILFLHQWHSDUDWHQHUPOGHOD
GLVROXFLyQ


5HVSXHVWD 3ULPHUR VH FRQYLHUWHQ ORV JUDPRV GH +&O D PROHV \ ORV
PLOLOLWURVGHODGLVROXFLyQDOLWURV PO O 


6XVWLWX\HQGRHQODIyUPXOD
Q JGH+&OJPRO PROHVGH+&O


3XHVWR TXH \D WHQHPRV ORV GDWRV HQ ORV WpUPLQRV TXH VH SLGHQ SDUD
FDOFXODUODPRODULGDGSURFHGHPRVDVXVWLWXLUHQODIyUPXOD


0 PROHVGH+&OOGHGLVROXFLyQ

PRODULGDG 0
www.Quimica.pe

(MHUFLFLR&XiQWRVPROHVGHVXOIDWRGHVRGLR 1D62 VHWLHQHQHQ


OLWURVGHXQDVROXFLyQ0"

5HVSXHVWD6HVXVWLWX\HQORVGDWRVHQODIyUPXOD
0 [PROHVGH1D62OGHGLVROXFLyQ
;PROHVGH1D62  0  OGHGLVROXFLyQ 
; PROHVGH1D62


6L DKRUD QRV VROLFLWDUDQ FDOFXODU ORV JUDPRV GH 1D62  SUHVHQWHV HQ OD
GLVROXFLyQTXpKDUtDV"
3RUVXSXHVWRODVROXFLyQHVWDHQFRQYHUWLUORVPROHVGH1D62  HQ
JUDPRV DSOLFDQGR OD IyUPXOD SDUD FRQRFHU HO Q~PHUR GH PROHV \ FDOFXODQGR
SUHYLDPHQWHODPDVDPRODUGHOVROXWR JPRO 

PROHVGH1D62 [JGH1D62JPRO
[JGH1D62  PROHV  JPRO 
[ JGH1D62

.
)RUPDOLGDG ) 
ci a

m

ui

(VHOQ~PHURGHSHVRVIyUPXOD . JJUDPRGHOVROXWRFRQWHQLGRVHQXQOLWURGH
UUD

ww
VROXFLyQ
w



([SUHVLyQPDWHPiWLFD


Pe

Formalidad =

Frmula gramo de soluto



litros de disolucin


(OVtPERORGHODIRUPDOLGDG ) VHOHHIRUPDOVHXWLOL]DSDUDH[SUHVDUOD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH GLVROXFLRQHV FRQ VROXWRV  LyQLFRV (O  WpUPLQR IyUPXOD  JUDPR
GHVFULEHHOSHVRGHOFRPSXHVWRHQJUDPRV3DUDVROXWRVTXHWLHQHQPDVDVPRODUHV
GHILQLGDV OD PRODULGDG \ OD IRUPDOLGDG VRQ OR PLVPR DVt XQD GLVROXFLyQ  ) GH
iFLGR VXOI~ULFR +62  HV LJXDO D XQD GLVROXFLyQ  0 \D TXH OD PDVD PRODU GHO
+62HVODPLVPDTXHVXSHVRIyUPXOD  
www.Quimica.pe

Normalidad (N).

(VHOQ~PHURGHJUDPRHTXLYDOHQWHVGHVROXWRHQXQOLWURGHGLVROXFLyQ



/DGHILQLFLyQGHODQRUPDOLGDGVHH[SUHVDGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD

Normalidad =

Gramo equivalentes de soluto


litros de disolucin

2WUD IRUPD GH H[SUHVDU OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ HV OD
QRUPDOLGDG SRU HMHPSOR XQD GLVROXFLyQ  1 GH iFLGR IRVIyULFR +32  FRQWLHQH
XQHTXLYDOHQWHGHOVROXWRHQXQOLWURGHGLVROXFLyQ
/DGHILQLFLyQGHODQRUPDOLGDGHVVHPHMDQWHDODGHPRODULGDGFRQODGLIHUHQFLDGH
TXH OD QRUPDOLGDG FRQVLGHUD ORV HTXLYDOHQWHV GHO VROXWR HQ OXJDU GH ORV PROHV
7RPDQGR HQ FXHQWD HVWR OD QRUPDOLGDG VH IXQGDPHQWD HQ XQD XQLGDG TXtPLFD
OODPDGDSHVRHTXLYDOHQWH

3HVR HTXLYDOHQWH (O SHVR HTXLYDOHQWH GH XQD VXVWDQFLD HV OD PDVD HQ
JUDPRV GH XQ HTXLYDOHQWH GH GLFKD VXVWDQFLD \ SXHGH FRUUHVSRQGHU D OD PDVD
PRODUGHODVXVWDQFLDRDXQDIUDFFLyQVHQFLOODGHHVWD XQPHGLRXQWHUFLRHWF 
(O SHVR HTXLYDOHQWH VH GHWHUPLQD GH DFXHUGR FRQ HO Q~PHUR GH iWRPRV GH
KLGUyJHQR R LRQHV KLGUR[LOR FRQWHQLGRV HQ XQD PROpFXOD GH VXVWDQFLD TXH
LQWHUYHQJDQ HQ XQD UHDFFLyQ 7DPELpQ VH UHILHUH DO Q~PHUR GH iWRPRV GH
KLGUyJHQRFRQTXHUHDFFLRQDXQDVXVWDQFLDVLQTXHHVWDPLVPDORVFRQWHQJD

(QYLVWDGHORDQWHULRUVHWLHQHQORVVLJXLHQWHVFDVRV
D  (O SHVR HTXLYDOHQWH 3HT  GH XQ iFLGR HV HO FRFLHQWH GH VX PDVD
PROHFXODU HQWUH ORV LRQHV KLGUyJHQR +  TXH SXHGH OLEHUDU HQ XQD UHDFFLyQ
TXtPLFD


Peq.( cido ) =

masa molecular del cido


nmero de hidrgenos


(V LPSRUWDQWH VHxDODU TXH XQ iFLGR QR VLHPSUH SDUWLFLSD FRQ WRGRV ORV
KLGUyJHQRV TXH WLHQH HQ VX PROpFXOD HQ WDO FDVR XQ PLVPR iFLGR SRGUi WHQHU
YDULRVSHVRVHTXLYDOHQWHV
www.Quimica.pe

(MHPSOR (O SHVR HTXLYDOHQWH GHO  +62  HV LJXDO D  J  TXH HV VX
PDVDPROHFXODUHQWUHORVGRVKLGUyJHQRVTXHSXHGHQSDUWLFLSDUHQXQDUHDFFLyQ
3HTGHO+62 J J
J HTXLYDOHQWHGH+62





2WURV HMHPSORV VRQ ORV GHO iFLGR IRVIyULFR +32  \ HO iFLGR FORUKtGULFR

+&O 
3HTGHO+32 J J
J HTXLYDOHQWHGH+32
3HTGHO+&O J JPRO
JPRO HTXLYDOHQWHGH+&O

E  (O SHVR HTXLYDOHQWH GH XQD EDVH R iOFDOL HV HO FRFLHQWH GH VX PDVD
PROHFXODU HQWUH ORV LRQHV R[LGULORV 2+  TXH SXHGH FRPELQDU HQ XQD UHDFFLyQ
TXtPLFD


Peq.(base ) =

Pe

masa molecular
lec
eccuul de la base
.
nmero
erro
cioade hidroxilos


ui
(MHPSOR (O SHVR HTXLYDOHQWH
HQWH
HQWH
QWH
WWH
H GHO &D 2+   HV LJXDO D  J TXH HV VX
w.
PDVDPROHFXODUHQWUHORVGRVKLGUR[LORVTXHSXHGHQFRPELQDUVHHQXQDUHDFFLyQ
URRR[
w[ O
JPRO
3HTGHO&D 2+  J J
J HTXLYDOHQWHGH&D 2+ 

2WURVHMHPSORVVRQORVGHOKLGUy[LGRGHDOXPLQLR$O 2+ \HO1D2+
3HTGHO$O 2+  J JPRO
J HTXLYDOHQWHGH$O 2+ 
3HTGHO1D2+ J 
J HTXLYDOHQWHGH1D2+

F  (O SHVR HTXLYDOHQWH GH ODV VDOHV HV HO FRFLHQWH GH VX PDVD PROHFXODU
HQWUHODYDOHQFLDGHOPHWDO


Peq.( sal ) =

masa molecular de la sal


valencia del metal
www.Quimica.pe

(MHPSOR(OSHVRHTXLYDOHQWHGHO$O 62  HVLJXDODJTXHHVVX


PDVDPRODUGLYLGLGDHQWUH  TXHFRUUHVSRQGHDODYDOHQFLDGHODOXPLQLR

3HTGHO$O 62  J J
J HTXLYDOHQWHGH$O 62 
2WURV HMHPSORV VRQ ORV GHO FORUXUR GH PDJQHVLR 0J&O  \ HO QLWUDWR GH
SODWD $J12 ODYDOHQFLDGHOPDJQHVLRHVGH  \ODGHODSODWD  
3HTGHO0J&O J J
J HTXLYDOHQWHGH0J&O
3HTGHO$J12 J J
J HTXLYDOHQWHGH$J12

*UDPRHTXLYDOHQWHV JHT  0LHQWUDV TXH HO SHVR HTXLYDOHQWH GH XQD
VXVWDQFLDHQXQDUHDFFLyQGDGDHVXQYDORUFRQVWDQWHORV
JUDPRHTXLYDOHQWHVGHHVWDVXVWDQFLDUHSUHVHQWDQXQDPHGLGDGHODFDQWLGDGGHOD
PLVPD HQ XQD UHDFFLyQ TXH SXHGH WHQHU FXDOTXLHU YDORU QXPpULFR &XDQGR VH
FRQRFH OD PDVD HQ JUDPRV GH XQD VXVWDQFLD \ VX SHVR HTXLYDOHQWH VH SXHGHQ
FDOFXODUORVJUDPRHTXLYDOHQWHVGHDFXHUGRFRQODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ



gramo equivalentes del soluto =




gramos del soluto


peso equivalente del soluto

6LVHFRPELQDHVWDHFXDFLyQFRQODTXHGHILQHODQRUPDOLGDGVHWLHQH

Normalidad =

m
V x Peq.

GRQGHP PDVDHQJUDPRVGHOVROXWR
9 YROXPHQGHODGLVROXFLyQHQOLWURV
3HT SHVRHTXLYDOHQWHGHOVROXWR JJHT 
1 JHTO

(MHUFLFLR  &DOFXODU OD QRUPDOLGDG GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ TXH VH SUHSDUD
GLVROYLHQGRHQDJXDJGH1D&2KDVWDIRUPDUOLWURVGHODGLVROXFLyQ

www.Quimica.pe

5HVSXHVWD'HDFXHUGRDODIyUPXODTXHGHILQHDODQRUPDOLGDG\FRQORV
GDWRV TXH HO SUREOHPD QRV SURSRUFLRQD SURFHGHPRV D FDOFXODU SULPHUR HO SHVR
HTXLYDOHQWH

3HTGHO1D&2 J J

6XVWLWX\HQGRHQODIyUPXODTXHGHILQHDODQRUPDOLGDG

1 JGH1D&2 O JJHT 

QRUPDOLGDGGHO1D&2 JHTO 1

(MHUFLFLR4XpFDQWLGDGGHQLWUDWRGHSODWD $J12 VHQHFHVLWDSDUD
SUHSDUDUPOGHXQDGLVROXFLyQ1"


5HVSXHVWD6HFRQYLHUWHQORVPLOLOLWURVGHODGLVROXFLyQDOLWURV
PO  \VHFDOFXODHOSHVRHTXLYDOHQWHGHO$J12
HTX
HT
TX
XLY
XL
LY

3HTGHO$J12 JPRO
 
J


.
6XVWLWX\HQGRHQODIyUPXOD
a
1 [JGH$J12 O JHT 


ic
O 
O 
O  

mO
[JGH$J12  JHTO  O  JHT 
u
x g de AgNO3 = 17.0 g

Pe

w.
ww


5HODFLyQHQWUHFRQFHQWUDFLyQHQSHVRPRODULGDG\QRUPDOLGDG


$O SUHVHQWDUWH ODV GLIHUHQWHV IRUPDV GH H[SUHVDU OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH ODV
GLVROXFLRQHV KDEUiV REVHUYDGR TXH DOJXQDV GH HVWDV H[SUHVLRQHV VH UHILHUHQ DO
YROXPHQ GH ODV GLVROXFLRQHV WDO HV HO FDVR GH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ HQ SHVR OD
PRODULGDG\ODQRUPDOLGDGTXHVRQODVPiVFRPXQHV/DVWUHVXQLGDGHVVHUHILHUHQ
D OD FDQWLGDG GH VROXWR SRU OLWUR GH GLVROXFLyQ (VWD SDUWLFXODULGDG SHUPLWH
UHODFLRQDUODVFRQYLUWLHQGRXQDXQLGDGHQRWUD
(Q HO FDVR GH OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH OD PRODULGDG \ OD QRUPDOLGDG OD
QRUPDOLGDGHVLJXDORXQP~OWLSORHQWHURGHODPRODULGDG$ERUGHPRVHVWRFRQ
DOJXQRVHMHPSORV
/DV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV PRODU \ QRUPDO GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ GH 1D2+ VRQ
LJXDOHVSRUTXH

www.Quimica.pe

PROGH1D2+ J 0


3HTGHO1D2+ J HTXLYDOHQWH 1
3RU OR WDQWR VL VH TXLHUH FRQYHUWLU XQD GLVROXFLyQ  0 GH 1D2+ D VX
HTXLYDOHQWHHQQRUPDOLGDGHOUHVXOWDGRHV1

9HDPRV RWUR HMHPSOR FRQ XQD GLVROXFLyQ GH +&O SDUD HO +&O OD
PRODULGDG\ODQRUPDOLGDGWDPELpQVRQLGpQWLFDV
PROGH+&O J 0
3HTGHO+&O J HTXLYDOHQWH 1
GHDTXtTXHXQDGLVROXFLyQ1GH+&OVHDHTXLYDOHQWHDXQDGLVROXFLyQ
0GH+&O


8QD GLVROXFLyQ  0 GH iFLGR VXOI~ULFR +62  HV HTXLYDOHQWH D XQD
GLVROXFLyQ  1 GH +62 VLHPSUH TXH SDUWLFLSHQ ORV GRV KLGUyJHQRV GH OD
PROpFXOD HVWRVHGHEHD

PROGH+62 J
3HTGHO+62 J
5HFXHUGD TXH  J GH iFLGR VXOI~ULFR HV LJXDO D XQ HTXLYDOHQWH \
FRUUHVSRQGH HQWRQFHV D XQD GLVROXFLyQ  1 SRU OR WDQWR WHQHPRV ODV VLJXLHQWHV
HTXLYDOHQFLDV

0GH+62 J HTXLYDOHQWH 1
0GH+62 J HTXLYDOHQWHV 1
0GH+62 J HTXLYDOHQWHV 1

(MHUFLFLR  6H WLHQH XQD GLVROXFLyQ TXH FRQWLHQH  J GH 1D&O SRU
OLWUR  J  O  FRQYLHUWD HVWD H[SUHVLyQ GH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ D PRODULGDG \
QRUPDOLGDG

5HVSXHVWD 8WLOL]DQGR UHODFLRQHV XQLWDULDV \ FRQVLGHUDQGR TXH OD PDVD
PRODUGHOFORUXURGHVRGLRHVJWHQHPRV

1 mol de NaCl 40.0 g de NaCl


x

M de NaCl =
58.5 g
1l

www.Quimica.pe

0RODULGDGGHO1D&O 0

2WUD PDQHUD GH FDOFXODU OD PRODULGDG GHO 1D&O HV PHGLDQWH XQD
SURSRUFLyQOODPDGDUHJODGHWUHVVLPSOH
PROGH1D&OBBBBBBBBJ
[PROHVGH1D&OBBBBBBBBJGH1D&O


JGH1D&O [ PROGH1D&O J PROHVGH1D&O


3DUD FRQYHUWLU OD PRODULGDG HQ QRUPDOLGDG QHFHVLWDPRV OD VLJXLHQWH
UHODFLyQ
PROGH1D&O J
3HTGHO1D&O J

3XHVWRTXHVHWUDWDGHOPLVPRYDORU
0GH1D&O 1GH1D&O
D&O
&O
&

w.
ww

m
ui

e
P
a

ic

www.Quimica.pe

5(680(1


8QD GLVSHUVLyQ VH GHILQH FRPR XQD PH]FOD GH GRV R PiV VXVWDQFLDV HQ
GRQGH VXV FRPSRQHQWHV VH OODPDQ IDVHV /D IDVH GLVSHUVRUD OD FRQVWLWX\H OD
VXVWDQFLD TXH VH HQFXHQWUD HQ PD\RU FDQWLGDG OD IDVH GLVSHUVD OD IRUPD OD
VXVWDQFLDHQPHQRUFDQWLGDG

/DV GLVSHUVLRQHV VH FODVLILFDQ HQ GLVROXFLRQHV FRORLGHV R VXVSHQVLRQHV
GHSHQGLHQGRGHOWDPDxRGHODSDUWtFXODGHODIDVHGLVSHUVD

8QD GLVROXFLyQ HV XQD PH]FOD KRPRJpQHD GH GRV R PiV VXVWDQFLDV \ GH
FRPSRVLFLyQ YDULDEOH FX\RV FRPSRQHQWHV VRQ HO VROXWR VXVWDQFLD HQ PHQRU
SURSRUFLyQ \HOGLVROYHQWH VXVWDQFLDHQPD\RUSURSRUFLyQ GLILHUHQGHRWURWLSR
GHGLVSHUVLRQHVHQFXDQWRDTXHQRKD\VHSDUDFLyQGHVXVFRPSRQHQWHVHQIRUPD
YLVLEOH
(Q FXDOTXLHU GLVROXFLyQ HO HVWDGR GH DJUHJDFLyQ GHO GLVROYHQWH HV HO
HVWDGR GH OD GLVROXFLyQ /RV WUHV HVWDGRV GH OD PDWHULD SXHGHQ FRPELQDUVH GH
IRUPDVGLIHUHQWHVSDUDIRUPDUPH]FODVJHQHUDOPHQWHELQDULDV

/DVGLVROXFLRQHVPiVXWLOL]DGDVHQTXtPLFDVRQODVTXHWLHQHQDJXDFRPR
GLVROYHQWH GLVROXFLRQHV DFXRVDV  (O DJXD HV XQ GLVROYHQWH SRODU SRU OR TXH HQ
JHQHUDO HV XQ PHGLR SDUD OD GLVROXFLyQ GH VXVWDQFLDV SRODUHV VLQ HPEDUJR OD
VROXELOLGDGGHXQVROXWRHQXQGLVROYHQWHGDGRGHSHQGHGHODVLQWHUDFFLRQHVHQWUH
HOGLVROYHQWH\HOVROXWR

/RVFRORLGHVVRQRWUDVGHODVPH]FODVPiVDEXQGDQWHVHQODQDWXUDOH]DHO
FLWRSODVPD GH ODV FpOXODV HV XQ HMHPSOR GH FRORLGH VH OHV FRQVLGHUD FRPR XQ
HVWDGR LQWHUPHGLR HQWUH ODV GLVROXFLRQHV \ ODV VXVSHQVLRQHV $O LJXDO TXH ODV
VROXFLRQHV SUHVHQWDQ FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV LPSRUWDQWHV TXH ORV GLVWLQJXHQ FRPR SRU
HMHPSORHOHIHFWR7\QGDOO\HOPRYLPLHQWREURZQLDQR
/DVVXVSHQVLRQHVVRQPH]FODVKHWHURJpQHDVIiFLOPHQWHVHGLPHQWDEOHVSRU
DOJ~Q PHGLR PHFiQLFR FRPR OD FHQWULIXJDFLyQ VX DSOLFDFLyQ WDPELpQ HV PX\
DPSOLD HQ SDUWLFXODU HQ OD LQGXVWULD IDUPDFpXWLFD FRQ ODV OODPDGDV HPXOVLRQHV
OD[DQWHV\DQWLELyWLFRV 
/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHXQDGLVROXFLyQLQGLFDODFDQWLGDGGHOVROXWRGLVXHOWR
HQ OD GLVROXFLyQ 6RQ YDULDV ODV IRUPDV GH H[SUHVDU OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH ODV
GLVROXFLRQHVODIRUPDTXHVHHOLMDWLHQHUHODFLyQFRQHOXVRTXHVHOHYD\DDGDUDOD
www.Quimica.pe

GLVROXFLyQ/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQSXHGHVHUGHVFULWDGHIRUPDFXDOLWDWLYD GLVROXFLRQHV
QRVDWXUDGDVVDWXUDGDV\VREUHVDWXUDGDV \FXDQWLWDWLYD'HODPDQHUDFXDQWLWDWLYD
ODV XQLGDGHV HQ ODV TXH VH H[SUHVD OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GHO VROXWR VRQ ItVLFDV
FRQFHQWUDFLyQ HQ SHVR SRUFHQWDMH HQ SHVR \ YROXPHQ HQWUH RWURV  R TXtPLFDV
PRODULGDG\QRUPDOLGDGTXHVRQODVPiVFRPXQHV 


$&7,9,'$'(6'($35(1',=$-(


5HDOL]D XQD OLVWD GH PH]FODV FODVLILFiQGRODV HQ KRPRJpQHDV \
KHWHURJpQHDV
(ODERUD XQ HQVD\R HQ HO TXH VH H[SOLTXH OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH ODV
GLVSHUVLRQHVSDUDODYLGDGHOKRPEUH
(ODERUD XQ FXDGUR FRPSDUDWLYR GH
GH ODV
GH
OD SULQFLSDOHV SURSLHGDGHV GH ODV
GLVROXFLRQHVFRORLGHV\VXVSHQVLRQHV
.
&ODVLILFDODVVLJXLHQWHVGLVROXFLRQHVGHDFXHUGRFRQORVHVWDGRVItVLFRVGHO
QHV
H aG
HV
HV
c
i
GLVROYHQWH
iu m


w.
D 1D&OHQDJXD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
w

Pe

E $LUH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
F (WDQROHQDJXD$LUH

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

G %URQFH

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

H 3DODGLRKLGURJHQDGR

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

,GHQWLILFDDTXHWLSRGHGLVSHUVLyQSHUWHQHFHQORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORV
D 4XHVR 

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

E $OHDFLRQHV 

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

F 0D\RQHVD 

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

G 3HSWRELVPRO 

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

H $LUH 

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

www.Quimica.pe

(VFULEHORVIDFWRUHVTXHDIHFWDQODVROXELOLGDGGHXQVROXWRHQXQD
GLVROXFLyQ


D BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

E BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

F BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

G BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB




&ODVLILFDHQXQLGDGHVItVLFDVRTXtPLFDVODVVLJXLHQWHVIRUPDVGHH[SUHVDU

ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHODVGLVROXFLRQHV


D 3RUFHQWDMHHQSHVR

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

E 1RUPDOLGDG

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

F &RQFHQWUDFLyQHQSHVR

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

G 0RODULGDG

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

H 3DUWHVSRUPLOOyQ

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

(9$/8$&,1

,6XEUD\DODUHVSXHVWDFRUUHFWDHQODVVLJXLHQWHVFXHVWLRQHV
(O(IHFWR7\QGDOO\HOPRYLPLHQWREURZQLDQRVRQSURSLHGDGHVGHHVWH
WLSRGHGLVSHUVLRQHV
D 6XVSHQVLRQHVE &RORLGHVF 'LVROXFLRQHVG (PXOVLRQHV
(VXQHMHPSORGHGLVROXFLyQ
D /DQLHYHE (ODJXDGHPDUF /DJHODWLQDG /DHVSXPD
(VHOPHGLRHQHOTXHVHGLVSHUVDHOVROXWR\IRUPDODPD\RUSDUWHGHOD
GLVROXFLyQ
D 6ROXWRE 'LVROXFLyQF 'LVROYHQWHG 6ROXFLyQ
6RQGLVROXFLRQHVTXHWLHQHQPX\SRFDFDQWLGDGGHVROXWRGLVXHOWR
D 'LOXLGDE 6REUHVDWXUDGDF &RQFHQWUDGDG 6DWXUDGD
www.Quimica.pe

 &RPSRQHQWH GH OD GLVROXFLyQ TXH D WHPSHUDWXUD QRUPDO GHWHUPLQD HO
HVWDGRGHDJUHJDFLyQGHODGLVROXFLyQ
D 6ROXWRE 9ROXPHQF 'LVROYHQWHG 0DVD

(VODGLVSHUVLyQHQODTXHHOWDPDxRGHODSDUWtFXODHVPHQRUDQP
D 6XVSHQVLRQHVE &RORLGHVF 'LVROXFLRQHVG (PXOVLRQHV

 6RQ ODV GLVROXFLRQHV HQ ODV TXH VH GHWHUPLQD HQ IRUPD FXDOLWDWLYD OD
FDQWLGDGGHOVROXWRSUHVHQWHHQODGLVROXFLyQ
D 9DORUDGDVE *DYLPpWULFDVF 9ROXPpWULFDVG (PStULFDV

 6RQ ODV GLVROXFLRQHV TXH VH GHILQHQ FRPR OD FDQWLGDG GH JUDPR
HTXLYDOHQWHVHQXQOLWURGHGLVROXFLyQ
D 0RODOHVE )RUPDOHVF 1RUPDOHVG 0RODUHV

 6RQ ODV GLVROXFLRQHV TXH VH GHILQHQ FRPR OD FDQWLGDG GH PROHV HQ XQ
NLORJUDPRGHGLVROYHQWH
D 0RODOHVE )RUPDOHVF 1RUPDOHVG 0RODUHV
UPD
PDDOHH

 (VWDV GLVROXFLRQHV VRQ PX\
X\\
\ XWLOL]DGDV HQ OD TXtPLFD DQDOtWLFD
ci a
FXDQWLWDWLYD
D YYE &RQFHQWUDFLyQHQSHVRF 1RUPDOHVG PP
SHV
H R
Rm
R
u

,,/HHGHWHQLGDPHQWHFDGDSODQWHDPLHQWR\FRQWHVWDORTXHVHWHSLGH
HwDDP
HD

Pe

 8QD VROXFLyQ VH SUHSDUD GLVROYLHQGR  J GH .2+ HQ VXILFLHQWH
DJXDSDUDSUHSDUDUOLWURVGHGLVROXFLyQFXDOHVODPRODULGDGGHODVROXFLyQ"




4XpYROXPHQGHVROXFLyQGH0GH &X62VHSXHGHSUHSDUDU
FRQJGH&X62"




&XiQWRVJUDPRVGH$J12VHQHFHVLWDQSDUDSUHSDUDUJGHXQD
GLVROXFLyQDO"

www.Quimica.pe

6LVHGLVXHOYHQJGHiFLGRVXOI~ULFRHQVXILFLHQWHDJXDKDVWDIRUPDU
POGHGLVROXFLyQFXiOHVODQRUPDOLGDGGHODGLVROXFLyQ"


3DUDSUHSDUDUXQDVROXFLyQ1GHiFLGRIRVIyULFRFXiQWRVJUDPRVGH
+32VHQHFHVLWDQ"


 &XDO HV HO  GH XQD VROXFLyQ TXH FRQWLHQH  J GH FORUXUR
GHDPRQLRHQJGHVROXFLyQ"


8QDGLVROXFLyQGH=Q62WLHQHXQDFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHPRO=Q62
SRU OLWUR GH GLVROXFLyQ DEUHYLDFLyQ  0 =Q62  ([SUpVHVH HVWR HQ XQLGDGHV
GHFRQFHQWUDFLyQHQSHVR\QRUPDOLGDG


&XiOHVHOSRUFLHQWRHQYROXPHQGHXQDVROXFLyQIRUPDGDSRUPO
GHVROXWR\POGHGLVROYHQWH"


 &XDQWRV JUDPRV GH KLGUy[LGR GH PDJQHVLR 0J 2+   VH QHFHVLWDQ
SDUDSUHSDUDUPOGHXQDGLVROXFLyQTXHFRQWHQJDJUDPRVSRUOLWUR"


 &DOFXOD OD FDQWLGDG HQ JUDPRV GH DJXD TXH GHEHQ DJUHJDUVH D 
JUDPRVGHFORUXURGHFDOFLRSDUDWHQHUXQDVROXFLyQDFXRVDGHHVWHFRPSXHVWRDO


www.Quimica.pe














&,1e7,&$480,&$




w.
ww

m
ui

a
ic

81,'$'

2%-(7,926'($35(1',=$-(

&RQRFHUORVSDUiPHWURVGHORVTXHGHSHQGHODYHORFLGDGGHODV
UHDFFLRQHV
&RPSUHQGHUODLPSRUWDQFLDTXHWLHQHODYHORFLGDGGHODVUHDFFLRQHVHQHO
iPELWRLQGXVWULDO
&RPSUHQGHUHOHTXLOLEULRTXtPLFRHQWpUPLQRVGHXQDUHDFFLyQ
UHYHUVLEOH

www.Quimica.pe

(QODQDWXUDOH]DFRQVWDQWHPHQWHVHHIHFW~DQFDPELRVTXHPRGLILFDQOD
HVWUXFWXUDLQWHUQDGHODPDWHULDPXFKRVGHHVWRVFDPELRVGDQRULJHQD
QXHYDVVXVWDQFLDV
5HFXHUGDVTXHQRPEUHUHFLEHQORVFDPELRVTXtPLFRVTXHH[SHULPHQWDQ
ODVVXVWDQFLDVDOFRPELQDUVH"
(IHFWLYDPHQWH5HDFFLyQTXtPLFD
(Q WX SULPHU FXUVR GH TXtPLFD VH WH PHQFLRQy TXH OD YHORFLGDG GH ODV
UHDFFLRQHV HV YDULDEOH DOJXQDV UHDFFLRQHV TXtPLFDV VRQ PX\ OHQWDV FRPR OD
R[LGDFLyQ GH ORV PHWDOHV RWUDV VRQ PX\ UiSLGDV FRPR ODV UHDFFLRQHV TXH VH
SURGXFHQ HQ OD H[SORVLyQ GH ORV IXHJRV DUWLILFLDOHV WH KDV SUHJXQWD SRUTXp ODV
UHDFFLRQHVTXtPLFDVWLHQHQOXJDUDGLIHUHQWHYHORFLGDG")LJ\


)LJ0XHVWUDODUHDFFLyQGHOVRGLRFRQHODJXD
SRGHPRV REVHUYDU TXH HVWD UHDFFLyQ HV PX\
UiSLGD

)LJ  $O UHDFFLRQDU OD SODWD FRQ HO DJXD


DSDUHQWHPHQWHQRH[LVWHFDPELRHVWRVHGHEH
DTXHHVXQDUHDFFLyQOHQWD

www.Quimica.pe

3DUDORVTXtPLFRVHVPRWLYRGHJUDQLQWHUpVFRQRFHUODYHORFLGDGDTXH
VHHIHFW~DQODVUHDFFLRQHV\ORVIDFWRUHVTXHPRGLILFDQHVWDYHORFLGDGSRUTXHGH
HVWDPDQHUDSXHGHQFRQWURODUODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHODUHDFFLyQ\FRQHOORREWHQHUXQ
PD\RUUHQGLPLHQWRHQODVtQWHVLVGHSURGXFWRV

2WURIHQyPHQRTXHVHKDREVHUYDGRHQODVUHDFFLRQHVTXtPLFDVHVTXHHQ
FRQGLFLRQHV DGHFXDGDV ORV SURGXFWRV UHDFFLRQDQ SDUD SURGXFLU ODV VXVWDQFLDV
LQLFLDOHVGDQGRRULJHQDODVUHDFFLRQHVUHYHUVLEOHVHQODVTXHHQXQPRPHQWRGDGR
ODV YHORFLGDGHV HQ XQ VHQWLGR \ RWUR GH OD UHDFFLyQ VH LJXDODQ DOFDQ]iQGRVH HO
SXQWRGHHTXLOLEULR

&RQRFHUODYHORFLGDGGHODVUHDFFLRQHVTXtPLFDVORVIDFWRUHVTXHLQIOX\HQ
HQ OD YHORFLGDG \ FRPR VH DOFDQ]D HO SXQWR GH HTXLOLEULR HQ OD UHDFFLyQ HV HO
FDPSRGHHVWXGLRGHOD&LQpWLFD4XtPLFD

/D FLQpWLFD TXtPLFD HV HO iUHD GH OD FLHQFLD TXtPLFD TXH HVWXGLD OD
YHORFLGDG R UDSLGH] FRQ OD TXH VH HIHFW~D XQD UHDFFLyQ TXtPLFD DVt FRPR ORV
PHFDQLVPRVTXHGHVFULEHQHOWUDQVFXUVRGHGLFKDUHDFFLyQ
HGL
GLFFK
K

(Q HVWD XQLGDG LQFXUVLRQDUHPRV HQ
HHQ
aQ HO FDPSR GH OD FLQpWLFD TXtPLFD HQ
GRQGH DSUHQGHUiV FyPR H[SUHVDU \ FyPR
yP
PRic GHWHUPLQDU OD YHORFLGDG D OD TXH VH
PR
OOHYDQ D FDER ODV UHDFFLRQHV TXtPLFDV
FyPR
OD YHORFLGDG GH ODV UHDFFLRQHV HVWD
PLFD
LLFDV
FDVV \
FD
\m
F
GHWHUPLQDGDSRUGLYHUVRVIDFWRUHVDOLJXDOTXHHOSXQWRGHHTXLOLEULR
DOLJ
DOLJX
OLJJJXu
OLJX
.

ww

Pe

www.Quimica.pe

9(/2&,'$''(5($&&,1




&21&(372*(1(5$/







6H GHILQH OD YHORFLGDG GH UHDFFLyQ FRPR HO Q~PHUR GH PROHV GH XQD
VXVWDQFLDSURGXFLGDRFRQVXPLGDSRUXQLGDGGHWLHPSR

/DYHORFLGDGGHUHDFFLyQGHVFULEHTXHWDQUiSLGRFDPELDQFRQHOWLHPSR
ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH ODV VXVWDQFLDV  SDUWLFLSDQWHV  HQ OD UHDFFLyQ UHDFWLYRV \
SURGXFWRV 

/DH[SUHVLyQPDWHPiWLFDGHODYHORFLGDGGHUHDFFLyQHV


v=



var iacin de la concentracin



tiempo trancurrido

*HQHUDOPHQWHODVXQLGDGHVHQTXHVHH[SUHVDVRQPROOLWURVHJXQGR

)$&725(648($)(&7$1/$9(/2&,'$''(5($&&,1



3DUD TXH VH HIHFW~H XQD UHDFFLyQ TXtPLFD ODV SDUWtFXODV GHEHQ FKRFDU
XQDVFRQRWUDV(QHVWRVFKRTXHVORViWRPRVVHUHRUGHQDQORVHQODFHVVHURPSHQ\
VHIRUPDQRWURVGDQGROXJDUDODIRUPDFLyQGHQXHYDVVXVWDQFLDV7HRUtDGHODV
FROLVLRQHV

6HGHEHDFODUDUTXHQRWRGDVODVFROLVLRQHVHQWUHPROpFXODVSURSRUFLRQDQ
OD VXILFLHQWH HQHUJtD SDUD TXH VH OOHYH D FDER XQD UHDFFLyQ SRUTXH VL QR WRGDV
VHULDQ LQVWDQWiQHDV $OJXQDV SDUWtFXODV FXDQGR FKRFDQ ~QLFDPHQWH VH UHSHOHQ
GHELGRDODVIXHU]DVUHSXOVLYDV3RUORTXHODVPROpFXODVTXHFKRFDQGHEHQSRVHHU
ODVXILFLHQWHHQHUJtDFLQpWLFDSDUDYHQFHUODVIXHU]DVUHSXOVLYDVJHQHUDGDVSRUVXV
QXEHVHOHFWUyQLFDV\KDFHUTXHORViWRPRVGHODVPROpFXODVYLEUHQFRQYLROHQFLD\
ORVHQODFHVTXHORVPDQWLHQHQXQLGRVVHURPSDQ\VHIRUPHQQXHYRV

www.Quimica.pe


$VtSDUDTXHUHDFFLRQHQGRVVXVWDQFLDVQRVRORVHUHTXLHUHTXHFKRTXHQ
VLQR TXH DGHPiV SRVHDQ XQD FDQWLGDG PtQLPD GH HQHUJtD FDSD] GH URPSHU ORV
HQODFHV HQWUH PROpFXODV \ XQD RULHQWDFLyQ DSURSLDGD (VWD FDQWLGDG GH HQHUJtD
QHFHVDULD SDUD SURGXFLU XQD UHDFFLyQ TXtPLFD VH FRQRFH FRPR HQHUJtD GH
DFWLYDFLyQ

/D HQHUJtD GH DFWLYDFLyQ GHSHQGH GH OD QDWXUDOH]D GH ORV UHDFWLYRV HV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFRGHFDGDUHDFFLyQ

w.
ww

m
ui

e
P
a

ic

.


)LJ  5HSUHVHQWDFLyQ GH OD WHRUtD GH
ODV FROLVLRQHV HQ OD UHDFFLyQ GHO GLy[LGR
GHQLWUyJHQR\HOPRQy[LGRGHFDUERQR
















$ VX YH] XQD UHDFFLyQ TXtPLFD SXHGH UHDOL]DUVH OHQWD R UiSLGDPHQWH
GHSHQGLHQGR GH YDULRV IDFWRUHV ([SHULPHQWDOPHQWH VH KD HVWLPDGR TXH H[LVWHQ
GLYHUVRVIDFWRUHVTXHDIHFWDQODYHORFLGDGGHXQDUHDFFLyQTXtPLFD(VWRVVRQ
www.Quimica.pe

1DWXUDOH]D GH ORV UHDFWLYRV

)$&725(648(
$)(&7$1
/$9(/2&,'$'
'(5($&&,1

&RQFHQWUDFLyQ GH ORV UHDFWLYRV

7HPSHUDWXUD

&DWDOL]DGRUHV

1DWXUDOH]DGHORVUHDFWLYRV

/DV HVWUXFWXUDV DWyPLFDV R PROHFXODUHV GH ORV UHDFWLYRV OD IXHU]D GH VXV
HQODFHVTXtPLFRVODHQHUJtDGHDFWLYDFLyQHQWUHRWUDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHWHUPLQDQ
VXQDWXUDOH]D

/DV VXEVWDQFLDV VXIUHQ FDPELRV TXtPLFRV D GLIHUHQWHV YHORFLGDGHV HO
PDJQHVLRSRUHMHPSORVHR[LGDPiVUiSLGDPHQWHTXHHOILHUURFXDQGRDPERVVRQ
H[SXHVWRVDODLUHOLEUH(VWDVGLIHUHQFLDVHQODYHORFLGDG GHR[LGDFLyQVHGHEHQD
VXQDWXUDOH]D

'HDTXtTXHODVUHDFFLRQHVGHFRPSXHVWRVLyQLFRVVHDQFDVLLQVWDQWiQHDV
PLHQWUDVTXHODVVXEVWDQFLDVFRQHQODFHFRYDOHQWHUHDFFLRQDQPDVOHQWDPHQWH\D
TXHODVFROLVLRQHVHQWUHHVWDVPROpFXODVDWHPSHUDWXUDVQRUPDOHVQRVXPLQLVWUDQOD
VXILFLHQWH HQHUJtD SDUD URPSHU ORV HQODFHV 8Q HMHPSOR HV OD UHDFFLyQ HQWUH HO
KLGUyJHQR \ HO R[tJHQR TXH D WHPSHUDWXUD DPELHQWH UHDFFLRQDQ WDQ OHQWDPHQWH
TXpQRVHSHUFLEHQFDPELRVTXtPLFRVDSDUHQWHVILJXUDV\

www.Quimica.pe

)LJ  /D R[LGDFLyQ GH XQD PDQ]DQD


HVXQHMHPSORGHXQDUHDFFLyQTXtPLFD
OHQWDHQSURGXFWRVQDWXUDOHV
















w.
ww

m
ui

a
ic

)LJ  $O FDOHQWDU HOQLWUDWR  GHDPRQLR  VH


3URGXFHXQDUHDFFLyQPX\UiSLGD H[SORVLYD  



&RQFHQWUDFLyQGHORVUHDFWLYRV


&XDQGR VH DXPHQWD OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH XQ UHDFWLYR VH DFHOHUD OD
YHORFLGDG GH UHDFFLyQ 3DUD TXH VH HIHFWXp XQD UHDFFLyQ ORV UHDFWLYRV GHEHQ
HQWUDUHQFRQWDFWRVLDXPHQWDHOUHDFWLYRKDEUiPiVPROpFXODVHQXQDXQLGDGGH
www.Quimica.pe

YROXPHQ SRU OR TXH KDEUi PiV FROLVLRQHV 3RU HMHPSOR XQD IRJDWD VH FRQVXPH
OHQWDPHQWH DO DYLYDU ODV OODPDV FRQ XQ DEDQLFR VH LQFUHPHQWD OD FDQWLGDG GH
R[tJHQR GLVSRQLEOH \ OD IRJDWD DUGHUi FRQ PiV IXHU]D HV GHFLU OD YHORFLGDG GH
FRPEXVWLyQDXPHQWD



$PD\RUFRQFHQWUDFLyQPD\RUHVHOQXPHURGHPROpFXODV\

PD\RU HO QXPHUR GH FROLVLRQHV 3RU HVR OD YHORFLGDG GH

UHDFFLyQGHSHQGHGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHORVUHDFWLYRV


6LVHWLHQHXQJDVHQFHUUDGRHQXQUHFLSLHQWH\VHDXPHQWDODSUHVLyQVH
HVWDUi GLVPLQX\HQGR VX YROXPHQ HVWR KDFH TXH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ DXPHQWH \ ODV
PROpFXODV HVWpQ PiV HQ FRQWDFWR DXPHQWDQGR OD SUREDELOLGDG GH FROLVLRQHV /D
SUHVLyQ HV XQ IDFWRU TXH VRODPHQWH YD D DIHFWDU OD YHORFLGDG GH UHDFFLyQ GH ORV
JDVHVILJXUDV\

)LJ  $O DXPHQWDU OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GHO iFLGR


DFHWLOVDOLFtOLFRHQDJXDVXYHORFLGDGGHUHDFFLyQVH
LQFUHPHQWD




)LJ  $O DXPHQWDU OD SUHVLyQ


VREUH XQ JDV OD UHDFFLyQ HV PiV
UiSLGD

www.Quimica.pe

7HPSHUDWXUD




$ PD\RU WHPSHUDWXUD ODV PROpFXODV VH PXHYHQ PiV UiSLGDPHQWH


DXPHQWD VX HQHUJtD FLQpWLFD ORV HQODFHV VH URPSHQ \ OD
SUREDELOLGDGGHTXHODVPROpFXODVFKRTXHQ\UHDFFLRQHQHVPD\RU

/DVPROpFXODVGHEHQDGTXLULUFLHUWDHQHUJtDGHDFWLYDFLyQSDUDGDULQLFLR
DODUHDFFLyQSRUHVRORVDOLPHQWRVVHGHVFRPSRQHQPDVUiSLGDPHQWHFXDQGRORV
GHMDPRVIXHUDGHOUHIULJHUDGRURXQSHGD]RGHPDGHUDQHFHVLWDTXHVHOHDGLFLRQH
FDORUSDUDTXHVHTXHPH/DPDGHUDDWHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWHQRVHTXHPDGHELGR
DTXHODVPROpFXODVFDUHFHQGHXQDFDQWLGDGGHHQHUJtDH[WUDSHURVLDXPHQWDPRV
VX WHPSHUDWXUD XQDV PROpFXODV YDQ D DGTXLULU OD HQHUJtD GH DFWLYDFLyQ QHFHVDULD
SDUD GDU LQLFLR D OD FRPEXVWLyQ (O FDORU TXH VH OLEHUD HV DEVRUELGR SRU RWUDV
PROpFXODVODVFXDOHVDGTXLULHUHQODHQHUJtDGHDFWLYDFLyQQHFHVDULDSDUDFRQWLQXDU
FRQODUHDFFLyQVLQQHFHVLGDGGHDGPLQLVWUDUPiVHQHUJtD/DVSULPHUDVPROpFXODV
DOUHDFFLRQDUVXPLQLVWUDQODHQHUJtDQHFHVDULDSDUDDFWLYDUDRWUDVPiV

&DWDOL]DGRUHV

.
TXHHa
TXH
8QFDWDOL]DGRUHVXQDVXVWDQFLDTXHDXPHQWDRGLVPLQX\HODYHORFLGDGGH
c
FH HHQ
Q ORV
Oi SURGXFWRV (O FDWDOL]DGRU QR VXIUH
XQD UHDFFLyQ SHUR TXH QR DSDUHFH
m
i
FDPELRVTXtPLFRVHQVXHVWUXFWXUDDOILQDOGHODUHDFFLyQ
DDOI
DOIILQ
DOIL
ILQD
u

Pe

w.
ww

D 



)LJ/DGHVFRPSRVLFLyQGHO
DJXD R[LJHQDGD +2 D
WHPSHUDWXUD DPELHQWH HV PX\
OHQWDVLQHPEDUJRDOLQWURGXFLU
XQ WUR]R GH y[LGR GH
PDQJDQHVR OD YHORFLGDG VH
LQFUHPHQWD

E
www.Quimica.pe


8QFDWDOL]DGRUYDDDXPHQWDUODYHORFLGDGGHUHDFFLyQSRUTXHGLVPLQX\H
OD FDQWLGDG GH HQHUJtD QHFHVDULD SDUD URPSHU ORV HQODFHV R YD D FDPELDU HO
PHFDQLVPR GH OD UHDFFLyQ D XQ FXUVR TXH UHTXLHUD PHQRU HQHUJtD GH DFWLYDFLyQ
ILJXUD
$ PHQRU HQHUJtD GH DFWLYDFLyQ PD\RU YHORFLGDG GH UHDFFLyQ SRU OR
FRQWUDULRDPD\RUHQHUJtDGHDFWLYDFLyQPHQRUHVODYHORFLGDGGHUHDFFLyQ

Energ

Reaccin no

Ea (no cat)
Ea (cat)
Reactantes

Reaccin
catalizada

Producto

7UD\HFWRULD GH OD UHDFFLyQ

)LJ  'LDJUDPDV GH HQHUJtD SDUD UHDFFLRQHV FDWDOL]DGDV \ QR


FDWDOL]DGDV (O FDWDOL]DGRU IXQFLRQD HQ HVWH HMHPSOR SDUD GLVPLQXLU OD
HQHUJtD GH DFWLYDFLyQ /D HQHUJtD GH ORV UHDFWLYRV \ GH ORV SURGXFWRV QR
VRQDOWHUDGRVSRUODSUHVHQFLDGHOFDWDOL]DGRU


1RUPDOPHQWH ORV FDWDOL]DGRUHV VRQ VHOHFWLYRV VROR DFW~DQ SDUD XQD
UHDFFLyQGHWHUPLQDGD

$OFDWDOL]DGRUTXHDFHOHUDODYHORFLGDGGHUHDFFLyQVHOHOODPDFDWDOL]DGRU
SRVLWLYR \ DO TXH OD UHWDUGD FDWDOL]DGRU QHJDWLYR R LQKLELGRU 8Q HMHPSOR GH XQ
FDWDOL]DGRUSRVLWLYRHVHOGLy[LGRGHPDQJDQHVR 0Q2 HQODUHDFFLyQGHOFORUDWR
GHSRWDVLR .&O2 \HOSODWLQR 3W SDUDODREWHQFLyQGHR[tJHQR 2 

www.Quimica.pe

/RVFRQVHUYDGRUHVGHDOLPHQWRVVRQHMHPSORVGHFDWDOL]DGRUHVQHJDWLYRV
GLVPLQX\HQODYHORFLGDGGHGHVFRPSRVLFLyQSRUHMHPSORHOEHQ]RDWRGHVRGLRTXH
VH XWLOL]D SDUD OD FRQVHUYDFLyQ GH DOLPHQWRV HQODWDGRV HO WRFRIHURO FRPR
DQWLR[LGDQWHTXHVHDxDGHDODVJUDVDVSDUDUHWDUGDUHOHQUDQFLDPLHQWR

/RV FDWDOL]DGRUHV SXHGHQ FODVLILFDUVH HQ KRPRJpQHRV \ KHWHURJpQHRV
/RV  +RPRJpQHRV DTXHOORV TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ OD PLVPD IDVH R HVWDGR GH
DJUHJDFLyQ TXH ODV VXVWDQFLDV UHDFWLYDV +HWHURJpQHRV FXDQGR VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ
XQDIDVHGLIHUHQWHDODVPROpFXODVGHORVUHDFWLYRV

([LVWHQFDWDOL]DGRUHVELROyJLFRVQDWXUDOHVQHFHVDULRVSDUDTXHODVFpOXODV
IXQFLRQHQ HILFD]PHQWH OODPDGRV HQ]LPDV /DV HQ]LPDV VRQ SURWHtQDV TXH DFW~DQ
FRPRFDWDOL]DGRUHVHQORVSURFHVRVELRTXtPLFRVGHORVRUJDQLVPRVYLYRVFRPROD
IRWRVtQWHVLV OD JOXFyOLVLV OD UHVSLUDFLyQ HO FUHFLPLHQWR OD UHSURGXFFLyQ HO
DSURYHFKDPLHQWRGHORVDOLPHQWRVFRPRFRPEXVWLEOHHWF(QODTXtPLFD,QGXVWULDO
VH UHTXLHUH GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ OD E~VTXHGD GH FDWDOL]DGRUHV QXHYRV \ PiV
HIHFWLYRVSDUDORVGLIHUHQWHVSURFHVRVTXtPLFRV


e
P
a

5($&&,21(6,55(9(56,%/(6<5(9(56,%/(6
(6
6<

ic
m
/DVUHDFFLRQHVVHSXHGHQFODVLILFDUHQLUUHYHUVLEOHV\UHYHUVLEOHVVLHVWDV
Q FOD
FODV
ODVLI
VLIL
VLI
uILIi
RFXUUHQHQXQVRORVHQWLGRRHQDPERV
ERV
ERV
RV
V
w.
ww

/DV UHDFFLRQHV LUUHYHUVLEOHV VRQ DTXHOODV TXH WLHQHQ OXJDU HQ XQ VROR
VHQWLGR \ WHUPLQDQ FXDQGR VH DJRWD SRU OR PHQRV XQD GH ODV VXVWDQFLDV
UHDFFLRQDQWHV




/DGLUHFFLyQHQODTXHVHUHDOL]DODUHDFFLyQVHUHSUHVHQWDQFRQXQDVROD
IOHFKDHQODHFXDFLyQTXtPLFDFRPRVHVHxDODDFRQWLQXDFLyQ


aA + bB cC + dD
VLHQGR $ % & \ ' HVSHFLHV TXtPLFDV FXDOHVTXLHUD \ D E F \ G ORV
FRHILFLHQWHV UHVXOWDGR GHO EDODQFHR GH OD UHDFFLyQ /D YHORFLGDG HQ HVWDV
www.Quimica.pe

UHDFFLRQHVHV~QLFD6RQHMHPSORVGHHVWHWLSRGHUHDFFLRQHVDTXHOODVTXHIRUPDQ
SUHFLSLWDGRVLQVROXEOHVJDVHVTXHVHSLHUGHQHQHOPHGLRPROpFXODVSDUFLDOPHQWH
LRQL]DGDVRELHQLRQHV\TXHHQFRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHVQRSXHGHQUHDFFLRQDUSDUD
IRUPDUQXHYDPHQWHODVVXVWDQFLDVLQLFLDOHV

AgNO3 ( ac ) + NaCl ( ac )

AgCl + NaNO3 ( ac )

NaCl( ac ) + H 2 SO4Cac ) NaHSO4 AC ) + HCl





/DVUHDFFLRQHVUHYHUVLEOHVVRQDTXHOODVHQODVTXHORVSURGXFWRV
UHDFFLRQDQSDUDSURGXFLUQXHYDPHQWHORVUHDFWLYRVYHULILFiQGRVH
VLPXOWiQHDPHQWHHQDPERVVHQWLGRV


/D GLUHFFLyQ HQ OD TXH VH UHDOL]D OD UHDFFLyQ VH UHSUHVHQWD HQ OD
HFXDFLyQ TXtPLFD FRQ GRV IOHFKDV FRQ VHQWLGRV FRQWUDULRV GH OD PDQHUD
VLJXLHQWH

aA + bB cC + dD
(Q HVWH WLSR GH UHDFFLRQHV ORV SURGXFWRV VH FRPELQDQ SDUD IRUPDU ODV
VXVWDQFLDV RULJLQDOHV FXDQGR HVWR VXFHGH D OD PLVPD YHORFLGDG VH HVWDEOHFH XQ
HTXLOLEULRHQDPERVVHQWLGRVGHODUHDFFLyQ

CuO( s ) + H 2( g ) Cu ( s ) + H 2 O( g )

www.Quimica.pe

(48,/,%5,2480,&2

/DSDODEUDHTXLOLEULRLQGLFDEDODQFHRHVWDGRHVWDEOH3RUHMHPSORFXDQGR
XQDSHORWDHVWiHQHTXLOLEULRVREUHXQHMHVHVDEHTXHH[LVWHXQEDODQFHGHIXHU]DV
RSXHVWDVHQTXtPLFDFXDQGRVHHIHFW~DXQDUHDFFLyQUHYHUVLEOHFRQIRUPHSDVDHO
WLHPSR OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH ORV UHDFWLYRV GLVPLQX\H \ OD YHORFLGDG GH UHDFFLyQ
GLUHFWD GHFUHFH DO PLVPR WLHPSR OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH ORV SURGXFWRV DXPHQWD DO
LJXDO TXH OD YHORFLGDG GH OD UHDFFLyQ LQYHUVD 6LQ HPEDUJR HQ XQ PRPHQWR
GHWHUPLQDGR ODV GRV UHDFFLRQHV RFXUUHQ D OD PLVPD YHORFLGDG VH GLFH HQWRQFHV
TXHVHKDDOFDQ]DGRHOHTXLOLEULRTXtPLFR

1RGHEHPRVFRQIXQGLUHOHTXLOLEULRTXtPLFRFRQHOPRPHQWRHQTXHORV
UHDFWDQWHV \ ORV SURGXFWRV VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ OD PLVPD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ VLQR HO
PRPHQWRHQHOFXDOODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHORVUHDFWLYRV\ORVSURGXFWRVHVFRQVWDQWH

aA + bB cC + dD
directa
di
direc
reccta
ta
(Q HO HTXLOLEULR OD YHORFLGDG GLUHFWD  \ OD LQYHUVD (
)  VRQ
inversa
LJXDOHV

(MHPSOR H 2 ( g )


+ I 2( g )

e)
P
a
.

ic
m
2H
2 HI
HuIi ( g ) 
w.
ww


+ J , J  +, J 


9U
(TXLOLEULRTXtPLFR
PO

+, J 
+ J , J 


7LHPSR V 

www.Quimica.pe

(OHTXLOLEULRQRHVHVWiWLFRVLQRGLQiPLFR\GHVFULEHODDSDULHQFLDGHO
VLVWHPDSHURQRODDFWLYLGDGGHODVSDUWtFXODVLQGLYLGXDOHV(QpOODLQWHUDFFLyQGH
ODVSDUWtFXODVUHDFWLYDVHVWiEDODQFHDGDFRQODLQWHUDFFLyQGHODVSDUWtFXODVGHORV
SURGXFWRVHQODGLUHFFLyQRSXHVWD

'HSHQGLHQGRGHOWLSRGHHVSHFLHVTXtPLFDVTXHLQWHUYLHQHQHQXQDUHDFFLyQ
TXtPLFDHOHTXLOLEULRSXHGHVHU




0ROHFXODU(QpOORVSURGXFWRVVRQPROpFXODVQHXWUDV

aA + bB cC + dD 
E


,yQLFR&XDQGRHQHOSURFHVRVHIRUPDQLRQHV


AB aA+ + bB 



/(<'($&&,1'(0$6$6
(Q  &DWR 0D[LPLOLDQ *XOGEHUJ   \ 3HWHU :DDJH 
  SURSXVLHURQ OD OH\ GHO HTXLOLEULR TXtPLFR RULJLQDOPHQWH OH\ GH DFFLyQ GH
PDVDV ODFXDOVHHQXQFLDFRPR



$WHPSHUDWXUDFRQVWDQWHODYHORFLGDGGHXQDUHDFFLyQTXtPLFD

HVSURSRUFLRQDODOSURGXFWRGHODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVPRODUHVGH

ORVUHDFWDQWHV

7DPELpQSXHGHHQXQFLDUVHFRPR

/D YHORFLGDG R UDSLGH] GH XQD UHDFFLyQ TXtPLFD HQ XQ
LQVWDQWH GDGR HV SURSRUFLRQDO D OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH ORV UHDFWLYRV pVWD
HOHYDGD D XQD SRWHQFLD LJXDO DO Q~PHUR GH PROHV GH DTXHOOD HVSHFLH
SDUWLFLSDQWHHQODUHDFFLyQ

www.Quimica.pe

/DH[SUHVLyQPDWHPiWLFDSDUDODGHILQLFLyQDQWHULRUHV

Vr [ A] [B]
a

6XVWLWX\HQGRHOVtPERORGHSURSRUFLRQDOLGDGWHQHPRV

Vr = k [ A] [B]
a

'RQGH
9U YHORFLGDGGHUHDFFLyQ
N &RQVWDQWHGHSURSRUFLRQDOLGDGGHODYHORFLGDGGHUHDFFLyQ

[ A]a [B]b

&RQFHQWUDFLRQHVPRODUHVGHORVUHDFWLYRVHQPROHVOLWUR

Pe

2UGHQGHUHDFFLyQ

/DFLQpWLFDTXtPLFDFRPR\DVHPHQFLRQRHVWXGLDFDGDXQDGHODVHWDSDV
PHQ
HQ
HQ
QF
GHODUHDFFLyQGXUDQWHODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHUHDFWDQWHVDSURGXFWRV PHFDQLVPRGH
GiHca
GH
UHDFFLyQ  8QD YH] FRQRFLGR HO PHFDQLVPR
GH XQD UHDFFLyQ SXHGH VHU SRVLEOH
PHFDQ
PH
QLm
QLVP
i
DOWHUDUODVFRQGLFLRQHVHQODVTXHRFXUUHSDUDLQFUHPHQWDUODYHORFLGDGGHUHDFFLyQ
RFFXUUH
FXUU
FXU
FX
UUUHu
UUH
\HOUHQGLPLHQWRGHOSURGXFWRGHVHDGRRELHQGLVPLQXLUODYHORFLGDGGHIRUPDFLyQ
DwG
DG
DGR
DGR
GR
wGw
QG
\HOUHQGLPLHQWRGHXQSURGXFWRLQGHVHDEOH

(O RUGHQ GH XQD UHDFFLyQ TXtPLFD GHSHQGH GH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH ODV
VXVWDQFLDV SDUWLFLSDQWHV GH OD UHDFFLyQ (VWD UHODFLRQDGR FRQ OD YHORFLGDG GH
UHDFFLyQGHVGHHOPRPHQWRTXHDPERVWpUPLQRVGHSHQGHQGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH
ORVUHDFWLYRV\ORVSURGXFWRV(OFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORUGHQGHUHDFFLyQFRQUHVSHFWR
D FDGD UHDFFLRQDQWH R HQ IRUPD WRWDO QRV SHUPLWH SURSRQHU ORV SRVLEOHV
PHFDQLVPRVGHUHDFFLyQHOLPLQDQGRORVQRSUREDEOHV
(O RUGHQ GH XQD UHDFFLyQ TXtPLFD VH SXHGH GHWHUPLQDU VXPDQGR  WRGRV
ORVH[SRQHQWHVGHORVWpUPLQRVGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQHQODHFXDFLyQGHYHORFLGDGR
ELHQDSDUWLUGHGDWRVH[SHULPHQWDOHVRPpWRGRVJUiILFRV

9HDPRVHVWRHVWDEOHFLHQGRXQDUHDFFLyQKLSRWpWLFD

aA + bB

V1

cC + dD RELHQ

V2
aA + bB
cC + dD

www.Quimica.pe

5HFXHUGDTXH$%&\'VRQHVSHFLHVTXtPLFDVFXDOHVTXLHUD\DEF\G
ORVFRHILFLHQWHVUHVXOWDGRGHOEDODQFHRGHODUHDFFLyQ

/XHJRVHDSOLFDOD/H\GH$FFLyQGH0DVDVSDUDDPEDVHFXDFLRQHVVHJ~Q
VHDHOFDVR

V1 = k [ A] [B] RELHQ V2 = k [C ] [D] 


a

6H REVHUYDQ ORV H[SRQHQWHV GH ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH ODV VXVWDQFLDV HO
YDORUQXPpULFRGHORVH[SRQHQWHVFRUUHVSRQGHUiDORUGHQGHODUHDFFLyQ

2UGHQFRQUHVSHFWRD$ D
2UGHQFRQUHVSHFWRD% E
2UGHQWRWDOFRQUHVSHFWRD$\D% DE


(QHVWHVHQWLGRVHWLHQHQORVVLJXLHQWHVFDVRV


 &XDQGR VH WLHQH WDQ VROR XQD VXVWDQFLD UHDFFLRQDQWH \ HO YDORU GH VX
FRHILFLHQWHHVODUHDFFLyQHVGHSULPHURUGHQVLHOFRHILFLHQWHHVODUHDFFLyQHV
GHVHJXQGRRUGHQHWF
&XDQGRODYHORFLGDGGHODUHDFFLyQGHSHQGHGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHGRV
VXVWDQFLDV $\%R&\' VHUiGHVHJXQGRRUGHQVLHOYDORUGHORVFRHILFLHQWHVGH
HVWDV VXVWDQFLDV HV        \ DVt VXFHVLYDPHQWH 9HDPRV ORV VLJXLHQWHV
HMHPSORV
'HWHUPLQDUHORUGHQGHODVLJXLHQWHUHDFFLyQ

C2 H 6

H2

+ C2 H 4

Vr = k [C2 H 6 ]
2UGHQFRQUHVSHFWRD&+  SULPHURUGHQ 

www.Quimica.pe

'HWHUPLQDUHORUGHQGHODVLJXLHQWHUHDFFLyQ
V1

2 KCl + 3O2

2 KClO3
Vr = k [KClO3 ]

2UGHQFRQUHVSHFWRD.&O2  VHJXQGRRUGHQ 


2UGHQWRWDO .&O2   VHJXQGRRUGHQ 

'HWHUPLQDUHORUGHQGHODVLJXLHQWHUHDFFLyQFRQUHVSHFWRDFDGDUHDFWLYR
\DODUHDFFLyQWRWDO

N 2 + 3H 2
V 1 = k [N 2 ] [H

V1

2 NH 3

]3

Pe

2UGHQFRQUHVSHFWRD1  SULPHURUGHQ 


PHHU
HU
ca
2UGHQFRQUHVSHFWRD+  WHUFHURUGHQ 
WHU
WH
HUUFH
HUF
2UGHQWRWDO 1\+  
  m


 FXDUWRRUGHQ 

w.

Qu

(Q FLHUWRV FDVRV XQD wUHDFFLyQ SXHGH VHU LQGHSHQGLHQWH GH OD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHXQUHDFWDQWHYHDPRVVHD


A+ B

AB

6LXQLQFUHPHQWRHQODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH$R%QRDXPHQWDODYHORFLGDG
GH OD UHDFFLyQ VH GLFH TXH HV GH RUGHQ FHUR FRQ UHVSHFWR D $ R % VHJ~Q VHD HO
FDVR3RUHMHPSORVHD%ODVXVWDQFLDTXHDXPHQWDVXFRQFHQWUDFLyQWHQHPRV 


Vr = k [ A][B] = k [ A]
0

3RUORWDQWRODUHDFFLyQHVGHSULPHURUGHQFRQUHVSHFWRDOUHDFWLYR$\
GHRUGHQFHURFRQUHVSHFWRDOUHDFWLYR%

www.Quimica.pe

'(7(50,1$&,1'(/$&2167$17('((48,/,%5,2



<DVHPHQFLRQyTXHHQFXDOTXLHUSURFHVRTXtPLFRVHURPSHQ\ IRUPDQ
HQODFHVHVWRVHJHQHUDGHELGRDODVFROLVLRQHVHQWUHODVSDUWtFXODVVLQHPEDUJRQR
WRGDV ODV FROLVLRQHV VRQ HIHFWLYDV 3DUD TXH VHDQ HIHFWLYDV VH UHTXLHUH TXH ODV
PROpFXODV WHQJDQ OD PtQLPD HQHUJtD GH DFWLYDFLyQ \ TXH OD FROLVLyQ WHQJD XQD
RULHQWDFLyQDGHFXDGD

3RUPHGLRGHOD/H\GH$FFLyQGH0DVDVVHHVWDEOHFHODFRQVWDQWHGH
HTXLOLEULRDSDUWLUGHODUHDFFLyQGLUHFWD\ODLQYHUVD

V1
aA + bB

cC + dD
V2

V1 = k1 [ A] [B]
a

V2 = k 2 [C ] [D]
c

(QHOHTXLOLEULRWHQHPRV
9 9
3RUORWDQWR

k1 [ A] [B ] = k 2 [C ] [D]
a

Kc =

[ c ]c [ D ]d
[ A ]a [ B ]b

'H HOOR VH GHGXFH TXH OD FRQVWDQWH GH HTXLOLEULR .F  SDUD FXDOTXLHU
VLVWHPDDXQDWHPSHUDWXUDGHWHUPLQDGD

(V LJXDO DO SURGXFWR GH ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV PRODUHV GH ORV SURGXFWRV
HQWUH HO SURGXFWR GH ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV PRODUHV GH ORV UHDFWDQWHV HOHYDGDV
FDGD XQD D XQ H[SRQHQWH TXH FRUUHVSRQGH DO FRHILFLHQWH TXH WHQJDQ HQ OD
HFXDFLyQEDODQFHDGD
www.Quimica.pe

(O YDORU GH .F HV HVSHFtILFR SDUD FXDOTXLHU UHDFFLyQ D XQD WHPSHUDWXUD
GDGD\HVWHYDORUQRVHDFRVWXPEUDDFRPSDxDUORGHXQLGDGHVVLQHPEDUJRDVRFLDU
ODVXQLGDGHVDODFRQVWDQWHGHHTXLOLEULRWLHQHODYHQWDMDGHLQGLFDUFRQFODULGDGODV
XQLGDGHVHQODVTXHVHH[SUHVDODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHODVVXVWDQFLDVSDUWLFLSDQWHVGH
ODUHDFFLyQ

(OYDORUGHOD.FGHXQDUHDFFLyQGDGDQRVD\XGDDSUHGHFLUKDFLDGRQGH
VHGLULJHHOVHQWLGRGHODUHDFFLyQ

6L HO YDORU GH OD FRQVWDQWH GH HTXLOLEULR HV PD\RU GH  VLJQLILFD
TXH OD UHDFFLyQ IDYRUHFH OD IRUPDFLyQ GH SURGXFWRV 6L HO YDORU HV
PHQRUGHVLJQLILFDTXHOD UHDFFLyQ QRIDYRUHFHODIRUPDFLyQGH
SURGXFWRVVLQRGHUHDFWLYRV


(MHUFLFLR&XiOHVHOYDORUGHODFRQVWDQWHGHHTXLOLEULRHQODUHDFFLyQ
F
GHREWHQFLyQGHO1+DR&VLHQHOHTXLOLEULRODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH1
XLLOLE
XLOLE
EULR
EU
HVGH
PROOODGH+HVGHPROO\ODGHO1+HVGHPO"
VG
VG
G.
GH
a


N 2( g ) + 3 H

ic
m
ui

Pe

2( g )

2 NH

3( g ) 

POPOPO.F
OO
O
Oww
;
w

6HHVFULEHODH[SUHVLyQPDWHPiWLFDGHOD.FSDUDODHFXDFLyQTXtPLFD

NH3 ]
Kc =
[ N2 ][ H2

]3

6HVXVWLWX\HQORVYDORUHVSURSRUFLRQDGRVHQHOHQXQFLDGRGHOSUREOHPD

Kc =

2 .8 m / l ]
0 .6 m / l ] [ 1 .8 m / l

( 7 . 84 )
( 0 . 6 )( 5 . 832 )

]3

7 .84
= 2.24 mol/l
3 .4992
www.Quimica.pe

(MHUFLFLR   3DUD OD REWHQFLyQ GHO iFLGR \RGKtGULFR /D FRQVWDQWH GH
HTXLOLEULR HV GH  D XQD WHPSHUDWXUD GH & 6L OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ PRODU GHO
iFLGRHQHOHTXLOLEULRHVGHPRO&XiOVHUiODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH+\GH,"



I 2 ( g ) + H 2( g ) 2HI ( g )  NF

;;PRO

PROO

6HVXVWLWX\HQORVYDORUHV\VHGHVSHMDODLQFyJQLWD

[
I2

64mol / l =



X2 =

HI

][

]2
H2

(0.2mol) 2
( X )(X )





X2 =

0.04mol / l
= 6.25 x10 4
64

PROO

(0.2 mol / l ) 2
64

X = 6.25 x10 4

X = 0.025

[H 2 ] = 0.025mol / l
[I 2 ] = 0.025mol / l
35,1&,3,2'(/(&+$7(/,(5


(VWH SULQFLSLR IXH SURSXHVWR HQ  SRU HO TXtPLFR \ PHWDO~UJLFR
IUDQFpV+HQUL/RXLV/H&KDWHOLHU  VHJ~QHOFXDO

&XDQGRXQVLVWHPDHQHTXLOLEULRHVSHUWXUEDGRSRUXQFDPELR
HQODVSURSLHGDGHVGHOVLVWHPD SUHVLyQWHPSHUDWXUDRFRQFHQWUDFLyQ 
OD UHDFFLyQ TXH VH HIHFWXp VHUi OD TXH FRQWUDUUHVWH HO HIHFWR GHO
FDPELR

www.Quimica.pe

)$&725(648($)(&7$1(/(48,/,%5,2480,&2


(IHFWRGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQ

6LODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHXQUHDFWLYRRXQSURGXFWRDXPHQWDODUHDFFLyQTXH
VH HIHFW~D HV OD FRQVXPD SDUWH GH OD VXVWDQFLD DJUHJDGD /RV FDPELRV HQ OD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQQRDOWHUDQHOYDORUGHODFRQVWDQWHGHHTXLOLEULR

(MHPSOR(QODUHDFFLyQDQWHULRU


I 2 ( g ) + H 2( g )

2 HI ( g )

6L DXPHQWDPRV OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH + OD UHDFFLyQ TXH VH HIHFW~D HV OD
GLUHFWDSDUDTXHVHFRQVXPDSDUWHGHOKLGUyJHQR6LDXPHQWDPRVODFRQFHQWUDFLyQ
GH+,HQWRQFHVODUHDFFLyQTXHVHHIHFW~DVHUiODLQYHUVD

(IHFWRGHODSUHVLyQ
.

HQ
HQW
QWica
QWH

(VWHIDFWRUDIHFWDSULQFLSDOPHQWHORVVLVWHPDVJDVHRVRV8QDXPHQWRHQ
VH GHVS
GHVS
GH
ODSUHVLyQSURYRFDTXHODUHDFFLyQVHGHVSODFHKDFLDGRQGHKD\DPHQRUYROXPHQ
im
RVVPR
VP
PRu
PRO
HVGHFLUKDFLDGRQGHH[LVWDQPHQRVPROHVSRUHOFRQWUDULRVLODSUHVLyQGLVPLQX\H
GwHHH[
GH
H
HOHTXLOLEULRVHGHVSOD]DKDFLDGRQGHH[LVWDPD\RUQ~PHURGHPROHV/DYDULDFLyQ
w
Dw
GH OD SUHVLyQ QR DIHFWD OD FRQVWDQWH
GH HTXLOLEULR &RPR HMHPSOR WHQHPRV HO
VLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDHQHTXLOLEULRGH


Pe

N 2 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g )

2 NH 3( g )

6LDXPHQWDPRVODSUHVLyQODUHDFFLyQTXHVHHIHFW~DHV
ODGLUHFWDSRUTXHGHOODGRGHUHFKRVRORKD\PROHV\GHOODGRL]TXLHUGRKD\
PROHV


(IHFWRHQODWHPSHUDWXUD


8Q LQFUHPHQWR HQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH XQ VLVWHPD SURYRFD TXH VH
HIHFW~H OD UHDFFLyQ HQGRWpUPLFD \D TXH HVWD DEVRUEH FDORU 3RU HO FRQWUDULR VL
GLVPLQX\HODWHPSHUDWXUDODUHDFFLyQTXHVHSURGXFHVHUiODH[RWpUPLFD

www.Quimica.pe

(MHPSOR&RQVLGHUDQGRHOHMHPSORDQWHULRUWHQHPRV

N 2 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g )

2 NH 3( g )

H = 92KJ



6LDXPHQWDODWHPSHUDWXUDHOHTXLOLEULRVHGHVSOD]DKDFLDODL]TXLHUGD
GHELGRDTXHHVWDUHDFFLyQDEVRUEHFDORU8QFDPELRHQODWHPSHUDWXUDPRGLILFDHO
YDORUGHODFRQVWDQWHGHHTXLOLEULR

www.Quimica.pe

5(680(1

/D FLQpWLFD TXtPLFD HVWXGLD OD YHORFLGDG GH ODV UHDFFLRQHV \ ORV
PHFDQLVPRVPHGLDQWHORVFXDOHVVHOOHYDDFDERODUHDFFLyQ
6H GHILQH OD YHORFLGDG GH UHDFFLyQ FRPR HO Q~PHUR GH PROHV GH XQD
VXVWDQFLDSURGXFLGDRFRQVXPLGDSRUXQLGDGGHWLHPSR
6H KD GHWHUPLQDGR H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH TXH OD YHORFLGDG GH XQD
UHDFFLyQGHSHQGHSULQFLSDOPHQWHGHFXDWURIDFWRUHVQDWXUDOH]DGHORVUHDFWLYRV
FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHORVUHDFWLYRVODWHPSHUDWXUD\ODSUHVHQFLDGHFDWDOL]DGRUHV
/D YHORFLGDG GH XQD UHDFFLyQ TXtPLFD VH H[SOLFD SRU OD 7HRUtD GH ODV
&ROLVLRQHV HQ XQD UHDFFLyQ TXtPLFD ODV SDUWtFXODV PROpFXODV iWRPRV R LRQHV 
FROLVLRQDQHQWUHVtSURGXFLpQGRVHODUHDFFLyQFXDQGRORVFKRTXHVVRQHIHFWLYRV
/DV UHDFFLRQHV TXtPLFDV VH SXHGHQ FODVLILFDU HQ LUUHYHUVLEOHV \
UHYHUVLEOHVGHDFXHUGRDODGLUHFFLyQFRQODTXHVHHIHFW~HQ,UUHYHUVLEOHVVLVRQ
RV
V UHH
FRPSOHWDVHVGHFLUSRUORPHQRVXQRGHORVUHDFWLYRVVHFRQVXPHWRWDOPHQWH\
DQ
DQG
QG
GR
R ORV SURGXFWRV UHDFFLRQDQ SDUD
OD UHDFFLyQ VH GHWLHQH \ UHYHUVLEOHV FXDQGR
IRUPDUORVUHDFWLYRV
.

e
P
a

GH Xi
GH
GH
GHX
/DUHODFLyQHQWUHODYHORFLGDGGHXQDUHDFFLyQ\ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHORV
m
/H\\G
/H\
\ GH
UHDFWLYRVTXHGDHVWDEOHFLGDSRUOD/H\GH$FFLyQGH0DVDV
ui

Vr = k [ A] [B] , donde (k) es laa wconstante


cwo
co
de velocidad de la reaccin.
a

&RQRFLHQGR HO RUGHQ GH OD UHDFFLyQ VH SXHGHQ SUHGHFLU \ DQDOL]DU ORV
GLYHUVRVPHFDQLVPRVGHUHDFFLyQSRVLEOHV
(QXQDUHDFFLyQUHYHUVLEOHFXDQGRODVYHORFLGDGHVHQDPERVVHQWLGRVGH
ODUHDFFLyQVRQLJXDOHVVHHVWDEOHFHXQHTXLOLEULRGLQiPLFROODPDGRHTXLOLEULR
TXtPLFR
8QVLVWHPDHQHTXLOLEULRVHGHVFULEHPHGLDQWHODH[SUHVLyQGHOD
FRQVWDQWHGHHTXLOLEULRFX\RYDORUHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFRGHFDGDUHDFFLyQ\HV~WLOSDUD
FRQRFHUKDFLDTXHGLUHFFLyQVHGHVSOD]DODUHDFFLyQHVGHFLUVLVHIDYRUHFHOD
IRUPDFLyQGHSURGXFWRVRGHUHDFWLYRV
(OHTXLOLEULRTXtPLFRHQXQDUHDFFLyQVHSXHGHDOWHUDUSRUIDFWRUHVFRPR
ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQODWHPSHUDWXUD\ODSUHVLyQ&XDQGRHVWRVXFHGHODUHDFFLyQTXH
VHHIHFW~HVHUiODTXHWLHQGDDFRQWUDUUHVWDUGLFKRHIHFWR 3ULQFLSLRGH/H
&KDWHOLHU 

www.Quimica.pe

$&7,9,'$'(6'($35(1',=$-(
 (ODERUD XQ PDSD FRQFHSWXDO GHO REMHWR GH HVWXGLR GH OD FLQpWLFD
TXtPLFD

 0HQFLRQD DOJXQRV HMHPSORV GH UHDFFLRQHV TXtPLFDV TXH VH SXHGDQ
FODVLILFDUFRPROHQWDV\UiSLGDV

(ODERUD XQ FXDGURVLQySWLFRHQHOTXHVHUHVXPDQODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGH
ORVIDFWRUHVTXHPRGLILFDQODYHORFLGDGGHXQDUHDFFLyQ

5HDOL]DSUiFWLFDVGHODERUDWRULRGRQGHSXHGDVREVHUYDUODYHORFLGDGGH
UHDFFLyQ


,QYHVWLJDHOQRPEUHGHFDWDOL]DGRUHVHLQGLFDHQTXHWLSRGHUHDFFLyQ
DFW~DQ\HOHIHFWRTXHSURYRFDQVREUHODYHORFLGDGGHUHDFFLyQ


3RUPHGLRGHXQPDSDFRQFHSWXDOH[SOLFDHOHIHFWRGHODWHPSHUDWXUDOD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQORVFDWDOL]DGRUHV\ODSUHVLyQVREUHHOHTXLOLEULRTXtPLFR


 (Q XQ HQVD\R H[SOLFD SRUTXH HV LPSRUWDQWH OD IXQFLyQ GH ORV
FDWDOL]DGRUHVHQORVSURFHVRVELRTXtPLFRV

(9$/8$&,1
,QVWUXFFLRQHV/HHGHWHQLGDPHQWHFDGDSODQWHDPLHQWR\FRQWHVWDFRUUHFWDPHQWHOR
TXHDKtVHWHSLGH
 (VFULEH ODV H[SUHVLRQHV SDUD OD FRQVWDQWH GH HTXLOLEULR SDUD ODV
VLJXLHQWHVUHDFFLRQHV

D  SO2 + NO2 SO3 + NO 
E Ag ( NH 3 )2
F  PCl

+ Cl2

G  4 HCl

+ O2

Ag + + 2NH 3 

PCl5 

2Cl2 + 2 H 2O 

www.Quimica.pe

H  2 HBr

+ H 2 SO4

I  2 HI

H2 + I2 

J  Cl 2

H2

K  CaCO3

Br2 + SO2 + 2 H 2O 

2 HCl 

CaO + CO2 

PCl 3 + Cl 2 

L  PCl 5

 &DOFXODU HO YDORU GH OD FRQVWDQWH GH HTXLOLEULR VL OD UHDFFLyQ VH OOHYD
DFDER HQ XQ UHFLSLHQWH GH  OLWURV \ HQ HO HTXLOLEULR VH WLHQHQ ODV VLJXLHQWHV
FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV.

PCl 5 PCl 3 + Cl 2 


e
P
a

PROPROPRO

TXL
TX
XLLO
X
XLO
LOL
LOLE
OcE
(QHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDHQHTXLOLEULRFDOFXOHHOYDORUGHODFRQVWDQWHGH
HTX
HT
XLO
XL
LOOLEU
LOL
OOLE
HTXLOLEULRVLODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVDOHTXLOLEULRVRQ
mE

2 ZnS

+ 3O2

2 ZnO
O u+ 2 SO2
w.

POPOPROOPROO
 w

&DOFXOHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH12HQHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDVtODFRQVWDQWH
GHHTXLOLEULRHVLJXDOD\ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH62HVGHPROOODGHO62HV
GHPROO\ODGHO12HVGHPROO

SO2 +

NO2

SO3 +

NO

(QXQH[SHULPHQWRDR&ODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVDOHTXLOLEULRIXHURQODV
VLJXLHQWHVFDOFXOHHOYDORUGHODFRQVWDQWHGHHTXLOLEULR

N 2 O4

2NO2

1;POPO
&DOFXOHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHIRVJpQR&2&OVLODFRQVWDQWHGHHTXLOLEULR
HVLJXDODPOODGHO&2HVGHPRO\ODGHO&OHVGHPRO\HOSURFHVRVH
HIHFW~DHQXQUHFLSLHQWHGHOLWURV
www.Quimica.pe

CO + Cl 2

COCl 2

3DUDHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDHQHTXLOLEULRLQGLTXHKDFLDGRQGHVHGHVSOD]D
HOHTXLOLEULRFXDQGRpVWHHVDIHFWDGRSRUORVVLJXLHQWHVFDPELRV

+ O2

2 SO2

2 SO3

+ 120kcal

6LDXPHQWDODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH62

6LDXPHQWDODSUHVLyQ

6LGLVPLQX\HODWHPSHUDWXUD

G 6LGLVPLQX\HODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH62
H

6LGLVPLQX\HODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH2

6LDXPHQWDODWHPSHUDWXUD

 8QD PH]FOD FRQ FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV LJXDOHV GH PHWDQR \ YDSRU GH DJXD
SDVD VREUH XQ FDWDOL]DGRU GH QtTXHO D  .HOYLQ (O JDV REWHQLGR WLHQH XQD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH PO GH &2 PO GH + \ OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GHO
PHWDQR\HODJXDHVGHPO6XSRQLHQGRTXHHVWDPH]FODHVWDHQHTXLOLEULR
FDOFXODUHOYDORUGH.F


CH 4

+ H 2 O CO + 3H 2


6HxDODHQODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQTXtPLFDORVHOHPHQWRVTXHODFRQIRUPDQ
UHDFWDQWHV SURGXFWRV FRHILFLHQWHV  \ FDUiFWHU  LUUHYHUVLEOH R UHYHUVLEOH GH OD
UHDFFLyQ


aA + bB

V1

cC + dD 

'HWHUPLQDHORUGHQGHODVLJXLHQWHUHDFFLyQFRQUHVSHFWRDFDGDUHDFWLYR\DOD
UHDFFLyQWRWDO

4 HCl + O2

Vr

2Cl2 + 2 H 2O


 &DOFXODU OD FRQVWDQWH GH HTXLOLEULR SDUD OD UHDFFLyQ GRQGH VH SRQHQ D
UHDFFLRQDUPROOLWURGHEURPR\PROOLWURGHKLGUyJHQRREWHQLpQGRVH
PROOLWURGHiFLGREURPKtGULFR


H 2 + Br2

2 HBr 
www.Quimica.pe






&,'26<%$6(6


w.
ww

m
ui

a
ic

81,'$'

OBJETIVOS DE APRENDIZAJE






$QDOL]DUORVGLIHUHQWHVFRQFHSWRVGHiFLGRV\EDVHV

(VWDEOHFHUORVIDFWRUHVTXHGHWHUPLQDQODIXHU]DGHORViFLGRV\ODVEDVHV

&DOFXODUHOS+\HOS2+GHGLVROXFLRQHV

&DUDFWHUL]DUODVGLVROXFLRQHVUHJXODGRUDVVXIXQFLRQDPLHQWRH
LPSRUWDQFLDHQORVSURFHVRVYLWDOHV

www.Quimica.pe





)LJ(MHPSORVGHVXVWDQFLDViFLGDV\EiVLFDV



/RV iFLGRV \ ODV EDVHV VRQ XQ LPSRUWDQWH JUXSR GH VXVWDQFLDV TXH VH
HQFXHQWUDQ D QXHVWUR DOUHGHGRU \ HQ QXHVWUR SURSLR RUJDQLVPR 3RU HMHPSOR
HQFRQWUDPRV XQD JUDQ YDULHGDG GH SURGXFWRV ~WLOHV SDUD HO VHU KXPDQR WDO HV HO
FDVRGHORVOLPSLDGRUHVGRPpVWLFRVORVIHUWLOL]DQWHVPXFKRVGHORVDOLPHQWRVTXH
FRQVXPLPRV\ORVPHGLFDPHQWRVHQWUHRWURV$KRUDELHQDOJXQDYH]KDVVHQWLGR
GRORUHQORVP~VFXORVDOUHDOL]DUDOJ~QHMHUFLFLR"VLODUHVSXHVWDHVVtODFDXVDGH
HVWHGRORUHVODSURGXFFLyQGHOiFLGROiFWLFRTXHHV XQRGHORVSURGXFWRVGHXQD
VHULHGHUHDFFLRQHVTXtPLFDVHQ XQSURFHVRELROyJLFROODPDGRUHVSLUDFLyQ &RPR
SXHGHVREVHUYDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODVVXVWDQFLDViFLGDV\EiVLFDVHVGHJUDQYDORU
SDUDODYLGDGHOKRPEUH(QODWDEODVHSUHVHQWDQDOJXQDVVXVWDQFLDVFRPXQHV\
VXiFLGRREDVHTXHODVIRUPDQ

(QODSUHVHQWHXQLGDGVHDQDOL]DQODVSURSLHGDGHVGHORViFLGRVODVEDVHV
\ OD UD]yQ SRU OD FXDO VH FODVLILFDQ HQ IXHUWHV \ GpELOHV WDPELpQ H[DPLQDUHPRV D
HVWDV VXVWDQFLDV DSOLFDQGR ORV SULQFLSLRV  GHO HTXLOLEULR TXtPLFR \ UHDOL]DUHPRV
FiOFXORV SDUD GHWHUPLQDU VX FRQFHQWUDFLyQ HQ WpUPLQRV GHO S+ \ S2+ GH OD
GLVROXFLyQ

www.Quimica.pe

7DEODFLGRV\EDVHVFRQWHQLGRVHQVXVWDQFLDVFRPXQHV

6867$1&,$
$JXDFDUERQDWDGD
6ROXFLyQSDUDHOODYDGRGHORVRMRV
/HFKHDJULD
)UXWDVFtWULFDV
9LQDJUH
6ROXFLyQGHODEDWHUtDGHORV
DXWRPyYLOHV
)HUWLOL]DQWHV
/LPSLDGRUSDUDHOGUHQDMH\KRUQRV
/LPSLDGRUGHYHQWDQDV
<HVR
3HSWRELVPRO PHGLFDPHQWRDQWLiFLGR









FLGRFDUEyQLFR
FLGREyULFR
FLGROiFWLFR
FLGRFtWULFR
FLGRDFpWLFR







F6XOI~ULFR\)RVIyULFR
+LGUy[LGRGHVRGLR
$PRQtDFR
+LGUy[LGRGHFDOFLR
+LGUy[LGRGHPDJQHVLR

e
P
a

&,'2%$6(

FLGRVXOI~ULFR

&/$6,),&$&,1'(/266,67(0$6&,'2%$6(
67(
(i
(0

m
ui

wO
/RV iFLGRV \ ODV EDVHV R wiO
iiOFDOLV
VRQ VXVWDQFLDV TXH VH FRQRFHQ KDFH \D
PXFKRV VLJORV (O RULJHQ GHO QRPEUH GH HVWDV VXVWDQFLDV VH GHEH D VXV
SURSLHGDGHV /D  SDODEUD iFLGR SURYLHQH GHO ODWtQ iFLGXV TXH VLJQLILFD DJULR \ OD
SDODEUDiOFDOLGHULYDGHOiUDEHDOTDOL\TXHTXLHUHGHFLUFHQL]DVGHSODQWDV


(VDSULQFLSLRVGHOVLJOR;9,,TXH5REHUW%R\OHDOHVWXGLDUORViFLGRV\
ODV EDVHV HQFXHQWUD TXH HVWDV VXVWDQFLDV SRVHHQ FLHUWDV SURSLHGDGHV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV3RUHMHPSORORViFLGRVSUHVHQWDQXQVDERUDJULRHQWDQWRTXHODV
EDVHV WLHQHQ XQ VDERU DPDUJR ORV iFLGRV \ ODV EDVHV FDPELDQ OD FRORUDFLyQ GH
DOJXQDVVXVWDQFLDVGHQRPLQDGDVLQGLFDGRUHVFRPRODIHQROIWDOHtQD\HODQDUDQMDGR
GHPHWLOR




6HGHVFXEULyTXHORViFLGRV\ODVEDVHVUHDFFLRQDQHQWUHVtSHUGLHQGRVXV
SURSLHGDGHV(QODWDEODVHGHVFULEHQODVSURSLHGDGHVGHORViFLGRV\ODVEDVHV

www.Quimica.pe




7DEOD3URSLHGDGHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODVVXVWDQFLDViFLGDV\EiVLFDV


&,'26


%$6(6
6XVGLVROXFLRQHVWLHQHQVDERU
6XVGLVROXFLRQHVWLHQHQVDERUDJULR
DPDUJR
3URGXFHQHIHUYHVFHQFLDHQFRQWDFWRFRQ &RQVLVWHQFLDMDERQRVDRUHVEDORVDDO
FLHUWRVPHWDOHV
WDFWRFXDQGRVHGLVXHOYHQHQDJXD
6XVGLVROXFLRQHVHQSUHVHQFLDGH
IHQROIWDOHtQDVRQLQFRORUDV

6XVGLVROXFLRQHVHQSUHVHQFLDGH
IHQROIWDOHtQDVRQURMDV

&DPELDQDFRORUURMRHOSDSHOWRUQDVRO
D]XO

&DPELDQDFRORUD]XOHOSDSHO
WRUQDVROURMR

6XVGLVROXFLRQHVDFXRVDVFRQGXFHQOD
FRUULHQWHHOpFWULFDHQIXQFLyQGHVX
GLVRFLDFLyQ

6XVGLVROXFLRQHVDFXRVDVFRQGXFHQOD
FRUULHQWHHOpFWULFDHQIXQFLyQGHVX
GLVRFLDFLyQ

5HDFFLRQDQFRQODVEDVHV UHDFFLyQGH
QHXWUDOL]DFLyQ IRUPDQGRVDO\DJXD

5HDFFLRQDQFRQORViFLGRV UHDFFLyQ
GHQHXWUDOL]DFLyQ IRUPDQGRVDO\
DJXD

3RUPXFKRWLHPSRORVTXtPLFRVVHSUHJXQWDURQDTXpVHGHEtDODDFLGH]
RODEDVLFLGDGGHFLHUWRJUXSRGHVXVWDQFLDV"/DVUHVSXHVWDVIXHURQPX\YDULDGDV
HQWUHHOODVGHVWDFDQODGH$QWRLQH//DYRLVLHUTXHVHxDODEDTXHHOFDUiFWHUiFLGR
VH GHEtD D OD SUHVHQFLD GH iWRPRV GH R[tJHQR HQ OD PROpFXOD \ OD GH +XPSKU\
'DY\TXtPLFRLQJOpVTXHSURSXVRTXHHQOXJDUGHOR[tJHQRHOUHVSRQVDEOHGHOD
DFLGH]GHODVVXVWDQFLDVHUDHOKLGUyJHQR(VWD~OWLPDUHVSXHVWDGHDOJXQDPDQHUD
IXHFRUUHFWDFRPRYHUHPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQFRQORVHVWXGLRVGH6YDQWH$UUKHQLXV
%URQVWHG\/RZU\\*LOEHUW1/HZLV


7(25$'($55+(1,86


6HKDQSURSXHVWRYDULDVWHRUtDVSDUDGHILQLUXQiFLGR\XQDEDVH8QDGH
ODVSULPHUDV\PiVLPSRUWDQWHVHVOD6YDQWH$UUKHQLXVTXLHQHQSRVWXOyTXH
ORV iFLGRV \ ODV EDVHV VRQ VXVWDQFLDV TXH HQ GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD SURGXFHQ LRQHV
KLGUyJHQR + HKLGUR[LOR 2+ UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH

www.Quimica.pe

FLGR6XVWDQFLDTXHHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDSURGXFHLRQHV + 
%DVH6XVWDQFLDTXHHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDSURGXFHLRQHV 2+ 

3DUDORViFLGRVODIyUPXODJHQHUDOHV

HA( ac) H + ( ac) + A ( ac)





(MHPSORV

FLGRFORUKtGULFR HCl ( ac )

FLGRQtWULFR HNO3 ( ac )

FLGRVXOI~ULFR H 2 SO4 ( ac )




HV
3DUDODVEDVHVVXHFXDFLyQJHQHUDOHV







ic
m
GRQGH0UHSUHVHQWDHOPHWDOTXHHVWiIRUPDQGRDOKLGUy[LGR
HWDO
HWDO
WDO TX
Tui
w.

+LGUy[LGRGHVRGLR NaOH ( ac )

+LGUy[LGRGHFDOFLR Ca

+LGUy[LGRGHDPRQLR NH 4 OH ( ac )

H + ( ac ) + Cl ( ac ) 
H + ( ac ) + NO3

H + ( ac ) + SO4

( ac )
2

( ac )

Pe

MOH ( ac ) M + ( ac) + OH ( acc)) a.

(MHPSORV

ww

Na + ( ac) + OH ( ac ) 

(OH )2( ac) Ca 2 + ( ac) + OH ( ac) 

NH 4

( ac )

+ OH ( ac)

'HSHQGLHQGR GHO JUDGR GH LRQL]DFLyQ GH XQ iFLGR R XQD EDVH HVWRV VH
FODVLILFDQHQIXHUWHVRGpELOHVWDOFRPRVHYHUiPiVDGHODQWH

7(25,$'(%5g167('/2:5<
3RVWHULRUPHQWH VH GHVFXEULy TXH GLVROYHQWHV GLIHUHQWHV DO DJXD
JHQHUDEDQGLVROXFLRQHVLyQLFDV(VSRUHVWRTXHHQORVFLHQWtILFRV-RKDQQHV
1%U|QVWHG\7KRPDV0DUWLQ/RZU\VXJLULHURQRWUDIRUPDGHGHILQLUDORViFLGRV
\ODVEDVHV
www.Quimica.pe

FLGR6XVWDQFLDFDSD]GHGRQDUSURWRQHV + 
%DVH6XVWDQFLDFDSD]GHDFHSWDUSURWRQHV + 


'H DFXHUGR D HVWD WHRUtD ORV LRQHV \ ODV PROpFXODV VLQ FDUJD SXHGHQ VHU
iFLGRVREDVHVDFODUDQGRTXHFXDOTXLHUiFLGRR EDVHGH $UUKHQLXVWDPELpQVHUi
XQiFLGRREDVHGH%U|QVWHG\/RZU\


HCl + H 2 O H 3 O + + Cl

3RUHMHPSORHQODUHDFFLyQHOiFLGRFORUKtGULFR +&O HVODVXVWDQFLDTXH


GRQD XQ SURWyQ DO +2 \ SRU OR WDQWR VH FRQVLGHUD OD VXVWDQFLD iFLGD HO +2
DFHSWDDOSURWyQIRUPDQGRHOLyQKLGURQLR +2 SRUORWDQWRHVODEDVH

'H OR DQWHULRU VXUJH XQ FRQFHSWR QXHYR HQ HVWD WHRUtD ORV iFLGRV \ ODV
EDVHVFRQMXJDGDV
3DUFRQMXJDGRiFLGR
Par conjugado cido-

HCl
cido

+ H2O
base

H3 O +

cido conjugado

+ C
base


6LREVHUYDVHOLyQFORUXUR &O TXHVHIRUPDSXHGHDVXYH]VHUFDSD]GH
DFHSWDU XQ SURWyQ SRU OR FXDO VH OH FRQVLGHUD OD EDVH FRQMXJDGD GHO iFLGR
FORUKtGULFRORPLVPRVXFHGHFRQHOLyQ+2TXLHQSXHGHGRQDUFRQIDFLOLGDGXQ
SURWyQ\SRUORPLVPRHVHOiFLGRFRQMXJDGRGHODEDVH +2 

$ OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH HO iFLGR \ VX EDVH FRQMXJDGD R YLFHYHUVD VH OH OODPD
SDUHVFRQMXJDGRViFLGREDVH

2WUR FRQFHSWR GHULYDGR GH HVWD WHRUtD HV HO GH DQIyWHUR HPSOHDGR SDUD
GHVLJQDUDTXHOODVVXVWDQFLDV TXHSXHGHQ DFWXDUFRPREDVHRiFLGRGHSHQGLHQGR
GH OD QDWXUDOH]D GH OD VXVWDQFLD FRQ OD TXH VH FRPELQH (O HMHPSOR PiV
UHSUHVHQWDWLYRHVHODJXD

www.Quimica.pe





NH

EDVH

+ H 2 O NH
iFLGRV

iFLGR FRQMXJDGR

+ OH

EDVH FRQMXJDGD


(QODUHDFFLyQGHO+2FRQHO+&OHODJXDDFW~DFRPREDVHDODFHSWDUXQ
SURWyQ GHO +&O HQ FDPELR DO FRPELQDUVH FRQ HO DPRQLDFR DFW~D FRPR iFLGR DO
GRQDUOHXQSURWyQ


7(25$'(/(:,6


(QHOPLVPRDxRTXH%U|QVWHG\/RZU\SURSXVLHURQVXWHRUtD*LOEHUW1
/HZLV TXtPLFR DPHULFDQR HVWXGLDQGR HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH ORV SDUHV GH
HOHFWURQHV TXH SRGtDQ WUDQVIHULUVH HQ XQD UHDFFLyQ iFLGREDVH SURSXVR D VX YH]
XQDWHRUtDDXQPiVJHQHUDO


Pe

.
WDU
U aX
FLGR6XVWDQFLDTXHSXHGHDFHSWDUXQSDUGHHOHFWURQHV
c
%DVH6XVWDQFLDTXHSXHGHGRQDUXQSDUGHHOHFWURQHV
QDDUX
Xi
iu m
3RUHMHPSOR
w.
NH

+ BF

ww

F 3 BN

DPRQtDFRWULIORUXURGHERURWULIORUXURGHDPRQLDFR\ERUR

(VWDUHDFFLyQVHOOHYDDFDERGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD

H
F
H
F
|
|
|
|
H N:
+
BF
H N:
BF
|
|
|
|
H
F
H
F


(O1+WLHQHXQSDUGHHOHFWURQHVQRFRPSDUWLGR\GLVSRQLEOHSDUDSRGHU
GRQDU\SRUORWDQWRDFW~DFRPRXQDEDVHPLHQWUDVTXHHOWULIOXRUXURGHERUROR
DFHSWD\DFW~DFRPRiFLGRIRUPDQGRHQWUHDPERVXQHQODFHFRYDOHQWHFRRUGLQDGR
GDQGRRULJHQDOFRPSXHVWRWULIOXRUXURGHDPRQtDFR\ERUR

www.Quimica.pe

/D GHILQLFLyQ GH /HZLV DPSOtD HO FRQFHSWR GH OD UHODFLyQ iFLGREDVH D
UHDFFLRQHVTXHQRLPSOLFDQWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV + SRUORWDQWRFRQVLGHUD
FRPRiFLGRVDWRGDVDTXHOODVVXVWDQFLDVTXHQRQHFHVDULDPHQWHWLHQHQKLGUyJHQR
HQVXHVWUXFWXUDSHURTXHVLDFHSWDQSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHV\FRPREDVHVDDTXHOODV
TXH QR QHFHVDULDPHQWH WHQJDQ TXH DFHSWDU SURWRQHV SHUR TXH VL SXHGHQ GRQDU
SDUHV GH HOHFWURQHV 3RU OR FXDO HVWD GHILQLFLyQ LQFOX\H D ORV iFLGRV \ EDVHV GH
$UUKHQLXV\GH%U|QVWHG/RZU\

(QFRQFOXVLyQXQDEDVHHVFXDOTXLHUVXVWDQFLDFRQFDUJDRVLQFDUJDTXH
SRVHHFXDQGRPHQRVXQSDUGHHOHFWURQHVQRFRPSDUWLGR\XQiFLGRHVFXDOTXLHU
VXVWDQFLDFRQFDUJDRVLQFDUJDTXHSXHGHIRUPDUXQHQODFHFRYDOHQWHDFHSWDQGR
XQ SDU GH HOHFWURQHV QR FRPSDUWLGR 'HVGH HVWD SHUVSHFWLYD WDPELpQ VH OH
FRQVLGHUD EDVHV D WRGRV ORV UDGLFDOHV QHJDWLYRV \ iFLGRV D WRGRV ORV UDGLFDOHV
SRVLWLYRV


(Q OD WDEOD  VH SUHVHQWDQ DOJXQRV HMHPSORV GH VXVWDQFLDV iFLGDV \
EiVLFDV
7DEODFLGRV\EDVHVGH/HZLV

CIDOS

BASES

H+
NH4+
Ni+3
Na+
Ca+2
Al+3
NO2+
BF3
SO3
AlCl3

OH-1
Cl-l
NO3-1
CO3-2
PO4-3
O-2
H2O
NH3
S-2
CN


www.Quimica.pe

)8(5=$'(&,'26<%$6(6

(/(&75/,726)8(57(6<'e%,/(6
8QDYH]FRQRFLGDVODVGLIHUHQWHVWHRUtDVSDUDGHILQLUODVVXVWDQFLDViFLGDV
\ EiVLFDV ORV TXtPLFRV REVHUYDURQ TXH FLHUWDV GLVROXFLRQHV iFLGDV SRGtDQ VHU
LQJHULGDV SRU HO KRPEUH FRPR SRU HMHPSOR HO YLQDJUH R ORV MXJRV GH ODV IUXWDV
FtWULFDV VLQ FDXVDU GDxR DOJXQR SHUR RWUDV UHVXOWDEDQ VHU FRUURVLYDV \ KDVWD
SHOLJURVDV


/DVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVFRQGXMHURQDGHWHUPLQDUTXHODIXHU]DGHORViFLGRV\
ODVEDVHVHVGHFLUHOJUDGRFRQTXHHVWDVVXVWDQFLDVSURGXFHQLRQHVHQGLVROXFLyQ
DFXRVDGHSHQGHGHODQDWXUDOH]DTXtPLFDGHOiFLGRRODEDVH$VtORViFLGRV\ODV
EDVHVVHFODVLILFDQHQIXHUWHV\GpELOHV

e
P
a

QD
FLGRIXHUWH6XVWDQFLDTXHVHLRQL]D HQXQDSURSRUFLyQPD\RUGHO
.






(MHPSORV
FLGRFORUKtGULFR+&O
FLGRVXOI~ULFR+62
FLGRQtWULFR+12

w.
ww

m
ui

ic

FLGRGpELO6XVWDQFLDTXHVHLRQL]D HQXQDSURSRUFLyQPHQRUGHO






(MHPSORV
FLGRDFpWLFR&+&22+
FLGREyULFR+%2
FLGRFDUEyQLFR+&2
%DVHIXHUWH6XVWDQFLDTXHVHGLVRFLD HQXQDSURSRUFLyQPD\RUGHO

www.Quimica.pe













(MHPSORV
+LGUy[LGRGHVRGLR1D2+
+LGUy[LGRGHSRWDVLR.2+
+LGUy[LGRGH(VWURQFLR6U 2+ 
%DVHGpELO6XVWDQFLDTXHVHGLVRFLDHQXQDSURSRUFLyQPD\RUGHO
(MHPSORV
+LGUy[LGRGHDOXPLQLR$O 2+ 
+LGUy[LGRGHDPRQLR1+2+
+LGUy[LGRGHPDJQHVLR0J 2+ 

/RVWpUPLQRVLRQL]DFLyQ\GLVRFLDFLyQHQPXFKDVRFDVLRQHVVHHPSOHDQ
LQGLVWLQWDPHQWH SDUD UHIHULUVH D OD IRUPDFLyQ GH LRQHV HQ GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD VLQ
HPEDUJRHVWRHVLQFRUUHFWR/DGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHODGLVRFLDFLyQ\ODLRQL]DFLyQWLHQH
UHODFLyQFRQODQDWXUDOH]DTXtPLFDGHODVVXVWDQFLDV


'LVRFLDFLyQ(VHOSURFHVRTXHRFXUUHFXDQGRORVFRPSXHVWRVLyQLFRVHQ
GLVROXFLyQDFXRVDVHVHSDUDQHQVXVLRQHV

&RPR VH GHVFULELy HQ WX SULPHU FXUVR GH TXtPLFD XQ FRPSXHVWR LyQLFR
HVWD IRUPDGR SRU LRQHV SRVLWLYRV FDWLRQHV  \ QHJDWLYRV DQLRQHV  &XDQGR HVWH
FRPSXHVWR VH GLVXHOYH HQ DJXD VXV LRQHV VLPSOHPHQWH VH VHSDUDQ H KLGUDWDQ SRU
ODVPROpFXODVGHODJXD9HDPRVHOSURFHVRGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHOKLGUy[LGRGHVRGLR

2 (l )
NaOH ( s )
Na + ( ac ) + OH ( ac )

en H O

,RQL]DFLyQ(VHOSURFHVRTXHRFXUUHFXDQGRORVFRPSXHVWRVFRYDOHQWHV
SRODUHVIRUPDQLRQHVHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVD





'XUDQWH HO SURFHVR GH LRQL]DFLyQ VH URPSH XQ HQODFH FRYDOHQWH \ VH
SURGXFHQ XQ FDWLyQ \ XQ DQLyQ 3RU HMHPSOR HO iFLGR FORUKtGULFR +&O  HV XQ
FRPSXHVWR TXH SUHVHQWD XQ HQODFH FRYDOHQWH VX LRQL]DFLyQ VH UHSUHVHQWD
PHGLDQWHODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQTXtPLFD

www.Quimica.pe

H Cl( g ) + H 2O(l ) H 3O + ( ac ) + Cl ( ac )
&2167$17('(,21,=$&,1 ., 

(Q HO SURFHVR GH GLVRFLDFLyQ \ GH  LRQL]DFLyQ GH iFLGRV R EDVHV VH
HVWDEOHFH XQ HTXLOLEULR GLQiPLFR HQWUH ODV PROpFXODV TXH VH GLVRFLDQ \ VXV LRQHV
UHVXOWDQWHV  3RU WDQWR ORV SULQFLSLRV GH HTXLOLEULR TXtPLFR VRQ YiOLGRV \
SDUWLFXODUPHQWHDSOLFDEOHVDVLVWHPDVGHiFLGRV\EDVHVGpELOHV

$O HTXLOLEULR HVWDEOHFLGR HQ OD GLVRFLDFLyQ \ HQ OD LRQL]DFLyQ GH
FXDOTXLHUVXVWDQFLDVHOHOODPDHTXLOLEULRLyQLFR\VXFRQVWDQWHVHFRQRFHFRPR
FRQVWDQWHGHLRQL]DFLyQ NL 

/D FRQVWDQWH GH LRQL]DFLyQ HVWD GHILQLGD SRU OD HFXDFLyQ GH OD FRQVWDQWH
GH HTXLOLEULR TXtPLFR HQ IXQFLyQ GH ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV
PRODUHV GH ORV LRQHV
FRQ
QFF
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV

e
P
a
.

icD
/DFRQVWDQWHGHLRQL]DFLyQHVLJXDODOSURGXFWRGHODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHV
LJX
JXD
JX
m
LyQLFDVGLYLGLGRSRUODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHODVXVWDQFLDVLQGLVRFLDU
FLyQ
LyQ
QGH
GHi
GH
w.

(MHPSOR

HB
Ki =

ww

( ac )

Qu

+
( ac )

( ac )

[H ][B ]
+

[HB ]

/DFRQVWDQWHGHLRQL]DFLyQVHxDODHOJUDGRGHLRQL]DFLyQGHXQDVXVWDQFLD
HQWUHPiVJUDQGHVHDHOYDORUGHHVWDFRQVWDQWHPD\RUVHUiODIXHU]DGHOiFLGRROD
EDVH7RGDVODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVVHH[SUHVDQHQPROHVSRUOLWUR PROHVOLWUR SHUR
HVWDVXQLGDGHVQRUPDOPHQWHQRVHHVFULEHQHQHOUHVXOWDGRILQDOGHODFRQVWDQWHGH
LRQL]DFLyQ

3DUD ORV iFLGRV OD H[SUHVLyQ PDWHPiWLFD GH VX FRQVWDQWH GH LRQL]DFLyQ
.D  HV OD VLJXLHQWH YHDPRV HO FDVR GHO iFLGR DFpWLFR iFLGR GpELO    3ULPHUR VH
HVFULEHODHFXDFLyQLyQLFDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH
www.Quimica.pe

CH 3COOH + H 2O H 3O + + CH 3COO


$KRUDVXH[SUHVLyQPDWHPiWLFD


Ka =

[H O ][CH COO ]
+

[CH 3COOH ]

2EVHUYD TXH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GHO DJXD QR VH HVFULEH HQ OD H[SUHVLyQ
PDWHPiWLFD HVWR VH GHEH D TXH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ VH PDQWLHQH SUiFWLFDPHQWH
FRQVWDQWH

3DUDODVEDVHVODH[SUHVLyQPDWHPiWLFDGHVXFRQVWDQWHGHLRQL]DFLyQ .E 
HVODVLJXLHQWHYHDPRVHOFDVRGHODPRQLDFR EDVHGpELO 

3ULPHURVHHVFULEHODHFXDFLyQLyQLFDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH

+

NH 3 + H 2O NH 4 + OH 



DKRUDVXH[SUHVLyQPDWHPiWLFD

[NH ] [OH ] 
+

Kb =


[NH 3 ]

(VLPSRUWDQWHVHxDODUTXHODFRQVWDQWHGHLRQL]DFLyQYDUtDVHQVLEOHPHQWH
FRQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD HQ FXDOTXLHU SUREOHPD VH HQWHQGHUi TXH OD WHPSHUDWXUD D OD
FXDO VH FDOFXOD OD FRQVWDQWH HV GH  & \ TXH HO GLVROYHQWH HVHO DJXD  D PHQRV
TXH HO SUREOHPD LQGLTXH RWURV GDWRV (Q OD WDEOD  VH SUHVHQWD XQD OLVWD GH
iFLGRVEDVHV\HOYDORUGHODFRQVWDQWHGHLRQL]DFLyQSDUDFDGDXQRGHHOORV

www.Quimica.pe

7DEOD)XHU]DVUHODWLYDVGHiFLGRV\EDVHVHQDJXDDDWP\&


&,'26
FLGRIRVIyULFR
FLGRIOXRUKtGULFR
FLGRQLWURVR
FLGRIyUPLFR
FLGRDFpWLFR
FLGRVXOIKtGULFR

%$6(6
$PRQtDFR
(WLODPLQD
0HWLODPLQD
3LULGLQD


)508/$
+32
+)
+12
+&22+
&+&22+
+6

)508/$
1+
&+1+
&+1+
& + 1

Pe


.D
[
[
[
[
[
[

. E
[
[
[
[

5HDOLFHPRV DKRUD DOJXQRV FiOFXORV


ORV
RV
RV
V UUHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD FRQVWDQWH GH
a
LRQL]DFLyQ .L 
ic

m

ui
'DGRHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDHQHTXLOLEULR
HQ
HQ
QHT
HT
H
w

ww

HCl + H 2O H 3O + + Cl 


'HWHUPLQDUODH[SUHVLyQPDWHPiWLFDGHVX.L\HOYDORUFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVL
ODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVVRQ

HCl = 0.15 mol / litro 

[H O ] = 3.85 x10 mol / litro 


[Cl ] = 3.8 x10 mol / litro 
+




/DH[SUHVLyQPDWHPiWLFDSDUDHVWDUHDFFLyQHV

[H O ][Cl ] 
=
+

Ka

[HCl ]

www.Quimica.pe


3DUDGHWHUPLQDUHOYDORUGHODFRQVWDQWHGHLRQL]DFLyQVXVWLWXLPRVHQOD
IyUPXODDQWHULRUORVYDORUHVGHODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGHODVHVSHFLHVSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQ
ODUHDFFLyQ


Ka =

[3.85 x 10

][

mol / litro 3.8 x 10 4 mol / litro



[0.15 mol / litro]

K a = 9.75 x 10 7
cidos poliprticos.
/RViFLGRVSROLSUyWLFRVVRQDTXHOORVTXHFRQWLHQHQ
PiVGHXQSURWyQHQVXPROpFXOD

/D PD\RUtD GH HVWRV iFLGRV VRQ GpELOHV FRQ YDORUHV GH FRQVWDQWH GH
LRQL]DFLyQSHTXHxRVHOiFLGRVXOI~ULFR +62 HVXQDH[FHSFLyQ

/D GLVRFLDFLyQ GH XQ iFLGR SROLSUyWLFR VH SXHGH HIHFWXDU SRU SDVRV
SHUGLHQGRFDGDYH]XQRGHVXVKLGUyJHQRV(VWRVLJQLILFDTXHKDEUiXQDFRQVWDQWH
GHLRQL]DFLyQSRUFDGDSDVR/DFRQVWDQWHGHLRQL]DFLyQWRWDO .W HVHOSURGXFWRGH
ODV.LGHFDGDSDVR9HDPRVHOVLJXLHQWHHMHPSOR


&DOFXODU OD FRQVWDQWH GH LRQL]DFLyQ WRWDO .W  GHO iFLGR IRVIyULFR FX\DV
FRQVWDQWHVGHLRQL]DFLyQVRQ


K1 = 1.1 x 102  K 2 = 7.5 x 10 8  K 3 = 1 x 1012 




5HVSXHVWD


(OiFLGRIRVIyULFRHVXQiFLGRWULSUyWLFRSRUORTXHWHQHPRVODVVLJXLHQWHV
HFXDFLRQHVGHHTXLOLEULRFRQVXUHVSHFWLYDFRQVWDQWHGHLRQL]DFLyQ

+

H 3 PO4 H + H 2 PO4

[H ] [H PO ]
=

K1

www.Quimica.pe

[H 3 PO4 ]

= 1.1 x 10 2

[H ] [HPO ] = 7.5 x 10
=
=

H 2 PO4 H + + HPO4

[H PO ]
2

HPO4 H + PO4

[H ] [PO ]
=
3

K2

[HPO ]
4
=

K3

= 1 x 1012

3RUORWDQWRODUHDFFLyQGHLRQL]DFLyQWRWDOHV


H 3 PO4 3H + + PO4

6HFDOFXODDKRUDOD.W

[H ] [PO ]
=
3

+ 3

Kt

[H 3 PO4 ]

)(

= K1 x K 2 x K 3

)(

e
P
a= 8.3 x 10

K t = 1.1 x 10 2 7.5 x 10 8 1 x 10 122ic

m
ui

22

(/(&75/,726<12(/(&75/,726
/(
/(&
.(&
w
ww

0LFKDHO )DUDGD\ FLHQWtILFR LQJOpV GHVFXEULy TXH FLHUWDV VXVWDQFLDV HQ


GLVROXFLyQ  DFXRVD FRQGXFtDQ OD FRUULHQWH HOpFWULFD HQ WDQWR TXH HO DJXD SXUD \
GLVROXFLRQHVGHRWUDVVXVWDQFLDVQRODFRQGXFtDQ&RPRHMHPSORGHVXVWDQFLDVTXH
SUHVHQWDQ OD FDSDFLGDG GH FRQGXFLU OD HOHFWULFLGDG VH WLHQHQ ODV GLVROXFLRQHV GH
iFLGRVEDVHV\VDOHVDHVWDVVXVWDQFLDVODVOODPyHOHFWUyOLWRV


6H GHILQHQ ORV HOHFWUyOLWRV FRPR VXVWDQFLDV TXH SURGXFHQ LRQHV HQ VROXFLyQ
DFXRVD\VXVGLVROXFLRQHVFRQGXFHQODFRUULHQWHHOpFWULFD
$ODVVXVWDQFLDVFRPRODVDFDURVD\HOHWDQROTXHQRFRQGXFHQODFRUULHQWH
HOpFWULFDODVOODPyQRHOHFWUyOLWRV
6HGHILQHQORVQRHOHFWUyOLWRV FRPRVXVWDQFLDVTXHQRSURGXFHQLRQHVHQ
VROXFLyQDFXRVDSRUORTXHVXVGLVROXFLRQHVQRFRQGXFHQODFRUULHQWHHOpFWULFD
www.Quimica.pe


/RV HOHFWUyOLWRV VH GLYLGHQ HQ IXHUWHV \ GpELOHV VHJ~Q VX JUDGR GH
GLVRFLDFLyQRLRQL]DFLyQYHDPRVDOJXQRVHMHPSORV
(OHFWUyOLWRV

FLGRV

%DVHV

6DOHV

+&O

+&2

NaOH

NH4OH

Ag2SO4

FeCl3

+12

+6

KOH

NH3

NaCl

AlCl3

+62

+&1

CuSO4

NH4F

)XHUWHV 'pELOHV

Fuertes Dbiles

Ca(OH)2 Al(OH)3

Fuertes Dbiles

&2167$17('(,21,=$&,1'(/$*8$ .: 
/D GLVRFLDFLyQ GHO DJXD HV XQ FDVR HVSHFLDO 0HGLDQWH DSDUDWRV PX\
VHQVLEOHV VH KD GHWHFWDGR TXH HO DJXD SXUD HQ HVWDGR OtTXLGR WLHQH XQD EDMD
FRQGXFWDQFLD GH OD HOHFWULFLGDG GHELGR D OD SRFD DXWRLRQL]DFLyQ TXH VXIUHQ VXV
PROpFXODV


2 H 2 O H 3 O + + OH

/DFRQVWDQWHGHOSURGXFWRLyQLFRGHODJXDUHSUHVHQWDGDSRU.ZVHPXHVWUDD
FRQWLQXDFLyQ

 Kw

[H O ][OH ]
+

[H 2 O]2



6HKDGHWHUPLQDGRH[SHULPHQWDOPHQWHTXHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHORVLRQHV
KLGUyQLR +2  \ R[LGULOR 2+  HQ HO DJXD SXUD VRQ LJXDOHV (O YDORU GH DPEDV
7

FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HV GH 1 10  \ GH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GHO DJXD VLQ GLVRFLDU HV
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH[D&
www.Quimica.pe

[H O ][OH ] = K x [H O] = 1 x 10
+

14


GHDFXHUGRFRQHVWRWHQHPRV



[H O ] = 1 x 10
+

[OH ] = 1 x 10

M

M

/RV YDORUHV GH ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV VRQ FRQVWDQWHV H LQGLFDQ TXH HO DJXD
SXUD HV XQD VXVWDQFLD QHXWUD 0XFKDV GH ODV GLVROXFLRQHV GH iFLGRV \ EDVHV VRQ
DFXRVDV SRU OR TXH VH PRGLILFD OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH LRQHV KLGUyQLR \R[LGULOR GHO
DJXD

(Q ODVGLVROXFLRQHVDFXRVDV iFLGDVODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHLRQHVKLGUyQLRHV
OODD F
PD\RU  TXH OD GH ORV LRQHV R[LGULOR (Q ODV
EiVLFDV VXFHGH OR LQYHUVR
DV
VV VROXFLRQHV
VRO
VROX
O
SHUR LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GHO YDORU TXH
XHHH WWHQJDQ DPEDV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV VH
a

FRQVHUYDHOYDORUGHODFRQVWDQWHGHODJXDSXUDHVGHFLU[
DSX
DS
Sic


Pe

w.
ww

m
ui

www.Quimica.pe

S+'(',62/8&,21(6

$ SDUWLU GH OD FRQVWDQWH GH LRQL]DFLyQ GHO DJXD SRGHPRV GHWHUPLQDU HO
JUDGR GH DFLGH] R DOFDOLQLGDG GH XQD VROXFLyQ VLQ HPEDUJR SDUD QR HPSOHDU
YDORUHVFRQQRWDFLyQFLHQWtILFDHQHOTXtPLFRGDQHV63/6RUHQVHQSURSXVR
HPSOHDU VRODPHQWH HO Q~PHUR GHO H[SRQHQWH HVWRV VH H[SUHVDQ SRU XQD HVFDOD
ORJDUtWPLFDGHS+

/D FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH

[H O ]  GHO DJXD SXUD D  & HV GH 1 10


+

PROOLWURSRUHOORVHYXHOYHVROR



&21&(372'(S+\S2+



(OS+GHXQDVROXFLyQVHGHILQHFRPRHOORJDULWPRGHFLPDOGHOLQYHUVRGH
OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH LRQHV KLGUyJHQR HQ PROOLWUR (V GHFLU HO S+ HV HO ORJDULWPR
+

GHFLPDOQHJDWLYRGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHLRQHV H (OS+GHODJXDSXUDDR&
HVGH


1
+

pH = log
= log H
H+


+

 pH = log H 


(O S2+ HV LJXDO DO ORJDULWPR QHJDWLYR GH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH LRQHV

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

KLGUR[LORV

[OH ] 

1
pOH = log
= log OH
_
OH


pOH = log OH

]
pH + pOH = 14
www.Quimica.pe




(6&$/$<&/&8/2'(S+




/D FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GHO + GHWHUPLQD OD IXHU]D GH XQ iFLGR D PD\RU
FRQFHQWUDFLyQ PD\RU IXHU]D GHO iFLGR 'H LJXDO IRUPD OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ  GH 2+
GHWHUPLQDODIXHU]DGHODEDVH

$ SDUWLU GH OD FRQVWDQWH GH LRQL]DFLyQ GHO DJXD   [  D  & VH
GHWHUPLQyODHVFDODGHS+VLJXLHQWH



              





e
P
a

FLGRIXHUWHFLGRGpELO1HXWUD
UD %
UD
%DVHGpELO%DVHIXHUWH
%


ic
2EVHUYDTXHVyORHOFDPELRGHXQDXQLGDGGHS+HTXLYDOHDOLQFUHPHQWR
R HXQ
m

RGLVPLQXFLyQGHGLH]YHFHVODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHLRQHV+
QFFHQW
FHQ
QWWU
QWUD
WUD

ui

w
7DEODS+GHVROXFLRQHVFRPXQHV
XF
X
wFw

6867$1&,$
-XJRVJiVWULFRV
-XJRGHOLPyQ
9LQR
-XJRGHWRPDWH
&DIp
2ULQD
$JXDGHOOXYLD
/HFKH

S+









6867$1&,$
$JXDGHVWLODGD
6DQJUH
/HYDGXUD
'LVROXFLyQGHEyUD[
3DVWDGHQWDO
/HFKHGHPDJQHVLD
$PRQLDFRGHXVRGRPpVWLFR
+LGUy[LGRGHVRGLR

S+









&RPR OR PHQFLRQDPRV DQWHULRUPHQWH SDUD FDOFXODU HO YDORU GHO S+ VH
UHTXLHUHGHWHUPLQDUHOORJDULWPRGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH+(OORJDULWPRGHFLPDO
GH XQ Q~PHUR HV VLPSOHPHQWH OD SRWHQFLD D OD TXH HVWp HOHYDGR $Vt HO ORJ GH
HVHOGHHV
www.Quimica.pe

[ ]

pH = log H + 

(MHPSORV

D 'HWHUPLQDHOS+GHXQDVROXFLyQFX\DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH+HVLJXDOD
[ HLQGLFDVLHVXQiFLGRREDVH





pH
pH
pH
pH





[ ]
[
]

= log H + 
= log 2 10 9 
= [ 8.69] 
= 8.69 HVXQDEDVHGpELO

3RGHPRVFDOFXODUHOS+DSDUWLUGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHXQDVROXFLyQ

E &DOFXODUHOS+GHXQDVROXFLyQ0GH1D2+(O1D2+HVXQDEDVH
SRU HOOR HO S+ GHEHUi VHU PD\RU D  /D FRQFHQWUDFLyQ  0 HV LJXDO D [
HPSOHDQGRODNDGHODJXDFDOFXODPRVODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHOLyQKLGUyQLR


][

1 10 14 = H 3 O + 1 10 1 

[H O ] = 1 10 / 1 10 = 1 10 
pH = log[H O ] = log[1 10 ] 
+

14

13

13

pH = [ 13] = 13 es una base fuerte. 



,1',&$'25(6'(S+


2WURPpWRGRSDUDGHWHUPLQDUHOS+HVSRUPHGLRGHLQGLFDGRUHVTXtPLFRV

,QGLFDGRUHV 6RQ PROpFXODV FRPSOHMDV JHQHUDOPHQWH RUJiQLFDV ODV


FXDOHVVHFRPSRUWDQFRPRiFLGRVREDVHVGpELOHV\WLHQHQODSURSLHGDG
GH FDPELDU GH FRORU GH DFXHUGR DO S+ (VWR VH GHEH D TXH HQ IRUPD
LyQLFDSUHVHQWDQXQFRORU\HQIRUPDPROHFXODUWLHQHQFRORUGLIHUHQWH


/RVLQGLFDGRUHVWLHQHQGHWHUPLQDGRVUDQJRVGHS+ODWDEODUHODFLRQD
ORVPiVFRPXQHV
www.Quimica.pe

7DEOD,QGLFDGRUHVGHS+

,1',&$'25






,17(59
$/2'(
3+








9LROHWDGHPHWLOR
$QDUDQMDGRGHPHWLOR
5RMRGHPHWLOR
$]XOGHEURPRWLPRO
5RMRIHQRO
)HQRIWDOHtQD
&DUPtQGHLQGLJD

w.
ww

m
ui

a
ic

&$0%,2'(
&2/25
$PDULOORDYLROHWD
5RMRDDPDULOOR
5RMRDDPDULOOR
$PDULOORD]XO
$PDULOORDURMR
,QFRORURDURMR
$]XODDPDULOOR

)LJ/DIHQRIWDOHtQDHQiFLGRFORUKtGULFR D HVLQFRORUD\HQVROXFLyQGHKLGUy[LGRGHVRGLR E 
DGTXLHUHFRORUURMR



2WURVLQGLFDGRUHVVRORVRQFXDOLWDWLYRVHVGHFLUVyORGHWHUPLQDQVLHVXQ
iFLGRRXQDEDVH&RPRHOSDSHOWRUQDVROD]XORURMR
www.Quimica.pe

5($&&,21(6'(1(875$/,=$&,1





/DQHXWUDOL]DFLyQHVHOIHQyPHQRTXHVHSUHVHQWDDOUHDFFLRQDUXQ
iFLGR FRQ XQD EDVH HQ VROXFLyQ DFXRVD /RV LRQHV KLGUyQLR GHO
iFLGR\ORVLRQHVR[LGULORGHODEDVHVHFRPELQDQSDUDIRUPDUDJXD
\XQDVDO

(MHPSOR

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H 2O 


H 2 SO4 + KOH K 2 SO4 + H 2O

7,78/$&,1



(VHOSURFHVRGHYDORUDFLyQSRUPHGLRGHOFXDOVHGHWHUPLQDHOYROXPHQR
OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH XQD VROXFLyQ GHVFRQRFLGD D WUDYpV GH XQD UHDFFLyQ GH
QHXWUDOL]DFLyQ

(VWD RSHUDFLyQ GH ODERUDWRULR VH UHDOL]D FRQ XQD VROXFLyQ GH
FRQFHQWUDFLyQ FRQRFLGD  OODPDGD VROXFLyQ SDWUyQ R HVWiQGDU  \ XQD GH
FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GHVFRQRFLGD  GHQRPLQDGD VROXFLyQ SUREOHPD DVt  PLVPR VH
UHTXLHUH GH XQD VROXFLyQ LQGLFDGRUD TXH SHUPLWD GHWHFWDU HO PRPHQWR GH OD
QHXWUDOL]DFLyQ)LJXUDV\





www.Quimica.pe

)LJ/DEXUHWDVHHPSOHDSDUDUHDOL]DUODWLWXODFLyQ

w.
ww

m
ui

a
ic

)LJ  0XHVWUD OD WLWXODFLyQ GHO iFLGR VXOI~ULFR FRPQ KLGUy[LGR GH
VRGLR

(QHODQiOLVLVGHVROXFLRQHViFLGDVREiVLFDVODWLWXODFLyQVHUHDOL]D
PHGLDQWHODPHGLFLyQFXLGDGRVDGHORVYRO~PHQHVGHXQiFLGR\XQDEDVHTXHVH
QHXWUDOL]DH[DFWDPHQWH

/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHOiFLGRRGHODEDVHVHFDOFXODXWLOL]DQGRODUHODFLyQ
JHQHUDOTXHHVWDEOHFHTXHHOSURGXFWRGHOYROXPHQSRUODQRUPDOLGDGHVLJXDOSDUD
WRGDVODVVROXFLRQHVTXHUHDFFLRQDQFRPSOHWDPHQWH


V cido N cido = V base N base


www.Quimica.pe

'RQGH9D YROXPHQGHOiFLGR
1D FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHOiFLGR
9E YROXPHQGHODEDVH
1E FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHODEDVH


(MHPSOR

6LWHQHPRVPOGH.2+ODFXDOVHQHXWUDOL]DFRQPOGH+&O1
&XiOVHUiODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHODEDVH"


Vcido N cido = Vbase N base

Va = 12.5 ml
Na = 0.5N
Vb = 25 ml
1E ;

Va Na
= Nb 
Vb
12.5ml 0.5 N
= 0.25 N 
25ml


62/8&,21(6$0257,*8$'25$67$031%8))(52
5(*8/$'25$6



6RQVROXFLRQHVTXHWLHQHQODFDSDFLGDGGHFRQVXPLULRQHV+\2+HQ
JUDQGHVFDQWLGDGHVFRQXQFDPELRPX\SHTXHxRHQHOS+HOFXDOQRVHDSUHFLD
(VGHFLUPDQWLHQHQHOS+FDVLFRQVWDQWH

/DV VROXFLRQHV DPRUWLJXDGRUDV VRQ XQD PH]FOD GH XQD EDVH GpELO \ XQ
iFLGR GpELO TXH VH SXHGH SURGXFLU DO FRPELQDUVH XQ iFLGR GpELO FRQ XQD GH VXV
VDOHV WDPSyQiFLGR RELHQVHSXHGHIRUPDUDOPH]FODUXQDEDVHGpELOFRQXQDGH
VXVVDOHV WDPSyQEiVLFR 

www.Quimica.pe

(MHPSORVFLGRDFpWLFR$FHWDWRGHVRGLR
cido brico- Borato de sodio.

+,'5/,6,6'(6$/(6



/DVVDOHVTXHSURYLHQHQGHODUHDFFLyQHQWUHXQ iFLGRIXHUWH\XQDEDVH
GpELORELHQGHXQiFLGRGpELO\XQDEDVHIXHUWHDOGLVROYHUVHHQDJXDIRUPDQXQD
GLVROXFLyQTXHQRHVQHXWUDSXHGHVHUiFLGDREiVLFD(VWRVHGHEHDODKLGUyOLVLV
GHODVDO

/D KLGUyOLVLV GH XQD VDO TXH VH REWLHQH DO FRPELQDU XQ iFLGR GpELO \ XQD EDVH
IXHUWHSURGXFHXQDVROXFLyQEiVLFD

(MHPSOR Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O 2 NaOH + H 2 CO 3



e
P
a

%DVHIXHUWHFLGRGpELO
%

3RU HO FRQWUDULR OD KLGUyOLVLV GH


H cXQD
H
i XXQ PDVD TXH SURYLHQH GH OD UHDFFLyQ
HQWUHXQiFLGRIXHUWH\XQDEDVHGpELOJHQHUDXQDVROXFLyQiFLGD
EL JH
JHQH
HQ
m

ui

w.
(MHPSOR CuSO w+w 2 H 2 O Cu OH + H 2 SO
4
4

%DVHGpELO  iFLGRIXHUWH

www.Quimica.pe

5(680(1




(QHVWDXQLGDGDQDOL]DPRVODVWUHVWHRUtDViFLGREDVH$UUKHQLXVGHILQHXQ
iFLGRFRPRXQDVXVWDQFLDTXHOLEHUDLRQHV+\XQDEDVHXQDVXVWDQFLDTXHOLEHUD
LRQHV 2+ DO HVWDU GLVXHOWRV HQ DJXD 3DUD %URQVWHG \ /RZU\ XQ iFLGR GRQD
SURWRQHV \ XQD EDVH JDQD SURWRQHV &XDQGR XQ iFLGR SLHUGH XQ SURWyQ VH IRUPD
XQD EDVH FRQMXJDGD \ FXDQGR XQD EDVH DFHSWD XQ SURWyQ VH IRUPD HO iFLGR
FRQMXJDGR/RViFLGRVIXHUWHVVHLRQL]DQWRWDOPHQWHHQDJXDORVGpELOHVVHLRQL]DQ
PX\SRFR

/HZLVHODERUDXQDWHRUtDPiVDPSOLDSDUDGHILQLUDORViFLGRV\ODVEDVHV
3DUD/HZLVXQiFLGRHVFXDOTXLHUVXVWDQFLDFDSD]GHDFHSWDUXQSDUHOHFWUyQLFR\
XQDEDVHHVFXDOTXLHUVXVWDQFLDFDSD]GHGRQDUXQSDUHOHFWUyQLFR5HFXHUGDTXH
HVWDVWUHVWHRUtDVQRVRQRSXHVWDV

/DLRQL]DFLyQGHODJXDSURGXFHLJXDOFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHLRQHV+  H2+ HO
SURGXFWRGHHVWDVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVHVLJXDOD; NZ 'HHVWHYDORUVHGHULYD
OD HVFDOD GH S+ FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH LRQHV +  OD FXDO HV GH FHUR D FDWRUFH 8QD
VROXFLyQFRQXQS+PHQRUDHViFLGDFRQXQS+ DHVQHXWUD\VLHVPD\RUD
KDVWDVHWUDWDGHXQDEDVH6LHOS+YDUtDXQDXQLGDGODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH+
YDUtDYHFHV

(O S+ VH SXHGH FDOFXODU H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH SRU PHGLR GH OD VLJXLHQWH

[ ]
+

IyUPXOD pH = log H RELHQFRQVXVWDQFLDVLQGLFDGRUDVODVFXDOHVFDPELDQ


GHFRORUHQGHWHUPLQDGRVUDQJRVGHS+

/DV VROXFLRQHV DPRUWLJXDGRUDV VRQ XQD PH]FOD GH XQD EDVH GpELO \ XQ
iFLGR GpELO TXH VH SXHGH SURGXFLU DO FRPELQDUVH XQ iFLGR GpELO FRQ XQD GH VXV
VDOHV WDPSyQiFLGR RELHQVHSXHGHIRUPDUDOPH]FODUXQDEDVHGpELOFRQXQDGH
VXVVDOHV WDPSyQEiVLFR (VWDVPDQWLHQHQFRQVWDQWHHOS+GHODVGLVROXFLRQHV

$OJXQDV VDOHV DO GLVROYHUVH HQ DJXD SURGXFHQ GLVROXFLRQHV iFLGDV R
EiVLFDVDHVWHSURFHVRVHOHGHQRPLQDKLGUyOLVLVGHVDOHV

www.Quimica.pe

$&7,9,'$'(6'($35(1',=$-(










(ODERUDXQFXDGURGHGREOHHQWUDGDHQHOTXHFRPSDUHVODVWHRUtDViFLGR
EDVH
5HDOL]D XQD SUiFWLFD GH ODERUDWRULR HQ OD FXDO GHWHUPLQHV FXDOLWDWLYD \
FXDQWLWDWLYDPHQWH HO S+ GH GLIHUHQWHV SURGXFWRV HPSOHDQGR GLYHUVRV
LQGLFDGRUHV
(QWXFDVDUHYLVDORVIUDVFRVGHGLYHUVRVSURGXFWRV VKDPSRROLPSLDGRUHV
GHHVWXIDOLPSLDGRUHVSDUDSLVRVHWF HLQYHVWLJDVXS+
,QYHVWLJDFXDOHVHOSDSHOGHODVDQJUHFRPRXQDVXVWDQFLDUHJXODGRUD
(ODERUD XQ HQVD\R HQ HO FXDO DQDOLFHV OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH ORV iFLGRV \ ODV
EDVHVHQWXYLGD

Pe

(Q HO ODERUDWRULR HVFRODU HQOLVWD ORV


O iFLGRV \ ODV EDVHV H[LVWHQWHV \
ORV
OR
.
FODVLItFDODVHQGpELOHVRIXHUWHV a

ic
m
,QYHVWLJDHMHPSORVGHVXVWDQFLDVDPRUWLJXDGRUDV
XVWD
XVWDQ
W QFFLD
uFLiL

.
([SOLFDSRUTXHHVLPSRUWDQWHODIXQFLyQGHODVVXVWDQFLDVDPRUWLJXDGRUDV
DQw
DQ
w








www.Quimica.pe

(9$/8$&,1
,,16758&&,21(6UHODFLRQDODVVLJXLHQWHVFROXPQDV\FRORFDHQHO
SDUpQWHVLVHOQ~PHURFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH
  (VODVHSDUDFLyQGH,RQHVH[LVWHQWHVGHXQD

VXVWDQFLDHQVROXFLyQDFXRVD
  'HILQHDORViFLGRVFRPRGRQDGRUHVGHSURWRQHV





  (VHOS+GHODVVXVWDQFLDVEiVLFDV

  6XVWDQFLDVRUJiQLFDVTXHUHDFFLRQDQFRQPHGLR
iFLGRREiVLFRFDPELDQGRGHFRORU






  6RQORVSURGXFWRVGHODQHXWUDOL]DFLyQ
  6XVWDQFLDTXHFRQWLHQHXQiWRPRFDSD]GHFHGHU
XQSDUGHHOHFWURQHV
  3URFHVRSUiFWLFRSRUPHGLRGHOFXDOVHHIHFW~DOD

QHXWUDOL]DFLyQ




  6XVWDQFLDVTXHUHJXODQHO3+HQVROXFLRQHV

EiVLFDV\iFLGDV







,1',&$'25(6
'(812$6,(7(
7,78/$&,212
9$/25$&,1
',62&,$&,1
$&,'2
$0257,*8$'25$
6
%$6(&21-8*$'$
<$*8$
%$6(
,21,=$&,21
'(6,(7($
&$725&(
6$/0$6$*8$
%52167('
/2:5<
/(:,6



,,,16758&&,21(6/HHDWHQWDPHQWHFDGDSODQWHDPLHQWR\VXEUD\DOD
UHVSXHVWDFRUUHFWD

&XiOGHODVVLJXLHQWHVVXVWDQFLDVHVXQiFLGRGH/HZLV"


&X

2+

&+

+

1+

/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHLRQHVKLGUyQLRTXHHTXLYDOHDHV


[


[

[

[

'HORVVLJXLHQWHVYDORUHVGHS+&XiOFRUUHVSRQGHDXQiFLGRGpELO"

14

www.Quimica.pe

[

)HQyPHQRTXHVHSUHVHQWDFXDQGRXQFRPSXHVWRLyQLFRVHGLVXHOYH
HQDJXD
,RQL]DFLyQ

QHXWUDOL]DFLyQ

7LWXODFLyQ

GLVRFLDFLyQ

+LGUyOLVLV

/RVSURGXFWRVGHODKLGUyOLVLVGHVDOHVVRQ
FLGR\DJXD

iFLGRV


+&O


6DO\EDVH

FLGR\EDVH

6DO\DJXD

6DO\iFLGR

1RPEUHTXHUHFLEHQODVVXVWDQFLDVTXHUHJXODQHOS+
EXIIHU

DQIyWHURV

VDOHV

$OyWURSRV

&XiOGHORVVLJXLHQWHViFLGRVHVGLSUyWLFR"
+12

+62

Pe

+%U

+&O2

$OUHDFFLRQDUHOFDUERQDWRGHVRGLRFRQDJXDVHUHDOL]DXQSURFHVR
GLLR
GLR
.
OODPDGR
a
c
i

iu m
QHXWUDOL]DFLyQ R[LGDFLyQ
HOHFWUyOLVLV
KLGUyOLVLV
UHGXFFLyQ
HOHF
HO
HF
F
W

w.

ww

,,,,16758&&,21(6&RQWHVWDFRUUHFWDPHQWHFDGDSODQWHDPLHQWR

(VFULEHSURSLHGDGHVGHORViFLGRV


&XiOHVODIXQFLyQGHORVLQGLFDGRUHV"


(VFULEHODIyUPXODGHEDVHVIXHUWHV\GpELOHV




(QTXHFRQVLVWHODWLWXODFLyQ

www.Quimica.pe
















([SOLFDFXiOHVODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHXQiFLGRGpELO\XQRIXHUWH"
4XpVXFHGHHQODQHXWUDOL]DFLyQ"
&XiOHVODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHLRQL]DFLyQ\GLVRFLDFLyQ"
&yPRVHIRUPDQODVVXVWDQFLDDPRUWLJXDGRUDV"
0HQFLRQDLQGLFDGRUHVGHS+TXHFDPELHQGHFRORUHQPHGLREiVLFR
5HSUHVHQWDODFRQVWDQWHGHLRQL]DFLyQGHODJXD
&yPRVHREWXYRODHVFDODGHS+"

(VFULEHHMHPSORVGHHOHFWUROLWRV





,9,16758&&,21(65HVXHOYHORVVLJXLHQWHVSUREOHPDV


&XiOHVHOS+GHXQDVROXFLyQFX\DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHLRQHVKLGURQLR
HVGH["




6LVHGHVHDQQHXWUDOL]DUPOGHXQDGLVROXFLyQ0GH+62
FRQXQDGLVROXFLyQGH1D2+0FDOFXODHOYROXPHQGHODGLVROXFLyQEiVLFD
UHTXHULGDSDUDORJUDUOR

www.Quimica.pe

&DOFXODHOS+GHODVVLJXLHQWHVVROXFLRQHV

[H ] = 3.3 10 mol / litro 


E [H ] = 7.2 10 mol / litro 
F  [OH ] = 8.5 10 mol / litro 
G  [OH ] = 6.3 10 mol / litro 

D 





12

(QFXHQWUDODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVPRODUHVGHORVLRQHV+SDUDODV
VLJXLHQWHVVROXFLRQHVFX\RVS+VRQ

D S+ 

E S+ 

.
F S+ 
a
c

i
G 3+ 
iu m

w.

ww


Pe

www.Quimica.pe








120(1&/$785$
'(
0$&5202/e&8/$6

81,'$'

&2038(6726

25*1,&26

<

2%-(7,926'($35(',=$-(

2EMHWLYRVGHDSUHQGL]DMH
&RQRFHUODVUHJODVGHQRPHQFODWXUDGHOD8,43$SDUDORVKLGURFDUEXURV
QRUPDOHV
,GHQWLILFDUORVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHVGHORVFRPSXHVWRVRUJiQLFRV
5HFRQRFHUODHVWUXFWXUDTXtPLFDGHODVPDFURPROpFXODV

www.Quimica.pe

(6758&785$02/(&8/$5'(/26&2038(6726'(/
&$5%212

/D PD\RUtD GH ORV SURGXFWRV TXH XWLOL]DPRV HQ QXHVWUD YLGD FRWLGLDQD
FRPR DOLPHQWRV PHGLFDPHQWRV GHWHUJHQWHV FRVPpWLFRV MDERQHV UHFLSLHQWHV GH
SOiVWLFR QXHVWUDV URSDV \ PXFKRV SURGXFWRV PiV TXH SXHGHQ VHU WDQ GLIHUHQWHV
HQWUHHOORVSHURTXtPLFDPHQWHJXDUGDQXQDUHODFLyQHVWUHFKDHQORTXHVHUHILHUH
DORVHOHPHQWRVTXHORIRUPDQWRGRVVRQFRPSXHVWRVGHFDUERQR

/D 4XtPLFD RUJiQLFD HV OD HQFDUJDGD GH HVWXGLDU ORV FRPSXHVWRV GHO
FDUERQR FRQ H[FHSFLyQ GH ORV FDUERQDWRV ELFDUERQDWRVFLDQXURV \ DOJXQRV RWURV
FRPSXHVWRVVHQFLOORV

6H FUHH TXH IXH 7RUEHUQ %HUJPDQQ HO SULPHUR HQ FODVLILFDU D ORV
FRPSXHVWRVHQRUJiQLFRVFRPRDTXHOORVTXHSURYHQtDQGHORVRUJDQLVPRVYLYRV\
ORVLQRUJiQLFRVFRPR DTXHOORVTXHSURYHQtDQGHORVPLQHUDOHV/RVTXtPLFRVGH
HVDpSRFD VLJOR;9,,, FUHtDQTXHORVFRPSXHVWRVRUJiQLFRVFRQWHQtDQXQDIXHU]D
PS
SXHHHV
SX
HVW
YLWDOSURSRUFLRQDGDSRUODVFpOXODVYLYDVSRUORTXHVyORVHSRGtDQREWHQHUDSDUWLU
RUO
UOR
OR
.
GHVHUHVYLYRV
a
c
i

6LQ HPEDUJR HQ  :|KOHU
|KOHU
|KOH
UU iD
DmSDUWLU GH XQD VDO GH FLDQDWR GH DPRQLR
u UHDOL]D OD VtQWHVLV GH XQ FRPSXHVWR
REWLHQH XUHD XQ FRPSXHVWR GH OD
ODD RULQD 
RRUU
.
RUJiQLFR D SDUWLU GH XQ LQRUJiQLFR
RwwVLQ
R
VLQ
L OD LQWHUYHQFLyQ GH XQ VHU YLYR SRU OR TXH
w
GHMDGHVHUYDOLGRHOKHFKRGHTXHVyORVHSRGtDQREWHQHUFRPSXHVWRVRUJiQLFRVD
SDUWLUGHVHUHVYLYRV


Pe





www.Quimica.pe

&203$5$&,1*(1(5$/(175(/26&2038(6726
,125*1,&26<25*1,&26


7DEOD3ULQFLSDOHVGLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHFRPSXHVWRVRUJiQLFRVHLQRUJiQLFRV

&2038(672625*1,&26
 &2038(6726,125*1,&26

/RVHOHPHQWRVTXHORFRPSRQHQVRQ&+2
136$V+DOyJHQRV\DOJXQRVPHWDOHV

(O Q~PHUR GH FRPSRQHQWHV TXH VH FRQRFHQ
VRQDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHGHFLQFRPLOORQHV
1R VRQ VROXEOHV HQ DJXD VLQR HQ pWHU
FORURIRUPR EHQFHQR HQWUH RWURV VROYHQWHV
RUJiQLFRV

6XV HQODFHV JHQHUDOPHQWH VRQ GH WLSR
FRYDOHQWHQRSRODU

(Q VROXFLyQ QR FRQGXFHQ OD FRUULHQWH
HOpFWULFD

*HQHUDOPHQWH IRUPDQ ODUJDV FDGHQDV
FRQFDWHQDFLyQ \HVWUXFWXUDVFRPSOHMDVSRUOR
TXHVXVSHVRVPROHFXODUHVVRQHOHYDGRV

6XVSXQWRVGHIXVLyQ\HEXOOLFLyQVRQEDMRV
$UGHQ FRQ UHODWLYD IDFLOLGDG IRUPDQGR &2 \
+2FRPRUHVXOWDGRGHODFRPEXVWLyQ

6XYHORFLGDGGHUHDFFLyQHVOHQWD

6XV UHDFFLRQHV JHQHUDOPHQWH UHTXLHUHQ
FDWDOL]DGRUHV

(V IUHFXHQWH TXH SUHVHQWHQ HO IHQyPHQR GH
LVRPHUtD HV GHFLU FRPSXHVWRV GH LJXDO
IyUPXOD PROHFXODU SHUR FRQ GLIHUHQWH
GLVSRVLFLyQWULGLPHQVLRQDO









6H IRUPDQ FRQ FDVL WRGRV ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH
H[LVWHQHQODQDWXUDOH]D


6H FRQRFHQ DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH XQRV  
FRPSXHVWRV

3RU OR JHQHUDO VRQ VROXEOHV HQ DJXD SHUR
LQVROXEOHV HQ VROYHQWHV RUJiQLFRV FRPR pWHU
EHQFHQRFORURIRUPRHWF

6XV HQODFHV VRQ SUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWH GH WLSR
LyQLFR\FRYDOHQWHSRODU

(QVROXFLyQFRQGXFHQODFRUULHQWHHOpFWULFD


6XV PROpFXODV QR SUHVHQWDQ ODUJDV FDGHQDV QL
HVWUXFWXUDV FRPSOHMDV SRU OR TXH WLHQHQ SHVRV
PROHFXODUHVUHODWLYDPHQWHSHTXHxRV


6XVSXQWRVGHIXVLyQ\HEXOOLFLyQVRQHOHYDGRV

3UHVHQWDQJUDQHVWDELOLGDGWpUPLFD


6XVUHDFFLRQHVVRQLQVWDQWiQHDV

3RFDVYHFHVUHTXLHUHQFDWDOL]DGRUHV


/DLVRPHUtDHVUDUDDXQTXHDOJXQRVFRPSXHVWRV
VtODSUHVHQWDQ


www.Quimica.pe

7,326'(+,%5,'$&,1'(/7202'(&$5%212

/DWHRUtDFXiQWLFDQRVH[SOLFDODWHWUDYDOHQFLDGHOiWRPRGHFDUERQR\DTXH
PHGLDQWHODFRQILJXUDFLyQHOHFWUyQLFDHQVXHVWDGREDVDOQRHVSRVLEOH



1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz


&RPR VH YH HQ OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ HOHFWUyQLFD H[LVWHQ GRV RUELWDOHV SXURV
GHVDSDUHDGRV \ XQR YDFtR OR TXH GD OXJDU D GRV XQLRQHV FRYDOHQWHV \ XQD
FRRUGLQDGDSRUORTXHVHSLHQVDTXHVXIRUPDPDVHVWDEOHHVODFRPELQDFLyQGHXQ
iWRPRGHFDUERQRFRQGRVGHKLGUyJHQR&+
&+
+
VLQHPEDUJRVHVDEHTXHVXIRUPD

PDVHVWDEOHHV&+(VWHKHFKRVyORVHH[SOLFDFRQHOFRQFHSWRGHKLEULGDFLyQHQ
SOLF
OLFFD
DF
SRRQ
GRQGHXQHOHFWUyQGHORUELWDOVEULQFDHVSRQWiQHDPHQWHDORUELWDOSGDQGRFRPR
aQW
OOD
OO
OODDP
ODP
Dic
UHVXOWDGR FXDWUR RUELWDOHV  KtEULGRV OODPDGRV
VS FRQ HO PLVPR FRQWHQLGR
m
LE
EXFFLyQ
EX
LyyQ
yQi
HQHUJpWLFRIRUPDVLPHWUtD\GLVWULEXFLyQHQHOHVSDFLR

Pe

u
.
VVRRw GH
G 4XtPLFD , GHILQLPRV  HO FRQFHSWR GH
5HFXHUGD TXH HQ HO FXUVR


KLEULGDFLyQ



+LEULGDFLyQHVODFRPELQDFLyQGHRUELWDOHVSXURVGHGLIHUHQWH
HQHUJtD GH XQ PLVPR QLYHO DWyPLFR SDUD JHQHUDU RUELWDOHV
KtEULGRVRFRPELQDGRVGHODPLVPDHQHUJtD


&XDQGR VH FRPELQD HO RUELWDO V FRQ ORV RUELWDOHV S SXHGH GDU OXJDU D WUHV
WLSRVGHKLEULGDFLyQODVSVS\VS(OFDUERQRHVXQHOHPHQWRUHSUHVHQWDWLYR\HV
HO~QLFRTXHVXIUHORVWUHVWLSRVGHKLEULGDFLyQRULJLQDQGRDVtORVHQODFHVVLPSOHV

GREOHV\WULSOHV

+,%5,'$&,163
6HIRUPDSRUODFRPELQDFLyQGHXQRUELWDOVFRQXQRUELWDOSGDQGROXJDUD
GRVRUELWDOHVKtEULGRVVS\GRVRUELWDOHVSXURV6HSUHVHQWDHQFDUERQRVXQLGRVSRU
HQODFHVWULSOHV && )LJXUD
www.Quimica.pe



VVS[S\S]%DVDO


([LWDGR

VVS[S\S]
 



VVSVSS\S]+tEULGR



)LJ0XHVWUDODKLEULGDFLyQ63GHO&


3ULPHURXQHOHFWUyQGHS[VHWUDVODGDDS]\SRVWHULRUPHQWHXQHOHFWUyQGH
VSDVDDS[
+,%5,'$&,163

6H GD FXDQGR XQ RUELWDO V VH FRPELQD FRQ GRV RUELWDOHV S GDQGR FRPR
UHVXOWDGRWUHVRUELWDOHVKtEULGRVVS\XQRUELWDOSXUR6HSUHVHQWDHQFDUERQRVFRQ
HQODFHGREOH & & )LJXUD





%DVDO

VVS[S\S]



VVS[S\S]



([LWDGR


 +tEULGR
VVSVSVSS]
)LJ0XHVWUDODKLEULGDFLyQ63 GHO&


3ULPHURXQHOHFWUyQGHS\VHWUDVODGDDS]\SRVWHULRUPHQWHXQHOHFWUyQGH
VSDVDDS\

www.Quimica.pe

+,%5,'$&,163

6HIRUPDSRUODFRPELQDFLyQGHXQRUELWDOVFRQWUHVRUELWDOHVSGDQGROXJDU
D FXDWUR RUELWDOHV KtEULGRV VS 6H SUHVHQWD HQWUH FDUERQRV XQLGRV SRU HQODFH
VLPSOH && )LJXUD





%DVDO

VVS[S\S





VVSVSVSVS




+tEULGR

e
P
a

)LJ0XHVWUDODKLEULGDFLyQ
DFL 63 GHO&
DFLy

8QHOHFWUyQGHVSDVDDS]
w.
ww

m
ui

ic

www.Quimica.pe

7,326'()508/$6


/RV FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV ORV SRGHPRV UHSUHVHQWDU PHGLDQWH IyUPXODV
FRQGHQVDGDVVHPLGHVDUUROODGDV\GHVDUUROODGDVDXQTXHHVPiVIUHFXHQWHXVDUODV
VHPLGHVDUUROODGDV
)yUPXOD&RQGHQVDGD

7DPELpQ OODPDGD PROpFXODU ,QGLFD VRODPHQWH HO Q~PHUR GH iWRPRV GH
FDGDHOHPHQWRVLQGHVFULELUVXDUUHJORHMHPSOR


D &+

E &+

F &+2


)yUPXODVHPLGHVDUUROODGD

(VODPiVXVXDOHQTXtPLFDRUJiQLFDLQGLFDVRODPHQWHODVXQLRQHVTXHKD\
HQWUHFDUERQR\FDUERQRRFRQDOJ~QJUXSRIXQFLRQDOHMHPSOR
D &+&+&+&+

E &+ &+ &+&22+


)yPXOD'HVDUUROODGDRHVWUXFWXUDO


,QGLFDFRPRHVWiQXQLGRVWRGRVORViWRPRVHQWUHVtHQODPROpFXODHMHPSOR

H H H H
| | | |
H-CCCCH
| | | |
H H H H

H
C=C

www.Quimica.pe

,620(5$

(Q TXtPLFD RUJiQLFD H[LVWHQ FRPSXHVWRV FRQ OD PLVPD IyUPXOD PROHFXODU
SHURGLIHUHQWHVSURSLHGDGHVWDQWRItVLFDVFRPRTXtPLFDVFRQXQDUUHJORPROHFXODU
FDUDFWHUtVWLFRDHVWRVFRPSXHVWRVVHOHFRQRFHQFRPRLVyPHURV

3RUHMHPSORHOHWDQRO\HOGLPHWLOHWHUWLHQHQODPLVPDIyUPXODFRQGHQVDGD
&+2SHURVXVSURSLHGDGHVVRQGLIHUHQWHVSRUORTXHVHOHVFRQVLGHUDLVyPHURV


&+&+2+
(WDQRO 

&+2&+

GLPHWLOHWHU

/RV LVyPHURV  VRQ FRPSXHVWRV FX\DV PROpFXODV WLHQHQ XQD


PLVPD IRUPXOD PROHFXODU SHUR GLIHUHQWH IRUPD HVWUXFWXUDO
([LVWHQYDULRVWLSRVGHLVRPHUtD)LJXUD
JXUD
JXU
UDD

e
P
a



ic

FD HQ
FDG
QiDm
QD
'HFDGHQDRHVWUXFWXUDO

u
.
SRw
SR
'HSRVLFLyQROXJDU
ww

7,326'(,620(5$6)XQFLRQDO*HRPpWULFDRFLVWUDQV


(VWHUHRLVRPHUtD SWLFD




)LJXUD&ODVLILFDFLyQGHLVyPHURV

D ,VRPHUtDGHFDGHQDRHVWUXFWXUDO

/D SUHVHQWDQ SULQFLSDOPHQWH ORV DOFDQRV \ FRQVLVWH HQ OD IRUPD GH FyPR
HVWiQFRORFDGRVORVFDUERQRVDORODUJRGHODFDGHQD

www.Quimica.pe


 )LJ,VyPHURVGHOSHQWDQRD QHRSHQWDQRE LVRSHQWDQR\F QHRSHQWDQR


2EVpUYHVH HQ OD ILJXUD  TXH HO QSHQWDQR HO LVRSHQWDQR \ HO
QHRSHQWDQR WLHQHQ OD PLVPD IRUPXOD PROHFXODU &+ SHUR GLVWLQWDV IRUPDV
HVWUXFWXUDOHV SRU OR TXH VRQ FRPSXHVWRV GLVWLQWRV FRQ GLIHUHQWHV GHQVLGDGHV
SXQWRVGHIXVLyQ\SXQWRVGHHEXOOLFLyQ\GLIHUHQWHVSURSLHGDGHVTXtPLFDV


7DEOD3URSLHGDGHVGHORVWUHVLVyPHURVGHOSHQWDQR






1RPEUH
QSHQWDQR
,VRSHQWDQR
1HRSHQWDQR

7HPSHUDWXUD & 
(EXOOLFLyQ)XVLyQ




'HQVLGDG
 JFP 




$ODXPHQWDUHOQ~PHURGHFDUERQRVDXPHQWDHOQ~PHURGHLVyPHURV





www.Quimica.pe











7DEOD1XPHURGHLVyPHURVGHDOJXQRVDOFDQRV
)yUPXOD
PROpFXODU

1RPEUHGHODOFDQROLQHDO

1~PHURGHLVyPHURV

&  + 

3URSDQR



&+

%XWDQR



&+

+H[DQR



&+

2FWDQR



&+

'HFDQR



&+

3HQWDGHFDQR



&+

(LFRVDQR



&+

7ULDFRQWDQR

E ,VRPHUtDGHSRVLFLyQROXJDU

a
ic

e
.P

[

im
u
6H SUHVHQWD VREUH WRGR HQ
FRQ GREOHV R WULSOHV HQODFHV
Q  FRPSXHVWRV
Q
F


DOTXHQRV \ DOTXLQRV  R FXDQGR VH
DOJ~Q VXVWLWX\HQWH GH XQ iWRPR GH
HHwHQFXHQWUD
HQF
w
KLGUyJHQR HQ OD FDGHQD \ VH GHEH DO FDPELR GH SRVLFLyQ GH ORV GREOHV R WULSOHV
HQODFHVRGHORVVXVWLWX\HQWHV
&+ &+&+&+
&+&+ &+&+


(OWHQHUODGREOHOLJDGXUDHQGLIHUHQWHSRVLFLyQORVKDFHFRPSXHVWRVGLVWLQWRV/R
PLVPRVXFHGHFXDQGRXQVXVWLWX\HQWHGHODFDGHQDFDPELDGHSRVLFLyQ
&+&+&+&+
 
&+&+&+&+
&O&O
FORUREXWDQR SHE&   FORUREXWDQR SHE& 


F ,VRPHUtDIXQFLRQDO

6H SUHVHQWD FXDQGR GRV FRPSXHVWRV WLHQHQ OD PLVPD IyUPXOD
FRQGHQVDGDSHURGLIHUHQWHJUXSRIXQFLRQDO
www.Quimica.pe

&+&+&+
&+&+2&+ 

OH

$OFRKROeWHU

$PERV WLHQHQ OD PLVPD IyUPXOD FRQGHQVDGD &+2 SHUR VXV SURSLHGDGHV
VRQGLIHUHQWHV
G /DLVRPHUtDJHRPpWULFD\ODySWLFD

*HQHUDQ LVyPHURV TXH WLHQHQ OD PLVPD HVWUXFWXUD SHUR GLIHUHQWH
GLVSRVLFLyQHVSDFLDOGHVXViWRPRVSRUORTXHVHGHQRPLQDQHVWHUHRLVyPHURV


,VRPHUtDJHRPpWULFDRFLVWUDQV


6H GHEH D OD GLIHUHQWH GLVSRVLFLyQ GH ORV iWRPRV R JUXSRV GH PROpFXODV
LJXDOHVDOUHGHGRUGHXQDGREOHOLJDGXUDHQ XQDQLOORR XQD PROpFXODFXDGUDGDX
RFWDpGULFD

CH3
CH3
\
/
C=C
/
\
H
H

CH3
H
\
/
C=C
/
\
H
CH3

&LVEXWHQR SHE& 7UDQVEXWHQR SHER& 


(VWR VH PDQLILHVWD SRUTXH ORV iWRPRV D ORV TXH HVWiQ XQLGRV ORV
VXVWLWX\HQWHV QR SXHGHQ JLUDU OLEUHPHQWH /RV LVyPHURV FLV WLHQHQ VXVWLWX\HQWHV
LGpQWLFRV HQ HO PLVPR SODQR GH OD PROpFXOD PLHQWUDV TXH ORV WUDQV WLHQHQ
VXVWLWX\HQWHV LGpQWLFRV HQ ODGRV RSXHVWRV /D LVRPHUtD JHRPpWULFD OD SRGHPRV
HQFRQWUDUWDPELpQHQDOJXQRVFRPSXHVWRVLQRUJiQLFRV

NH3 Cl
\ /
Pt
/ \
NH3 Cl

NH3 Cl
\ /
Pt
/ \
Cl NH3

FLVSODWLQR
WUDQVSODWLQR
DFWLYRFRQWUDHOFDQFHU   LQDFWLYRFRQWUDHOFDQFHU 
www.Quimica.pe

,VRPHUtDySWLFD

&XDQGRWHYHVHQHOHVSHMRSXHGHVDSUHFLDUTXHWXPDQRGHUHFKDHVLJXDO
D OD LPDJHQ GH OD PDQR L]TXLHUGD OR PLVPR VL VH WLHQH XQ OXQDU HQ HO ODGR
L]TXLHUGR OD LPDJHQ OR WHQGUi HQ HO ODGR GHUHFKR SRU OR TXH QR VRPRV LJXDOHV D
QXHVWUD LPDJHQ HQ HO HVSHMR 7RGRV ORV REMHWRV WLHQHQ XQD LPDJHQ HQ HO HVSHMR
SHUR HVWD SXHGH R QR WHQHU XQD WRWDO FRLQFLGHQFLD HVSDFLDO HQWUH HVH REMHWR \ VX
LPDJHQHVSHFXODU)LJXUD

a
ic

)LJ2EMHWRVQRTXLUDOHV\TXLUDOHV

 2

w.
ww



m
ui

&XDQGRXQREMHWRQRVHSXHGHVXSHUSRQHUDVXLPDJHQHVSHFXODUVHGLFH
TXHHVTXLUDO

/R PLVPR VXFHGH FRQ DOJXQDV PROpFXODV ODV FXDOHV QR VH SXHGHQ
VXSHUSRQHUDVXLPDJHQHVSHFXODUHQHOODVH[LVWHQiWRPRVGHFDUERQRTXLUDOHV
&XDQGR XQ iWRPR GH FDUERQR WLHQH VXV FXDWUR VXVWLWX\HQWHV GLIHUHQWHV VH
GHQRPLQD TXLUDO \ JHQHUD GRV SRVLEOHV DUUHJORV HVWUXFWXUDOHV TXH QR VRQ
VXSHUSRQLEOHV\VRQLPiJHQHVHVSHFXODUHVXQRGHORWUR)LJXUD



www.Quimica.pe









 )LJ0ROpFXODVQRTXLUDOHV\TXLUDOHVD &ORURHWDQRE &ORUREXWDQR



&XDQGR GRV PROpFXODV VRQ LPiJHQHV HVSHFXODUHV XQD GH RWUD \ QR VH
VXSHUSRQHQVHGHQRPLQDQHQDQWLyPHURV
/RVHQDQWLyPHURVVRQLVyPHURVTXHLQWHUDFW~DQGHGLIHUHQWHPDQHUDFRQOD
OX]SRODUL]DGDDTXHOODTXHDWUDYLHVDXQYLGULR3RODURLG



(O HQDQWLyPHUR TXH GHVYtD HO SODQR GH OD OX] SRODUL]DGD
KDFLDODGHUHFKDVHOHOODPDGH[WUyJLUR\VHVLPEROL]D ' y
 <DTXHOTXHGHVYtDODOX]SRODUL]DGDDODL]TXLHUGDVHOH
FRQRFHFRPROHYyJLUR\VHLQGLFDFRQHOVtPEROR / y  
www.Quimica.pe

espejo







C
H
|
H C OH
|
HO C H
|
H C OH
|
H C OH
|
CH2 OH

C
H |
HO C H
|
H C OH
|
HO C H
|
HO C H
|
HO CH2

(+) glucosa

( ) glucosa

e
P
a

&ODVLILFFLyQGHFDGHQDV

ic
m
i

8QD GH ODV SULQFLSDOHV SU
SURSLHGDGHV
GHO FDUERQR HV VX FDSDFLGDG GH
URSLH
LHG
HG
HGD
GD
G
uXQLU
FRQFDWHQDFLyQ HV GHFLU HO SRGHUVH
ORV iWRPRV GH FDUERQR SDUD IRUPDU
UVH
VH
VH
HH X
wD. O
PROpFXODVHQRUPHV\DVHDGHPDQHUDOLQHDOUDPLILFDGDFtFOLFDHWFDODVFXDOHVVH
QHHHUUUD
ww

OHVOODPDFDGHQDVRHVTXHOHWRVGHFDUERQR


5HFRUGHPRV TXH HO FDUERQR HV WHWUDYDOHQWH HV GHFLU TXH IRUPD FXDWUR
HQODFHVDOFRPELQDUVH\GHDKtHVDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHIRUPDUFDGHQDVPX\ODUJDV\
FRPSOHMDV

|
C
|

/DV FDGHQDV GH ORV FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV VH SXHGHQ FODVLILFDU FRQ EDVH D
WUHVFULWHULRVGLIHUHQWHV


www.Quimica.pe

/LQHDOHVRQRUPDOHV
,3RUODIRUPDHQTXHVHRUJDQL]DQ


$UERUHVFHQWHVRUDPLILFDGDV




6DWXUDGDV

,,3RUHOWLSRGHHQODFH


1RVDWXUDGDV

$FtFOLFDVVDWXUDGDV

RDOLIiWLFDVLQVDWXUDGDV

,,,3RUODHVWUXFWXUDTXH+RPRJpQHDV $OLFtFOLFDV
IRUPDQODVFDGHQDV

&tFOLFDV

 


$URPiWLFDV

+HWHURJpQHDV$OLVtOLFDV



$URPiWLFDV,




3RUODIRUPDHQTXHVHRUJDQL]DQORViWRPRVGHFDUERQR


&DGHQDV QRUPDOHV R FRQWLQXDV (VWDV FDGHQDV  QR SRVHHQ QLQJXQD
UDPLILFDFLyQ DUERUHVFHQFLD 
(MHPSOR+++++

_____
+&&&&&+y&+&+&+&+&+
_____

H
www.Quimica.pe

&DGHQDVDUERUHVFHQWHVRUDPLILFDGDV/DVFDGHQDVSULQFLSDOHV
SUHVHQWDQGHULYDFLRQHVFRQFDGHQDVPiVSHTXHxDVGHiWRPRVGHFDUERQR
OODPDGDVUDGLFDOHVRDUERUHVFHQFLDV


(MHPSOR


CH3

CH3

CH2 CH3

CH3 CH CH2 C CH2 CH


|
|
CH2
CH2
|
|
CH3
CH3

e
P
a

(Q HVWH HMHPSOR OD FDGHQD SULQFLSDO


QF S HVWD UHVDOWDGD GH QHJUR \ ODV
UDPLILFDFLRQHVRDUERUHVFHQFLDVHVWiQHQFHUUDGDVHQFtUFXORV
UUUDDGD
UUDG
GD
GDV


.


,,3RUHOWLSRGHHQODFH

m
ui

ic


6DWXUDGDV (Q HVWH WLSR GH
ORV iWRPRV GH FDUERQR HVWiQ XQLGRV
HHw FDGHQD
FDG
HQWUHVtVRORSRUHQODFHVVLPSOHV w
(MHPSOR

H H H H H
| | | | |
HCCCCC H
| | | | |
H H H H H



1RVDWXUDGDVRLQVDWXUDGDV(VWDVFDGHQDVWLHQHQGREOHV\RWULSOHV
HQODFHVHQWUHDOJXQRVGHVXViWRPRVGHFDUERQR

(MHPSOR
D &+&+ &+&+yE &+&&+ &+
www.Quimica.pe

,,,3RUODHVWUXFWXUDTXHIRUPDQODVFDGHQDV


$FtFOLFDV DOLIiWLFDV R GH FDGHQD DELHUWD /DV FDGHQDV \ ODV UDPLILFD
FLRQHVQRIRUPDQHVWUXFWXUDVFHUUDGDV/RVHMHPSORVDQWHULRUHVGHORVFULWHULRV,\
,,HQWUDQGHQWURGHHVWDFODVLILFDFLyQ
&+&+&+&+
___
&+&+&+&&+&+&+&+ &+&+
__
&+&+
__
&+&+

&tFOLFDV R GH FDGHQD FHUUDGD /D HVWUXFWXUD SULQFLSDO  IRUPD  FLFORV R FDGHQDV
FHUUDGDVpVWDVSXHGHQVHU

D +RPRJpQHDV&DGHQDVFHUUDGDVTXHVyORHVWiQIRUPDGDVSRUiWRPRVGH
FDUERQR

  $OLFtFOLFRV &DGHQDV FtFOLFDV KRPRJpQHDV TXH QR VH GHULYDQ GHO
EHQFHQR
(MHPSOR
&+&+&+&+&+


__


&+&+&+&+

  $URPiWLFRV &DGHQDV FtFOLFDV FX\DV HVWUXFWXUDV WLHQHQ FRPR EDVH DO
EHQFHQR HQODFHVVLPSOHV\GREOHVHQIRUPDDOWHUQD 
&+
 
&+&+
___
&+&+

&+
%HQFHQR

www.Quimica.pe


E  +HWHURJpQHDV &DGHQDV TXH HQ VX HVWUXFWXUD SULQFLSDO DGHPiV GHO
FDUERQRFRQWLHQHQRWURViWRPRVGHHOHPHQWRVGLIHUHQWHV SRUHMHPSOR126 



 $OLFtFOLFRV(VWUXFWXUDVFtFOLFDVFRQHQODFHVVHQFLOORVRGREOHVDLVODGRV

(MHPSOR&+

|
N
HC2


CH
CH3 C

Pe

FFRP
FR
P EDVH XQD HVWUXFWXUD VLPLODU DO
  $URPiWLFRV &DGHQDV TXH WLHQHQ FRPR
DOOFaD
EHQFHQRSHURFRQDOJ~QiWRPRGLIHUHQWHDOFDUERQR
(MHPSOR
&+

&+1
___
1&+

&
_
&+



w.
ww

m
ui

ic

www.Quimica.pe

120(1&/$785$'(+,'52&$5%8526

3DUDQXHVWURVSURSyVLWRVHQWHQGHUHPRVHOWpUPLQRQRPHQFODWXUDFRPROD
WpFQLFD GH DVLJQDUOH XQ QRPEUH FLHQWtILFR D ORV FRPSXHVWRV TXtPLFRV VLJXLHQGR
SDUD HOOR ODV UHJODV HVWDEOHFLGDV SRU OD 8QLyQ ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH 4XtPLFD 3XUD \
$SOLFDGD 8,43$ WDPELpQFRQRFLGDFRPR,83$&SRUODVVLJODVGH,QWHUQDWLRQDO
8QLRQRI3XUHDQG$SSOLHG&KHPLVWU\

/RV KLGURFDUEXURV VRQ FRPSXHVWRV TXH FRQWLHQHQ VRODPHQWH iWRPRV GH
FDUERQRHKLGUyJHQR\FX\DSULQFLSDOIXHQWHHVHOSHWUyOHR6HGLYLGHQHQ$FtFOLFRV
R$OLIiWLFRV\&tFOLFRV$PERVJUXSRVDVXYH]SXHGHQVXEGLYLGLUVHHQVDWXUDGRVR
LQVDWXUDGRVGHSHQGLHQGRGHTXHSUHVHQWHQVyORHQODFHVVLPSOHVHQVXHVWUXFWXUD
RHQODFHVGREOHVRWULSOHV


6DWXUDGDV$OFDQRV
$FtFOLFRV



,QVDWXUDGDV$OTXHQRV\DOTXLQRV
+LGURFDUEXURV



6DWXUDGDV&LFORDOFDQR
&tFOLFRV



,QVDWXUDGDV$OLFtFOLFRV\$URPiWLFRV


+,'52&$5%8526$&&/,&266$785$'26(,16$785$'26

7DPELpQ OODPDGRV DOFDQRV R SDUDILQDV VRQ FRPSXHVWRV IRUPDGRV SRU
HQODFHVVHQFLOORVHQWUHFDUERQR\FDUERQR6XIRUPXODJHQHUDOHV&Q+Q


(MHPSORVGH$FtFOLFRVVDWXUDGRV

D &+E &+&+&+&+
 __
 &+&+

www.Quimica.pe


(VWHWLSRGHFRPSXHVWRVIRUPDQFDGHQDVDELHUWDVQRUPDOHVRUDPLILFDGDV
HQ GRQGH ODV FXDWUR YDOHQFLDV GHO FDUERQR HVWiQ VDWXUDGDV FRQ KLGUyJHQR R FRQ
RWURViWRPRVGHFDUERQR3UHVHQWDQKLEULGDFLyQGHRUELWDOHVDWyPLFRVVS

9HDPRV HQ SULPHU OXJDU FRPR VH QRPEUDQ D ORV DOFDQRV OLQHDOHV VLQ
UDPLILFDFLRQHVDORVTXHVHOHVFRQRFHFRPRQRUPDOHV/RVFXDWURSULPHURVWLHQHQ
QRPEUHV WULYLDOHV PHWDQR HWDQR SURSDQR \ EXWDQR $ SDUWLU GHO TXLQWR VH
QRPEUDQGHDFXHUGRDODVUHJODVHVWDEOHFLGDVSRUOD8,43$FRQHOSUHILMRJULHJRR
ODWLQRTXHLQGLFDHOQ~PHURGHiWRPRVGHFDUERQR\ODWHUPLQDFLyQDQR LQGLFDTXH
HOHVTXHOHWRGHOFRPSXHVWRHVWDVDWXUDGRGHKLGUyJHQRV 
120%5()508/$)508/$
&21'(16$'$6(0,'(6$552//$'$

0HWDQR 

&+

(WDQR 

&+

&+&+

3URSDQR

&+

&+&+
&+
+
&+
 & 

%XWDQR 

&+ 

3HQWDQR

&+

+H[DQR 

&+ 

+HSWDQR

&+ 

2FWDQR 

&+ 

1RQDQR

&+ &+&+&+ &+ &+&+

'HFDQR 

&+ 

&+

Pe

.
&+&+
&+
&
+ &+&+
ci a
&+&+
im& &+&+&+

&
u
&+
+&+

&+&+&+&+
w.

ww &+&+ &+ &+&+


&
&+

&+&+&+ &+ &+&+


&+&+&+ &+ &+&+



6HVXJLHUHTXHHVWRVQRPEUHV\VXVIyUPXODVVHDQPHPRUL]DGRV\DTXHVRQ
ODEDVHSDUDIDFLOLWDUHODSUHQGL]DMHGHODQRPHQFODWXUDGHOUHVWRGHORVFRPSXHVWRV
RUJiQLFRV

&RPR VH REVHUYD D SDUWLU GHO HWDQR OD FDGHQD YD FUHFLHQGR XQ iWRPR GH
FDUERQR \ GRV GH KLGUyJHQR  SDUD GDU XQD VHULH GH FRPSXHVWRV GRQGH FDGD
PLHPEURGLILHUHGHOVLJXLHQWHSRUXQDXQLGDG &+ OODPDGDVHULHKRPyORJD
www.Quimica.pe


&RPR \D VH PHQFLRQy ORV DOFDQRV SUHVHQWDQ XQD IRUPXOD JHQHUDO &Q+Q
GRQGH Q UHSUHVHQWD HO Q~PHUR GH iWRPRV GH FDUEyQ GH DTXt TXH  OD IyUPXOD
FRQGHQVDGDGHOEXWDQRVHD&+\GHOKH[DQR&+



6LDXQDOFDQRQRUPDOVHOHVXVWLWX\HXQKLGUyJHQRSRUXQDDUERUHVFHQFLDR
UDPLILFDFLyQ VH REWLHQH XQ KLGURFDUEXUR GH FDGHQD DELHUWD VDWXUDGR \
DUERUHVFHQWH
+++++
_____
+&&&&&+
_____
++&+++
_
&+
Radicales alquilo



8QUDGLFDODOTXLORVHIRUPDDOGHVSUHQGHUVHXQKLGUyJHQRGHXQDFDGHQDGH
KLGURFDUEXUR TXHGDQGR XQ iWRPR GH FDUERQR FRQ XQ  SDU GH HOHFWURQHV QR
DSDUHDGRVVHUHSUHVHQWDQFRQHOVtPEROR5
3DUD QRPEUDU D HVWRV UDGLFDOHV VH  FDPELD OD WHUPLQDFLyQ DQR GHO DOFDQR
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHSRULORLOR\VHDGLFLRQDXQSUHILMRSDUDLQGLFDUHOWLSRGHFDUERQR
TXHHVWiGLUHFWDPHQWHHQOD]DGRDODFDGHQDSULQFLSDO
/RV iWRPRV GH FDUERQR VH FODVLILFDQ HQ SULPDULRV VHFXQGDULRV WHUFLDULRV \
FXDWHUQDULRVGHDFXHUGRDOQ~PHURGHiWRPRVGHFDUERQRDORVTXHHVWiQXQLGRV
3ULPDULR&+

6HFXQGDULR&+

WHUFLDULR

&XDWHUQDULR

&+

www.Quimica.pe

|
C
|

(MHPSOR
FXDWHUQDULR&+&+
__WHUFLDULR
SULPDULR&+&&+&+&+&+

_ 
 
&+
VHFXQGDULR

(O SUHILMR VHF LQGLFD TXH HO FDUERQR XQLGR D OD FDGHQD HV VHFXQGDULR WHU
TXH HO FDUERQR XQLGR D OD FDGHQD HV WHUFLDULR HO SUHILMR LVR TXH HO SHQ~OWLPR
FDUERQR GH OD FDGHQD GHO JUXSR DOTXLOR HV VHFXQGDULR \ HO SUHILMR QHR TXH HO
SHQ~OWLPRFDUERQRGHODFDGHQDGHOUDGLFDODOTXLORHVWHUFLDULR
7DEOD5DGLFDOHVDOTXLOR
$OFDQR

)yUPXOD

5DGLFDO

)yUPXOD

0HWDQR

&+

0HWLR
metilo

&+ 

&+&+

(WLORHWLOR
HW

&+&+

&+&+&+

3URSLOR
3URS
RS
SLL
SURSLOR
S
SU
SUR

,,VRSURSLOR
,VSURSLOR

(WDQR
3URSDQR

w.
ww

m
ui

e
P
a

ic

&+&+&+
&+&+
_

&+
%XWDQR 

&+&+&+&+

%XWLOREXWLOR

&+&+&+&+

6HFEXWLOR
6HFEXWLOR

,VREXWLOR
,VREXWLOR






7HUEXWLO

&+&+&+

_
&+
&+&+&+ 

_

&+

&+
_ 
&+&


|
CH3
www.Quimica.pe

1RPHQFODWXUDGHDOFDQRVDUERUHVFHQWHV

3DUD QRPEUDU D ORV DOFDQRV DUERUHVFHQWHV VH HPSOHDQ ODV VLJXLHQWHV UHJODV
HPLWLGDVSRUOD8,43$

 6H EXVFD OD FDGHQD PDV ODUJD TXH WHQJD PD\RU Q~PHUR GH iWRPRV GH
FDUERQR (Q FDVR GH H[LVWLUGRV FDGHQDV GHO PLVPR WDPDxR VH HOLJH OD TXH WHQJD
PD\RUQ~PHURGHUDPLILFDFLRQHVRODTXHSUHVHQWHODVUDPLILFDFLRQHVPiVVLPSOHV


CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH CH3


|
|
&+&+&+

 6H QXPHUDQ ORV FDUERQRV GH OD FDGHQD HPSH]DQGR SRU HO H[WUHPR TXH
WHQJDODVUDPLILFDFLRQHVRDUERUHVFHQFLDVPiVSUy[LPDV

CH3
CH3
CH2 CH3
|
|
|
1
CH3 2CH 3CH2 4C 5CH2 6CH
|
|
7
CH2
CH2
|
|
8
CH3
CH3


 6H QRPEUDQ ODV DUERUHVFHQFLDV HQ RUGHQ DOIDEpWLFR R HQ RUGHQ GH
FRPSOHMLGDG FUHFLHQWH LQGLFDQGR OD SRVLFLyQ TXH FRUUHVSRQGD DO Q~PHUR GH
FDUERQRDOFXDOVHHQFXHQWUDXQLGR(MHPSORHWLOPHWLO

 (Q FDVR GH H[LVWLU  JUXSRV DOTXLOR LJXDOHV VX Q~PHUR VH LQGLFD FRQ ORV
SUHILMRV GL WUL WHWUD HWFpWHUD VLQ FRQVLGHUDUORV  FXDQGR VH DOIDEHWL]DQ ODV
UDPLILFDFLRQHV $QWHV GHO QRPEUH GHO UDGLFDO VH LQGLFD HO Q~PHUR GH FDUERQR
GRQGH VH HQFXHQWUDQ VHSDUiQGROR SRU XQD FRPD   (MHPSOR   GLHWLO   
GLPHWLO
3RU~OWLPRVHQRPEUDODFDGHQDSULQFLSDOFRQODWHUPLQDFLyQDQR

www.Quimica.pe

CH3
CH3
CH2 CH3
|
|
|
1
CH3 2CH 3CH2 4C 5CH2 6CH
|
|
7
CH2
CH2
|
|
8
CH3
CH3

GLHWLOGLPHWLORFWDQR
$OTXHQRV


/RV DOTXHQRV VRQ KLGURFDUEXURV DFtFOLFRV LQVDWXUDGRV WDPELpQ OODPDGRV
ROHILQDVFRQWLHQHQXQRRPiVGREOHVHQODFHVHQWUHFDUERQR\FDUERQRSUHVHQWDQ
KLEULGDFLyQ VS VX IyUPXOD JHQHUDO HV &Q+Q   3XHGHQ VHU GH FDGHQD QRUPDO R
DUERUHVFHQWH


e
P
a

(MHPSORVGHDOTXHQRV

a) CH3 CH = CH2


w.

ww

Qu

b) CH
b)
C 2 = C CH2 - CH3
|
im
CH3

ic


3DUDQRPEUDUDORVDOTXHQRVQRUPDOHVVHXWLOL]DHOPLVPRSUHILMRTXHHOGH
ORVDOFDQRVSHURVHFDPELDODWHUPLQDFLyQDQRGHODOFDQRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHSRUHQR


(WHQR
&+ &+


3URSHQR&+ &+&+



/DFDGHQDGHEHQXPHUDUVHSRUHOH[WUHPRPiVFHUFDQRDOGREOHHQODFH
LQGLFDQGRVXSRVLFLyQ




3HQWHQR

&+&+ &+&+&+
+H[HQR





&+&+&+&+ &+&+


www.Quimica.pe



+HSWHQR

&+ &+&+&+&+&+&+


3DUDQRPEUDUORVDOTXHQRVDUERUHVFHQWHVVHVLJXHQODVPLVPDVUHJODVTXH
SDUDORVDOFDQRV



&+&+&+&+ &+&+
_

&+ PHWLOKH[HQR 



&+ &+&+&+&+&+&+
_
&+&&+
_
&+



WHUEXWLOKHSWHQR

/DFDGHQDSULQFLSDOVLHPSUHFRQWHQGUiHOGREOHHQODFH
$OTXLQRV

6RQ KLGURFDUEXURV DFtFOLFRV QR VDWXUDGRV FRQ XQR R PiV HQODFHV WULSOHV
HQWUHFDUERQR\FDUERQRSUHVHQWDQKLEULGDFLyQVS6XIyUPXODJHQHUDOHV&Q+Q

6X QRPHQFODWXUD HV VLPLODU D OD GH ORV DOTXHQRV SHUR VH FDPELD OD
WHUPLQDFLyQHQRSRULQR

CH3 C C CH2 CH3

CH3 CH C CH
|

&+
SHQWLQRPHWLOEXWLQR


&&/,&266$785$'26



&RPR SRGUiV GDUWH FXHQWD OD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD SULQFLSDO GH HVWRV FRPSXHVWRV
HVTXHIRUPDQXQDFDGHQDFHUUDGD SXHGHQRQROOHYDUDUERUHVFHQFLDV \WRGRVORV
www.Quimica.pe

FDUERQRVHVWiQXQLGRVHQWUHVLFRQHQODFHVVHQFLOORV$HVWRVKLGURFDUEXURVVHOHV
FRQRFHFRPRFLFORDOFDQRVFLFODQRVRFLFORSDUDILQDVVXIyUPXODJHQHUDOHV&Q+Q

3DUDQRPEUDUORVVHDJUHJDHOSUHILMRFLFORDOQRPEUHGHODOFDQRGHDFXHUGR
DOQ~PHURGHiWRPRVGHFDUERQR

D &+E &+&+
__
&+&+&+&+

&LFORSURSDQRFLFOREXWDQR

/DVUDPLILFDFLRQHVVHQRPEUDQHQRUGHQDOIDEpWLFR\VHLQGLFDODSRVLFLyQ
PHGLDQWHXQQ~PHURFRPHQ]DQGRSRUHOFDUERQRTXHWHQJDODDUERUHVFHQFLDPiV
SHTXHxDFDGDVXVWLWX\HQWHGHEHWHQHUHOQ~PHURPiVEDMRSRVLEOH
Q~
Q~P
~P
PHU
PH

.

e
P
a

D &+E &+
 

 i

m


 u i
&+&+&+&+


&+&+&+
w.

ww
__
&+&+&+HWLOFLFORSURSDQR

&+

GLPHWLOFLFORKH[DQR


&tFOLFRVLQVDWXUDGRV

'HQWUR GH HVWD FODVLILFDFLyQ VH HQFXHQWUDQ ORV FLFORDOTXHQRV \
FLFORDOTXLQRVpVWRVIRUPDQXQDQLOORRXQFLFORSXHGHQFRQWHQHUHQVXPROpFXOD
XQGREOHRWULSOHHQODFHHQWUHVXVFDUERQRV6HQRPEUDQFRQODVPLVPDVUHJODVTXH
SDUD ORV FLFORDOFDQRV SHUR FRQ OD WHUPLQDFLyQ HQR SDUD ORV FLFORDOTXHQRV H LQR
SDUDORVFLFORDOTXLQRV

www.Quimica.pe

a)

b)
|





c) CH2 C
|
&+&

&LFORSHQWHQRFLFOREXWHQRFLFOREXWLQR

1RWD 3DUD DEUHYLDU OD HVFULWXUD GH IyUPXODV HQ HVWDV ILJXUDV FDGD YpUWLFH
UHSUHVHQWDDXQiWRPRGHFDUERQR\ORVKLGUyJHQRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDTXHHOFDUERQR
FRPSOHWH VXV FXDWUR YDOHQFLDV (VWH WLSR GH UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV  HV PX\ FRP~Q HQ
FRPSXHVWRVFtFOLFRV

www.Quimica.pe

&/$6,),&$&,1'(*58326)81&,21$/(6
&DGDXQRGHORVWLSRVGHFRPSXHVWRVGHEHVXVSURSLHGDGHVTXtPLFDVDXQ
JUXSRGHiWRPRVSUHVHQWHHQXQDSDUWHGHVXHVWUXFWXUD$HVWHJUXSRGHiWRPRV
TXH GLIHUHQFLD D XQ WLSR GH FRPSXHVWR FRQ ORV GHPiV \ TXH GHWHUPLQD VX
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRTXtPLFRVHOHOODPD*UXSR)XQFLRQDO
7DEOD3ULQFLSDOHVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHVGHORVFRPSXHVWRVRUJiQLFRV
&RPSXHVWRV
$OFDQRV
$OTXHQRV

$OTXLQRV

*UXSRIXQFLRQDO

(MHPSOR

_

&+&+&+&+
__
&+&+
&+&+ &&+
_
&+
&+
&+&+&
_

&

_

__
& &

&&


$OFRKROHV

2+

eWHUHV

2

$OGHKtGRV

&+
+
+
+
__
__w
w
2
w2
&
__
2
&2+
__
2

&HWRQDV
FLGRVFDUER[tOLFRV


(VWHUHV

m
ui

$PLQDV


&2
__
2
1+

$PLGDV

&21+

$URPiWLFRV





e
P
a

ic

www.Quimica.pe

&+
&+&+2+

&+2&+&+
&+&+&+
__
2
&+ &&+&+
__
2
2
__
&+&2+

&+ &2&+&+
__
2
&+&+1+
2
__
&+&+&1+

&+

$/&2+2/(6

/RVDOFRKROHVVRQFRPSXHVWRVGHULYDGRVGHORVKLGURFDUEXURVDOVXVWLWXLU
XQR R PiV KLGUyJHQRV SRU JUXSRV R[LGULOR 2+ 7DPELpQ SXHGHQ FRQVLGHUDUVH
FRPR GHULYDGRV GHO DJXD DO VXVWLWXLU XQ iWRPR GH KLGUyJHQR SRU XQ UDGLFDO
DOTXLOR &RPR VH REVHUYD HQ OD WDEOD  ORV DOFRKROHV VH UHSUHVHQWDQ FRQ OD
IRUPXODJHQHUDO52+

6LHQXQDPROpFXODGHDOFRKROH[LVWHQGRVRPiVJUXSRV2+HVWRVGHEHQ
HVWDU FRORFDGRV HQ GLIHUHQWHV FDUERQRV VHJ~Q OD UHJOD GH (UOHQPH\HU TXH GLFH
(QXQPLVPRFDUERQRQRSXHGHKDEHUGRVR[LGULORV


&+&+&+&+2+2+



&+
&+&+&+
&+&+2+___
__2+2+2+
&+&+

&+




/RV DOFRKROHV SXHGHQ VHU SULPDULRV VHFXQGDULRV R WHUFLDULRV VHJ~Q VHD HO
iWRPRGHFDUERQRDOTXHHVWHXQLGRHOR[KLGULOR
3ULPDULR

&+&+&+2+ HO2+HVWDXQLGRDXQFDUERQRSULPDULR

6HFXQGDULR

&+&+&+

HO2+HVWDXQLGRDXQFDUERQRVHFXQGDULR
_
OH
www.Quimica.pe

Terciario
&+
_

HO2+HVWDXQLGRDXQFDUERQRWHUFLDULR
&+&2+
_
&+


3DUDQRPEUDUORVDOFRKROHVVHJ~QOD8,43$VHHPSOHDQORVVLJXLHQWHVSDVRV

 6H HOLJH OD FDGHQD FRQWLQXD GH iWRPRV GH FDUERQR PiV ODUJD \ TXH
FRQWHQJDHOJUXSRR[KLGULOR2+

 6H QXPHUD OD FDGHQD HPSH]DQGR SRU HO H[WUHPR PiV FHUFDQR DO JUXSR
2+LQGLFDQGRHOQ~PHURGHOFDUERQRGRQGHHVWpLQVHUWDGR

 /DV UDPLILFDFLRQHV VH QRPEUDQ HQ
VLPLODU D FRPR VH KL]R HQ ORV
Q IRUPD
IIRU
RUP
U
.
DOFDQRVUDPLILFDGRV
a

ic
 )LQDOPHQWH VH QRPEUD OD
D FDGHQD
FDG
FD
GHQ
GH
HQ
HQD
Qim SULQFLSDO VXVWLWX\HQGR  OD WHUPLQDFLyQ
DQRGHODOFDQRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHSRURO
LLHQW
LHQWH
HQ
QWH
Wu

w.
ww

&+&+&+2+ SURSDQRO


&+&+&+&+ EXWDQRO
_
2+

&+&+&+
_
&+&+&+&+&+&+HWLOPHWLORFWDQRO 
__
OH
CH2 CH3

Pe

www.Quimica.pe

$/'(+'26


5HSUHVHQWDQ HO SULPHU SURGXFWR GH OD R[LGDFLyQ GH ORV DOFRKROHV
SULPDULRVVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUWHQHUODIyUPXODJHQHUDO5& 2
_
H
3DUDQRPEUDUORVGHDFXHUGRDODQRPHQFODWXUDGHOD8,43$VHFDPELDOD
WHUPLQDFLyQROGHODOFRKROGHOFXDOGHULYDQSRUDO

&+&+HWDQDO
__
2

&+&+&+&+EXWDQDO

__
2


&+&+&+&+&+PHWLOKH[DQDO
 ___
&+&+2
(Q FDVR GH KDEHU JUXSRV DOTXLOR VH VLJXHQ ODV PLVPDV UHJODV TXH SDUD ORV
DOFDQRV


&(721$6


6RQ FRPSXHVWRV TXH UHVXOWDQ GH OD R[LGDFLyQ PRGHUDGD GH ORV DOFRKROHV
VHFXQGDULRV 6H FDUDFWHUL]DQ SRU WHQHU HO FDUERQR FDUERQLOR XQLGR D GRV JUXSRV
DOTXLOR

/DIyUPXODJHQHUDOGHODVFHWRQDVVHGHVLJQDFRPR5&25RHQVX
IRUPDGHVDUUROODGD5&5
__
2

3DUD QRPEUDU D ODV FHWRQDV VH FDPELD OD WHUPLQDFLyQ RO GHO DOFRKRO SRU
RQDDGHPiVGHILMDUODSRVLFLyQGHOFDUERQRGRQGHHVWiODIXQFLyQFDUERQtOLFD
www.Quimica.pe

&+&&+SURSDQRQDRWDPELpQ&+&2&+
__
2

&+&&+&+&+SHQWDQRQD
__
2

&+&+&+&&+&+PHWLOKH[DQRQD
___
&+2
&,'26&$5%2;/,&26


/DSUHVHQFLDGHXQJUXSRFDUERQLOR\XQJUXSRR[KLGULOROLJDGRVDOPLVPR
FDUERQR  &2  2+ OODPDGR FDUER[LOR FRQVWLWX\HQ D ORV iFLGRV FDUER[tOLFRV (O
QRPEUH GHO JUXSR IXQFLRQDO HV XQD FRQWUDFFLyQ GH FDUERQLOR  &  2  H
R[KLGULOR 2+ 

.

/RViFLGRVFDUER[tOLFRVVHREWLHQHQGHODR[LGDFLyQGHORVDOGHKtGRV\VH
HQ
QaG
QG
c
i
UHSUHVHQWDQFRQODIyUPXODJHQHUDO5&22+
&22
&2
22
2
iu m


5&+ 2 5&
5&
5
&
. & 2
 
_
w
w
2+

$OGHKtGRFLGRFDUER[tOLFR


3DUDQRPEUDUORVGHDFXHUGRFRQOD8,43$VHDQWHSRQHODSDODEUDiFLGR
\HQVHJXLGDHOQRPEUHGHODOFDQRGHOTXHSURYLHQHFRQODWHUPLQDFLyQLFR



+&22+
iFLGRPHWDQyLFR


&+&22+ iFLGRHWDQyLFR


&+&+&+&+&22+iFLGRPHWLOKHSWDQRLFR
 _

&+&+&+

Pe

www.Quimica.pe

/RViFLGRVFDUER[tOLFRVVHFRQRFHQGHVGHKDFHPXFKRWLHPSRSRUHOORVH
HPSOHDQ PiV VXV QRPEUHV WULYLDOHV TXH ORV VLVWHPiWLFRV $QWLJXDPHQWH SDUD
QRPEUDUORVVHOHVDVLJQDEDQQRPEUHVTXHKDFtDQUHIHUHQFLDDVXIXHQWHQDWXUDOGH
REWHQFLyQRDOJXQDSURSLHGDGLPSRUWDQWH

+&22+
iFLGRIyUPLFR

&+&22+ 
iFLGRDFpWLFR

&+&+&+&22+
iFLGREXWtULFR


e7(5(6


6H OHV SXHGH FRQVLGHUDU FRPR GHULYDGRV GHO DJXD DO VXVWLWXLU ORV GRV
KLGUyJHQRVSRUUDGLFDOHVDOTXLOR6HFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUWHQHUODIyUPXODJHQHUDO5
25

+2+


&+2&+

$JXD

eWHU

([LVWHQ FXDWUR IRUPDV GH QRPEUDU D ORV pWHUHV DTXt VRODPHQWH YHUHPRV
GRVODTXHVHFRQVLGHUDFRP~Q\ODQRPHQFODWXUDGHOD8,43$

3ULPHUD

8QDIRUPDFRP~QGHQRPEUDUORVHVDQWHSRQHUODSDODEUDpWHUHQVHJXLGD
HOQRPEUHGHORVUDGLFDOHVSULPHURHOPiVVHQFLOOR\SRU~OWLPRHOPiVFRPSOHMR
TXHGHEHUiWHQHUODWHUPLQDFLyQLFR

&+2&+&+&+&+2&+&+&+

eWHUPHWLOHWtOLFReWHUHWLOSURStOLFR

&XDQGRORVGRVUDGLFDOHVVRQLJXDOHVpVWRVVHGHVLJQDQFRQHOSUHILMRGL

&+2&+&+&+2&+&+

eWHUGLPHWtOLFReWHUGLHWtOLFR

www.Quimica.pe

6HJXQGD


'HDFXHUGRDODQRPHQFODWXUDGHOD8,43$VHQRPEUDSULPHURDOUDGLFDO
PDVVHQFLOORFRQODWHUPLQDFLyQR[L\HQVHJXLGDHORWURUDGLFDOFRQODWHUPLQDFLyQ
DQR


&+2&+&+&+&+2&+&+&+


0HWR[LHWDQR(WR[LSURSDQR




&+2&+&+&+2&+&+

0HWR[LPHWDQR(WR[LHWDQR


e67(5(6


e
P
a

/RV pVWHUHV VRQ HO UHVXOWDGR GH


TXtPLFD HQWUH XQ iFLGR
H OD
ODD UHDFFLyQ
U
FDUER[tOLFR\XQDOFRKRO VDSRQLILFDFLyQ 6XHVWUXFWXUDTXtPLFDJHQHUDOHV
HVWU
HV
.




5&25y5&225
&22
22i
m
__
ui
2
.
w
ww

3DUD QRPEUDU ORV pVWHUHV VH SXHGHQ GLYLGLU HQ OD SDUWH iFLGD \ OD SDUWH
DOFRKyOLFD

5&25
__
2
3DUWH3DUWH
FLGDDOFRKyOLFD


/D SDUWH TXH SURYLHQH GHO iFLGR VH QRPEUD FRQ OD WHUPLQDFLyQ DWR \  OD
DOFRKyOLFDFRPRUDGLFDODOTXLOR

+&22&+ 
0HWDQRDWRGHPHWLOR


www.Quimica.pe

(WDQRDWRGHPHWLOR
&+&22&+


&+&22&+&+ (WDQRDWRGHLVRSURSLOR
_
&+

&+&+&22&+&+&+&+3URSDQRDWRGHEXWLOR

$0,1$6

6HFRQVLGHUDQFRPRFRPSXHVWRVGHULYDGRVGHODPRQLDFR 1+ VHIRUPDQ
FXDQGR VH VXVWLWX\HQ XQR GRV R  ORV WUHV iWRPRV GH KLGUyJHQR GHO DPRQLDFR SRU
UDGLFDOHVDOTXLOR


6HJ~Q HO Q~PHUR GH KLGUyJHQRV GHO DPRQLDFR VXVWLWXLGRV SRU UDGLFDOHV
DOTXLORODVDPLQDVVHFODVLILFDQHQDPLQDVSULPDULDVVHFXQGDULDVRWHUFLDULDV



+1+

51+51+515

____

++55


$PRQLDFR$PLQDSULPDULD$PLQDVHFXQGDULD$PLQDWHUFLDULD



3DUDQRPEUDUODVDPLQDVVHHVFULEHHOQRPEUHGHFDGDUDGLFDOHQRUGHQ
DOIDEpWLFRRHQRUGHQFUHFLHQWHGHFRPSOHMLGDGFRQHOVXILMRDPLQD


&+1+PHWLODPLQD


&+1+&+&+PHWLOHWLODPLQD


&+1&+&+PHWLOHWLOSURSLODPLQD
_
 &+&+&+

www.Quimica.pe

&XDQGRODPROpFXODWLHQHGRVRWUHVJUXSRVDOTXtOLFRVLGpQWLFRVXQLGRVDO
QLWUyJHQRVHDQWHSRQHHOSUHILMRGLRWUL


&+1+&+GLPHWLODPLQD


&+&+1&+&+PHWLOGLHWLODPLQD
_
&+


&+&+1&+&+WULHWLODPLQD
_
&+&+



$0,'$6

e
P
a


/DVDPLGDVVRQORVFRPSXHVWRVUHVXOWDQWHVGHODVXVWLWXFLyQGHOKLGUR[LOR
UHV
UH
HVVic
m
GHXQiFLGRFDUER[tOLFRSRUXQJUXSRDPLQR
S DP
SR
SRD
PiL
PL
PLQ
u

.
w

ww
5& 25& 2
 __

2+1+
FLGRFDUER[tOLFR$PLGD


3DUDQRPEUDUDODVDPLGDVVHLQGLFDHOQRPEUHGHODOFDQRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH
FRQODWHUPLQDFLyQDPLGD



+&21+PHWDQRDPLGD


&+&21+HWDQRDPLGD

&+&+&+&21+EXWDQRDPLGD

www.Quimica.pe


6LVHVXVWLWX\HXQKLGUyJHQRGHODDPLGDSRUXQJUXSRDOTXLORHVWHVH
QRPEUDSULPHURFRPRSUHILMR


&+&21+&+PHWLOHWDQRDPLGD

2


__

&+&+&1+&+&+HWLOSURSDQRDPLGD

+$/2*(18526'($/48,/2



/RVGHULYDGRVKDORJHQDGRVGHORVKLGURFDUEXURVUHVXOWDQDOVXVWLWXLUXQR
RPiViWRPRVGHKLGUyJHQRSRUXQRRPiVKDOyJHQRV IO~RUFORUREURPR\RGR 

/RV GHULYDGRV KDORJHQDGRV SXHGHQ VHU PRQRKDORJHQDGRV R
SROLKDORJHQDGRV

/RVGHULYDGRVPRQRKDORJHQDGRVVRQDTXHOORVGRQGHVyORVHVXVWLWX\HXQ
iWRPRGHKLGUyJHQRSRUXQiWRPRGHKDOyJHQReVWRVWDPELpQUHFLEHQHOQRPEUH
GHKDORJHQXURVGHDOTXLOR6XIyUPXODJHQHUDOHV5;GRQGH;HVXQKDOyJHQR

3DUDQRPEUDUORVVHHVFULEHHOQRPEUHGHOKDOyJHQRLQGLFDQGRVXSRVLFLyQ
FXDQGRVHDQHFHVDULR \HQVHJXLGDHOQRPEUHGHOKLGURFDUEXUR



&+&O
FORURPHWDQR

&+&+&+%U EURPRSURSDQR

&+&+&+&+&+&+FORURKH[DQR
 _
 &O


www.Quimica.pe

$5207,&26



/RV KLGURFDUEXURV FtFOLFRV GHULYDGRV GHO EHQFHQR WDPELpQ OODPDGRV


KLGURFDUEXURVDURPiWLFRVFRQWLHQHQXQDQLOORFHUUDGRGHiWRPRVGHFDUERQRFRQ
HQODFHVGREOHV\VLPSOHVDOWHUQDGRV


(O EHQFHQR HV HO PiV VHQFLOOR GH ORV FRPSXHVWRV DURPiWLFRV I~H
GHVFXELHUWRHQSRU0LFKDHO)DUDGD\VXIyUPXODPROHFXODUHV&+


6HSURSXVLHURQYDULDVIyUPXODVHVWUXFWXUDOHVSHURODPDVDFHSWDGDIXHOD
GH.HNXOpHQTXLHQORUHSUHVHQWyGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD


+
_
&
 a.
+&&+

ic
m
___
__
__


i
+&&+
&u
&
&
w.

ww
&
_
+


&RQ XQ DQLOOR GH VHLV iWRPRV GH FDUERQR XQLGRV SRU HQODFHV VHQFLOORV
DOWHUQDQGR FRQ GREOHV HQODFHV \ FRQ FDGD FDUERQR HQOD]DGR D XQ KLGUyJHQR (O
FXDOVHHQFXHQWUDHQUHVRQDQFLD


/D WHRUtD GH OD UHVRQDQFLD HVWDEOHFH TXH FXDQGR XQD PROpFXOD VH SXHGH
UHSUHVHQWDU HQ GRV R PiV IRUPDV TXH GLILHUHQ VyOR HQ OD GLVWULEXFLyQ GH ORV
HOHFWURQHVODHVWUXFWXUDUHDOHVXQDHVWUXFWXUDLQWHUPHGLD\ODPROpFXODDGTXLHUH
XQDJUDQHVWDELOLGDGSRUORTXHSXHGHUHSUHVHQWDUVHGHODVLJXLHQWHIRUPD



Pe

www.Quimica.pe





3DUDQRPEUDUDORVFRPSXHVWRVPRQRVXEVWLWXLGRVGHOEHQFHQRGHDFXHUGR
DOD8,43$&VHHVFULEHHOQRPEUHGHOJUXSRVXVWLWX\HQWHVHJXLGDGHODSDODEUD
EHQFHQRDXQTXHWDPELpQVRQDFHSWDEOHVVXVQRPEUHVFRPXQHV

Cl
NH2 


FORUREHQFHQR 

DPLQREHQFHQRDQLOLQD





OH

CH3
IHQRO



PHWLOEHQFHQRRWROXHQR QRPEUHFRP~Q 



CH2CH3


HWLOEHQFHQR


www.Quimica.pe

 0$&5202/e&8/$6




(Q OD QDWXUDOH]D HQFRQWUDPRV PXFKDV VXVWDQFLDV GH SHVR PROHFXODU
HOHYDGROODPDGDVPDFURPROpFXODVFRQVWLWXLGDVSULQFLSDOPHQWHSRUFDUERKLGUDWRV
SURWHtQDV \ iFLGRV QXFOHLFRV TXH OOHJDQ D WHQHU PDVDV PROHFXODUHV PD\RUHV D
PLOORQHVGHXPD



0DFURPROpFXODVVRQPROpFXODVFRQXQDPDVDVXSHULRUDXPD



&XDQGRXQDPDFURPROpFXODVHIRUPDSRUODXQLyQRSROLPHUL]DFLyQGHXQ
JUDQQ~PHURGHPROpFXODVGHSHVRPROHFXODUEDMRVHREWLHQHXQSROtPHUR

/DVPROpFXODVLQGLYLGXDOHVTXHIRUPDQDOSROtPHURVHOODPDQPRQyPHURV
UPDDQ
UPD
DQ
Q
\HVWRVSXHGHQVHULJXDOHVRGLIHUHQWHV6LORVPRQyPHURVQRVRQGHXQVRORWLSR
LOR
OORRV
ODPDFURPROpFXODTXHVHIRUPDVHGHQRPLQDFRSROtPHUR
QDDF
QD
DaF
ic

3RUVXRULJHQORVSROtPHURVSXHGHQVHUQDWXUDOHVRVLQWpWLFRV'HVGHKDFH
RVS
RVS
V SXH
XHHG
iGm
u
PXFKRWLHPSRVHKDQXWLOL]DGRORVSROtPHURVQDWXUDOHVFRPRODODQDODVSLHOHVGH
SRO
SROtP
SR
OtP
Ott
.RROt
DQLPDOHV HO FDXFKR HO DOJRGyQ OD
OD
HWFpWHUD 3HUR D SDUWLU GH  TXH VH
DD VVHGD
H
w
UHDOL]y OD VtQWHVLV GHO SULPHU SROtPHUR VLQWpWLFR OD EDNHOLWD VH KDQ YHQLGR
IDEULFDQGR SROtPHURV VLQWpWLFRV SROLPHUL]DQGR PRQyPHURV SRU PHGLR GH
UHDFFLRQHVFRQWURODGDVTXtPLFDPHQWH

Pe



32/,0(5,=$&,1$',&,1<&21'(16$&,1



/RVSROtPHURVVHSXHGHQVLQWHWL]DUSRUPHGLRGHUHDFFLRQHVGHDGLFLyQR
GHFRQGHQVDFLyQ


3ROLPHUL]DFLyQSRUDGLFLyQ

6HHIHFW~DFRQPRQyPHURVGHDOTXHQRVFRPRHOHWHQR&+ &+TXH
HV HO FRPSXHVWR PDV VLPSOH TXH SXHGH SUHVHQWDU HVWH WLSR GH UHDFFLyQ  (Q
www.Quimica.pe

SUHVHQFLDGHXQFDWDOL]DGRUHOGREOHHQODFHGHFDGDPROpFXODGHHWHQRVHURPSH
IRUPDQGR UDGLFDOHV OLEUHV ORV FXDOHV YDQ D IRUPDU QXHYRV HQODFHV VHQFLOORV
FDUERQRFDUERQRFRQRWUDVGRVPROpFXODVGHHWHQR

++++
& &  & & 


++++

(WHQR(WHQR
++++
++++____
&& && &&&&
++++____
++++

3ROLPHUR 3ROLHWLOHQR 

/RVPRQyPHURVVHYDQDFRSODQGRXQRFRQRWURVLQIRUPDUSURGXFWRV
VHFXQGDULRV/DUHDFFLyQVyORVHOOHYDDFDERHQORVH[WUHPRVGHODFDGHQDTXHYD
FUHFLHQGRUiSLGDPHQWH


3ROLPHUL]DFLyQSRUFRQGHQVDFLyQ



catalizador


5HVXOWD GH OD FRPELQDFLyQ GH GRV PROpFXODV FRQ GLIHUHQWHV JUXSRV
IXQFLRQDOHV TXH UHDFFLRQDQ OHQWDPHQWH HQWUH Vt RULJLQDQGR  OD IRUPDFLyQ GHO
SROtPHUR \ GH XQD PROpFXOD SHTXHxD TXH SRU OR UHJXODU HV DJXD 3RU HMHPSOR
FRQVLGHUHPRVODIRUPDFLyQGHODVILEUDVGH1\ORQHQGRQGHUHDFFLRQDQDSUHVLyQ\
SRUFDOHQWDPLHQWRODGLDPLQD\HOiFLGRDGtSLFR
22
2
2
________

+1 &+ 1++2& &+ &2+ +1 &+ 1+& &+ &+2

'LDPLQDFLGRDGtSLFR1\ORQ 
DJXD

www.Quimica.pe

/D UHDFFLyQ VH UHDOL]D HQ ORV H[WUHPRV GH OD GLDPLQD \ GHO iFLGR
IRUPiQGRVHXQDODUJDFDGHQDFRQODORQJLWXGSURPHGLRGHVHDGDODPDFURPROpFXOD
SXHGHWHQHUGRVFLHQWDVRPiVXQLGDGHV\UHFLEHHOQRPEUHGHQ\ORQSRUTXHODV
PROpFXODVGHiFLGRDGtSLFR\ODGLDPLQDWLHQHQVHLViWRPRVGHFDUERQR

/RVSROtPHURVSRUFRQGHQVDFLyQPiVLPSRUWDQWHVVRQODVSROLDPLGDV\ORV
SROLpVWHUHV (Q OD WDEOD  VH UHVXPHQ ODV SULQFLSDOHV GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH OD
SROLPHUL]DFLyQSRUDGLFLyQ\SRUFRQGHQVDFLyQ


7DEOD'LIHUHQFLDVHQWUHODSROLPHUL]DFLyQSRUDGLFLyQ\FRQGHQVDFLyQ
$GLFLyQ

&RQGHQVDFLyQ

6HHIHFW~DHQWUHPROpFXODVTXHSRVHHQGREOH 8QHPRQyPHURVFRQGLIHUHQWHJUXSR
HQODFH
IXQFLRQDO
6HOOHYDDFDERHQORVH[WUHPRVGHODFDGHQD ,QLFLDHQXQSDUGHPROpFXODVGLIHUHQWHV
SRUODUXSWXUDGHOHQODFHGREOH
FRQODIRUPDFLyQGHVXESURGXFWRV

e
P
a

(OP
(O
(O
PR
PR
(OPRQyPHURVHFRQVXPHWRWDOPHQWH
 .

1RWRGRHOPRQyPHURUHDFFLRQD


ic

(OSROtPHURDOFDQ]DUiSLGDPHQWHXQJUDQ
UD
m (OSHVRPROHFXODUGHOSROtPHURDXPHQWD
SHVRPROHFXODU
ui SRFRDSRFR


w.
w
w
$PD\RUWLHPSRGHUHDFFLyQPD\RUSHVR
$PD\RUWLHPSRGHUHDFFLyQPD\RU
UHQGLPLHQWR
PROHFXODU



0$&5202/e&8/$66,17e7,&$6
'HVGH ORV DxRV YHLQWH VH KDQ YHQLGR VLQWHWL]DQGR SROtPHURV FRQ
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV VHPHMDQWHV D ODV PDFURPROpFXODV QDWXUDOHV PHMRUHV R  WRWDOPHQWH
GLIHUHQWHV6HOHVOODPDPDFURPROpFXODVVLQWpWLFDVDODVHODERUDGDVSRUHOKRPEUH

(QODDFWXDOLGDGVHSXHGHQKDFHUSOiVWLFRVSUiFWLFDPHQWHDODPHGLGDGH
FXDOTXLHUQHFHVLGDGXQHMHPSORVRQORVSOiVWLFRV

www.Quimica.pe

)LJ3URGXFWRVHODERUDGRVFRQSROtPHURVVLQWpWLFRV.


/D PD\RU SDUWH GH ORV SROtPHURV VH REWLHQHQ D SDUWLU GH GHULYDGRV GHO
SHWUyOHR FRPR HO HWHQR SURSHQR EXWHQR \ EHQFHQR (Q OD WDEOD  VH SUHVHQWD
XQDOLVWDGHSROtPHURV\SURGXFWRVTXHVHIDEULFDQFRQHOORV



www.Quimica.pe

7DEOD 1R  3ULQFLSDOHV SROtPHURV ORV PRQyPHURV TXH ORV IRUPDQ \
XVRVDORVTXHVHGHVWLQDQ

0RQyPHUR

22
____
+2& &+ &2+
FLGRDGtSLFR

+1 &+ 1+
'LDPLQD

&+ &+
HWLOHQR

3ROtPHUR

22
____
+1 &+ 1+& &+ &

1\ORQ



&ORUXURGHYLQLOR




&+&+Q
SROLHWLOHQR

e
P
a
.


&+&+
+
+
_



_
Q
&O
 




&ORUXURGHSROLYLQLOR 39& 
GHHS
G
GHS

w.
ww

m
ui

ic


$SDUDWRVGRPpVWLFRVURSD
ILEUDVSDUDDOIRPEUDV
FRUGHOHVSDUDSHVFDU

%RWHOODV EROVDV MXJXHWHV


UHFXEULPLHQWRV GH FDEOHV
HOpFWULFRV

5HFXEULPLHQWRV HPSDTXHV
PRVDLFRV WXEHUtD SDUD
GUHQDMH VXHOD GH ]DSDWRV
MXJXHWHVYDVRV




&+ &+

&+&+Q


HVWLUHQR


&+ &+&O

8VRV

9DVRVMXJXHWHVJDQFKRV
SDUWHVGHUDGLR\79QLHYH
VHFD

SROLHVWLUHQR


&) &)

WHWUDIOXRURHWLOHQR

$UWtFXORVGHFRFLQDFRMLQHWHV
&)&)Q

3ROLWHWUDIOXRURHWLOHQR
 WHIOyQ 

www.Quimica.pe

0$&5202/e&8/$61$785$/(6
*UDQ SDUWH GH ORV FRQVWLWX\HQWHV GH ORV VHUHV YLYRV VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ
IRUPD GH PROpFXODV FRQ  SHVR PROHFXODU HOHYDGR (VWRV SROtPHURV GH ORV VHUHV
YLYRV VH GHQRPLQDQ ELRSROtPHURV R PDFURPROpFXODV QDWXUDOHV )RUPDQ HVWH
JUXSRORVSROLVDFpULGRVSURWHLQDV\iFLGRVQXFOpLFRV

3ROLVDFiULGRV

/RV SROLVDFiULGRV R WDPELpQ OODPDGRV SROtPHURV GH ORV D]~FDUHV VRQ
FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV IRUPDGRV SRU FDUERQR KLGUyJHQR \ R[tJHQR HQ DOJXQRV
FDVRV FRQWLHQHQ QLWUyJHQR R D]XIUH VH HQFXHQWUDQ WDQWR HQ SODQWDV FRPR HQ
DQLPDOHV


'HODIyUPXODJHQHUDOGHORVFDUERKLGUDWRV&Q +2 QVHGHULYDVXQRPEUH
GHELGR D TXH FRQWLHQHQ KLGUyJHQR \ R[tJHQR HQ OD PLVPD SURSRUFLyQ TXH HQ HO
DJXD $XQTXH HQ UHDOLGDG ORV FDUERKLGUDWRV QR VRQ KLGUDWRV GH FDUERQR VLQR
SROLKLGUR[LDOGHKtGRV\SROLKLGUR[LFHWRQDV)LJXUD



C
H
|
H 2C OH
|
HO C H
|
H C OH
|
H C OH
|
CH2 OH

H
|
H C OH
|
C=O
|
HO C H
|
H C OH
|
H C OH
|
HO CH2

D   JOXFRVD

E IUXFWRVD

O
1

)LJ(MHPSORGHXQSROLKLGUR[LDOGHKtGR D \XQD
SROLKLGUR[LFHWRQD

www.Quimica.pe

/D JOXFRVD FX\D IyUPXOD PROHFXODU & +2   R WDPELpQ  &+2 HV HO
SULQFLSDO PRQyPHUR GH HVWDV PDFURPROpFXODV (VWD PROpFXOD SXHGH UHDFFLRQDU
FRQVLJRPLVPDSDUDIRUPDUGRVHVWUXFWXUDVDQXODUHVGHVHLVPLHPEURVGHVLJQDGDV
\ /RFXDOJHQHUDODVGLIHUHQFLDVGHVXVSROtPHURV

)LJ(QODHVWUXFWXUD HOJUXSR2+GHOFDUERQRHVWDGHOPLVPRODGRGHODQLOORTXHHOJUXSR2+
GHOFDUERQR(QODHVWUXFWXUD ORVJUXSRV2+GHOFDUERQR\HVWiQHQVHQWLGRVRSXHVWRV

e
P
a


/RVSROLVDFiULGRVHVWiQIRUPDGRVSRUXQLGDGHVGHPRQRVDFiULGRVTXHVH
S
SR
SR
SRU
SR
RUicP
RU
XQHQHQWUHVtSRUHQODFHVJOXFRVtGLFRVSRUPHGLRGHXQDUHDFFLyQGH
XOOFH
FH /
/RRim
/
/RV
FRQGHQVDFLyQ1RWLHQHQVDERUGXOFH/RVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVVRQHODOPLGyQOD
u
HURT
HURTX
URRT
TX
T
FHOXORVD\HOJOXFyJHQRHOPRQyPHURTXHVHUHSLWHSDUDIRUPDUHVWDVHVWUXFWXUDV
.
PDDDwwJOX
JO
HVODJOXFRVDSRUORTXHVHOHVOODPDJOXFRVDQDV
w

$OPLGyQ

(VWD FRQVWLWXLGR DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH GH  D  XQLGDGHV GH JOXFRVD
TXH XQLGDV IRUPDQ FDGHQDV UDPLILFDGDV DPLORSHFWLQD  ODV FXDOHV JHQHUDQ VX
FRQILJXUDFLyQHVSLUDODXQTXHODPD\RUtDGHORVDOPLGRQHVFRQWLHQHQPROpFXODVGH
PHQRUWDPDxRVLQUDPLILFDU DPLORVD 

www.Quimica.pe

)LJXUD(VWUXFWXUDGHXQDPROpFXODGHDOPLGyQ


(VWD HVWUXFWXUD FRQILHUH D OD PROpFXOD PHQRU


ULJLGH] \ GHELGR D TXH SUHVHQWD SRFRV SXHQWHV GH
KLGUyJHQRHODJXDSXHGHSHQHWUDUODIiFLOPHQWH

/RV DOPLGRQHV WLHQHQ FRPR IXQFLyQ HO
DOPDFHQDPLHQWR GH DOLPHQWR HQ IRUPD GH JUiQXORV HQ
VHPLOODV IUXWDV UDtFHV R WXEpUFXORV GH DOJXQDV SODQWDV
/DV SDSDV HO PDt] HO WULJR HO DUUR] ODV PDQ]DQDV FRQWLHQHQ FDQWLGDGHV
FRQVLGHUDEOHVGHDOPLGyQ


&HOXORVD

(V RWUR SROtPHUR IRUPDGR DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH SRU  XQLGDGHV GH
JOXFRVDHVHOSULQFLSDOFRPSRQHQWHGHODVSODQWDV7LHQHXQJUDQSHVRPROHFXODU
VHHVWLPDHQWUH\XPDTXHOHFRQILHUHLPSRUWDQWHVSURSLHGDGHV
ItVLFDV VXV FDGHQDV QR VH HQFXHQWUDQ UDPLILFDGDV /D PDGHUD FRQWLHQH
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHGHFHOXORVDHODOJRGyQHVFDVLSXUDFHOXORVD

www.Quimica.pe

)LJ(VWUXFWXUDGHXQDPROpFXODGHFHOXORVD

(QODHVWUXFWXUDGHODFHOXORVDODJOXFRVDVHHQFXHQWUDHQIRUPD SRU
ORTXHVHKDOODHQOtQHDUHFWDPLHQWUDVTXHHQHODOPLGyQHVWiHQIRUPD (VWD
GLIHUHQFLDKDFHTXHHOKRPEUHSXHGDGLJHULUHODOPLGyQSHURQRODFHOXORVDSRUOR
TXHVXIXQFLyQQRHVQXWULFLRQDO SRGHPRVPDVWLFDU\GHJOXWLUFHOXORVDVLQUHFLELU
QLQJ~Q YDORU FDOyULFR  VRODPHQWH D\XGD D OD IRUPDFLyQ GHO EROR LQWHVWLQDO \ D
HOLPLQDU ORV SURGXFWRV GH OD GLJHVWLyQ /D FHOXORVD HV OD EDVH GH OD LQGXVWULD
SDSHOHUDHODOJRGyQHVXQDILEUDWH[WLOGHJUDQLPSRUWDQFLD
UDQ
DQ LP

.
*OXFyJHQR

ci a
WH DO
O iDOPLGyQ
DDOP
O
(V XQD VXVWDQFLD VHPHMDQWH
SHUR PiV UDPLILFDGD VH VLQWHWL]D
mOP
RRQRF
RQRFL
QRFLG
QRFL
FLLu FRPR DOPLGyQ DQLPDO VH HQFXHQWUD HQ
HQ ORV DQLPDOHV VXSHULRUHV \ HV FRQRFLGR
PwHG
HGL
G
ORV P~VFXORV FRPR XQD IXHQWH LQPHGLDWD
GH HQHUJtD \ HQ HO KtJDGR DOPDFHQDGR
w
Fw
SDUD PDQWHQHU FRQVWDQWH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ
GH JOXFRVD HQ OD VDQJUH 6X SHVR
PROHFXODUYDGHORVDPiVGHPLOORQHVGHXPD


Pe

3ROLSpSWLGRV

6RQ PROpFXODV TXH VH IRUPDQ GH PRQyPHURV OODPDGRV  DPLQRiFLGRV ORV
FXDOHVVHHQOD]DQDWUDYpVGHXQLRQHVSHSWtGLFDV8QHQODFHSHSWtGLFRVHIRUPD
HQWUHHOJUXSRFDUER[LORGHXQDPLQRiFLGR\HOJUXSRDPLQRGHRWURGDQGROXJDUD
ODIRUPDFLyQGHXQGLSpSWLGR





www.Quimica.pe

+&+
__
+1&+&2++1&+&2+

____
22

*OLFLQD$ODQLQD

+&+
__
+1&+&1&+&2++2
____
22

*OLFLODODQLQD


/DUHDFFLyQSXHGHFRQWLQXDUSRUDPERVH[WUHPRVFRQRWURVDPLQRiFLGRV
GDQGROXJDUD ODIRUPDFLyQGHXQSROLSpSWLGR/RVSROLSpSWLGRVRSURWHtQDVVRQ
PDFURPROpFXODVFRQSHVRVPROHFXODUHVTXHYDQGHDYDULRVPLOORQHVGHXPD


'HELGRDTXHVRQDPLQRiFLGRVGLIHUHQWHV ORVOODPDGRVHVHQFLDOHV VH
SXHGHGHFLUTXHODVSURWHtQDVVRQPXOWLSROtPHURVORTXHJHQHUDXQJUDQQ~PHUR
GHDUUHJORVSRVLEOHVSRUHVRKD\XQDJUDQYDULHGDGGHSURWHtQDV'HELGRDHOORVXV
IXQFLRQHVELROyJLFDVVRQPX\YDULDGDV


FLGRVQXFOHLFRV

/RViFLGRVQXFOHLFRVVRQSROtPHURVGHDOWRSHVRPROHFXODUIRUPDGRVSRU
PRQyPHURV OODPDGRV QXFOHyWLGRV ORV FXDOHV D VX YH] HVWiQ IRUPDGRV SRU WUHV
XQLGDGHV

 8QD]~FDUGHFLQFRFDUERQRV SHQWRVD TXHSXGHVHUODULERVDSDUDHOFDVR
GHO51$RXQDGHVR[LUULERVDSDUDHO'1$

 8QDEDVHQLWURJHQDGDS~ULFDRSLULPtGLFD

 8QJUXSRIRVIDWRTXHSURYLHQHGHOiFLGRIRVIyULFR+32
www.Quimica.pe

)LJ(VWUXFWXUDGHXQQXFOHyWLGR

e
P
a
.

RJH
RJ
JHQ
JH
(O JUXSR IRVIDWR \ OD EDVH QLWURJHQDGD
ic HVWiQ XQLGRV DO D]~FDU SRU PHGLR
m
GHXQDUHDFFLyQGHFRQGHQVDFLyQ
ui

.

ww
w

$ VX YH] ORV QXFOHyWLGRV VH
XQHQ HQWUH Vt D WUDYpV GHO JUXSR
IRVIDWR HO FXDO VH HQFXHQWUD XQLGR DO
FDUERQRGHOD]~FDUGHXQQXFOHyWLGR
\ DO FDUERQR  GHO D]~FDU GH RWUR
QXFOHyWLGR SRU XQD UHDFFLyQ GH
FRQGHQVDFLyQ SDUD IRUPDU ORV
SROLQXFOHyWLGRV $'1 \ HO 51$ 
ILJXUD


)LJ6HJPHQWRGHXQSROLQXFOHyWLGR.

www.Quimica.pe

(O$'1iFLGRGHVR[LUULERQXFOHLFRHVXQDPROpFXODFX\RSHVRPROHFXODU
HV GH  D  PLOORQHV GH XPD FRQVWD GH GRV ODUJDV FDGHQDV GH QXFOHyWLGRV HQ
IRUPDGHXQDGREOHKpOLFHVHHQFXHQWUDSULQFLSDOPHQWHHQHOQ~FOHRGHODFpOXOD
HQORVFURPRVRPDVDOPDFHQDODLQIRUPDFLyQJHQpWLFD\FRQWURODODSURGXFFLyQGH
SURWHtQDV


(O $51 iFLGR ULERQXFOHLFR HV XQD PROpFXOD PDV SHTXHxD TXH HO $'1
FRQ SHVRV PROHFXODUHV TXH YDQ GH   D   XPD VH HQFXHQWUD HQ HO
FLWRSODVPDVHHQFDUJDGHDFDUUHDUODLQIRUPDFLyQDOPDFHQDGDHQHO$'1






www.Quimica.pe

5(680(1



$QWHV GH  VH FUHtD TXH ORV FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV QR SRGtDQ VHU
VLQWHWL]DGRVHQXQODERUDWRULRSHURDSDUWLUGHODVtQWHVLVGHODXUHDUHDOL]DGDSRU
)HGHULFR  :|KOHU ORV FRPSXHVWRV RUJiQLFRV GHMDURQ GH VHU VRODPHQWH ORV TXH VH
SURGXFtDQDSDUWLUGHXQVHUYLYR


(OFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHORVFRPSXHVWRVRUJiQLFRVVHGHEHHQJUDQSDUWHD
OD KLEULGDFLyQ TXH HV OD FRPELQDFLyQ GH RUELWDOHV DWyPLFRV SDUD IRUPDU QXHYRV
RUELWDOHV FRQ GLIHUHQWHV IRUPDV \ RULHQWDFLRQHV HO FDUERQR SUHVHQWD WUHV WLSRV GH
KLEULGDFLyQ(QODKLEULGDFLyQVSVHFRPELQDXQRUELWDOVFRQWUHVSSDUDIRUPDU
FXDWUR RUELWDOHV KtEULGRV VS HQ OD VS VH FRPELQD XQ RUELWDO V FRQ GRV S SDUD
IRUPDU WUHV RUELWDOHV KtEULGRV VS \ FXDQGR XQ RUELWDO V VH FRPELQD FRQ XQ S VH
IRUPDODKLEULGDFLyQVS


(Q TXtPLFD RUJiQLFD ORV FRPSXHVWRV
HHVVVWR
aR VH UHSUHVHQWDQ SRU  WUHV WLSRV GH
IyUPXODV
ic

im
u

'HVDUUROODGD6HPLGHVDUUROODGD&RQGHQVDGD
GHV
GH
HVDU
ww

+++
___
+&&&+&+&+&+&+
___
+++


Pe


8QDSURSLHGDGHVSHFtILFDGHORVFRPSXHVWRVRUJiQLFRVHVODFRQFDWHQDFLyQ
TXHSHUPLWHODIRUPDFLyQGHLVyPHURVFRPSXHVWRVTXHWLHQHQHOPLVPRQ~PHUR
GH iWRPRV GH FDGD HOHPHQWR SHUR GLIHUHQWHHVWUXFWXUD PROHFXODU ([LVWHQ YDULRV
WLSRVGHLVRPHUtDGHFDGHQDRHVWUXFWXUDOGHSRVLFLyQR OXJDUJHRPpWULFDRFLV
WUDQV\ODySWLFD

www.Quimica.pe

/RVKLGURFDUEXURVVHSXHGHQFODVLILFDUGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD


6DWXUDGDV$OFDQRV
$FtFOLFRV HQODFHVLPSOH 


 FDGHQDDELHUWD ,QVDWXUDGDV$OTXHQRV\DOTXLQRV
+LGURFDUEXURV HQODFHVGREOHV\WULSOHV 




6DWXUDGDV&LFORDOFDQR
&tFOLFRV


 FDGHQDFHUUDGD 
,QVDWXUDGDV$OLFtFOLFRV\$URPiWLFRV



2WURWLSRGHFRPSXHVWRVRUJiQLFRVPX\LPSRUWDQWHVVRQORVSROtPHURVR
PDFURPROpFXODV TXH VH REWLHQHQ D SDUWLU GH OD SROLPHUL]DFLyQ SRU DGLFLyQ R SRU
FRQGHQVDFLyQ\SXHGHQVHUVLQWpWLFDVRQDWXUDOHVGHDFXHUGRDVXRULJHQ
/RVSROtPHURVVLQWpWLFRVVHHPSH]DURQDSURGXFLUDSDUWLUGH\GHHVWDIHFKD
HQ DGHODQWH KD YHQLGR GHVSOD]DQGR D ODV PDFURPROpFXODV QDWXUDOHV $FWXDOPHQWH
H[LVWHQ XQD LQILQLGDG GH SURGXFWRV GH XVR FRP~Q HODERUDGRV D SDUWLU GH
PRQyPHURVGHULYDGRVGHOSHWUyOHR

(QWUH ODV PDFURPROpFXODV QDWXUDOHV PiV LPSRUWDQWHV VH WLHQHQ ODV
VLJXLHQWHV


3ROLVDFiULGRVHVWiQIRUPDGRVSRUSROLKLGUR[LDOGHKtGRV\FHWRQDVVRQXQD
IXHQWHGHHQHUJtDWDQWRSDUDYHJHWDOHVFRPRDQLPDOHV


/DVSURWHtQDVHVWiQIRUPDGDVSRUPRQyPHURVOODPDGRVDPLQRiFLGRVTXH
VHXQHQSRUHQODFHVSHSWtGLFRV


/RV iFLGRV QXFOHLFRV VRQ  SROtPHURV GH ORV QXFOHyWLGRV ORV FXDOHV D VX
YH]VHHVWUXFWXUDQDSDUWLUGHWUHVXQLGDGHVXQDEDVHQLWURJHQDGDXQD]~FDU\XQ
JUXSRIRVIDWR(O$'1VHHQFXHQWUDHQHOQ~FOHR\HO51$HQHOFLWRSODVPDGHOD
FpOXOD OD IXQFLyQ GH DPERV HV WUDQVPLWLU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ JHQpWLFD \ OD VtQWHVLV GH
SURWHtQD
www.Quimica.pe

$&7,9,'$'(6'($35(1',=$-(





(ODERUD XQD OLVWDGH  FRPSXHVWRVRUJiQLFRV\LQRUJiQLFRVTXH XVHV
FRWLGLDQDPHQWH


3RUHTXLSRVIDEULFDPRGHORVGHODVKLEULGDFLRQHVTXHSUHVHQWDHOFDUERQR
XWLOL]D PDWHULDOHV TXH HVWpQ D WX DOFDQFH FRPR ERODV GH XQLFHO SDOLOORV JORERV
HWFpWHUD


5HDOL]DXQDSUiFWLFDGHODERUDWRULRHQODFXDOFRPSUXHEHVODVGLIHUHQFLDV
HQWUHORVFRPSXHVWRVRUJiQLFRVHLQRUJiQLFRV


3RU PHGLR GH XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ ELEOLRJUiILFD HQOLVWD  IXQFLRQHV GH ORV
DOFRKROHVFHWRQDVDPLQDV\iFLGRVFDUER[tOLFRV

G

(IHFW~DXQDSUiFWLFDGHODERUDWRULRGRQGHDQDOLFHVODVSURSLHGDGHVGHORV
SROtPHURV

.

(ODERUDXQHQVD\RVREUHHOUHFLFODMHGHORVSROtPHURVVLQWpWLFRV
FOD
ODDMH
MHa
ciMH

m

,QYHVWLJDODVSURSLHGDGHVItVLFDV\TXtPLFDVGHORVSULPHURVDOFDQRV
I FD
ItVLF
FDV
ui

w.

ww

Pe

(9$/8$&,1

, ,16758&&,21(6 /HH DWHQWDPHQWH FDGD SODQWHDPLHQWR \ VXEUD\D OD
UHVSXHVWDFRUUHFWD


(QODXQLyQFDUERQRFDUERQRSRUXQDGREOHFRYDOHQFLDODKLEULGDFLyQ
HVGHOWLSR

D 63
E 63
F 63
G 63


www.Quimica.pe

6RQHOHPHQWRVTXHLQWHUYLHQHQIUHFXHQWHPHQWHHQFRPSXHVWRVRUJiQLFRV

D 121D&D
E &O%U+1
F $U&1.U
G 21&+
3RUODFRPELQDFLyQGHWUHVRUELWDOHVSXURVSFRQXQRUELWDOSXURVUHVXOWDQ

D RUELWDOHV
E RUELWDOHV
F RUELWDOHV
G RUELWDOHV
KtEULGRVVS
KtEULGRVVS
KtEULGRVVS
KtEULGRVVS
(VODIyUPXODJHQHUDOGHORVDOFDQRV

D &Q+Q
E &Q +2 Q
F &Q+Q
G &Q+Q
(OJUXSRIXQFLRQDOFHWRQDHV

E &+
F 2+
G &
D &21+
__
__
2
2
/DVFDGHQDVVHGHQRPLQDQVDWXUDGDVSRUTXH
D  3RVHHQ HQODFHV E 6RQOLQHDOHV
P~OWLSOHV

F 7RGRVVXV
HQODFHVVRQ
VLPSOHV
/RVHQODFHVTXHXQHQDORVDPLQRiFLGRVVHGHQRPLQDQ

G 6RQFDGHQDV
FHUUDGDV

F 3XHQWHGH
G LyQLFR
KLGUyJHQR
(OSROtPHURIRUPDGRSRUGRVRPiVPRQyPHURVGLIHUHQWHVVHOODPD

D 3HSWtGLFRV

D 0DFURPROpFXOD

E *OXFRVtGLFR

b) Ismero

c) Copolmero

d) Plstico

1RPEUHTXHUHFLEHODLVRPHUtDJHQHUDGDSRUODFDSDFLGDGGHODVPROpFXODVSDUD
GHVYLDUODOX]SRODUL]DGDKDFLDODL]TXLHUGDRODGHUHFKD

E 'HJUXSR
F SWLFD
G &LVWUDQV
D (VWUXFWXUDO
IXQFLRQDO

6RQORVPRQyPHURGHORViFLGRVQXFOHLFRV

E VDFiULGRV
F SpSWLGRV
G QXFOHyWLGRV
D $PLQRiFLGRV

www.Quimica.pe

3ROtPHURGHODJOXFRVDDOID
E &HOXORVD

D $OPLGyQ

& 4XLWLQD

G 6DFDURVD



,,,16758&&,21(65HODFLRQDHOJUXSRIXQFLRQDOGHODFROXPQDGHODGHUHFKD
FRQVXQRPEUHGHODFROXPQDGHODL]TXLHUGD\FRORFDHQHOSDUpQWHVLVODOHWUD
FRUUHFWD

 $OFRKRO




$ 5&22+
 $FLGR

% 5&25

 $PLQD

& 5&+ 2

 (WHU

' 5&225

 (VWHU

( 5;

 'HULYDGRKDORJHQDGR



 $OTXHQR

 &HWRQD

ic

 $OGHKtGR

w.
ww

m
ui 

e
P
a
.

) 51+
* 525
+ & &
, 52+

,,,,16758&&,21(6(VFULEHHOQRPEUHGHFDGDXQDGHODVVLJXLHQWHV
HVWUXFWXUDVGHDFXHUGRFRQHOVLVWHPD8,43$

CH3
CH3
|
|
CH2
CH2
CH3
|
|
|
a) CH3 CH CH CH CH2 CH2 C CH2 - CH CH3
|
|
|
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH CH3
R
www.Quimica.pe

b) CH3 CH = CH CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3


R
c) CH3 CH2 COOH
R

d) CH3 CH2 - CH CH3


|
OH
R
e) CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH3
||
O
R
CH3
|
f) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 COO C CH3
|
CH3
R
&+

g)

|
CH3 CH2 CH2 N CH3

h) CH3 O CH2 - CH2 CH3


R
www.Quimica.pe

,9,16758&&,21(6(VFULEHODIyUPXODGHORVVLJXLHQWHVFRPSXHVWRV

D %XWDQRDPLGD

E (WDQRDWRGHPHWLOR

F (WLOPHWLOpWHU

G (WLOEHQFHQR

H FLGREURPRKH[DQRtFR

I 'LPHWLOEXWHQR

J 'LFORURPHWLOKH[DQR

K (WLOGLPHWLOKH[DQR

L &LFORKH[HQR
.

ci a
M &LFOREXWDGLHQR

im

Pe

Qu

9 ,16758&&,21(6 (VFULEH OD
OOD
D IIyUPXOD GH  LVyPHURV HVWUXFWXUDOHV GHO
ww
KHSWDQR











www.Quimica.pe

%,%/,2*5$)$


%HULVWDLQ % % &DPDFKR )3 'RPtQJXH] 2 0$  4XtPLFD ,, (G
&RPSDxtD(GLWRULDO1XHYD,PDJHQ0p[LFR


%HQVRQ6LGQH\:&iOFXORV4XtPLFRV(G/LPXVD0p[LFR


%XUQV $ 5DOSK )XQGDPHQWRV GH 4XtPLFD , (G 3UHQWLFH +DOO +LVSDQR
DPHULFDQR6$6HJXQGDHGLFLyQ0p[LFR

&DVWHOODQRV0DOR6DOYDGRU4XtPLFD2UJiQLFD(G0F*UDZ+LOO3ULPHUD
HGLFLyQ

'HOD/ODWD/R\ROD0D'RORUHV4XtPLFD2UJiQLFD(G3URJUHVR3ULPHUD
UHLPSUHVLyQ0p[LFR')

'HYRUH(0XxR]0HQD*4XtPLFD2UJiQLFD(G3XEOLFDFLRQHV&XOWXUD
6HJXQGDHGLFLyQ0p[LFR

(OGUD 3HDUO 6RORPRQ /LQGD 5 %HUJ %LRORJtD (G 0F *UDZ+LOO
,QWHUDPHULFDQD0p[LFR

)ORUHV GH /DEDUGLQ 7HUHVLWD 5DPtUH] GH 'HOJDGR $UFHOLD 4XtPLFD
2UJiQLFD(G(VILQJH'HFLPRWHUFHUDHGLFLyQ0p[LFR



&KDQJ 5D\PRQG  4XtPLFD (G  0F *UDZ +LOO 6H[WD HGLFLyQ  0p[LFR


*DUFtD 3pUH] - $ 7H\RQ 5LYHUD -0 )RUPXODFLyQ \ 1RPHQFODWXUD GH
4XtPLFD,QRUJiQLFD1RUPDV,83$&(G7HEDUIORUHV6/0DGULG

*DUULW]$\&KDPL]R-$4XtPLFD(G$GGLVRQ:HVOH\,EHURDPHULFDQD
0p[LFR

www.Quimica.pe


*XD\DVDPLQ *XHUUHUR *XLGR 4XtPLFD 8QD YHUVLyQ PRGHUQD 6HJXQGD
HGLFLyQ(G/LPXVD0p[LFR


+ROXP-RKQ54XtPLFD2UJiQLFD(G/LPXVD

0RUULV +HLQ )XQGDPHQWRV GH 4XtPLFD ,QWHUQDFLRQDO 7KRPVRQ (GLWRUHV 6$ GH
&9

0RUWLPHU &KDUOHV ( 4XtPLFD (GLWRULDO ,EHURDPHULFDQD 4XLQWD HGLFLyQ
0p[LFR

1RUPDQ-RVHSK$QiOLVLV&XDQWLWDWLYR\4XtPLFD,QRUJiQLFD(G&(&6$
3ULPHUDHGLFLyQ

2FDPSR *$ )DELOD  )XQGDPHQWRV GH 4XtPLFD  (G 3XEOLFDFLRQHV
&XOWXUDO4XLQWD(GLFLyQ0p[LFR

Pe

&K
&K

3KLOOLSV-RKQ69LFWRU66WUR]DN&KHU\O:LVWURP4XtPLFD&RQFHSWRV\
a
$SOLFDFLRQHV(G0F*UDZ+LOO0p[LFR
R


ic

im
u
FR4
RR4
4
5HFLRGHO%RVTXH)UDQFLVFR4XtPLFDLQRUJiQLFD0F*UDZ+LOO6HJXQGD
w.


HGLFLyQ0p[LFR

ww


6HHVH :LOOLDP 6 \  'DXE * :LOOLDP 4XtPLFD (G3UHQWLFH+DOO
+LVSDQRDPHULFDQD6$0p[LFR

6PRRW 5& 3ULFH -6PLWK 5* 4XtPLFD XQ FXUVR 0RGHUQR (G 0HUULO
3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\86$


9LOODUUHDO)LGHO-DYLHU5LYDV(VWHTXLRPHWUtD(G7ULOODV0p[LFR


=XQGDKO 6WHYHQ 6 )XQGDPHQWRV GH 4XtPLFD (G 0F *UDZ +LOO 7UDG
$JXLODU2UWHJD0D7HUHVD0p[LFR


www.Quimica.pe

También podría gustarte