1.R, RC, UJT Firing

R, RC & UJT FIRING MODULE
(Model No : PEC14M12)
User Manual
Version 1.0
Technical Clarification /Suggestion :

N/F
Technical Support Division,
Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,
Plot No :75, Electronics Estate,
Perungudi, Chennai - 600 096, INDIA.
Ph: 91- 44-2496 3142, 91-44-2496 1852
Mail : service@vimicrosystems.com,
Web : www.vimicrosystem
PEC14M12
Chapter-1
Introduction
[1]

1.1
PEC14M12
INTRODUCTION
Power electronics deals with the application of solid-state electronics for the control and
conversion of electric power. Conversion techniques require the switching ON/OFF of power
semi conductor devices.
Modern Power Electronics started with the invention of SCR commonly known as thyristor in
1956. At present, a number of power switching semiconductor devices are available namely
BJT, MOSFET, IGBT and GTO etc. All these devices are turned ON/OFF through control
terminal, either base or gate as the case may be. This makes simple power circuit.
This manual is intended to give you description of R, RC & UJT Firing Circuits. An SCR
can be switched from OFF state to ON state by means of triggering. Gate triggering is the
most common method of turning ON the SCRs, because it is an efficient and reliable method.
The gate control circuit is also called firing or triggering circuit. These gating circuits are
usually low power electronic circuits. A firing circuit should fulfil the following two functions.
(i).
If power circuit has more than one SCR, the firing circuit should produce gating pulses
for each SCR at the desired instant for proper operation of power circuit.
(ii).
The control signal generated by a firing circuit may not be able to turn-on an SCR. It
is therefore common to feed the voltage pulses to a driver circuit and then to gate
cathode circuit. A driver circuit consists of a pulse amplifier and a pulse transformer.
[2]
PEC14M12
Chapter-2
About Our Trainer
[3]
PEC14M12
2.2
SPECIFICATION
1.
Power Input
230V AC, 50 Hz.
2.
Transformer
230V/24V AC
3.
Load Rheostat
50E/4A
4.
Maximum Load Rheostat
2 Amps
5.
SCR (TYN612)
600V, 12A
6.
UJT
2N2646
7.
Zener Diode
18V/1 W
8.
Fuse
0.5 Amps
[4]

2.3
PEC14M12
FRONT PANEL VIEW
[5]

2.4
PEC14M12
FRONT PANEL DESCRIPTION
The front panel of R, RC & UJT Firing module consists of

i.
R Firing Circuit
ii.
RC Firing Circuit
iii.
UJT Firing Circuit
1.
Power ON/OFF switch is provided to control the input AC mains supply to the
module.
2.
AC ON/OFF switch is provided to control input AC voltage to the power circuit.
3.
The input supply to the R, RC & UJT firing circuit are given through the T7- T9, T12
-T13 and T1-T2 terminals respectively.
4.
Test points are provided to view different signals in the power circuit.
5.
P & N terminals are provided to apply 24V AC input to the firing circuits.
6.
Pulse output from each firing circuits are terminated at respective G and K terminals.
[6]
PEC14M12
TEST POINT DESCRIPTION

i.
UJT FIRING
T3 & T4
Test points to check the input DC current
T3 & T7
Test points to check the input DC voltage
T4 & T7
Test points to check the Zener diode voltage
T5 & T7
Test points to check the capacitor voltage
T6 & T7
Test points to check the output pulses.
Test points to check the output trigger pulse.
T15 & T16
Test points to check the output trigger pulse.
T14 & T16
Test points to check the capacitor voltage
ii.
R FIRING
T10 & T11

iii.
RC FIRING
[7]

2.5
PEC14M12
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
2.5.1 Block Diagram
230V AC
50 Hz
Step Down
Transformer
Diode Bridge
Rectifier
UJT Firing
circuit
Pulse
Transfomer
G
K
To G & K
of SCR
230/24V
R Firing
circuit
RC Firing
circuit
The block diagram consists of

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Step down transformer

Diode bridge rectifier
UJT Firing circuit
R Firing circuit
RC Firing circuit
Pulse Transformer
2.5.2 Block Diagram Description

i.
Step Down Transformer
The 230V AC input supply is step down to 24 V AC using step down transformer. This
voltage is given as input to the firing circuit.
ii.
Diode Bridge Rectifier
The diode bridge rectifier converts the input AC voltage into fixed dc voltage. The constant
rectified DC voltage is obtained through the zener diode. This dc voltage is given to UJT
Firing circuit.( This rectifier is only for the UJT Firing circuit).
iii.
UJT Firing Circuit
The resistor, charging circuit (RC) Zener diode (Z) & UJT (2N2646) forms the UJT firing
circuit. The input is DC voltage. It is used to generate triggering signals to SCR.
[8]

iv.
PEC14M12
R Firing Circuit
R Firing circuit is made up of variable resistance which controls the firing angle of SCR in the
range of 0-90. This circuit controls the gate current to the SCR.
v.
RC Firing Circuit
RC Firing circuit is made up of resistance and capacitance. On varying the resistance, the
current through the gate varies and controls the firing angle in the range of 0-180. This
method also controls the gate current to the SCR.
vi.
Pulse transformer
The purpose of pulse transformer used in triggering circuit are

i.
The isolation of low voltage gate circuits from high voltage anode circuit.
ii.
The triggering of two or more devices from the same trigger source.
vii.
SCR Device (TYN612)
SCR Device along with RC Snubber protection circuit is provided in the module. Using the
device the study of SCR operation for different firing circuit can be done. Snubber circuit is
provided to limit the switching losses of the device.
[9]
PEC14M12
2.7
Protection
1.
Fuse is provided to protect the trainer from over current faults.
2.
Earthing is provided to protect the trainer module.
3.
RC Snubber circuit is provided to protect the SCR.
2.8
Precautions
1.
Before doing connections make all switches in OFF position.
2.
Load Rheostat should be kept in maximum position.
3.
Do not view the AC input waveform and pulse waveform in CRO with dual mode.
4.
24V input AC to the SCR device should not be connected directly.
[ 10 ]
PEC14M12
Chapter-3
Experiment Section
[ 11 ]

Experiment 1:
PEC14M12
Study of R-Firing Circuit
Aim:
To study the operation of resistance triggering circuit using R, RC & UJT Firing module.
Apparatus Required:
1.
2.
PEC14M12 Module
Patch chords.
Accessories to be provided by the institution

1.
2.
3.
CRO
50E/4A Rheostat
Digital Multimeter - 01
Circuit Diagram
50E/4A
A
Load
Rheostat
24V AC
50 Hz
SCR
Rmin
Rv
(POT)
Rb
K
[ 12 ]
PEC14M12
Connection Diagram
[ 13 ]
PEC14M12
Connection procedure:
1.
Connect the input supply to the module.
2.
Connect P & N terminals to T7 & T9.
3.
Connect one end of load rheostat to anode (A) of SCR.
4.
Connect the other end of the load rheostat to the P terminal of 24V AC supply.
5.
Connect the cathode (K) of SCR to the N terminal of 24V AC supply.
6.
Connect the G & K terminals of firing circuit to G & K terminals of SCR.
7.
Connect the CRO groung to Anode of SCR. Connect channel 1 probe to T7 & channel
2 probe to cathode of SCR.
Experiment Procedure
1.
Verify the connection as per the connection diagram.
2.
Switch ON the power supply.
3.
Switch ON the power on/off switch.
4.
Switch ON the 24V AC S/W.
5.
Switch ON power supply to CRO & select suitable sensitivity and time settings. Use
line trigger module.
6.
Observe the waveform for input AC voltage & the load voltage.
7.
Study the waveform for various firing angle by varying the POT in R firing circuit.
8.
For a particular firing angle, plot the waveforms on a graph sheet to scale.
9.
Measure the average DC voltage across the load & rms value of the ac input voltage
using a Digital multimeter.
10.
Calculate the dc output voltage using the equation.
Vdc
2V
1 cos
2
[ 14 ]
PEC14M12
and compare the measured value.
Firing angle delay

RMS value of the ac input voltage.
Model Graph
es
Vak
VL,i L
[ 15 ]

Experiment 2:
PEC14M12
Study of RC-Firing Circuit
Aim:
To study the operation of resistance capacitance triggering circuit using R, RC & UJT Firing
module.
Apparatus Required:
1.
2.
PEC14M12 Module
Patch chords.

1.
2.
3.
CRO
50E/4A Rheostat
Circuit Diagram
50E/4A
+
Load
Rheostat
24V AC
50 Hz
D2
SCR
Rv
(POT)
D1
G
C
K
[ 16 ]
PEC14M12
Connection Diagram
[ 17 ]
PEC14M12
1.
2.
Connect P & N terminals to T12 & T13.
3.
4.
5.
Connect the cathode (K) of SCR to the N terminal of 24V AC supply.
6.
Connect the G & K terminals of firing circuit to G & K terminals of SCR.
7.
Connect the CRO ground to Anode of SCR connect channel -1 probe to T12 &
channel 2 probe to the cathode.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Switch ON the 24V AC S/W.
5.
Switch ON power supply to CRO & select suitable sensitivity and time settings. Use
line trigger module.
6.
Observe the waveform for input AC voltage & the load voltage.
7.
Study the waveform for various firing angle by varying the POT in R firing circuit.
8.
For a particular firing angle, plot the waveforms on a graph sheet to scale.
9.
Measure the average DC voltage across the load & rms value of the ac input voltage
using a Digital multimeter.
10.
Calculate the dc output voltage using the equation.
Vdc
2V
1 cos
2
[ 18 ]
PEC14M12
and compare the measured value.
Firing angle delay

RMS value of the ac input voltage.
Model Graph
es
Vak
VL,i L
[ 19 ]

Experiment 3:
PEC14M12
Study of UJT Firing Circuit
Aim:
To study the operation of UJT triggering circuit using R, RC & UJT Firing module.
Apparatus Required:
1.
2.
PEC14M12 Module
Patch chords.

1.
2.
3.
CRO
50E/4A Rheostat
Circuit Diagram
50V/4A
A
Load
Rheostat
R1
D1
D3
R
(POT)
24V AC
E
D4
D2
B2
B1
SCR
[ 20 ]
PEC14M12
Connection Diagram
[ 21 ]
PEC14M12
1.
2.
3.
4.
Connect the G1 & K1 terminals of the UJT firing circuit to gate(G) and cathode (K)
terminals of SCR.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Connect the CRO ground to ground terminal of UJT Firing circuit.
5.
Switch ON the power supply to CRO & select suitable sensitivity and time settings.
Use line trigger module.
6.
Observe the waveform for input ac voltage & pulsating DC output.
7.
Connect channel 2 probe to terminal T4 and to observe the zener diode voltage.
8.
Connect channel 2 probe to terminal T5 and to observe the capacitor voltage.
9.
Study the waveform for various firing angle.
10.
For a particular firing angle plot a waveform on a graph sheet to scale.
11.
Observe the capacitor voltage is zero at the end of every half cycle.
[ 22 ]
PEC14M12
Model Graph
Vac
Vdc
Vz
0
Vc
0
Vg
[ 23 ]
PEC14M12
Chapter-4
Theoretical Concept
[ 24 ]
PEC14M12
The following section is discussed about the various types of firing circuits.
4.1.
R Firing Circuit:
This is the simple method for varying the triggering angle upto 90. Instead of using gate
pulse, here gate current is used to trigger the SCR. The circuit diagram is shown in fig 4.a.
Vo
+
Load
A
Rmin
24V AC
50 Hz
SCR
Rv
Rb
K
Fig 4.a. R Firing circuit

The circuit operates as follows,
1.
When a gate current Ig is equal to Ig(min), SCR turns ON while es goes positive and eL
is approximately equal to es.
2.
As es goes negative, SCR turns OFF and the load voltage (eL) is zero during this
period.
3.
The purpose of the diode(D) in the gate circuit is to prevent the gate cathode reverse
bias during the negative half cycle.
4.
The same sequence is repeated, when eS again goes positive.
5.
By varying Rv, the load voltage can be controlled.
6.
If Rv increases, the firing angle will increase & vice versa.
7.
The limiting resistor Rmin is used to limit the gate current to a safe value while varying
Rv.
8.
The stabilizing resistor Rb should have such a value that maximum voltage drop across
it does not exceed maximum possible gate voltage Vgm. This can happen only when Rv
is zero.
[ 25 ]
PEC14M12
When the supply voltage has reached its peak, Emax
From the voltage distribution
The thyristor will trigger when the instantaneous anode voltage, es, is
where
Ig(min) =
Vd
=
Vg(min) =
Minimum gate current to trigger the thyristor

Voltage drop across the diode
gate-voltage to trigger, corresponding to Ig(min).
The waveform for R firing circuit is shown in Fig 4.b.
es
Vak
VL,i L
Fig. 4.b Waveform for R Firing circuit
[ 26 ]

4.2.
PEC14M12
RC Firing Circuit:
The RC firing circuit which is normally used for simple phase control gives variation of firing
angle beyond 90. The circuit diagram is shown in fig 4.c.
Vo
Load
A
D2
24V AC
50 Hz
SCR
Rv
D1
G
C
Fig. 4.c RC Firing circuit

The circuit operates as follows,
1.
When es goes positive and the capacitor voltage Vc equals to gate trigger voltage
Vgt(=Vg min + VD1), the SCR will turn ON.
2.
After this, the capacitor holds to a small positive voltage as shown in the waveform.
3.
During negative half cycle, capacitor c charges through D2 with lower plate positive to
the supply voltage Emax.
4.
The diode D1 prevents the break down of the gate to cathode junction during negative
half cycle.
5.
In the range of power frequencies, the RvC for zero output voltage is given by
137
.
Rv C
2
Where T= 1/f = period of AC line frequency in seconds
6.
The maximum value of Rv is given by,
[ 27 ]
PEC14M12
Where
VD1
eS
=
Voltage drop across the diode D1
Supply voltage at which SCR turn ON
The waveform for RC firing circuit is shown in Fig 4.d.

Emax
es
Vg(min)
Vc
-Emax
e
t
V
AK
Fig. 4.d Waveform for RC Firing circuit
[ 28 ]
PEC14M12
4.3. UJT FIRING CIRCUIT:

4.3.1. UNI JUNCTION TRANSISTOR:
UJT is commonly used to generate triggering signals for SCR. UJT has three terminals called
the Emitter E, Base one, B1 and Base two, B2. The basic structure and circuit symbol of UJT
is shown in Fig 4.e and 4.f.
B2
B2
R B2
P-type
E
R B1
N-type
B1
B1
Fig. 4.e. Basic Structure of UJT
Fig. 4.f. Circuit Symbol for UJT
Between B1 and B2 the unijunction has the characteristics of an ordinary resistance. This is
the interbase resistance RBB and has value in the range 4.7 to 9.1K. The VI characteristics
of UJT is shown in fig 4.g.
V
E
Negative
Resistance
Region
Cutoff
region
VP
Saturation
region
Peak Point
Valley Point
IP
IV
IE
Fig. 4.g. V-I Characteristics of UJT
[ 29 ]
PEC14M12
4.3.2 Synchronized UJT Triggering [or Ramp Triggering

A synchronized UJT triggering circuit using an UJT is shown in fig 4.h. Diodes D1-D4
rectifies the input AC to DC. Zener diode Z is used to clip the rectified voltage to a standard
level Vz, which remains constant except near the Vdc zero.
R1
+
D1
+
i1
D3
R2
24V AC
Vdc
VZ
B2
G1
D4
D2
C
Vc
B1
K1
G2
Pulse
Transformer
K2
Fig. 4.h Synchronized UJT Triggering circuit

The zener voltage Vz is applied to charging circuit RC. So capacitor C charges by current i1.
When the capacitor voltage reaches threshold voltage Vz, the E-B1 junction of UJT breaks
down and C charges through primary of pulse transformer sending a current i2.
As the current i2 is in the form of pulse, SCR with positive anode voltage would turn ON.
Varying R can control rate of rise of capacitor voltage. This method of control is called ramp
control. The firing angle can be controlled up to 150. The waveform for generation of output
pulses for the given circuit is shown in fig 4.i.
Vdc
Vc
Vz
Vdc
Vz
Vc
Vc
Pulse
Voltage
t
Fig.4.i Waveform for synchronized UJT triggering circuit
[ 30 ]
PEC14M12
The period of oscillation, T, is independent of the dc supply voltage Vs, and is given by
(5.1)
The line synchronized UJT trigger circuit can be used for,

1.
Single phase AC controller
2.
Single phase half wave controlled converter
3.
Single phase controlled rectifier with center-tapped transformer (bi-phase half wave
converter)
4.
Single phase half controlled bridge rectifier.
[ 31 ]

2.6
1.
PEC14M12
DATA SHEETS
SCR (TYN612)
[ 32 ]

2.
PEC14M12
UJT (2N2646)
[ 33 ]

1.R, RC, UJT Firing

Cargado por

Información del documento

Título original

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

1.R, RC, UJT Firing

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

R, RC & UJT FIRING MODULE

Technical Clarification /Suggestion :

R, RC & UJT FIRING MODULE

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

R, RC & UJT FIRING MODULE

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

R, RC & UJT FIRING MODULE

About Our Trainer

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

R, RC & UJT FIRING MODULE

230V AC, 50 Hz.

Maximum Load Rheostat

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

R, RC & UJT FIRING MODULE

FRONT PANEL VIEW

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

R, RC & UJT FIRING MODULE

FRONT PANEL DESCRIPTION

The front panel of R, RC & UJT Firing module consists of

UJT Firing Circuit

AC ON/OFF switch is provided to control input AC voltage to the power circuit.

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

R, RC & UJT FIRING MODULE

TEST POINT DESCRIPTION

Test points to check the input DC current

Test points to check the input DC voltage

Test points to check the Zener diode voltage

Test points to check the capacitor voltage

Test points to check the output pulses.

Test points to check the output trigger pulse.

T15 & T16

Test points to check the output trigger pulse.

T14 & T16

Test points to check the capacitor voltage

T10 & T11

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

R, RC & UJT FIRING MODULE

2.5.1 Block Diagram

The block diagram consists of

Step down transformer

2.5.2 Block Diagram Description

Step Down Transformer

Diode Bridge Rectifier

UJT Firing Circuit

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

R, RC & UJT FIRING MODULE

The purpose of pulse transformer used in triggering circuit are

SCR Device (TYN612)

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

R, RC & UJT FIRING MODULE

Fuse is provided to protect the trainer from over current faults.

Earthing is provided to protect the trainer module.

RC Snubber circuit is provided to protect the SCR.

Before doing connections make all switches in OFF position.

Load Rheostat should be kept in maximum position.

24V input AC to the SCR device should not be connected directly.

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

R, RC & UJT FIRING MODULE

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

R, RC & UJT FIRING MODULE

Study of R-Firing Circuit

Accessories to be provided by the institution

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,