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Objectives:
Identify safety and quality in vaccinations throughout ones lifespan.
Explain evidence-based practice on vaccinations from a nursing point of
view.
Explain vaccinations from another discipline.
Explain the relationship between the research of vaccinations to Jean
Watsons theory and the Instructional Theory.
Explain a concept map on the impact and safety and quality of
vaccinations.
Explain the clinical implications of vaccinations.
Outcomes:
Increase awareness of vaccinations and how it affects
the population.
Demonstrate ethical awareness from a nurses point of
view.
Educate the population on the myths of vaccinations.
Introduction
Based on evidence-based research, we
promote immunizations throughout lifespan
development and create awareness in nursing
practice.
Facts
All major health organizations currently recommend that infants and children be
vaccinated against 14 communicable disease.
by age 6, children will have received 29 vaccinations
In the United States, most states have enacted laws that require proof of certain
vaccinations before allowing them to attend daycare or school.
All 50 states issue medical exemptions
48 states (excluding Mississippi and West Virginia) permit religious
exemptions.
There is a federal program called Vaccines for Children which provides free
vaccinations to children without health insurance.
The United States has one of the best safety programs in the world. Scientist
are constantly monitoring and studying vaccines before they are licensed to the
public.
PICO Question
Patient/population: Children (2 months and older) and parents,
individuals who oppose immunizations.
Intervention of Interest: Educate the patient about immunizations and the
effects.
Comparison on interest: Compared to children who have not been
vaccinated or adults who chose to forgo vaccinations.
Outcome of Interest: Prevent diseases and illness in the future.
Pros
Illnesses such as Diphtheria, Rubella, and Whooping Cough which once killed
thousands of infants annually are now prevented by vaccinations.
Studies from John Hopkins University School of Public Health and Centers for
Disease Control have proven that mercury based preservatives in vaccinations do
not cause autism
According to The American Academy of Pediatrics, most childhood vaccinations
are 90-99% effective in preventing disease.
Immunizing individual children also helps to protect the health of the community,
especially those who cannot be immunized. This includes:
o children less than a year old
o medical reasoning such as leukemia
o those that cannot make an adequate response to vaccinations
Cons
People argue that childrens immune systems can deal
with infections naturally
Side effects of vaccinations such as seizures, paralysis,
and death are not worth the risks of safeguarding
against diseases.
Vaccines may cause autism, ADHD, and multiple
sclerosis.
Vaccination Safety
Years of testing are required by the FDA before a vaccine can be licensed.
o This can take up to 10 years or longer
Vaccinations are continuously monitored for safety and efficacy.
Any problems with a vaccine prompts further investigation with the FDA
and the CDC.
If researchers find a vaccine may be causing possible side effects
appropriate actions will be taken. This includes:
o changing of vaccine labels or packaging
o distributing safety alerts
o revoking the vaccines license
o inspecting manufacturers facilities and records
Nursing Research
First Study: Improving Immunization Rates at 18 Months of
Age: Implications for Individual Practices.
Location: South Carolina
9 facilities were included, but only 6 facilities chose to
participate.
Number of doses & vaccine
types.
Results from the 6 practices.
Nursing Research
Second Study: Nurse Practitioner's Role in Providing
Evidence-Based Research on Childhood Vaccines
What is a healthcare providers role in providing information on
vaccinations?
Polio Vaccine became available in 1959 and no cases have occurred in the
United States for 20 years.
Healthcare providers face ethical dilemma with vaccines.
The CDC and schools have guidelines for vaccinations.
Reasons parents forgo vaccinations: side effects, religious beliefs, and the
fear of developing autism.
Questions
Conclusion
Evidence-based research is essential to providing
information and influencing safety and quality regarding
vaccinations.
Access to vaccines need to be more readily available to
the public.
Healthcare providers need to actively participate in their
patients decision regarding vaccinations.
A role of a nurse is to provide care and be a patient
advocate for health promotion.
Reference Page
AAP immunization best practices making flu vaccine accessible. (2013). American Academy of
Pediatrics. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
AFIX (Assessment, Feedback, Incentives, and Exchange). (2014, March 11). Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved April 21, 2014, from
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/afix/index.html
Ayesha Khan. (June 13, 2013). Vaccines. Retrieved from
http://bionews-tx.com/news/2013/06/13/ut-yale-flu-vaccines-aimed-at-younger-populations-could
-break-annual-transmission-cycle/
Bay Health. Keep Your Baby Save Through Immunizations. Retrieved from
http://www.bayhealth.org/BayhealthContentPage.aspx?nd=1149&news=625
McElligott, J. T., Roberts, J. R., OBrien, E. S., Freeland, K. D., Kolasa, M. S., Stevenson, J., &
Darden, P. M. (2011). Improving immunizations rates at 18 months of age: Implications for
individual practices. Public Health Reports, 126, 33-38. Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/41639283
Phillips, C., Cota-Robles, S., Knight, M., Francis, J., Phillips, E., & Mazerbo, L. (2011). Child
immunization status among a sample of adolescent mothers: Comparing the validity of
measurement strategies, Journal of Famliy Social Work, 14, 326-328.
DOI:10.1080/10522158.2011.584303
San Mateo County Health System. (2012). Immunization Programs. Retrieved from
http://www.smchealth.org/immunizations
Staullbaumer, Tonya. (March 2012). Nurse practitioners role in providing evidence-based
research on childhood vaccines. The Kansas Nurse, 87. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Taylor, C. R., Lillis, C., LeMone, P., Lynn, P. (2011). Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and
Science of Nursing Care. (7th ed., pg. 369). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Thorpe, Elizabeth. (February 1, 2012). Homeschooling parents practices and beliefs about
childhood immunizations. Vaccine, 30,6 pg 1149-1153.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.019
Vaccines . (2013, November 18). ProConorg Headlines. Retrieved April 21, 2014, from
http://vaccines.procon.org/
Vaccine Safety. (2011, February 8). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved April
21, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Vaccines/Common_questions.html6+