saxelmZRvanelo referatebis,

Tezisebis da disertaciebis
avtorebisaTvis
Cikagos stili studentebisa da mkvlevrebisaTvis

meSvide gamocema
qeiT l. Turabiani
gadamuSavebulia uein s. buTis, gregori j. kolomis,
jozef m. uiliamsis, da q. Cikagos universitetis
gamomcemlobis mier

. .
,
.
,
.

am wignis zogierTi nawili adaptirebulia `kvlevis xelovnebis meore

redaqciis mixedviT, romlis avtorebi arian uein s. buTi, gregori j.
kolomi, da jozef m. uiliamsi, 1995, 2003 Cikagos universiteti; da
`Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos me-15 redaqciis mixedviT, 1982, 1993,
2003 Cikagos universiteti.
q. Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, q. Cikago 60637
S.p.s. Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, q. londoni
2007 Cikagos universiteti
yvela ufleba daculia. gamocemulia 2007 wels
dabeWdilia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 4 5 6 7 8 9
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-82336-2 (cloth)
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-82337-9 (paper)
ISBN-10: 0-226-82336-9 (cloth)
ISBN-10: 0-226-82337-7 (paper)
kongresis biblioTekis gamocemebis monacemebis katalogizacia
qeiT l. Turabiani
`saxelmZRvanelo referatebis, Tezisebis da disertaciebis
avtorebisaTvis: `Cikagos stili studentebisa da mkvlevarebisaTvis/qeiT
l. Turabiani; redaqtirebulia uein s. buTis, gregori j. kolomis, jozef
m. uiliamsis, da Cikagos universitetis gamomcemlobis saredaqcio
koilegiis mier meSvide redaqcia.
~am wignis zogierTi nawili adaptirebulia `kvlevis xelovnebis meore
redaqciis mixedviT, romlis avtorebi arian uein s. buTi, gregori j.
kolomi, da jozef m. uiliamsi, 1995, 2003 Cikagos universiteti; da
`Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos, me-15 redaqciis mixedviT, 1982, 1993,
2003 Cikagos universiteti.
moicavs bibliografias da saZiebels
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-82336-2 (cloth: alk. paper)
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-82337-9 (pbk.: alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-226-82336-9 (cloth: alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-226-82337-7 (pbk.: alk. paper)
1. disertaciebi, samecniero naSromebi gzamkvlevebi,
saxelmZRvaneloebi, da a.S. 2. samecniero naSromebis wera -gzamkvlevebi, saxelmZRvaneloebi da a.S. I. nawili
LB2369.T8 2007
808.02dc22
2006025443
5

wignis pirvel qarTulenovan gamocemaze muSaobdnen:

gamocemis redaqtorebi:
nino CubiniZe nchubinidze@gem.ge
medea kakaCia mkakachia@usaid.gov
mTargmnelebi:
ana adamia aadami1@gmail.com
marine TavyeliSvili mtavkelishvili@gmail.com
Targmanis redatori:
irina kvaxaZe irina.kvakhadze@gmail.com
Sinaarsis redaqtori:
naTia andRulaZe natia.andghuladze@iliauni.edu.ge
grafikuli dizaini da formatireba:
giorgi aleqsiZe georgealeksidze@hotmail.com
nino esebua nino.esebua.1@iliauni.edu.ge

sarCevi

SeniSvna studentebisTvis ............................................................................................................... 15

winasityvaoba......................................................................................................................................... 16
winaTqma ................................................................................................................................................... 19
nawili pirveli .................................................................................................................................... 21
kvleva da wera ..................................................................................................................................... 21
dagegmvidan Seqmnamde ........................................................................................................................ 21
1 ra aris kvleva da ras fiqroben mkvlevarebi mis Sesaxeb .......................................... 24
1.1 ras fiqroben mkvlevrebi kvlevis miznebze? ................................................................ 25
1.2

sami saxis SekiTxva, romlebsac mkvlevrebi svamen ............................................. 26

2 sakiTxidan SekiTxvaze da SekiTxvidan samuSao hipoTezaze gadasvla.................. 30

2.1 ipoveT SekiTxva sakvlev TemaSi ........................................................................................ 31
2.2 warmoadgineT ramdenime samuSao pasuxi ........................................................................ 37
2.3 aageT `angariSis dafa, romlis daxmarebiTac dagegmavT da warmarTavT
muSaobas .............................................................................................................................................. 40
2.4 weraze momuSave mxardamWeri gundis Camoyalibeba .................................................. 42
3. sasargeblo wyaroebis moZieba ................................................................................................. 44
3.1 gansazRvreT, ra saxis wyaroebis gamoyenebas moelis Tqvengan mkiTxveli ... 45
3.2 gamoyenebuli wyaroebi CawereT srulad, zustad da miRebuli wesebis
Tanaxmad............................................................................................................................................... 48
3.3 eZebeT wyaroebi regularulad .......................................................................................... 50
3.5 sxva resursebis gamoyeneba, garda standartuli saxis wyaroebisa ................. 58
4. wyaroebis gaazreba ........................................................................................................................ 59

4.1 Tavdapirvlead waikiTxeT miukerZoeblad Tqveni wyaro, raTa gaigoT,

Semdeg ki kritikulad, raTa safuZvlianad gaiazroT da SeafasoT igi ......... 60
4.2 sistematurad gaakeTeT Canawerebi ................................................................................... 64
4.3 gaakeTeT gamosadegi Canawerebi ......................................................................................... 67
4.4 wereT kiTxvis paralelurad .............................................................................................. 70
4.5 SeafaseT Tqveni progresi .................................................................................................... 71
4.6 daZlieT procesisTvis Cveuli panikis Setevebi........................................................ 73
5. argumentis dagegmva ...................................................................................................................... 74
5.1 ra aris da ra ar aris kvlevis argumenti ................................................................... 75
5.2 aageT argumenti mkiTxvelis SekiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis garSemo ......... 76
5.3 aqcieT samuSao hipoTeza debulebad .............................................................................. 77
5.4 SekribeT argumentis elementebi ....................................................................................... 77
5.5 ganasxvaveT faqtebze dafuZnebuli argumentebi ganmartebiT msjelobaze
dafuZnebuli argumentebisgan ................................................................................................... 88
5.6 argumentis Sekvra .................................................................................................................... 89
6. Savi naweris pirveli variantis dagegmva ........................................................................... 91
6.1 moerideT gamousadegari gegmebis gamoyenebas ............................................................ 92
6.2 SeqmeniT gegma, romelic pasuxobs mkiTxvelis saWiroebebs ................................ 93
6.3 SeinaxeT darCenili masala ............................................................................................... 106
7 naSromis Savi naweris Seqmna................................................................................................... 107
7.1 SearCieT weris maqsimalurad mosaxerxebeli gza .................................................. 108
7.2 gamoimuSaveT Sedegiani Savi naweris Seqmnis Cveva................................................. 109
7.3 gamoiyeneT saorientacio terminebi, rom SeinarCunoT swori kursi ............. 110
7.4 saTanadod moiyvaneT citatebi, gaakeTeT perifrazi da reziume .................... 110
7.5 teqstSi CarTeT citatebi ................................................................................................... 112

7.6. gonivrulad gamoiyeneT sqolioebi, gverdoblivi SeniSnvebi da damatebiTi

ganmartebebi ..................................................................................................................................... 114
7.7 wardgenamde ganmarteT kompleqsuri an detaluri faqtobrivi
mtkicebuleba................................................................................................................................... 115
7.8 gaiTvaliswineT SesaZlo moulodnelobebi............................................................... 116
7.9 Tavi daicaviT uneblie plagiatisgan ........................................................................... 117
7.10 moerideT arasaTanado daxmarebis miRebas............................................................... 123
7.11 gadalaxeT saqmis qronikulad gadadebis etapi da SemoqmedebiTi Cixi ..... 124
8 faqtebis warmodgena cxrilebis da suraTebis saxiT ................................................. 126
8.1 sityvebiT da grafikulad azris gadmocemas Soris arCevanis gakeTeba ...... 127
8.2 yvelaze efeqturi grafikuli gamosaxulebis SerCeva .......................................... 128
8.3 cxrilebis da suraTebis modelebis Seqmna............................................................... 129
8.4 waradgineT monacemebi eTikurad .................................................................................... 139
9 Savi naweris gadamuSaveba ......................................................................................................... 145
9.1 SeamowmeT Sesavali, daskvna da debuleba .................................................................. 146
9.2 darwmundiT, rom naSromis ZiriTadi nawili Tanmimdevrulia ......................... 146
9.3 SeamowmeT abzacebi ................................................................................................................ 148
9.4 ramdenime dRis Semdeg gadaxedeT samuSao variants, Semdeg gaakeTeT
perifrazi ......................................................................................................................................... 148
10. Sesavlis da daskvnis saboloo variantis SemuSaveba .............................................. 150
10.1 SeimuSaveT Sesavlis saboloo varianti .................................................................... 151
10.2 SeqmeniT daskvnis saboloo samuSao varianti ........................................................ 156
10.3 saTuri dawereT bolos ..................................................................................................... 156
11 winadadebebis damuSaveba ......................................................................................................... 158
11.1 gaakeTeT aqcenti winadadebis pirvel Svid an rva sityvaze ............................ 159
11.2 gaaanalizeT wakiTxuli masala ..................................................................................... 173

11.3 SearCieT swori sityva ........................................................................................................ 174

11.4 gaaSalaSineT ........................................................................................................................... 175
11.5 daasruleT da amobeWdeT ................................................................................................ 176
12 Sefasebuli Txzulebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli komentarebis gaTvaliswineba ... 178
12.1 moZebneT zogadi principebi konkretul komentarebSi ....................................... 178
12.2 gaesaubreT xelmZRvanels ................................................................................................. 179
13 kvlevis wardgena sxvadasxva formiT ................................................................................ 181
13.1 dagegmeT zepiri moxseneba ................................................................................................ 182
13.2 moamzadeT Tqveni prezentacia ........................................................................................ 183
13.3 dagegmeT stendze warmodgenili moxseneba .............................................................. 187
13.4 dagegmeT sakonferencio SeTavazeba ............................................................................ 188
14 kvlevis arsis Sesaxeb ............................................................................................................... 190
nawili meore ....................................................................................................................................... 192
wyaroebis miTiTeba .......................................................................................................................... 192
15. zogadi Sesavali wyaros damowmebis wesebis Sesaxeb................................................ 192
15.1 ratom mivuTiTebT gamoyenebul literaturas ........................................................ 192
15.2 wyaros miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi .................................................. 193
15.3 wyaros miTiTebis ori stili .......................................................................................... 195
15.4 eleqtronuli wyaroebis damowmeba .............................................................................. 197
15.5 wyaros miTiTebis momzadeba ............................................................................................ 199
15.6 miTiTebis programebis Sesaxeb....................................................................................... 200
16 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili: ................................................................................................... 201
16.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba................................................................................................. 201
16.1.3 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba ............................................................................................ 201
16.1.5 ricxvebi ...................................................................................................................................... 201

10

16.1.7 abzacis Seweva.......................................................................................................................... 201

16.2.1 bibliografiebis saxeebi .................................................................................................... 201
16.2.3 wyaroebi, romelTa gamotoveba SeiZleba .................................................................... 201
16.3.3 SeniSvnebis danomvra............................................................................................................. 201
16.3.5 kompleqsuri SeniSvnebi ....................................................................................................... 201
16.4.1 Semoklebuli SeniSvnebi...................................................................................................... 201
16.4.3 frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi ...................................................................................... 201
S: 8. qrononi, bunebis megapolisi, 383. .................................................................................... 202
16.1 standartuli sistemebi...................................................................................................... 203
naxati 16.1 SeniSvnebis da bibliografiis muxlebis nimuSebi ................................. 203
16.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba ................................................................................................ 208
16.1.2 punqtuacia ................................................................................................................................. 209
16.1.4 saTaurebis gaformeba .......................................................................................................... 209
16.1.6 abreviaturebi ........................................................................................................................... 210
16.2 bibliografiebi ..................................................................................................................... 210
16.2.1 bibliografiis saxeebi ........................................................................................................ 210
16.2.2 muxlebis dalageba ................................................................................................................ 212
16.3 SeniSvnebi.................................................................................................................................. 216
16.3.2 SeniSvnebis miTiTeba teqstSi ........................................................................................... 217
16.3.4 SeniSvnebis daformateba..................................................................................................... 218
16.4 mokle formebi SeniSvnebisTvis ..................................................................................... 221
SeniSvnebi mxolod saTauris miTiTebiT ............................................................................... 225
6.4.3 frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi ........................................................................................ 226
17 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili: specifikuri saxis wyaroebis miTiTeba ................. 230
17.1 wignebi ........................................................................................................................................ 233

11

17.2 saJurnalo statiebi ............................................................................................................ 262

17.3 popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi ............................................................................... 269
17.4 sagazeTo statiebi................................................................................................................ 271
17.5 damatebiTi tipis gamoqveynebuli wyaroebi .............................................................. 274
17.6 gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi ................................................................................................. 282
17.7 araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi ............................... 288
17.8 vizualuri da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis wyaroebi ......................................... 291
17.9 sajaro dokumentebi ............................................................................................................ 300
17.10 erTi wyaro, miTiTebuli meoreSi ................................................................................ 316
18 teqstobrivi miTiTebis stili: .............................................................................................. 318
18.1 standartuli modelebi ..................................................................................................... 319
18.2 bibliografia ......................................................................................................................... 323
18.3 teqstobrivi miTiTebebi ..................................................................................................... 325
19.

teqstobrivi miTitebis stili: specifikuri tipis wyaroebis miTiTeba ...... 328

19.1

wignebi .................................................................................................................................... 331

19.2

samecniero Jurnalebis statiebi ............................................................................... 353

19.3

popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi ........................................................................... 359

19.4

sagazeTo statiebi ............................................................................................................ 360

19.5 arsebobs ramdenime damatebiTi tipis gamoqveynebuli masala, romelic

iTvaliswinebs specialur moTxovnebs maTi miTiTebisas. ........................................... 363
19.6

gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi .............................................................................................. 370

19.7

araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi............................ 375

19.8

vizualuri da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis wyaroebi ..................................... 377

19.9

sajaro dokumentebi......................................................................................................... 386

19.10

erT wyaroSi miTiTebuli meore wyaro ............................................................... 401

12

nawili III .............................................................................................................................................. 403

stili ..................................................................................................................................................... 403
orTografia (marTlwera) .................................................................................................. 403

20

mravlobiTi ricxvi .......................................................................................................... 405

20.1

20.2 kuTvnilebiTi brunva ........................................................................................................ 407

20.3

Sedgenili da prefiqsebiT warmoebuli sityvebi............................................... 410

20.4

striqonis gadatana .......................................................................................................... 417

punqtuacia ................................................................................................................................ 420

21
21.1

wertili ................................................................................................................................. 421

21.2

mZime ......................................................................................................................................... 422

21.3

wertil-mZime ........................................................................................................................ 428

21.4

ori wertili ....................................................................................................................... 430

21.5

kiTxvis niSani ..................................................................................................................... 431

21.6

Zaxilis niSani .................................................................................................................... 432

21.7

defisi da tire .................................................................................................................. 432

21.8

frCxilebi da kvadratuli frCxilebi ................................................................... 434

21.9

daxrilixazebi.................................................................................................................... 435

21.10

brWyalebi.......................................................................................................................... 435

21.11

mravaljeradi sasveni niSnebi ................................................................................. 436

22.

saxelebi, specialuri terminebi da naSromebis saTaurebi .............................. 439

22.1

saxelebi ................................................................................................................................ 440

22.2

specialuri terminebi ..................................................................................................... 445

22.3

naSromebis saTaurebi...................................................................................................... 447

23.
23.1

ricxvebi ..................................................................................................................................... 454

sityvebi Tu ricxvebi? ..................................................................................................... 455

13

23.2

ricxvebis mravlobiTi forma da punqtuacia ...................................................... 463

23.3

TariRTa sistemebi ............................................................................................................ 466

23.4

teqstis gareT gamoyenebuli ricxvebi .................................................................... 468

24.

abreviaturebi.......................................................................................................................... 472

24.1

zogadi principebi ............................................................................................................ 473

24.2

saxelebi da saxelwodebebi, titulebi .................................................................. 476

24.3

geografiuli terminebi.................................................................................................. 481

24.4

dro da TariRebi .............................................................................................................. 484

24.5 sazomi erTeulebi ................................................................................................................ 485

wignebi ............................................................................................... 486

24.6

biblia da misi

24.7

abreviaturebi miTiTebebSi da sxva samecniero konteqstSi ......................... 490

25.

citirebebi ................................................................................................................................ 494

25.1

zusti citireba da plagiatis Tavidan acileba ................................................ 495

25.2

citatebis CarTva teqstSi ............................................................................................ 495

25.3

citatebis Secvla ............................................................................................................. 501

26.

cxrilebi da suraTebi ....................................................................................................... 511

26.1

zogadi wesebi ..................................................................................................................... 513

26.2

cxrilebi............................................................................................................................... 516

26.3

suraTebi ................................................................................................................................ 527

danarTi naSromis formati da misi Cabareba ....................................................................... 532

a.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli zogadi moTxovnebi ........................................................ 533
a.2 formatTan dakavSirebuli specifikuri moTxovnebi ............................................. 538
a.3. Cabarebis moTxovnebi................................................................................................................ 566

cxrilebis da diagramebis danarTi ......................................................................................... 573

...................................................................................................................................... 591

14

SeniSvna studentebisTvis

es
aris
wignis,
`saxelmZRvanelo
samecniero
statiebis,
dasdiplomo
namuSevrebis da disertaciebis avtorebisTvis meSvide redaqcia. studentebis
ukve ramdenime Taoba iyenebs am saxelmZRvanelos kvlevis, werisa da TavianTi
naSromebis warsadgenad. yvelaze erTguli momxmarebeli wigns moixseniebs
`Turabianis
saxeliT.
Turabiani
aris
Tavdapirveli
avtori
wignisa
`saxelmZRvanelo avtorTaTvis. es wigni avtoritetuli wyaroa ,,Cikagos
stiliT dainteresebuli studentebisTvis.
Tu referatze muSaobT, SesaZloa, gamoyenebuli literaturis damowmeba, aseve,
mTavruli asoebis da abreviaturebis gamoyeneba `Cikagos stiliT mogTxovon.
`Cikagos stili farTod gamoiyeneba studentebis mier yvela disciplinaSi.
wyaros damowmebisTvis SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT Cikagos mier rekomendebuli ori
stilidan erT-erTi. humanitarul mecnierebebSi da zogierT socialur
mecnierebaSi, savaraudod, gamoiyenebT sqolioSi miTiTEbis stils, xolo
sabunebismetyvelo
da
fizikur
mecnierebebSi
(da
zogierT
socialur
mecnierebaSi) SeiZleba, gamoiyenoT e.w. teqstorbrivi miTiTebis avtori,
TariRi - stili. wignSi `saxelmZRvanelo avtorebisTvis ganmartebulia orive
stili da naCvenebia, rogor gamoiyeneba TiToeuli maTgani.
`Cikagos stilis Sesaxeb amomwuravi informaciis garda, mocemul, meSvide
redaqciaSi damatebulia axali nawili, romlis avtorebic arian: uein s. buTi,
gregori j. kolomi da jozef m. uiliamsi. aRniSnul nawilSi ganxilulia
kvlevis da weris procesis yoveli nabiji.
aseve, mocemulia praqtikuli
rCevebi, romlebic dagexmarebaT swori SekiTxvebis CamoyalibebaSi, kritikulad
kiTxvaSi, argumentebis SemuSavebasa da namuSevris Sav versiaSi cvlilebebis
SetanaSi.

15

winasityvaoba
Tanamedrove universitetebSi studentebi, romlebic weren sakurso,
sadiplomo da sadisertacio naSromebs, muSaoben eleqtronuli teqnologiebis
gamoyenebiT, rac warmoudgeneli iyo 1937 wels, rodesac qeiT l. Turabianma,
Cikagos
universitetis
disertaciebis
mdivanma,
Seqmna
saxelmZRvanelo
principebis
krebuli
studenti
avtorebisTvis.
internet-resursebis
xelmisawvdomobam da teqstebis redaqtirebis programebma Secvala studentebis
mier kvlevis warmoebisa da Sedegebis wardgenis meTodebi. magram am
teqnologiebs ar Seucvlia avtoris ZiriTadi amocana: kargad dagegmili
kvlevis Catareba, Sedegebis mkafiod da akuratulad aRwera da, amavdroulad,
naSromebSi wyaroebis miTiTebis, stilisa da formatis akademiuri standartebis
dacva.
Turabianis mier 1937 wels gamocemul krebulSi mocemuli iyo saxelmZRvanelo
principebi,
romlebic
`stilis
saxelmZRvanelos
meaTe
redaqciaSia
warmodgenili. esaa ukve klasikuri resursi avtorebisa da redaqtorebisTvis,
romelic
gamocemulia
Cikagos
universitetis
gamomcemlobis
mier.
gamomcemlobam Turabianis krebulis gavrceleba 1947 wels daiwyo da naSromi
pirvelad wignis saxiT 1955 wels gamosca saTauriT `saxelmZRvanelo sakurso,
sadiplomo da sadisertacio naSromebis avtorebisTvis. Turabianma naSroms
kidev orjer gaukeTa redaqtireba da ganaaxla is, raTa daekmayofilebina
studentebis moTxovnilebebi da aesaxa uaxlesi rekomendaciebi `stilis
saxelmZRvanelodan.
amasobaSi
mTel
qveyanaSi
Turabianis
wigni
studentebisTvis standartuli saxelmZRvanelo gaxda universitetebisa da
kolejebis yvela doneze. Turabiani 1987 wels, wignis mexuTe redaqciis
gamocemidan
ramdenime
Tvis
Semdeg,
oTxmocdaToTxmeti
wlis
asakSi
gardaicvala.
am
redaqciis
iseve,
rogorc
meeqvse
(1996)
redaqciis
gadamuSavebisTvis gamomcemlobam saredaqcio kolegia moiwvia.
mocemul, meSvide redaqciaSi uein s. buTma, gregori j. kolomma da jozef m.
uiliamsma ganavrces wignis masStabebi. axali I nawili, `kvleva da wera:
dagegmvidan Seqmnamde, adaptirebulia maTi `kvlevis xelovnebis mixedviT
(Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, Cikago, 2003w.). am nawilSi warmodgenilia
kvlevis procesis warmarTvisa da kvlevis angariSebis momzadebis detaluri
instruqciebi; es Tema aqamde ar yofila CarTuli am saxelmZRvaneloSi. Tumca,
igi gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebis, weris stilisa da naSromebis
momzadebis teqnikuri sakiTxebis ganuyofeli nawilia. ganxilul Temebs Sorisaa
kvlevis xasiaTi, wyaroebis moZieba da maTze muSaoba, Canawerebis gakeTeba,
argumentis Camoyalibeba, samuSao variantis momzadeba-redaqtireba da faqtebis
warmodgena cxrilebisa da cifrebis saxiT. agreTve, aqvea ganxiluli kvlevis
alternatiul forumebze warmodgenis gzebi. am nawilSi avtorebi uSualo,
kolegiuri toniT weren, raTa mkiTxveli daaintereson am kompleqsuri sakiTxiT.
misi wakiTxva sasargeblo iqneba im studentebisTvis, romlebic kvleviT
proeqtebs yvela doneze axorcieleben, samecniero naSromebze momuSave
mkvlevarebs ki SeuZliaT gamotovon I-IV Tavebi.

16

wignis danarCen nawilSi ganxilulia igive sakiTxebi, romlebic wina

redaqciebSi iyo warmodgenili. Tumca, wigni mniSvnelovnad aris Secvlili da
asaxavs `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos me-15 redaqciaSi (2003) warmodgenil
rekomendaciebs. es rekomendaciebi iTvaliswinebs zegavlenas, romelsac
Tanamedrove teqnologiebi axdens studentis mier naSromze muSaobis yvela
aspeqtze. aseve, warmodgenilia ganaxlebuli magaliTebi da saxelmZRvanelo
ufro martivad wasakiTxi da metad praqtikulia.
kvlevis
processa
da
saTanado
miTiTebis
formebs
Soris
mWidro
urTierTkavSiria. swored amitom, `gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTeba
saxelmZRvanelos meore nawilis saxiT aris warmodgenili. am nawilSi, me-15
TavSi mimoxilulia samecniero wyaroebis damowmeba, aseve, misi kavSiri ara
mxolod sanimuSo kvleviT aramed kvlevis eTikasTanac. studentebi, romlebic
gamoyenebuli literaturis damowmebisTvis sqolioSi miTiTebis stils
(romelic
damaxasiaTebelia
humanitaruli
da
zogierTi
socialuri
mecnierebisTvis) iyeneben, Semdgom unda gaecnon me-16 Tavs, sadac ganxilulia
gamoyenebuli literaturis damowmebis ZiriTadi formebi. xolo me-17
TavSi
SegiZliaT, ixiloT mTeli rigi wyaroebis magaliTebi. studentebi, romlebic
iyeneben teqstobrivi miTiTebis
stils (damaxasiaTebelia socialuri
mecnierebebis umetesobisa da sabunebismetyvelo-fizikuri mecnierebebisTvis),
igive saxis informacias me-18 da me-19 TavebSi ixilaven. aRniSnul TavebSi
mocemulia ganaxlebuli magaliTebi internet da sxva eleqtronuli wyaroebis
miTiTebaze.
mesame nawilSi, romlis saTauria `stili, ganxilulia sakiTxebi, romlebic
saxelmZRvanelos wina gamocemebis pirvel naxevarSi iyo warmodgenili.
marTlwera da punqtuacia gayofilia cal-calke Tavebad, ise, rogorc Tavebi,
romlebic Seexeba cifrebsa da abreviaturebs. gavrcobilia Tavi, romelSic
ganxilulia saxelebi, specialuri terminebi da naSromebis saTaurebi. am
nawilis bolo or TavSi ganxilulia citatebis da grafikuli gamosaxulebebis
(cxrilebi da diagramebi) gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli teqnikuri sakiTxebi,
romlebic pirvel nawilSi ritorikuli TvalsazrisiT aris moxseniebuli.
naSromebis avtor studentebs SeuZliaT, mTlianad waikiTxon es Tavebi an
gaecnon maT konkretul sakiTxebze saxelmZRvanelo rekomendaciebis misaRebad.
meore da mesame nawilSi warmodgenili rekomendaciebi ramdenime SemTxvevaSi
gansxvavdeba im rekomendaciebisgan, romlebic mocemulia `Cikagos stilis
saxelmZRvaneloSi. Tumca, es gansxvavebebi arsebiTi ar aris. garkveul
SemTxvevebSi am saxelmZRvaneloSi rekomendebulia mxolod erTi saredaqcio
stili, xolo `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvaneloSi
_ ori an meti formaa
mocemuli. zogjer gansxvaveba simartiveSia (rogorc saTauris asomTavruliT
daweris wesebSi, romlebic warmodgenilia 22-e TavSi); sxva SemTxvevebSi masSi
aRwerilia, ra aris marTebuli studentebis naSromebisTvis, gansxvavebiT
gamoqveynebuli samecniero naSromebisgan (agreTve, internet wyaroebidan
citirebisas yvela gamoyenebul wyaroze wvdomis TariRebis miTiTebis
moTxovna). gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTEbis Sesaxeb TavebSi mocemulia
axali saxis wyaroebi, rogoricaa internet blogebi, romlebic 2003 wlidan
gamoCnda da, amdenad, ar aris ganxiluli `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos
amJamindel redaqciaSi. am rekomendaciebiT logikurad aris gavrcobili
`Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvaneloSi gansazRvruli principebi.
17

danarTSi Tavmoyrilia masala nabeWd formatsa da naSromis wardgenis wesebze,

rac, faqtobrivad, qeiT Turabianis Tavdapirvel versiaSi ganxilul sakiTxebs
warmoadgenda. im periodidan moyolebuli, es masala gaxda ZiriTadi
saxelmZRvanelo wyaro mTeli qveynis disertaciebis samsaxurebisTvis. am
masalis redaqtirebisas gamomcemlobam moipova da gaiTvaliswina sxvadasxva
sajaro da kerZo universitetis disertaciis samsaxurebis warmomadgenelTa, maT
Soris, im universitetebis, romlebic CamoTvlilia winaTqmis nawilSi.
saxelmZRvanelo
principebSi
kvlavac
xazgasmulia
Tanmimdevrulobis
mniSvneloba. Tumca, amavdroulad, gaTvaliswinebulia Tanamedrove programebis
SesaZleblobebi, eleqtronulad daamuSavon teqsti da daSvebulia meti
moqniloba iseT sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa gverdebis danomvra da saTaurebis
gaformeba. warmodgenili nimuSebi axalia da amoRebulia Cikagos universitetSi
2000 wlidan dRemde wardgenili sanimuSo disertaciebidan. es danarTi
gaTvlilia
ZiriTadad
im
studentebze,
romlebic
weren
sadoqtoro
disertaciebs da samagistro da kolejis sadiplomo naSromebs. Tumca,
nawilebi, sadac ganxilulia formatis moTxovnebi da eleqtronuli failebis
momzadebis wesebi, agreTve, daainteresebs maT, vinc sakurso naSromebze
muSaobs.
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo warmogidgenT im sakiTxebis gadawyvetis
gzebs, romelTa winaSec dgebian studenti avtorebi. Tumca, SesaZlebelia, aq
mocemul principebs daematos da/an Caenacvlos konkretul disciplinebSi
arsebuli wesebi, aseve, calkeulma dawesebulebebma an fakultetebma TavianTi
survilisamebr gamoiyenon es principebi. yvela TavSi, sadac saubaria stilisa
da
formatis
Sesaxeb,
studentebs
SevaxsenebT,
gadaxedon sakuTari
universitetis, fakultetis an maswavleblis moTxovnebs, romlebic aq
warmodgenil saxelmZRvanelo principebze ufro prioritetulia. sagnebis
mixedviT dalagebul gavrcobil bibliografiaSi CamoTvlilia literatura
kvlevisa da stilis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb calkeuli disciplinebisTvis.

18

winaTqma
im wignis redaqtireba, romliTac milionobiT studenti samocdaaTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi sargeblobda, martivi amocana ar aris. qeiT Turabianis naSromis
ocdameerTe saukunis realobaze morgebis gamowvevas Tavdapirvelad SeeWida
linda j. halvorsoni, romelic maSin Cikagos universitetis gamomcemlobaSi
sacnobaro literaturis mTavari redaqtori iyo.
is aRiarebda, rom
mniSvnelovnad Seicvala studenti-avtoris moTxovnilebebi 1996 wels meeqvse
redaqciis gamocemis Semdeg da am cvlilebis asaxvis mizniT gadawyvita wignis
gadamuSaveba.
am miznis misaRwevi gegmis ZiriTad komponents warmoadgenda redaqtorebis
gundis Sekreba, romelsac esmoda, Tu rogor SeiZleboda, moergoT Turabianis
meTodika kvlevebsa da Txzulebebze momuSave Tanamedrove, eleqtronuli epoqis
studentebisTvis. uein s. buTma, gregori j. kolomma, da jozef m. uiliamsma,
maswavleblebma da kvlevisa da weris sakiTxebze araerTi wignis, maT Soris
,,kvlevis xelovnebis avtorebma didi wvlili Seitanes wignis gadamuSavebaSi.
gamomcemlobis saredaqcio kolegia Tavdapirvelad warmodgenili iyo margaret
perkinsiT, romelic amJamad niu inglandis medicinis Jurnalis xelnawerebis
redaqtirebis direqtoria, xolo Semdgom meri i. lauriT, romelic proeqtSi
gamoyenebuli literaturis mimarTulebis ufrosi redaqtoria. orive maTganma
Zalian mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos
meTxuTmete
redaqciis
momzadebaSi,
romlis
mixedviTac
adaptirebulia
winamdebare wignis meore da mesame nawilebi.
redaqtirebis
mTeli
procesis
ganmavlobaSi
xelnawerTan
dakavSirebiT
(nawilobriv da srulad) Rirebuli rCevebi mogvawodes redaqtorebma, romlebic
kargad icnoben studentebis mier kvlevasa da naSromebze muSaobis sxvadasxva
aspeqtebs. es redaqtorebi arian siuzan eleni (sociologiis amerikuli
Jurnali), kristofer s. aleni (saerTaSoriso sakiTxebi, jorjiis universiteti),
ana nibli beikeri (heltinsaiTi), hauard bekeri (san francisko), pol s. boieri
(istoriis kaTedra, viskonsin-medisonis universiteti), kristofer baki (wera,
ritorika, da amerikuli kulturebi, miCiganis saxelmwifo universiteti), devid
qembeli (politikuri mecnierebebis kaTedra, notrdamis universiteti), erik
larsoni
(Cikagos
universitetis
gamomcemloba),
maikl
d.
qugani
(religiaTmcodneobis kaTedra, sTounhilis koleji), deniel grini (aSS-is
holokostis muzeumi), en keli noulsi (geografiis kaTedra, midlburis
koleji), liuis lankasteri (aRmosavleT aziis enebisa da kulturis
fakulteti, kaliforniis universiteti berkli), luk erik lasteri
(humanitarul mecnierebaTa kaTedra, marSalis universitetis koleji), jeims
leludisi (istoriis kaTedra, CrdiloeT karolinas Capel hilis universiteti),
kurt moseri (filosofiis kaTedra, deitonis universiteti), jerald mulderigi
(inglisuris kaTedra, depolis universiteti), emili s. rozenbergi (istoriis
kaTedra,
kaliforniis
universiteti,
irvini),
anita
seimeni
(Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba), pol stroleri (anTropologiis da sociologiis
kaTedra, uest Cesteris universiteti), en b. Tisli (biologiuri mecnierebebis

19

kaTedra, floridis Statis universiteti) da riCard velma (politikuri

mecnierebebis kaTedra, suortmoris koleji).
qeiT
Turabianis memkvidreebma
sxvadasxva
saxelmwifo da
kerZo
universitetebidan
mogvawodes
Rirebuli
mosazrebebi
disertaciebis
momzadebisa da wardgenis Sesaxeb. danarTis redaqtirebaze/recenziaze review
muSaobdnen filipa k. karteri, pitsburgis universitetidan; meTiu hili,
merilendis universitetidan, kolej parki; elena siao-Cings u viskonsin,
medisonis universitetidan; jona e.d. parkeri, iliniosis universitetidan
urbana-SempenSi da kristin quigli, jorjTaunis universitetidan. kolin
malarkma, romelic amJamad Turabianis Tanamdebobaze muSaobs Cikagos
universitetSi, mTel xelnawers gaukeTa redaqtireba; is dagvexmara, agreTve,
sanimuSo disertaciebis gamovlenaSi, romelTa mixedviTac SemuSavda danarTSi
warmodgenili gverdebi. avtorebi, romlebmac mogvces TavianTi disertaciebis
gamoyenebis nebarTva, miTiTebuli arian Sesabamis naxatebSi.
xelnaweris wignis saxiT Camoyalibebaze gamomcemlobis
kidev erTma
gundma imuSava. qerol fiSer selerma redaqtireba gaukeTa xelnawers, randolf
petilosma koreqtivebi Seitana naSromSi, xolo viqtoria beikerma moamzada
saZiebeli. maikl bremma izruna dizainze, xolo silvi medndoza heCimoviCma
zedamxedveloba gauwia momzadebis process. qristofer foudsma saredaqtoro
daxmareba gaswia mTeli proeqtis ganmavlobaSi. qerol kasperma, elen gibsonma
da laura andersonma ki dasrulebuli wignis bazarze gatanaze izrunes.
proeqtis yvela monawiles guli daswyvita uein buTis am qveynidan
wasvlam; is maSin gardaicvala, rodesac xelnaweri TiTqmis dasrulebuli iyo.
es proeqti darCeba, rogorc misi bolo namuSevari.

20

nawili pirveli

kvleva da wera
dagegmvidan Seqmnamde

uein s. buTi, gregori j. kolomi, jozef m. uiliamsi

21

pirveli nawilis zogadi mimoxilva

cnobilia, ramdenad rTulia, daiwyo muSaoba mniSvnelovan kvleviT
proeqtze, iqneba es sadoqtoro disertacia, sabakalavro an samagistro Tema Tu,
ubralod, sakurso naSromi. Tumca, SegiZliaT nebismier proeqts gaarTvaT Tavi,
Tu mas nawilebad dayofT, Semdeg ki Tanmimdevulad imuSavebT am nawilebze.
winamdebare nawilSi warmogidgenT am meTods.
Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT kvlevis miznebs da imas, Tu ras moelis
mkiTxveli nebismieri kvleviTi naSromisgan. Semdgom SevCerdebiT imaze, Tu
rogor unda miagnoT kvlevis kiTxvas, romelze pasuxis moZiebac imsaxurebs
Tqvens drosa da mkiTxvelebis yuradRebas; rogor unda moZebnoT da gamoiyenoT
informacia wyaroebidan, raTa gaamyaroT Tqveni pasuxi; Semdeg rogor dagegmoT,
SeadginoT da SeitanoT cvlilebebi Tqvens angariSSi, raTa mkiTxvelma ifiqros,
rom Tqveni pasuxi emyareba gonivrul msjelobas da sarwmuno faqtebs.
am nawilSi SevCerdebiT ramdenime Temaze:
- proeqtis
ganxorcielebas
daufiqreblad
ver
SeudgebiT;
Tavdapirvelad unda dagegmoT, Semdgom TiToeuli nabijis gadadgmisas
unda gaiazroT mTeli procesi. amdenad, iazrovneT masStaburad,
magram, amavdroulad, dayaviT procesi patar-patara amocanebad,
romelTa Sesrulebasac etapobrivad SeZlebT.
- idealur SemTxvevaSi, kvleva unda iwyebodes SekiTxviT, romelzec
pasuxis gacema gsurT. Tumca, unda warmoidginoT, rom mkiTxvelebic
dasvamen SekiTxvas: ra moxdeba, Tu ar gascemT am SekiTxvaze pasuxs?
ra Seicvleba amiT?
- imTaviTve unda SeecadoT, weroT yoveldRe; es gulisxmobs ara
ubralod Canawerebis gakeTebas wyaroebis Sesaxeb, aramed ganmartebas,
Tu ras fiqrobT maT Sesaxeb. agreTve, unda CainiSnoT sakuTari ideebi
da Semdeg furcelze gadmoitanoT. Sedegad, SeZlebT, gansazRvroT,
marTlac mniSvnelovania Tu ara es ideebi. savaraudod, am nawerebis
didi nawili ar Seva naSromis saboloo variantSi; Tumca, misi
momzadebis procesSi Zalian mniSvnelovania.
- ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ramdenad akuratulebi iqnebiT kvlevis
ganaxorcielebisas, mkiTxvelebi mas Seafaseben imis mixedviT, Tu
ramdenad kargad aRwerT kvlevis Sedegebs. amdenad, unda icodeT, risi
naxva surs mkiTxvels kvlevis angariSSi, raTa aRniSnulma naSromma
maTi mowoneba daimsaxuros.
Tuki gamocdili mkvlevari xarT, gamotoveT pirveli-meoTxe Tavebi. iq
mocemulia iseT sakiTxebi, romlebic TqvenTvis isedac nacnobia. Tumca, Tu
leqciebsac kiTxulobT, am TavebSi warmodgenili masala, SesaZloa, dagexmaroT,
ufro efeqturad auxsnaT sakiTxi studentebs. (mravali gamocdili mkvlevris
TqmiT, V-XII Tavebi maT ara mxolod kvlevis ganxorcielebisa da Sedegebis
waradgenis sxvebisTvis axsnaSi, aramed sakuTari moxsenebebis ufro swrafad da
efeqturad dagegmvasa da damuSavebaSic daexmara).
Tu axalbeda mkvlevari xarT, TqvenTvis sasargeblo iqneba pirveli
nawilis TiToeuli Tavis wakiTxva. iq ixilavT mTeli procesis mimoxilvas;

22

Semdeg proeqtze muSaobisas xelaxla waikiTxeT Tavebi, romlebic uSualod

Tqvens amocanasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
SesaZloa, mogeCvenoT, rom aq aRwerili nabijebi imdenad bevria, rom
rTulia maTi damaxsovreba. Tumca, SegiZliaT, am amocanas Tavi gaarTvaT, Tuki
saTiTaod imuSavebT maTze. xolo rodesac met kvlevas CaatarebT, amgvari
muSaoba CvevaSi gagijdebaT. nu ifiqrebT, rom es nabijebi zustad iseTi
TanmimdevrobiT unda ganaxorcieloT, rogorc amas Cven warmogidgenT.
mkvlevrebi yovelTvis gegmaven TavianT samuSaos, magram mainc uxdebaT
romelime wertilSi ukan dabruneba da Semdgomi nabijebis Tavidan gaTvla
(swored amitom girCevT, procesis momavali etapi windawin gaTvaloT da wina
safexurebsac gadaxedoT). yvelaze gegmazomier mkvlevarsac hqonia SemTxveva,
rom moulodnelad aRmouCenia raRac, rasac misi muSaoba axali mimarTulebiT
warumarTavs.
imuSaveT
gegmis
mixedviT,
magram
mzad
iyaviT
gegmidan
gadasaxvevad, misi axali gegmiT SecvlisTvisac ki.
Tu Zalian axalbeda mkvlevari xarT, SeiZleba, aseve, ifiqroT, rom
zogierTi sakiTxi, romelsac Cven ganvixilavT, scdeba Tqveni uSualo
saWiroebebis sferos. viciT, rom aTgverdiani sakurso naSromi gansxvavdeba
sadoqtoro disertaciisgan. Tumca, orive maTgani moiTxovs garkveul
dafiqrebas,
es
ki
yvelaze
gamoucdel
mkvlevarsac
SeuZlia.
Tqvens
kompetenturobas maSin srulyofT, rodesac ara mxolod gegmavT samuSaos,
aramed iwyebT im praqtikuli unarebis gavarjiSebas, romlebic gamocdilma
mkvlevarebma SeiZines, rodesac Tqvens etapze imyofebodnen.
veranairi
wigni
ver
mogamzadebT
kvleviTi
proeqtis TiToeuli
aspeqtisTvis. verc am wignidan miiRebT konkretul meTodologiebs iseT
sferoebSi, rogoricaa fsiqologia, ekonomika an filosofia, kidev ufro
naklebad fizikaSi, qimiasa an biologiaSi. am wignidan verc imas SeityobT, Tu
rogor unda moargoT akademiuri kvlevebis Sesaxeb miRebuli codna Tqvens
samuSao an profesiul garemos.
Tumca, am wignSi warmodgenilia im procesebis da azrovnebis yaidis
mimoxilva, romlebic safuZvlad udevs yvela kvlevas, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu
rodis xorcieldeba is; aq, agreTve, mimoxilulia is gegmebi, romlebic unda
moamzadoT naSromis dagegmvis, Sedgenisa da damuSavebisTvis. rodesac SeiZenT
am codnas da profesorebis daxmarebiT SeZlebT Tqveni proeqtebis warmarTvas,
aRar SeuSindebiT proeqtebTan dakavSirebul gamowvevebs. saboloo jamSi ki
iswavliT yvelaze kompleqsuri proeqtebis damoukideblad marTvas, rogorc
akademiur, ise profesiul sferoebSi.
pirveli
nabiji
srulyofili
kvlevisTvis
saWiro
unarebis
gamomuSavebisken imis gagebaa, Tu ras fiqroben gamocdili mkvlevrebi kvlevis
miznebis Sesaxeb.

23

1 ra aris kvleva da ras fiqroben mkvlevarebi mis Sesaxeb

1.1
1.2
1.2.1

1.2.2

ras fiqroben mkvlevarebi kvlevis miznebze

sami saxis SekiTxva, romlebsac mkvlevarebi svamen: konceptualuri
SekiTxvebi: ra unda vifiqroT?
praqtikuli SekiTxvebi: ra unda gavakeToT?
gamoyenebiTi SekiTxvebi: ra unda gavigoT, vidre gvecodineba, ra

aris gasakeTebeli?
1.2.3

1.2.4

SekiTxvis sworad arCeva

gansakuTrebuli gamowveva konceptualuri SekiTxvebisas: pasuxis
gacema SekiTxvaze: mere ra, rom gvaqvs pasuxi sakvlev kiTxvaze?

kvlevas atarebT yovel jerze, rodesac svamT SekiTxvas da eZebT faqtebs

masze pasuxis gasacemad, ganurCevlad imisa, SekiTxva ise martivia, rogorc
wyalsadenis SemkeTeblis povna, Tu iseTi rTuli, rogoricaa sicocxlis
dasabamis aRmoCena. rodesac pasuxi mxolod Tqven gainteresebT an rodesac
sxvebs, ubralod, informaciis swrafad gageba surT, albaT, naSroms ar dawerT.
iseT SemTxvevebSi ki, rodesac mkiTxvelebisTvis Tqveni debulebebi mxolod
maSin aris sarwmuno, rodesac xedaven, rogor gamoitaneT es daskvnebi,
werilobiTi angariSis momzadeba mogiwevT. faqtobrivad, umeteswilad, swored
kvleviTi naSromebidan vityobT sarwmuno faqtebs samyaros Sesaxeb: rom erT
dros arsebobdnen dinozavrebi, rom daavadebebs baqteriebi iwvevs da Tundac
imas, rom dedamiwa mrgvalia.
SesaZloa, ifiqroT, rom Tqveni moxseneba mcireds Tu Sematebs msoflio
codnas. SeiZleba, asec aris. Tumca, kargad damuSavebuli naSromi mniSvnelovan
codnas da gamocdilebas mainc SegZenT. agreTve, SeiZleba, migaCndeT, rom Tqveni
momavali saqmianoba ara samecniero kvleva, aramed biznesi an sxva profesiaa.
miuxedavad amisa, kvleva iseve mniSvnelovania akademiuri sferos gareT, rogorc
mecnierebaSi. amdenad, akademiuri kvlevis xelovnebis dauflebiT erT dResac
SeZlebT, ganaxorcieloT kvleva, romelic mniSvnelovani iqneba sul mcire
maTTvis, visTanac muSaobT da SesaZloa, TiToeuli CvenganisTvisac ki.
kvlevis Catarebis meTodebis dauflebisas, aseve, swavlobT sxvebis mier
ganxorcielebuli kvlevebis gamoyenebasa da Sefasebas. nebismieri profesiis
mkvlevarma gadawyvetilebis miRebamde unda waikiTxos da Seafasos kvlevis
angariSi; amis ukeT gakeTebas mxolod maSin SeZlebT, rodesac iciT, rogor
afaseben sxvebi Tqvens kvleviT moxsenebas. am wignSi aqcenti gakeTebulia
mecnierul
sferoSi
Catarebul
kvlevaze.
Tumca,
Cven
yoveldRiurad
vkiTxulobT an gvesmis im kvlevebis Sesaxeb, romelsac SeuZlia, zegavlena
moaxdinos Cvens cxovrebaze. miuxedavad amisa, vidre virwmunebT am naSromebs,
kritikulad unda SevafasoT da ganvsazRvroT, efuZneba Tu ara isini sando
faqtebs da sarwmuno msjelobas.
eWvgareSea, rom msjelobisa da faqtebis moyvanis garda, kidev sxva
gzebiTac SeiZleba kargi daskvnebis gamotana: SegviZlia, daveyrdnoT tradicias
da avtoritets an intuicias, Cvens xedvas, an Tundac Cvens yvelaze primitiul
emociebs. magram, rodesac vcdilobT, avuxsnaT sxvebs ara mxolod is, ratom

24

gvjera Cveni Sexedulebis, aramed isic, ratom unda irwmunon maTac, saWiroa
imaze meti, vidre, ubralod, Cveni azrebis da Sexedulebebis wardgenaa.
swored amiT gansxvavdeba kvleva sxva saxis mtkicebiTi xasiaTis
naSromebisgan: is unda emyarebodes faqtebs, romlebsac mkiTxvelebi simarTled
CaTvlian, ganurCevlad Tqveni Sexedulebebisa da rwmenisa. maT unda SeZlon,
miyvnen Tqvens msjelobas da irwmunon im faqtebis, romelzec es msjeloba
aageT. amdenad, Tqveni, rogorc mkvlevris warmateba, damokidebulia ara
mxolod imaze, ramdenad kargad SeagrovebT da gaaanalizebT monacemebs, aramed
imazec, ramdenad mkafiod warudgenT Tqvens msjelobas mkiTxvelebs: maT unda
mieceT saSualeba, Seafason da gamoscadon Tqveni daskvnebi, vidre irwmuneben
da daeTanxmebian maT.

1.1 ras fiqroben mkvlevrebi kvlevis miznebze?

yvela mkvlevari agrovebs faqtebsa da informacias, rasac monacemebs
vuwodebT. Tumca, kvlevis miznebisa da sakuTari gamocdilebidan gamomdinare,
isini am monacemebs sxvadasxvanairad iyeneben. zogierTi mkvlevari agrovebs
monacemebs iseT sakiTxze, rogoricaa istoriebi alamos brZolis Sesaxeb da
amas, ubralod, piradi interesis dakmayofilebis mizniT (an maswavleblis
davalebis Sesasruleblad) akeTebs.
Tumca, mkvlevrebis umetesobas surs, vicodeT Tu icodnen faqtebze meti.
amdenad, isini eZeben sxvadasxva Temaze ara nebismier, aramed konkretul
monacemebs, romlebsac gamoiyeneben faqtebad Temidan gamomdinare wamoWrili
SekiTxvis gamosacdelad da dasasabuTeblad. SekiTxva ki SeiZleba aseTic iyos:
`ratom gaxda alamos istoria erovnuli legenda?
Tumca, gamocdilma mkvlevrebma ician, rom imaze meti unda gaakeTon,
vidre mkiTxvelebis TavinTi pasuxebis sandoobaSi darwmunebaa. maT, agreTve,
unda gviCvenon, ratom aris maTi SekiTxva mniSvnelovani, rogor gvexmareba
gacemuli pasuxi ufro masStaburi sakiTxis axleburad gagebaSi. magaliTisTvis,

Tuki gamovikvlevT, ratom gaxda alamos istoria erovnuli legenda, SevZlebT

pasuxis gacemas ufro masStabur SekiTxvaze: rogor Camoayaliba regionulma
miTebma Cveni erovnuli xasiaTi?
SegiZliaT SeafasoT, ramdenad axlos dgas Tqveni azrovneba gamocdili
mecnierebis azrovnebasTan, Tuki aRwerT Tqvens proeqts aseTi winadadebiT:
1. me vmuSaob Temaze X [istoriebi alamos brZolis Sesaxeb]
2. vinaidan msurs, gavigo Y [ratom gaxda misi istoria erovnuli legenda]
3. raTa SevZlo sxvebis daxmareba Z-is gagebaSi [rogor Camoayaliba aseTma
regionulma miTebma Cveni erovnuli xasiaTi].
es winadadebebi yuradRebiT ganxilvas imsaxurebs, radgan aRwers ara
mxolod Tqveni kvlevis progress, aramed, agreTve, Tqveni, rogorc mkvlevris
zrdas.
1. `...me vmuSaob Temaze...: mkvlevrebi xSirad iwyeben iseTi martivi TemiT,
rogoricaa alamos brZola, radgan es maTi davalebaa, an am TemaSi aris raRac,
ramac gaurkvevlobaSi Caagdo isini, an, ubralod, imitom, rom Tema sainteresoa.
Secdoma, romelic mkvlevarma gamoucdelobis gamo SeuZleba dauSvas, sakvlevi
sakiTxis CamoyalibebaSi aq gaCerebaa. daaxvaveben aTasobiT SeniSvnas, magram ver
25

wyveten, ra monacemebi gamoiyenon da ra _ ara. rodesac weris dro dgeba,

yvelafers CarTaven moxsenebaSi, romelic Sedegad SemTxveviTi faqtebis grovis
saxe iRebs. Tuki es faqtebi TemiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelebisTvis axalia,
SeiZleba, waikiTxon angariSi. Tumca aseT mkiTxvelebsac ki eqnebaT survili,
Cawvdnen am faqtebis mniSvnelobas.
2. `...vinaidan msurs, gavigo, rogor da ratom...: SedarebiT gamocdili
mkvlevrebi, rogorc wesi, iwyeben ara ubralod TemiT, aramed kvlevis
SekiTxviT, magaliTad, `ratom gaxda alamos istoria erovnuli legenda? maT
ician, rom mkiTxvelebi moyvanil faqtebs mniSvnelovnad CaTvlian mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu es faqtebi pasuxs asabuTebs. marTlac, mkvlevars mxolod
SekiTxvis daxmarebiT SeuZlia, gansazRvros, romeli faqtebi moiZios da
romeli datovos mas sWirdeba ara mxolod pasuxis damamtkicebeli faqtebi,
aramed isinic, romlebic cdis an sulac eWqveS ayenebs maT. rodesac mkvlevari
fiqrobs, rom gaaCnia pasuxis gamyarebisTvis sakmarisi damamtkicebeli sabuTi
da SeuZlia, saTanadod gaumklavdes iseT monacemebs, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba
mas, pirvel rigSi naSroms sakuTari msjelobis gamosacdelad wers, xolo
Semdgom uziarebs sxvebs gamosacdelad.
3. ... raTa davexmaro sxvebs, gaigon...: yvelaze warmatebulma mkvlevrebma ician,
rom mkiTxvelisTvis ara mxolod pasuxi unda iyos sarwmuno, aramed SekiTxvac
_ mniSvnelovani. isini unda elodnen, rom mkiTxvelebic dasvamen SekiTxvas:
,,mere ra? ratom unda maRelvebdes, ratom gaxda alamos istoria legenda?
SekiTxvas `mere ra? SeuZlia, daabnios yvelaze gamocdili mkvlevaric ki.
miuxedavad amisa, yovelma mkvlevarma unda scados am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema:
Tu amas Tavs gavarTmevT, SevZlebT, ukeT gavigoT iseTi masStaburi sakiTxi,
rogoricaa aseTi istoriebiT Cveni erovnuli xasiaTis Camoyalibeba.
gamWriaxi mkvlevari amazec ar Cerdeba. is elis, rom mkiTxvelebi kvlav
dasvamen SekiTxvas `mere ra? da fiqrobs sxva, kidev ufro masStaburi pasuxis
mofiqrebaze: Tuki SevZlebT, gavigoT, ram Camoayaliba Cveni erovnuli xasiaTi,
SevZlebT, ukeT gavigoT, vin varT amerikelebi. Tu am SekiTxvis dasmamde viciT
pasuxi wina SekiTxvaze, SesaZloa, isic gavigoT, msoflioSi xalxs ratom aqvs
Cvenze es Tu is Sexeduleba. Tumca, yvelaze warmatebulma mkvlevrebma ician,
rom mkiTxvels ainteresebs SekiTxva mxolod maSin, rodesac hgonia, rom am
SekiTxvaze pasuxis Sedegad dasvams ara SekiTxvas - `mere ra? - aramed ityvis `amisi gageba mniSvnelovania!
mokled rom vTqvaT, yvela SekiTxva erTnairad kargi ar aris. SegviZlia,
vikiTxoT, ramden katas eZina alamoSi brZolis wina Rames, ras mogvcems amis
gageba? rTulia, winaswar ganvWvritoT, aseT kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema rogor
dagvexmareba ufro masStaburi da mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis kvlevaSi. amdenad,
SesaZloa, arc Rirdes msgavsi SekiTxvis dasma (Tumca, rogorc Semdgom
vixilavT, SesaZloa, kidec vcdebodeT).
1.2 sami saxis SekiTxva, romlebsac mkvlevrebi svamen
gamocdilma mkvlevrebma ician, rom mkiTxveli maTgan sxvadasxva
SekiTxvis dasmas da maTze pasuxis gacemas elis. samecniero sferoSi yvelaze
gavrcelebulia konceptualuri SekiTxvebi, xolo sxvadasxva profesiul
sferoebSi _ praqtikuli.

26

1.2.1 konceptualuri SekiTxvebi: ra unda vifiqroT?

SekiTxva konceptualuria, Tu pasuxi SekiTxvaze `mere ra? mkiTxvels ki
ar karnaxobs, ra unda gaakeTos, aramed exmareba garkveuli sakiTxis gagebaSi:
1. me vmuSaob Temaze X
2. vinaidan msurs, gavigo rogor/ratom/Tu Y [mere ra, Tu gaigeb?]
3. raTa SevZlo, sxvebs davexmaro, gaigon, rogor/ratom/Tu Z.
vinmesTvis rom mogiwioT Tqveni kvlevis axsna, saubari SeiZleba
Semdegnairad warimarTos:
_ me riskis Sefasebis Temaze vmuSaob
_ ratom?
_ msurs, gavigo, rogor afaseben rigiTi adamianebi terorizmis Sedegad
dazaralebis risks.
_ ras mogcems amis gageba??
_ rodesac gavigeb, SesaZloa, ukeT gavarkvioT iseTi masStaburi sakiTxi,
rogoricaa emociuri da racionaluri faqtorebis urTierTqmedeba da maTi
zegavlena rigiTi adamianebis mier riskis aRqmaze.
humanitarul, socialur da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi mkvlevrebi,
umeteswilad, iseT konceptualur SekiTxvebze muSaoben, rogoricaa `rogori
gavlena moaxdina Seqspiris politikurma garemom mis piesebze? ram gamoiwvia
CrdiloeT amerikis yvelaze didi ZuZumwovrebis gadaSeneba? ra Semadgenloba
aqvs kometas? am SekiTxvebze pasuxebiT ver gavigebT, rogor unda SevcvaloT
samyaro; samagierod,, ukeT gavicnobT mas.
aSkaraa, rom konceptualur SekiTxvaze gacemuli pasuxi xSirad
praqtikuli sakiTxis gadaWraSi gvexmareba. swored amitom, vidre mniSvnelovani
praqtikuli problemis gadaWras SevudgebodeT, rogorc wesi, mis ukeT
gasagebad konceptualuri kvlevis Catarebaa saWiro. Tumca, samecniero sferoSi
mkvlevarTa umravlesobis ZiriTadi mizani, metwilad, mxolod Cveni codnis
gaumjobesebaa.
1.2.2 praqtikuli SekiTxvebi: ra unda gavakeToT?
amjerad sxva saxis SekiTxvas svamT. vuwodoT mas praqtikuli. es is
SemTxvevaa, rodesac Tqveni pasuxiT SekiTxvaze `mere ra? mkiTxveli igebs, ra
unda moimoqmedos, rom Secvalos an gamoasworos problemuri viTareba:
1. me vmuSaob X Temaze
2. vinaidan msurs, gavigo Y [mere ra, Tu gaigeb?]
3. raTa
SevZlo
mkiTxvelebs
vuTxra,
ra
gaakeTon
Z-is
gamosasworeblad/gasaumjobeseblad
praqtikul SekiTxvaze muSaobas ase axsnidiT:
_ riskis Sesaxeb informaciis efeqtianad miwodebis Temaze vmuSaob.
_ ratom?
_ msurs, gavigo, ra fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gamo afaseben gadaWarbebiT
rigiTi amerikelebi teroristuli Tavdasxmis risks.
_ ras mogcems amis gageba?
Sedegad SemeZleba, vurCio mTavrobas, rogor unda gaaneitralos es faqtorebi,
rodesac sazogadoebas awvdis informacias terorizmis realur safrTxeze.

27

praqtikuli SekiTxvebi yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia samecniero sferos

farglebs gareT, gansakuTrebiT - biznesSi. iseT akademiur sferoebSi,
rogoricaa jandacva da sainJinro saqme, mkvlevrebi zogjer praqtikul
SekiTxvebs svamen, Tumca ufro xSirad isini mesame saxisas. is arc wmindad
praqtikulia da arc wmindad konceptualuri: mas vuwodebT gamoyenebiTi
kvlevis SekiTxvas.
1.2.3 gamoyenebiTi SekiTxvebi: ra unda gavigoT, vidre gavarkvevT, ra gavakeToT?
xSirad viciT, rom raRac unda movimoqmedoT praqtikuli problemis
gadasaWrelad. Tumca, vidre gavarkvevT, ra unda gavakeToT, unda CavataroT
kvleva, rom ukeT CavwvdeT problemas. am saxis kvlevas SegviZlia vuwodoT
gamoyenebiTi. am Sualeduri saxis SekiTxviT mesame safexurze wamoiWreba
SekiTxva, romelze pasuxic aris ara praqtikuli problemis gadaWris gza,
aramed mxolod nabiji misi gadaWrisken.
_ msurs, gavigo, rogor Secvales amerikelebma TavianTi yoveldRiuri cxovreba
11 seqtembris teroristuli Tavdasxmebis Sedegad.
- ras mogcemT amis gageba?
- SegveZleba, gavigoT fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobebs
Cveulebrivi
amerikelebis
mier
teroristuli
Tavdasxmis
riskis
gadaWarbebiT Sefasebas.
- mere ra, Tu amas gaigebT?
- Semdeg SevZlebT, gavigoT, rogor SevamciroT am fsiqologiuri
faqtorebis Sedegebi.
- Sedegad ras miiRebT?
- Sedegad,
albaT,
mTavroba
SeZlebs,
ufro
efeqturad
miawodos
mosaxleobas informacia terorizmis riskis Sesaxeb.
gamoyenebiTi SekiTxvebi gavrcelebulia iseT akademiur sferoebSi
rogoricaa biznesi, inJineria da medicina, aseve, iseT kompaniebSi da
saxelmwifo uwyebebSi, kvlevas ama Tu im problemis gadasaWrelad rom
atareben.
1.2.4 swori SekiTxvis SerCeva
zogierT axalbeda mkvlevars ar moswons wminda konceptualuri kvlevis
SekiTxvebi, radgan miaCniaT, rom isini Zalian `Teoriulia an ar Seesabameba
`realur samyaros. amdenad, isini gvTavazoben kvlevis Sedegebis praqtikuli
gamoyenebis SesaZloblobis mcdar varaudebs: roca gvecodineba, rogor

imoqmeda rasam alamos istoriebis politikuri zegavlenis Camoyalibebaze,

SevZlebT gavigoT, rogor gamoiyenes rasizmi patriotizmis gasaZliereblad da,
amdenad, rogor unda aRmoifxvras patriotizmTan dakavSirebuli rasistuli
mowodebebi axlo aRmosavleTis konfliqtebis konteqstSi.
amgvari motivacia gasagebia. Tumca, vidre ar dagavaleben gamoyenebiTi an
praqtikuli problemis kvlevas, nu SeeWidebiT mas. savaraudod, mniSvnelovani
praqtikuli problemis gadaWras sakurso naSromis farglebSi ver moaxerxebT.
Tanac, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, samecniero sferos warmomadgenelTa umetesoba
sakuTar misias xedavs ara msoflio problemebis pirdapir gamosworebaSi,

28

aramed maT ukeT gagebaSi (rac SeiZleba, an gamodges, an _ ara am problemebis

gadasaWrelad).
1.2.5 gansakuTrebuli sirTule konceptualuri SekiTxvebis SemTxvevaSi: pasuxis
gacema SekiTxvaze ,,mere ra?
praqtikul SekiTxvebze metwilad ar aris saWiro pasuxis gacema
SekiTxvaze `mere ra, radgan dadebiTi Sedegebi, rogorc wesi, TvalsaCinoa.
yvelaze gamoyenebiTi SekiTxvebic ki gulisxmobs, rom maTze pasuxis gacemas
praqtikuli dadebiTi mxare aqvs: cota mkiTxvels Tu gauCndeba kiTxva, ratom
cdilobs mkvlevari gaigos, ra aris alcaimeri. Tumca, konceptualuri
SekiTxvebis SemTxvevaSi, gamocdili mkvlevrebisTvisac ki ar aris xSirad
cxadi, ras gvaZlevs am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. ,,mere ra, Tu Seqspirma ledi
makbeti scenaze ar mokla? mere ra, Tu zogierT kulturaSi religiur
ritualebSi gamoiyeneba niRbebi, sxvagan ki ara? ras gvaZlevs da ratom aris
mniSvnelovani amis codna?
Sesaval kursze momzadebul referatSi Tqveni pedagogi SeiZleba,
dakmayofildes nebismieri gonivruli pasuxiT SekiTxvaze `mere ra?. amdenad,
warumateblobad nu CaTvliT, Tu
kvleviTi karieris dasawyisSi giWirT am
SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. nurc imas ifiqrebT, rom ar xarT mzad samuSaos
Casatareblad. faqtobrivad, SesaZloa, iqamde ver aRmoaCinoT pasuxi SekiTxvaze
`mere ra?, vidre ar SeqmniT naSromis Sav variants; SeiZleba, pasuxis gacema
verc mis dasrulebamde SeZloT da maSinac ki SesaZloa, pasuxi sagulisxmo
mxolod TqvenTvis iyos.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki Tqveni sadiplomo naSromia Tu sadisertacio,
mxolod xelmZRvanelis moTxovnebis dakmayofileba ar mogiwevT. Tqveni pasuxi
unda akmayofilebdes Tqveni sferos warmomadgenlebis moTxovnebsac. isini
naSromis Sefasebisas gaiTvaliswineben ara mxolod imas, Tu ramdenad
xarisxianad gaeciT kiTxvas pasuxi, aramed imasac, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani
iyo Tavad SekiTxvac. gamocdilma mkvlevrebma ician, rom maTi naSromis
wakiTxvisas zogierTi, an sulac bevri mkiTxveli gaifiqrebs, `ar veTanxmebi.
mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom es mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze Catarebuli kvlevis
Sedegebis auditoriisTvis gaziarebis gardauvali nawilia. Tumca, maTTvis
miuRebelia damokidebuleba `ar mainteresebs.
amdenad, rac ar unda rTuli iyos amis gakeTeba, Tu xSirad warmoidgenT,
rom sxvebi gisvamen SekiTxvas mere ra? da rac ufro xSirad pasuxobT am
kiTxvas, ufro didia Sansi imisa, rom saboloo jamSi warmatebulad gaarTmevT
Tavs amocanas, daarwmunoT mkiTxveli, rom Tqveni moxsenebis wakiTxvaSi dros
fuWad ar kargaven. am amocanis warmatebiT Sesruleba zogjer gamocdil
mkvlevarebsac uWirT. (meaTe TavSi ganvixilavT, rogor unda davweroT iseTi
Sesavali nawili, romelic mkiTxvels naSromis wakiTxvis survils aRuZravs).

29

2 sakiTxidan SekiTxvaze da SekiTxvidan samuSao hipoTezaze gadasvla

2.1 ipoveT SekiTxva sakvlev TemaSi
2.1.1 CaeZieT TqvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebs
2.1.2 gaxadeT Tema advilad marTvadi
2.1.3 CaeZieT TqvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebs
2.1.4 SeafaseT dasmuli SekiTxvebi
2.2 warmoadgineT ramdenime samuSao pasuxi
2.2.1 gansazRvreT samuSao hipoTeza
2.2.2 yuradRebiT moekideT samuSao hipoTezasTan dakavSirebul riskebs
2.2.3 Tu pasuxs ver poulobT, daasabuTeT SekiTxvis marTebuloba
2.3 SeimuSaveT angariSis dafa
2.3.1 CamoayalibeT SekiTxva da samuSao hipoTezebi
2.3.2 CamoayalibeT varaudebi
2.3.3 CawereT, ra saxis damamtkicebeli faqtebi unda moiZioT
2.3.4 ganixileT mTliani gegma
2.4 CamoayalibeT momuSave damxmare gundi

kvleviTi proeqti mxolod monacemebis Segrovebas ar gulisxmobs.

proeqtze muSaoba iwyeba internetis an biblioTekis monaxulebamde
gacilebiT adre da grZeldeba mas Semdegac, rac yvela saWiro
informacia
mopovebulia.am
procesis
ganmavlobaSi Tqven
uamravi
konkretuli amocanis winaSe dgaxarT. Tumca, yvela maTgani mimarTulia
mxolod xuTi zogadi miznisken:
- dasvaT SekiTxva, romelzecpasuxis miReba amarTlebs Tqvens drosa
da Sromas da imsaxurebs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas
- ipovoT pasuxi, romelic SegiZliaT, kargi argumentebiT daasabuToT
- ipovoTTqveni argumentebisgamamyarebeli sando faqtebi
- moamzadoT samuSao varianti, romelic gasagebad gadmoscems Tqvens
versias
- gadaamuSavoTsamuSao versiaiqamde, sanam mkiTxveli ar ifiqrebs,
rom pirvel oTx mizans miaRwieT
SegiZliaT es xuTi mizani samuSao kabinetSic ki gaikraT.
kvleviTi proeqtebi rTuli ar iqneboda, am nabijebis martivad
Sesruleba rom SeiZlebodes. Tumca, rogorc xedavT (an male dainaxavT),
kvleva
da
mis
Sedegebze
dayrdnobiT
angariSis
momzadeba
arasodesaaadvili.rodesac erT amocanas asrulebT, Semdeg amocanaze
unda
ifiqroT
an
winasdaubrundeT.
kiTxvis
procesSi
SecvliT
Temebs;samuSao
versiis
momzadebisas
moiZiebT
met
monacemebs;
30

gadamuSavebisas, savaraudod, aRmoaCenT axal SekiTxvas. kvleva aris

kompleqsuri, rTuli procesida misi winaswar prognozireba Znelia.
Tumca, kvlevis marTva SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaqvT gegma.gegmis
SemuSaveba marTebulia maSinac ki, Tu iciT, rom am gegmidan gadauxvevT.
2.1 ipoveT SekiTxva sakvlev TemaSi
mkvlevrebi proeqtebs sxvadasxvanairad iwyeben. bevrigamocdili
mkvlevari iwyebs SekiTxviT, romelzec pasuxis gacema maTi sferos
warmomadgenlebs surT: ram gamoiwvia CrdiloeT amerikis erT-erTi
yvelaze didi ZuZumwovrebis gadaSeneba? sxvebimxolod bundovani ideiT
iwyeben. maT SeiZleba ar icodnen, ra ainteresebT goliaT zantebsa da
mastedontebze, magram surT, dro dauTmon imis garkvevas, SeZleben Tu
ara iseT SekiTxvad gardaqmnan TavianTi interesi, romelze pasuxis
gacemac mniSvnelovania.
amas garda, ician, rom kvlevis saukeTeso SekiTxva ar aris is,
romelic sxvebs konkretul pasuxs aZlevs. maTpasuxis daxmarebiT unda
SeZlon, gaerkvnen ufro masStabur sakiTxSi (isev da isev ,,mere ra?).
magaliTad, rom gvcodnoda, ratom gadaSendnen Crdiloamerikeli zantebi,
SevZlebdiT pasuxis gacemas ufro masStabur SekiTxvaze, romelic bevr
istorikos anTropologs ainteresebs: uZvelesi periodis amerikeli
indielebi bunebasTan Sexmatkbilebuladcxovrobdnen, rogorc zogierTs
miaCnia, Tu uzarmazar cxovelebze nadirobdnen, vidre es ukanasknelebi
gadaSendebodnen? (amas Tu gavigebdiT, Semdeg SevZlebdiT, agreTve,
gagvego.....)
garda
amisa,
aris
iseTi
SekiTxvebi,
romlebic,
ubralod,
wamotivtivdeba mkvlevris gonebaSi da gaurkvevelia, saiT waiyvans
mas.zogjer isini exeba,erTi SexedviT, iseT umniSvnelo sakiTxebs, rom
mxolod mkvlevars miaCnia maTze pasuxis miRebasaWirod: ratom rCeba
yavis Sxefebis gaSrobis Semdeg rgolisebri formis laqa? am SekiTxvam
SesaZloa, arsad migviyvanos.Tumca, amas ver ityviT, vidre pasuxs ar
gaigebT.aRsaniSnavia,
rom
mecnierma,
romelic
yavis
Sxefebisgan
datovebuli laqebisformiT iyo dainteresebuli, gaakeTa aRmoCena
siTxeebis gardaqmnaze.es aRmoCena mniSvnelovani iyo misi sferosTvis
da,aseve, saRebavebis mwarmoebelTaTvisac. amdenad, vin icis, sad migiyvanT
iseTi SekiTxva, rogoricaa `ramden katas eZina alamoSi brZolis wina
Rames? es winaswar ver gecodinebaT.
sinamdvileSi,
mkvlevrSi
yvelaze
mniSvnelovani
Cveulebrivi
movlenebisadmi gansakuTrebuli interesisgaCenis unaria.es SeiZleba iyos
iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa yavis Sxefebis rgolebis forma; an is, Tu
ratom mokla Seqspirma ledi makbeti scenis miRma da ara scenaze; an
ratom ar izrdeba warbi iseve grZeli, rogorc Tma Tavze. gamoimuSaveT
Cveul garemoSi uCveulos danaxvis unari da arasodes gamogelevaT
kvleviTi proeqtebi studentobisas Tu specialistis rangSi.

31

Tu Tema arCeuli gaqvT, gadadiT 2.1.3 punqtze, sadac SekiTxvebs

ixilavT. Tu ukve momzadebuli gaqvT erTi-ori SekiTxva, gadadiT 2.1.4-ze,
raTa isini iq CamoTvlili kriteriumebis mixedviTSeafasoT. Tu jer isev
Temis ZiebaSi xarT, es gegma dagexmarebaT.
2.1.1 CaeZieT TqvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebs
Tu aarCevT Tqveni sferos Sesabamis nebismier Temas, dasviT
SekiTxvebi:
- romel Temebze gaqvT ukve garkveuli warmodgena SeZenili an
SegiZliaT meti gaigoT?
- ris Sesaxeb gsurT, icodeT meti? adgilis? adamianis? drois? sagnis?
azris? procesis Sesaxeb?
- SegiZliaT,internetSi
ipovoT
sadiskusio
forumebi
TqvenTvis
saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb?
- Tqvens sferosTan dakavSirebuli ra sakiTxebi gangixilavT sxvebTan
da Semdgom aRmogiCeniaT, rom ver asabuTebT Tqvens Sexedulebebs
kargi argumentebiTa da faqtebiT?
- Tqvens sferoSi, romeli sakiTxebis gageba ueWirT im adamianebs
romlebic ar miekuTvnebian Tqvens sferos?
- ra sakiTxebze muSaobs Tqveni profesori? surs, rom Tqven
gamoikvlioT misi nawili? nu mogeridebaT amis kiTxva.
- aqvsTu ara Tqvens biblioTekas kargi resursebi romelime sferoSi?
hkiTxeTTqvens profesors an biblioTekars.
- romeli kursebis gavlas apirebT Tqvens sferoSi an mis gareT?
ipoveT?MmoZebneT
saxelmZRvanelo
da
gadaxedeT
mas
kvlevis
SekiTxvebis mosaZebnad.
- Tu samuSaos miReba gsurT, ra saxis kvleviTi moxseneba dagexmarebaT
amaSi? damsaqmeblebi xSirad iTxoven kandidatisgan naSromis nimuSebis
warmodgenas.
- ideebisTvisSegiZliaT, aseve, mimarToT gamoqveynebul literaturas.
- Tvali gadaavleT sakiTxebs Tqveni sferos Sesabamis specialur
saZieblebSi,
magaliTad,
filosofosis
indeqsSi,
geografiul
abstraqtebSi, qalTa sakiTxebis kvlevasTan dakavSirebulmoxsenebebSi
da a.S. (bibliografiaSi Tqveni sferos Sesabamisi sakiTxebi meore
kategoriaSia mocemuli).
- gadaxedeT Jurnals, sadac ganxilulia wlis saukeTeso naSromebi
Tqvens sferoSi (bibliografiaSi Tqveni sferos Sesabamisi sakiTxebi
meore kategoriaSia mocemuli).
akademiuri kvleva gulisxmobs mis gaziarebas.Tumca, codna,
romelsac kvlevis saSualebiT iRebT, imavdroulad,mniSvnelovania
mxolod TqvenTvis.amdenad, gamoiCineT windaxeduleba: aarCieT iseTi
proeqti, romelic erTi wlis Semdeg gamogadgebodaT. Tumca, isic
gaiTvaliswineT, rom SesaZloa, didxans mogiwioT proeqtze muSaoba.aseT
SemTxvevaSi, Tema sakmaod saintereso unda iyos, rom warmatebiT
gaarTvaT Tavi masTan dakavSirebul sirTuleebs.
32

2.1.2 gaxadeT Tema advilad marTvadi

Tu SearCevT Temas, romlis saxeli enciklopediis statias hgavs
xidebi, Citebi, niRbebi imden wyaros ipoviT, rom maT gacnobas,
SeiZleba, mTeli cxovreba moandomoT. SerCeuli Temidan unda amoWraT
advilad
marTvadi
nawili.es
SegiZliaT
gaakeToT
biblioTekaSi
wasvlamde:daaviwroeT Tema; gansazRvreT, TemaSi konkretulad ra
gainteresebT: magaliTad, ris gamo airCieT niRbebis Tema? niRbebTan
dakavSirebuli ra konkretuli aspeqti aRZravs TqvenSi interess?
ganixileT Tema TqvenTvis cnobil raime konteqstSi, Semdeg daamateT
sityvebi da frazebi am codnis asaxvisTvis:
- niRbebi religiur ceremoniebSi
- niRbebi, rogorc simbolo hopis tomis religiur ceremoniebSi
- kerpTaniRbebi, rogorc ciuri sulebis simbolo hopis tomis
nayofierebis ceremoniebSi
SesaZloa, ver moaxerxoT Temidan konkretuli aspeqtis SerCeva,
vidre mis Sesaxeb literaturis gacnobas ar daiwyebT.es dros
moiTxovs.amdenad, adre SeudeqiT kiTxvas (am mosamzadebeli samuSaos
didi nawilis Sesruleba internetiT SegiZliaT);
- Tavdapirvelad zogad enciklopediaSi moiZieT Temis mimoxilva
(bibliografiaSi ixileT punqtebi meore kategoriaSi gamoyenebuli
zogadi
xasiaTis
literaturis
Sesaxeb);
Semdeg
Tematur
enciklopediaSi (meore kategoriaSi ixileT punqtebi Tqvens
sferoze) gaecaniT masalebs Temis Sesaxeb.
- gadaaTvaliereT Temis Sesaxeb arsebuli kvlevebi (Cveulebriv,
kvlevebi miTiTebulia enciklopediis statiebSi).
- yovelwliur bibliografiaSi Tvali gadaavleT Tqveni Temis
qvesaTaurebs (bibliografiaSi meoTxe kategoriaSi ixileT punqtebi
Tqvens sferoze). es Temis dasamuSaveblad saWiro sakiTxavi
literaturis siis SeqmnaSic dagexmarebaT.
- internetSimoiZieT masalebi Temis Sesaxeb (magram yuradRebiT
daakvirdiT moZiebul masalebs; ix. punqti 3.4.3).
gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa Temebi, romlebic iwvevs diskusias:
fiSeris mtkicebiT, `helouinis niRbebi gamoxatavs bavSvebis pirvandel
SiSebs, magram asea ki es? SesaZloa, ver SeZloT kamaTis gadaWra, magram
SeZlebT,
gaigoT,
rogor
warimarTeba
amgvari
diskusiebi
(met
informacias am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ixilavT punqtSi 3.1.2).
2.1.3 dasviT SekiTxva Tqvens TemasTan dakavSirebiT
es gaakeTeT ara mxolod erTxel, sawyis etapze, aramed, mTeli
proeqtis ganmavlobaSi.dasviT SekiTxvebi kiTxvisas, gansakuTrebiT
SekiTxvebi rogor da ratom (ix., agreTve, punqtebi 4.1.1 4.1.2).
mosinjeTsxva saxis SekiTxvebic (kategoriebi Tavisufalia da nawilobriv
emTxveva erTmaneTs. amdenad, nu iRelvebT maT gacalkevebaze).
33

1. dasviT SekiTxva imis Taobaze, Tu rogor esadageba Tema ufro farTo

konteqsts (istoriul, socialur, kulturul, geografiul, funqciur,
ekonomikur da a.S.):
- rogoresadagebaTqvens mier arCeuli Tema ufro vrcel istorias?

ra xdeboda niRbebamde? rogor gaCnda isini? ratom? ra cvlilebebi

gamoiwvia niRbebma socialuri da geografiuli garemos sxva
nawilebSi? rogor da ratom moxda es? ratom daiwyes niRbebis
gamoyeneba `helouinze? rogor da ratom gaxda niRbebis wyalobiT
`helouini amerikaSi Sobis Semdeg udidesi dResaswauli?
-

rogorxdeba

Tqveni Tema

ufro

didi sistemis

moqmedi nawili?

rogor asaxavs niRbebi konkretuli sazogadoebebis da kulturebis

Rirebulebebs? ra daniSnuleba aqvs niRabs hopis tomis cekvebSi?
saSinelebaTa filmebSi?kostumirebulmejlisebze? SeniRbvis garda,
kidev ra mizniT gamoiyeneba niRabi? ra zegavlena moaxdina
tradiciul ornamentebze `kaCinebis niRbebze mzardma moTxovnam?
-

riT hgavs da riT gansxvavdeba Tqveni Tema sxva msgavsi Temebisgan?

rogor gansxvavdeba amerikel indielTa ceremoniebSi gamoyenebuli

niRbebi im niRbebisgan, romlebsac afrikis mkvidri mosaxleoba
iyenebs? ra saerTo aqvs `helouinis niRabs mardi grasis
niRbebTan? ra saerTo aqvs niRabsa da plastikur qirurgias?
2. dasviT SekiTxvebi Tavad sakiTxis, rogorc damoukidebeli erTeulis
xasiaTze:
- rogor Seicvala Tqveni Tema droTa ganmavlobaSi? ratom? ra aris
misi momavali? rogor Seicvala `helouinis niRbebi? ratom?

rogor Seicvala amerikel indielTa niRbebi? ratom?

-

rogor erTiandeba Tqveni Temis nawilebi mTlian sistemad? niRbis

ra nawilebia yvelaze mniSvnelovani hopis tomTa ceremoniebSi?

ratom? ratom faravs zogierTi niRabi mxolod Tvalebs? ratom
aris ase cotais niRabi, romelic mxolod saxis qveda naxevars
faravs?
-

Tqveni

Temis

ramdeni

gansxvavebuli

kategoria

`helouinis niRbebis ra saxeebi arsebobs? ra

niRbebs? ra funqciebi aqvs `helouinis niRbebs?

arsebobs?

Tvisebebi

aqvs

3. aqcieT dadebiTi SekiTxvebi uaryofiTad: ratom ar gaxda niRbebi Sobis

dResaswaulis nawili? ratom ar gansxvavdeba amerikel indielTa niRbebi

afrikis mkvidri tomebis niRbebisgan? Cveulebriv, niRbis ra nawilebi ar
aris mniSvnelovani religiur ceremoniebSi?
4. dasviT diskusiis gamomwvevi SekiTxvebi: ratom aris gavrcelebuli

niRbebi afrikis tomTa religiebSi, magram ara - dasavleTSi? ratom

moswonT bavSvebs `helouinis niRbebis tareba zrdasrulebis did

34

nawilze metad? ratom ar atareben kamuflaJiT Semosili monadireebi

niRbebs?
5. dasviT SekiTxvebi `ra iqneboda, rom?: ra iqneboda, Tqveni Tema
saerTod rom ar arsebuliyo, an gamqraliyo, an axal konteqstSi
aRmoCeniliyo? ra iqneboda, usafrTxoebis garda, sxva mizniT niRabi

arasodes aravis rom ar gaekeTebina? ra iqneboda, xalxSi yvela niRbebiT

rom dadiodes? ra iqneboda, filmebi da televizia berZnuli
speqtaklebis msgavsi rom yofiliyo da yvela msaxiobi niRbiT
gamosuliyo? ra iqneboda, ucnobTan paemanze niRbebis tareba Cveuleba
rom yofiliyo? saqorwino ceremoniebze? dakrZalvebze?
6. dasviT SekiTxvebi, romlebic wyarosgan gansxvavebul azrs gamoxatavs:
Tuki gamoyenebul literaturaSi mocemulia mtkiceba, romelic, Tqveni
azriT, sustad aris dasabuTebuli an Tundac mcdaria, SekiTxvis
saxiTACamoayalibeT sawinaaRmdego azri (ix., agreTve, punqti 4.1.2).

martinezi acxadebs, rom sakarnavalo niRbebi SesaniSnav SesaZleblobas

aZlevs adamians, daaRwios Tavi sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul wesebs.
Tumca, Cemi azriT, religiuri niRbebi imavdroulad SesaZleblobas
aZlevs adamians, gaeridos materialur samyaros da gadainacvlos
sulierSi.arsebobsimis ufro naTelimagaliTi, rom yvela niRabi
alternatiuli sazogadoebrivi da sulieri cxovrebis SegrZnebas qmnis?
7. dasviT SekiTxvebi, romlebic aZlierebs daskvnebs: Tu wyaroSi
warmodgenilia debuleba, romelic Tqveni azriT, damajerebelia, dasviT
SekiTxvebi, romlebic afarToebs mis masStabs (ix., agreTve,punqti 4.1.1).

eliasi gviCvenebs, rom kostumirebulma mejlisebma popularoba moipova

meTvramete
saukunis
londonSi
sazogadoebriv
mobilurobasTan
dakavSirebuli
mRelvarebis
sapasuxod.
evropis
sxva
qveynebis
dedaqalaqebSic igive mRelvarebiT iyo gamowveuli msgavsi tendencia?
SegiZliaT, agreTve, dasvaT SekiTxva, romelic damatebiTi faqtebiT
amyarebs imave daskvnas.eliasimTlianad gamoqveynebuli literaturiT
amyarebs sakuTar gancxadebas kostumirebuli mejlisebis Sesaxeb.
dasturdebaTu ara es gancxadeba iseT gamouqveynebel literaturaSi
arsebuli faqtebiT, rogoricaa werilebi da dRiurebi?
8. dasviT im SekiTxvebis analogiuri SekiTxvebi, romlebic sxvebma dasves
msgavsi Temebis Sesaxeb. smiTma getisburgis brZola ekonomikur WrilSi

gaaanaliza. ras mogvcemda alamos brZolis ekonomikuri analizi?

9. moZebneT SekiTxvebi, romlebic sxva mkvlevrebma dasves, Tumca pasuxi
ar gauciaT. Jurnalis araerTi statia sruldeba Ria tipis SekiTxvebiT,
romelsac erTi-ori abzaci uWiravs.iq, aseve, ipoviT mosazrebebs Semdgomi
kvlevisTvis da a.S. SesaZloa, ver SeZloT yvela rekomendebuli kvlevis
Catareba, magram SegiZliaT, iqidan raRac sakiTxi amoiRoT.

35

10. ipoveT internet-forumi Tqvens Temaze, Tvali gadaavleT, waikiTxeT

dialogebi, raTa gaigoT, ra saxis SekiTxvebze msjeloben forumis
monawileebi. Tu ver poulobT forums saZiebo sistemis meSveobiT,
mimarTeT
profesors
an
estumreT
Tqveni
sferos
profesiuli
organizaciebis
internet-gverdebs.moZebneT
SekiTxvebi,
romlebic
sainteresoa TqvenTvis. SegiZliaT, agreTve, SekiTxva dasvaT forumze,
Tuki is Zalian konkretuli da viwroa. Tumca,jergaarkvieT, dasaSvebia
Tu ara iq studentebis mier SekiTxvis dasma.
2.1.4 SeafaseT dasmuli SekiTxvebi
yvela pasuxi erTnairad gamosadegi ar aris.amdenad, SeafaseT Tqveni
SekiTxvebi da gverdze gadadeT isini, romlebiTac, savaraudod,ver
miiRebT
saintereso
pasuxebs.
Tu
qvemoT
mocemuli
pirobebi
kmayofildeba, kidev erTxel dafiqrdiT.
1. SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zalian martivad SegiZliaT.
- SegiZliaT moiZioT pasuxi: romel niRbebs iyeneben navahos
cekvebSi?
- SegiZliaT reziume gaakeToT wyaros mixedviT: ras ambobs fiSeri
niRbebis da SiSebis Sesaxeb?
2. ver poulobT karg faqtebs pasuxis gasamyareblad.
- ar arsebobs Sesabamisi faqtebi: aris Tu ara maias niRbebi
ucxoplanetelebis xatis mixedviT aris Seqmnili?
- SekiTxva Seexeba upiratesobis miniWebas an gemovnebas: balis
tomTa niRbebi ufro lamazia Tu maias tomis niRbebi?
- unda waikiTxoT Zalian bevri wyaro-literatura: rogor
mzaddeba
niRbebi?
saukeTeso
damadasturebeli
faqtebis
mosaZieblad ar gsurT uTvalavi raodenobis moxsenebis gacnoba
(aseT situaciaSi maSin aRmoCndebiT, roca Tqveni kiTxva Zalian
zogadia).
- ver poulobT wyaroebs, romlebic Tqveni mkiTxvelis azriT
mniSvnelovania.
proeqti
umaRlesi
samecniero
xarisxis
mosapoveblad romc ar iyos ganxorcielebuli, mkiTxveli
maincelis, rom imuSavebT arsebuli wyaroebidan saukeTesoebze;
Tezisis an sadisertacio naSromis SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli
aspeqti wyaroebis Sesaxeb Zalian mniSvnelovania. Tu ver
moipovebT am wyaroebs, moifiqreT sxva SekiTxva.
3. ar SegiZliaT pasuxis damajereblad uaryofa
- pasuxi TavisTavad cxadia, radgan, faqtebi amyarebs mas. ramdenad
mniSvnelovania
niRbebi
inuitebis
kulturaSi?
pasuxi
TvalsaCinoa: Zalian mniSvnelovani. Tu ver axerxebT debulebis
uaryofas, maSin azri ar aqvs mis damtkicebas (meores mxriv, im
mkvlevrebma, romlebmac kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenes erTi
SexedviT TavisTavad cxadi mtkiceba magaliTad, rom mze

36

dedamiwis
garSemo
brunavs

da
gabedes,daemtkicebinaT
sapirispiro, msoflio aRiareba moipoves).
uarsnu ityviT SekiTxvaze imis gamo, rom, Tqveni azriT, vinmes ukve
dausvams is. vidre ar gaigebT, ise eZebeT pasuxi masze, TiTqos pirvelad
swored Tqven svamT am SekiTxvas. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki vinmes
gacemuli aqvs pasuxi am SekiTxvaze, SesaZloa, ukeTesi moifiqroT, an
Tundac axali kuTxiT warmoaCinoT is. faqtobrivad, humanitarul da
socialur mecnierebebSi saukeTeso SekiTxvebze, rogorc wesi, arsebobs
erTze meti kargi pasuxi. agreTve, SegiZliaT,proeqtad airCioT sxvadasxva
pasuxebis Sedareba da maT Soris gansxvavebebis warmoCena,aseve,
saukeTeso pasuxiadaasabuTebac (ix. 6.2.5).
maSasadame, unda ipovoT SekiTxva, romelzecgsurT pasuxis gacema.
Zalian bevr students, rogorc sabakalavro doneze, ise,ganaTlebis
Semdgom safexurebze miaCnia, rom ganaTlebis mizania, davimaxsovroT
sxvebis mier gacemuli pasuxebi.esase ar aris. ganaTleba miznad isaxavs
sakuTar SekiTxvebze sakuTari pasuxebis moZiebis unaris gamomuSavebas.
amisaTvis unda iswavloT sakiTxebis gamovlena, unda dainteresdeT
maTiT, gansakuTrebiT, iseTi sakiTxebiT, romlebic, erTi SexedviT,
Zalian Cveulebrivia.

2.2 warmoadgineT ramdenime samuSao pasuxi

vidre proeqtis Semdgom etapebze gadaxvalT, scadeT, gaiaroT kidev
erTi nabiji, rasac zogierTi damwyebi mkvlevari erideba, magram, rogorc
wesi, gamocdili mkvlevrebi am etaps, Cveulebriv, gadian. SekiTxvis
gansazRvris Semdeg, warmoidgineT damajerebeli pasuxebi, ganurCevlad
imisa, isini zedapiruli iqneba Tu hipoTeturi.am etapze nu ifiqrebT
imaze, aris Tu ara pasuxi swori. amas mogvianebiT gaakeTebT.
magaliTad, vTqvT, svamT SekiTvas: ratom iyeneben zogierT

religiur ceremoniaSi
ivaraudoT,rom:
SesaZloa, kulturebSi,
sWirdebaT.

niRbebs,
sadac

sxvebSi

bevri

SesaZloa, niRbebi, Cveulebriv,

religia da medicina Serwymulia.

im

ki

sulia,

maT

kulturebSi

ara?

SegiZliaT,

gasarCevad

gamoiyeneba,

niRbebi

sadac

SesaZloa, Sua aRmosavleTis qveynebSi warmoSobil religiebze zegavlena

moaxdina ebraelebis mier kerpTayvanismcemlobis akrZalvam.
zogadi pasuxiTac
mniSvnelovania:

ki

SeiZleba,

miviRoT

raRac,

risi

Seswavlac

37

SesaZloa, es dakavSirebulia
arareligiur sferoebSi.

niRbebis

daniSnulebasTan

kulturis

scadeT, warmoidginoT erTi damajerebeli pasuxi mainc, miuxedavad

imisa, ramdenad naadrevi Tu hipoTeturia is. Tu ver SeZlebT mis
dasabuTebas xangrZlivi kvlevis Sedegad, SegiZliaT, Tqveni naSromi
aawyoT imis garSemo, ratom geCvenebodaT erT dros es pasuxi
mizanSewonilad, rom pasuxi mcdari aRmoCnda da ar Rirs am SekiTxvis
Seswavlaze sxva mkvlevrebis drois xarjva. es, TavisTavad, SesaZloa,
Rirebuli informacia iyos Temis Sesaxeb msjelobisas (ix. punqtebi 10.1.1
10.1.2, sadac naxavT, rogor unda gamoiyenoT erT dros aSkarad kargi
idea, romelic Semdeg mcdari aRmoCnda).
eZebeT ori an sami damajerebeli pasuxi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu
romelime erTs aniWebT upiratesobas, SegiZliaT,is sxva pasuxebs
SeadaroT da amiT gaaumjobesoT Tqveni daskvnebi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
ver aCvenebT, rom Tqveni pasuxi sworia, Tu ver aCveneT, ratom aris sxva
pasuxebi mcdari. proeqtis adreul etapzec ki Tqveni pasuxebi
maqsimalurad mkafiod da srulad dawereT. Zalian iolia, ifiqroT, rom
rameze mkafio warmodgena gaqvT maSin, rodesac es ase ar aris. bundovani
ideis daxvewis saukeTeso gza misi qaRaldze gadatana an sulac imis
aRmoCenaa, rom amis gakeTeba ar SegiZliaT.
2.2.1 ganazRvreT samuSao hipoTeza
Tuki erTi pasuxi perspeqtiulia, uwodeT mas Tqveni samuSao
hipoTeza da kvlevis ganmavlobaSi am pasuxiT ixelmZRvaneleT. ra Tqma
unda,
damamtkicebeli
faqtebis
moZieba
mxolod
SekiTxviT
xelmZRvanelobiTac SegiZliaT, vinaidan nebismieri SekiTxva zRudavs
damajerebeli pasuxebis raodenobas. Tumca, yvelaze adreuli samuSao
hipoTezac ki gexmarebaT garkveuli sakiTxebis winaswar gansazRvraSi,
gansakuTrebiT,hipoTezisdasasabuTeblad saWiro
faqtebis xasiaTis
gansazRvraSi. cifrebi dagWirdebaT,citatebi, dakvirvebebis Sedegebi,
suraTebi Tu istoriuli faqtebi? kidevufro mniSvnelovania, ra saxis
faqtebi daamtkicebs Tqveni hipoTezis mcdarobas.gaeciT pasuxebi am
SekiTxvebs da gecodinebaT, ra monacemebi moZebnoT da SeinaxoT.
faqtobrivad, vidre hipoTezas ar SeqmniT, ar gecodinebaT, Seesabameba Tu
ara mniSvnelovan SekiTxvas monacemebi, romlebsac agrovebT.
Tu
ver
moifiqreT
samuSao
hipoTeza,
scadeT
SecvaloT
SekiTxva.gadaxedeT sakvlevi SekiTxvebis sias da moZebneT SekiTxva,
romelzec SeZlebT pasuxis gacemas. Tu es nabiji gamotoveT, daubrundiT
2.1.3
punqts.SegiZliaT,
agreTve,
axali
Tema
aarCioT.moklevadian
perspeqtivaSi amiT drosdakargavT, Tumca, SesaZloa, Tavidan aiciloT
proeqtis
warumatebulad
dasruleba.
Tu
muSaobT
Tezisze
an
disertaciaze, kiTxvis da fiqris procesSi SegiZliaT, moicadoT, rom
ufro kargad CamoayaliboT hipoTeza, magram proeqtis Semdgom etapebze

38

ar gadaxvideT manam, vidre SesaZlo pasuxis monaxazi mainc ar geqnebaT

gansazRvruli.
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gadadoT hipoTezis gansazRvraze fiqri
moxsenebis Savi variantis weris, an,kidev uaresi, naSromis TiTqmis
dasrulebis etapisTvis. SesaZlebelia, SekiTxvaze saukeTeso pasuxi ver
gamonaxoT,
vidre
moxsenebis
bolo
gverds
ar
dawerT:
wera,
gadamuSavebac ki, TavisTavad aRmoCenas gulisxmobs. ubralod, nu
moicdiT moxsenebis srulad damTavrebamde,rom raime pasuxze daiwyoT
fiqri.
2.2.2 yuradRebiT moekideT samuSao hipoTezasTan dakavSirebul riskebs
mizanSewoniliar aris saboloo pasuxis Zalian male gansazRvra.
Tumca, mravali axalbeda da zogierTi gamocdili mkvlevari Tavs ikavebs
proeqtis adreul etapze raime samuSao, Tundac mxolod gonebaSi
arsebuli, hipoTezis ganxilvisgan, vinaidan eSiniaT maTi azrovneba
mikerZoebuli ar gaxdes. amis garkveuli riski arsebobs.Tumca, samuSao
hipoTezam
ar
unda
SegiSaloT
xeli
ukeTesi
hipoTezis
gansazRvraSi.yvelaze obieqturi mecnieric ki atarebs eqsperiments, rom
gamoscados sul ramdenime mosalodneli Sedegi, xSirad mxolod erTic
ki. faqtobrivad, mkvlevrebs mudam aqvT gonebaSi hipoTeza, magram mas
sajarod ar acxadeben imis SiSiT, rom mcdari aRmoCndeba.
samuSao hipoTeza mxolod maSinaa riskTan dakavSirebuli, Tu
gabrkolebT ukeTesi hipotezis mofiqrebaSi an Tu faqtebis sijiutis
gamo ver axerxebT mis ukugdebas. amdenad, rogorc yvela urTierTobaSi,
Zalian Zlier nu CaeWidebiT Tqvens pirvel hipoTezas: rac ufro metad
mogwonT, miT ufro gagiWirdebaT misi naklovanebebis danaxva. miuxedavad
aRniSnuli riskisa, umjobesia,muSaoba xarvezebiani hipoTeziT daiwyoT,
vidre mis gareSe.
2.2.3 Tu ver poulobT pasuxs, daasabuTeT SekiTxvis marTebuloba
imdens vmsjelobT SekiTxvebze, SesaZloa, ifiqroT, rom Tqveni
proeqti warumatebeli iqneba, Tuki pasuxs ver gascemT Tqvens SekiTxvas.
sinamdvileSi
, Zalian mniSvnelovani kvleva ganmartavs, ratom unda daisvas
SekiTxva, romelic aravis dausvams, miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevari ver
pasuxobs mas: xedavs Tu ara ku sizmrebs? ratom aris mTqnareba
gadamdebi, Zilis survili ki - ara? an aris ki gadamdebi? aseT
moxsenebebSi aqcenti gakeTebulia imaze, Tu ratom aris SekiTxva
mniSvnelovani da rogori SeiZleba iyos kargi pasuxi. SesaZloa,
aRmoaCinoT, rom viRacas gacemuli aqvs pasuxi Tqvens SekiTxvaze, Tumca
arasrulad an sulac, Tu gagimarTlaT, mcdarad. Tu swor pasuxs ver
poulobT, mkiTxvels imiT exmarebiT, rom uCvenebT farTod aRiarebuli
pasuxis simcdares (ixileT punqti 10.1.2, raTa gaigoT, rogor gamoiyenoT
es gegma Tqvens SesavalSi).

39

kritikuliazrovneba, romelic nebismier profesiaSi dagWirdebaT,

giviTardebaT mxolod maSin, rodesac SekiTxvas SekiTxvaze
svamT.
faqtobrivad,
gamocdili
mkvlevrebisTvis
cnobilia,
rom
umetes
sakiTxebs an saerTod ar gaaCnia, an Zalian cota saboloo pasuxi aqvs,
vinaidan ar arsebobs saboloo SekiTxvebi. maT ician, rom iseve
mniSvnelovania axali SekiTxvis dasma, rogorc Zvelze pasuxis gacema da
rom erT dRes maTi axali SekiTxvacmoZveldeba da axali mkvlevris kidev
ufro axali SekiTxvis safuZveli gaxdeba.
Tqveni saqmea gaxdeT isaxali mkvlevari.
2.3 aageT `angariSis dafa, romlis daxmarebiTac dagegmavT da
warmarTavT muSaobas
mokle moxsenebisTvis SesaZloa, ar dagWirdeT detaluri gegma da
sakmarisi iyos monaxazis gakeTeba. vrceli proeqtisTvis ki, Cveulebriv,
dagWirdebaT meti dagegmva, gansakuTrebiT, Tu saqme Teziss an
disertacias exeba. Cveulebriv, pirveli gegma, romelic mogafiqrdebaT,
aris monaxazi, sadac CawerT I da II da a da b da a.S.etapebs (ix. 23.4.2).
Tu girCevniaT monaxazis gamoyeneba, asec moiqeciT, gansakuTrebiT, Tuki
Tqveni proeqti SedarebiT pataraa.saqme imaSia, rom monaxazis daxmarebiT
muSaobisas
SeiZleba,mogixdeT
Zalian
bevri
ramis
Zalian
adre
dakonkreteba da moxsenebis saboloo saxiT iqamde Camoyalibeba, vidre
mas kargad gaiazrebdeT da dafiqrdebodeT.
am riskis Tavidan asacileblad bevri mkvlevari, maT Soris
akademiuri sferos gareT moRvawe mkvlevrebi,vrceli moxsenebebis gegmas
`dafaze ageben. `dafa aris monaxazis msgavsi gegma, romelic ramdenime
gverdzea gaSlili da sadac bevri sivrcea datovebuli muSaobis
procesSi monacemebis da ideebis dasamateblad. ,,angariSisdafis
gamoyeneba monaxaziT muSaobaze moqnili meTodia: misi daxmarebiT
SegiZliaT, dagegmoT faqtebis moZieba, CamoayaliboT argumenti, SeqmnaT
Savi naweris pirveli varianti da gamoscadoT saboloo naweri.
xazebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic monaxazSi gamoiyeneba, SegiZliaT
fizikurad gadaaadgiloT dafis gverdebi da ar mogiwioT yovel jerze
axali gegmis amobeWdva, rodesac axal wyobas cdiT. SegiZliaT, misi
gverdebi kedelze gaakraT, daajgufoT dakavSirebuli gverdebi da mcire
nawilebi did nawilebTan daakraT, rom SeqmnaT Tqveni proeqtis `suraTi,
romelic mTlianobaSi giCvenebT gegmas da asaxavs,rogor midixarT win
gegmis ganxorcielebisken.
2.3.1 CamoayalibeT SekiTxva da samuSao hipoTeza
`dafis dasawyebad pirveli gverdiszeda nawilSi rac SeiZleba
zustad dasviT Tqveni SekiTxva da samuSao hipoTeza. Semdeg daamateT
damajerebeli variantebi, rac dagexmarebaT, ufro mkafiod dainaxoT misi
susti da Zlieri mxareeebi.maTze fiqrisas daamateT axali hipoTeza da
gadaxazeT isini, romelTa simcdaresac daadasturebT. uaryofili
40

hipoTezebi SeinaxeT, radgan SesaZloa, moaxerxoT erT-erTi maTganis

SesavalSi gamoyeneba (ix. 10.1.1).
2.3.2 CamoayalibeT Tqveni mizezebi
TiToeuli gverdis zeda nawilSi CawereT calkeuli mizezi,
romelsac SeuZlia Tqveni saukeTeso hipoTezis gamyareba, im SemTxvevaSic
ki, Tuki mxolod erTi an ori hipoTeza gaqvT gansazRvruli (mizezebis
Sesaxeb damatebiTi informacia ix. punqtSi 5.4.2). warmoidgineT, TiTqos
megobars uxsniT Tqvens proeqts. ambobT, msurs vaCveno, rom alamos
istoriebma zegavlena moaxdina texasis individualuri TviTmyofadobis
ganviTarebaSi da Tqveni megobari gekiTxebaT, ratom fiqrob ase? Tqveni
argumentacia aris zogadi gancxadebebi, romlebsac warmoadgenT Tqveni
pasuxis dasasabuTeblad: pirvel rigSi, istoriebma daamaxinja faqtebi,
raTa xazi gasmoda imas, rac umniSvnelovanesi
gaxda texasis
TviTmyofadobaSi; meore, istoriebi pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli imis
saCveneblad, rom texasi (da `veluri dasavleTi) axali saxis sazRvari
iyo; mesame, ... da a.S.
Tu mxolod erTi an ori varaudi gafiqrdebaT (rogorc wesi,
saWiro iqneba meti varaudis moyvana), gverdebis zeda nawilSi daakariT
varaudi 3: raime alamos istoriebis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc texaselebs
gansakuTrebulad
miaCniaT
Tavi.
Tu
iciT
mxolod
is,
rogor
gsurT,varaudmagaamyaros Tqveni pasuxi, moiyvaneTvaraudi 4: raRac imis
saCveneblad, rom alamos istoriebi iyo imaze meti, vidre, ubralod, miTi.
TiToeuli varaudi, cxadia, unda gamyardes.amdenad, TiToeulisTvis
dasviT SekiTxva: ratom vfiqrob ase? ra faqtis moyvana damWirdeba amis
dasamtkiceblad? es dagexmarebaT imaSi, rom Tqveni kvlevis procesi
faqtebis Ziebaze mimarToT (ix. 2.3.3 da 5.4.2).
Tu TqvenTvis esa Tu is Tema axalia an proeqtis adreul etapze
imyofebiT, varaudad SesaZloa, gamoiyenoT codnaze dafuZnebuli daSveba,
romelsac Semdgom SecvliT; Tu ase ar moxda, SesaZloa, ar iyaviT
sakmarisad TviTkritikuli. miuxedavad amisa, varaudebis sia, ganurCevlad
imisa, Tu ramdenad savaraudoa is, kvlevis warmarTvis saukeTeso CarCoa.
amasTan, azrovnebis koncentrirebis TvalsazrisiT, danamdvilebiT sjobs
varaudebis saerTod arqonas.
2.3.3 CawereT, ra saxis mtkicebulelebiunda moiZioT
TiToeuli sferosTvis sasurvelia konkretuli saxis faqtebi,
cifrebi, citatebi, dakvirvebebi, istoriuli faqtebi, suraTebi, da
a.S. amdenad, CainiSneT, ra saxis faqtebi dagWirdebaT TiToeuli
argumentis gasamyareblad. isic ki warmoidgineT, rogori iqneboda
yvelaze damajerebeli damamtkicebeli sabuTi. Tu ver gansazRvravT,
ra saxis faqti dagWirdebaT, carieli datoveT gverdis es nawili,
Semdeg gaecaniT meorad wyaroebs, rom naxoT, ra saxis faqtebs
aniWeben upiratesobas mkvlevrebi Tqvens sferoSi (ix. 3.1.2).

41

2.3.4 SexedeT mTlian gegmas

ganalageT gverdebi magidaze an gaakariT kedelze. Semdeg dadeqiT
moSorebiT da daakvirdiT Tanmimdevrobas.rodesac gegmavT pirvel Sav
nawers, misi nawilebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT unda daalagoT. ase
rom, axlave SegiZliaT, daiwyoT masze fiqri. xedavT logikas
TanmimdevrobaSi?
mizezi
da
Sedegi?
Txrobis
dro?
fardobiTi
mniSvneloba? kompleqsuroba? sigrZe? (TanmimdevrobasTan dakavSirebuli
damatebiTi
principebi
ix.
punqtSi
6.2.5).mosinjeT
sxvadasxva
Tanmimdevroba. es `dafa ar aris Tqveni saboloo gegma; is, ubralod,
instrumentia
Tqveni
azrovnebis
warsamarTad
da
Sedegebis
Camosayalibeblad.
rodesac gverds avsebT, scadeT Sesabamisi nawilis Savi piris
Seqmna, vinaidan proeqtis TiToeul etapze SesaZlebelia azrebis
qaRaldze gadataniT azrovnebis gaumjobeseba.
erT dRes, rodesac Tavisufali dro geqnebaT, SegiZliaT,
gadaxedoT wyaroebs, waikiTxoT mxolod is literatura, rac Tqven
gainteresebT. aseTi SemTxveviTi daTvalierebiT kvlevis mniSvnelovani
kvanZebi gaxsnila. Tumca, Tu moxseneba, daaxloebiT, erTi Tvis vadaSi
unda iyos mzad, ideis mosvlas ver daelodebiT; dagegmva unda daiwyoT.
`dafa aris martivi da saimedo xerxi, romelic gegmis SemuSavebaSi
dagexmarebaT.
2.4 weraze momuSave mxardamWeri gundis Camoyalibeba
samecniero kvlevis naklovani mxare misi izolirebulobaa. Tu ar
CavTvliT jgufur proeqtebs, samecniero kvlevis dros umeteswilad
damoukideblad kiTxulobT, azrovnebT da werT. Tumca, aucilebeli ar
aris, ase iyos, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi
mainc.moZebneT vinme, garda Tqveni profesoris an xelmZRvanelisa,
romelic gesaubrebaT Tqvens winsvlaze, gadaxedavs Tqvens samuSao
variantebs, imasac getyviT, ramdeni dagiweriao. es SeiZleba iyos
megobari.Tumca, pirvel rigSi, ecadeT,sxva avtori moZebnoT, rom SeZloT
erTmaneTis ideebisa da samuSao versiebisirgvliv msjeloba.
kidev ufro ukeTesia weraze momuSave oTxi an xuTi adamianisgan
Semdgari gundi.gundis wevrebi sakuTar proeqtebze muSaoben da
regularulad marTaven Sexvedrebs, raTa imsjelon erTmaneTis mier
gaweul samuSaoze.adreul etapze yvela Sexvedra daiwyeT TiToeuli
piris proeqtis reziumeTi, romelsac CamoayalibebT am samnawiliani
winadadebiT: me vmuSaob Temaze X, vinaidan msurs, gavigo Y, raTa me (da
Tqven) SevZloT Zis ukeT gageba. muSaobis procesi daiwyeT `liftSi
moyolili istoriiT, esaa Tqveni kvlevis reziume, romelsac mouyvebiT
adamians, romelic Sexvedraze asvlisas liftSi dagemgzavrebaT. reziume
unda moicavdes zemoT moyvanil samnawilian winadadebas, samuSao
hipoTezas da ZiriTad gamamyarebel varaudebs (ix. 13.4).

42

Semdgom etapebze, gundis wevrebi erTmaneTs acnoben monaxazebs da

Sav nawerebs, raTa gansazRvron, rogori reaqcia eqneba sabolood
mkiTxvels.Tuki Tqvens gunds ar moewona samuSao varianti, saboloo
mkiTxvelic imave azrisa iqneba.gundi SeiZleba, dagexmaroT samuSaos
erTobliv ganxilvaSi, rodesac gagijanjldebaT procesi. Tumca,
avtorTa udidesi nawilisTvis weraze momuSave gundi yvelaze metad
Rirebulia im disciplinis gamo, romelsac is awesebs. vadebSi Cateva
ufro iolia, roca iciT, rom sxvas unda moaxsenoT Tqveni progresis
Sesaxeb.
weraze momuSave jgufebi standartulad gamoiyeneba Tezisebisa an
disertaciebisTvis. Tumca, wesebi, SesaZloa, gansxvavdebodes sakurso
naSromebisTvis.zogierTpedagogs miaCnia, rom jgufs an weraze momuSave
partniors SeuZlia, gagiwioT saTanadoze meti daxmareba, amitom kargad
gaagebineT Tqvens profesors, ra funqcia eqneba gunds. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, leqtorma SeiZleba, gadawyvitos, rom daxmareba, romelic
miiReT, Seusabamoa (ix. 7.10).

43

3. sasargeblo wyaroebis moZieba

3.1 gansazRvreT, ra saxis wyaroebis gamoyenebas moelis Tqvengan
mkiTxveli
3.1.1 faqtebis moZiebis mizniT, mimarTeT pirvelwyaroebs
3.1.2 gaecaniT meorad wyaroebs, raTa ixiloT sxva mkvlevrebis mier
ganxorcielebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi
3.1.3 gaecaniT mesamexarisxovanwyaroebs, raTa zogadi warmodgena
SeiqmnaT sakiTxze
3.2 gamoyenebuli wyaroebi CawereT srulad, zustad da miRebuli wesebis
Tanaxmad
3.2.1 gansazRvreT gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebis stili
3.2.2 CawereT bibliografiuli monacemebi
3.3 eZebeT wyaroebi regularulad
3.3.1 moZebneT adamiani, romlisTvisac Tqveni Tema nacnobia
3.3.2 moiZieT masalebi internetSi
3.3.3 gaesaubreT bibliograf-biblioTekars
3.3.4 ganaxorcieleT Zieba Tqveni sferos bibliografiebSi
3.3.5 gadaxedeT Tematur cnobarebs
3.3.6 moiZieT masalebi Tqveni biblioTekis katalogSi
3.3.7 moiZieT masalebi perioduli gamocemebis cnobarebSi
3.3.8 gadaaTvaliereT wignis Taroebi
3.3.9
akademiuri
xarisxis
dasacavi
naSromisTvis,
bibliografiul kvals
3.4 wyaroebis
3.4.1 SeafaseT
3.4.2 SeafaseT
3.4.3 SeafaseT

mihyeviT

Sefaseba Sesabamisobis da sandoobis kuTxiT

wyaroebis Sesabamisoba
nabeWdi wyaroebis sandooba
internetwyaroebis sandooba

3.5 eZebeT standartuli wyaroebis miRma

mas Semdeg, rac geqnebaT SekiTxva da SesaZloa, samuSao hipoTezac
ramdenime gamamyarebeli varaudiT, SegiZliaT, SeudgeT monacemebis Ziebas.
isini dagWirdebaT varaudis gasamtkiceblad da hipoTezis gamosacdelad.
am TavSi agixsniT, rogor unda moiZioT aRniSnuli monacemebi, momdevno
TavSi ki monacemebze muSaobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs gagacnobT.
Tumca, wyaroebis moZiebasa da maT wakiTxvas cal-calke safexurebad nu
ganixilavT. mas Semdeg, rac moiZiebT, savaraudod, gamosadeg wyaros,
waikiTxeT is, raTa sxva wyaroebi ipovoT. `dafis CanawerebiT Sevsebis
procesSi aRmoaCenT sxvadasxva xarvezs da axal SekiTxvas da mxolod
damatebiTi wyaroebis meSveobiT iqneba SesaZlebeli am napralebis
amovseba. amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom wyaroebis moZieba da gamoyeneba
44

cal-calke safexurebad gvaqvs ganxiluli,

araerTxel da erTdroulad gaakeTebT.

am

or

saqmes

xSirad

3.1 gansazRvreT, ra saxis wyaroebis gamoyenebas moelis Tqvengan

mkiTxveli
Tqveni gamocdilebidan gamomdinare iqmnis mkiTxveli molodins, Tu
ra donis wyaroebs gamoiyenebT.es doneebia pirvelwyaro, meoradi wyaro
da mesamexarisxovani wyaro. aRniSnuli dayofa ar warmoadgens mkafiod
gansazRvrul kategorizacias. Tumca, igi miaxloebiT gamoxatavs, rogor
axarisxeben mkvlevrebi wyaroebis umetesobas.
3.1.1 faqtebis moZiebis mizniT mimarTeT pirvelwyaroebs
iseTi dargebisTvis, rogoricaa literaturuli kvleva-Ziebani,
xelovneba
da
istoria
pirvelwyaroebs
warmoadgens
mwerlebis,
mxatvrebis, kompozitorebis da sxvaTa mier Seqmnili originali
nawarmoebebi dRiurebi, werilebi, xelnawerebi, suraTebi, filmebi,
filmebis scenarebi, Canawerebi da musikaluri gaformebebi. es wyaroebi
gvawvdis monacemebs, sityvebs, gamosaxulebebs da bgerebs, romlebsac
iyenebT Tqveni varaudis gasamyarebel sabuTad.monacemebi SeiZleba, iyos
sagnebic: monetebi, tansacmeli, instrumentebi da sxva nimuSebi im
periodis an im piris kuTvnili, romelsac SeiswavliT.
iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa ekonomika, fsiqologia, qimia da sxv.,
mkvlevrebi, Cveulebriv, monacemebs dakvirvebis da eqsperimentis gziT
agroveben. sxva dargebSi isini mtkicebulebebs gamokiTxvis gziT kreben
(Sedegiani interviuebis Casatareblad informaciis mopovebisa da Caweris
sando meTodebi unda gamoiyenoT). aseT sferoebSi damamtkicebeli sabuTi
moicavs monacemebs, romlebsac mkvlevarebi agroveben. Segrovebuli
monacemebisTvis
pirvelwyaroebs
warmoadgens
publikaciebi,
sadac
pirvelad
gamoqveynda
es
monacemebi.aseTi
publikaciebi
moicavs
samTavrobo da kerZo monacemTa bazebsa da samecniero Jurnalebs.
gamocdili mkvlevrebi monacemebs pirvel rigSi pirvelwyaroebSi
eZeben. magaliTad, Tqven rom alamos istoriebis Sesaxeb werdeT,
SeecdebodiT, mogepovebinaT im periodSi dawerili wyaroebi, werilebi,
dRiurebi, TviTmxilvelTa monaTxrobi da a,S.
3.1.2 gaecaniT meorad wyaroebs, raTa ixiloT sxva mkvlevrebis mier
ganxorcielebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi
meoradi wyaroebi aris wignebi da statiebi, sadac gaanalizebulia
pirvelwyaroebi; isini, rogorc wesi, dawerilia mkvlevrebis mier sxva
mkvlevrebisTvis. samecniero JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statia, sadac
warmodgenilia alamos istoriebis analizi, iqneba meoradi wyaro
mkvlevrebisaTvis, romlebic muSaoben am istoriebze. meoradi wyaroebi
moicavs agreTve Tematur enciklopediebs da leqsikonebs, romlebSic
45

warmodgenilia dargSi moRvawe mecnierTa mier Seqmnili eseebi. meorad

wyaros mkvlevari sami daniSnulebiT iyenebs:
1. raTa ar CamorCes Tanamedrove kvlevas. mkvlevrebi meorad wyaroebs
ecnobian, raTa miiRon informacia sxvaTa naSromebis Sesaxeb, raTa
gaafarToon
codna
sakiTxis
irgvliv
da
ukeT
gaiazron
igi.mkvlevrebisTvis, aseve, motivaciis Semqmnelia is azri, rom maTi
naSromis saxiT axali masala daemateba ukve gamoqveynebul kvleviT
literaturas.
2. gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisis gasagebad. kvleviTi naSromi ar aris
dasrulebuli, vidre mkvlevari ar gaiTvaliswinebs sxvaTa Tvalsazriss,
sakuTari mkiTxvelis mosalodnel SekiTxvebsa da maT gansxvavebul azrs
(ix. 5.4.3). gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis udidesi nawili SegiZliaT
moiZioT meorad wyaroebSi. rogoria misi alternatiuli Tvalsazrisi?
raSi mdgomareobs misi argumentebi? zogierT axalbeda mkvlevars miaCnia,
rom Tu sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss aRniSnaven moxsenebaSi, amiT sakuTar
Sexedulebas
daasusteben.
sinamdvileSi
piriqiT
aris.
rodesac
moixseniebT sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss, mkiTxvels aCvenebT, rom ara
mxolod iciT am Tvalsazrisis Sesaxeb, aramed SegiZliaT damajereblad
gamoexmauroT mas (am sakiTxis Sesaxeb damatebiT ix. 5.4.3).
metic, aRniSnuli gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi unda gamoiyenoT
sakuTari
Sexedulebebis
gasaumjobeseblad.
ver
SeZlebT
Tqveni
Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebas, Tu ar gecodinebaT, ratom SeiZleba,
gamWriax adamians sxva Sexeduleba hqondes. amdenad, wyaroebis Ziebisas
nu moiZiebT mxolod im wyaroebs, romlebSi gamoxatuli Tvalsazrisic
Tqvensas emTxveva. eZebeT wyaroebi, romlebSic Tqveni Sexedulebebis
sawinaaRmdego mosazrebaa warmodgenili.
3. sakuTari kvlevisa da analizisTvis modelebis mosaZebnad. meoradi
wyaroebi SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT, raTa gaarkvioT ara mxolod is, ra
daweres sxvebma Tqveni sakvlevi Temis Sesaxeb, aramed, agreTve, rogor
daweres. amiT SeityobT ra forma da stili SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT Tqveni
naSromisTvis. warmoidgineT, TiTqos meoradi wyaro aris kolega,
romelic gesaubrebaT Tqveni sakvlevi Temis irgvliv. masTan saubrisas
gendomebaT, sakiTxSi garkveuli adamianis STabeWdileba datovoT.
amdenad, SeecdebodiT, gagerkviaT, rogor msjelobs is, ra terminebs
iyenebs,
ra
saxis
damamtkicebeli
sabuTebi
mohyavs
da
romel
mtkicebulebebs iyenebs iSviaTad an saerTod ar iyenebs. es `saubari
werilobiTi iqneboda, amdenad, stilisturi detalebis imitirebasac ki
SeZlebdiT. magaliTad, Tqveni kolega did abzacebs iyenebs, Tu gverdebi
dayofili aqvs qvesaTaurebad da punqtebad (romelic gavrcelebulia
socialur mecnierebebSi, naklebad humanitarulSi).
meoradi
wyaro
SegiZliaT,
gamoiyenoT,
agreTve,
rogorc
konceptualuri analizis modeli. magaliTad, Tqven rom alamos
istoriebis analizs awarmoebdeT, albaT, SeiswavlidiT, wyaroSi rogor
46

aris ganxiluli kasteris damarcxeba. wyaroSi gamoyenebuli midgoma

fsiqologiuri,
socialuri,
istoriuli
Tu
politikuria?
Tqveni
proeqtisaTvis, savaraudod, iq warmodgenili konkretuli varaudi an
damamtkicebeli sabuTi aqtualuri ar iqneba.Tumca, pasuxis gamtkiceba
msgavsi saxis monacemebiT da logikuri msjelobiT, imave saxis
struqturis gamoyenebiT ki SegiZliaT.
amdenad, Tu aRmoaCenT wyaros, romelic konkretulad
Tqvens
sakvlev Temas ar Seexeba, magram msgavs sakiTxs mimoixilavs, gadaavleT
Tvali da daakvirdiT, rogor msjelobs mkvlevari, rogor warmoadgens
varaudsa da damamtkicebel sabuTs (Sesabamisi wyaros damowmeba ar aris
aucilebeli, Tu am wyarodan mxolod zogad logikas iyenebT, Tumca,
SegiZliaT, miuTiToT is, rom Tqvens midgomas meti damajerebloba
SesZinoT.)
mkvlevarebi meorad wyaroebSi moyvanil monacemebs mxolod maSin
iyeneben, rodesac ver pouloben aRniSnul monacemebs pirvelwyaroebSi.
isini sifrTxiliT ekidebian aRniSnuli meoradi wyaroebis gamoyenebas,
vinaidan meorad wyaroebSi warmodgenili masala xasiaTdeba cdomilebis
maRali maCvenebliT. Tu Tqven maRali akademiuri xarisxis dasacav
naSromze
muSaobT,
SeamowmeT
meoradi
wyaroebidan
moyvanili
mniSvnelovani citatebis, faqtebis an cifrebis sizuste. avtoritetul
gamocemebSi
iSviaTad
aqvs
adgili
mizanmimarTulad
daSvebuli
uzustobas, magram uyuradRebobiT gamowveul Secdomebis SemTxveva imaze
ufro xSiria, vidre es araspecialistebs hgoniaT an vidre amas
specialistebi aRiareben.
ra Tqma unda, Tqven rom ikvlevdeT, rogor aris gaanalizebuli
alamos
istoria,
maSin
meoradi
wyaroebi,
sadac
es
analizia
warmodgenili, TqvenTvis pirvelwyaro iqneba.
Tu sferoSi axalbeda xarT, SesaZloa, meoradi wyaroebis wakiTxva
rTuli mogeCvenoT: meoradi wyaroebis damuSaveba sakiTxis fonis Rrma
codnas moiTxovs da mravali maTgani arc Tu garkveviTaa dawerili (ix.
11.2). Tu muSaobT TqvenTvis axal Temaze, upriani iqneba, Tu jer sakiTxs
Tematur enciklopediaSi an sando mesamexarisxovan wyaroSi gaecnobiT.
3.1.3 gaecaniT mesamexarisxovan wyaroebs, raTa zogadi warmodgena
SeiqmnaT sakiTxze
mesamexarisxovani wyaroebi efuZneba meorad wyaroebs. Cveulebriv,
isini araspecialistebis mier aris dawerili.maT Sorisaa zogadi
enciklopediebi da leqsikonebi, agreTve gazeTebi da Jurnalebi,
rogoricaa Time da Atlantic Monthly da farTo auditoriaze gaTvlili
komerciuli wignebi. kargad redaqtirebul zogad enciklopediebSi
warmodgenilia mravali Temis mokle mimoxilva. Tumca, sifrTxiliT
moekideT internet-enciklopediebs, rogorica `vikipedia, vinaidan iq
warmodgenilia ucnobi avtorebis mier dawerili da ara aRiarebuli
mecnierebis mier Seqmnili, saguldagulod redaqtirebuli statiebi.
`vikipediaSi
met-naklebad
zusti
informaciaa
zust
da
47

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi.Tumca, zogjer, SeiZleba, Secdomebic

aRmoCndes.arasodes moixsenioT `vikipedia, rogorc avtoritetuli wyaro.
analogiuri sifrTxilis gamoCena gmarTebT saJurnalo da sagazeTo
statiebis gamoyenebisas. zogierT statiaSi meorad wyaroSi moyvanili
kvleva sandod aris aRwerili. Tumca, umetes SemTxvevaSi, kvleva
metismetad aris gamartivebuli an metic, arasworad aris gadmocemuli.
Tqven, rasakvirvelia, aseT wyaros pirvelwyarod ganixilavdiT,
rom
ikvlevdeT,
rogor aris ganxiluli wyaroSi Tema; magaliTad, rogor
aris
ganxiluli diskriminacia sqesobrivi niSniT ,,enciklopedia
britanikaSi an xrikebi _ `vikipediaSi.
mas Semdeg, rac gaerkveviT wyaroebis saxeebSi, SeZlebT, daiwyoT
maTi moZieba.

3.2 gamoyenebuli wyaroebi CawereT srulad, zustad da miRebuli wesebis

Tanaxmad
vidre wyaroebis Ziebas daiwyebdeT, unda icodeT, rogor unda
miuTiToT
gamoyenebuli
literatura.
mkiTxveli
Tqvens
naSroms
damajereblad CaTvlis mxolod maSin, Tu irwmunebs Tqven mier
warmodgenil mtkicebulebebs. Tuki mkiTxveli Tqven mier gamoyenebuli
wyaroebis moZebnas ver SeZlebs, Tqvens mtkicebulebebs ar endoba, Tqveni,
rogorc mkvlevris upirvelesi movaleobaa gamoyenebuli literaturis
zustad da srulad miTiTeba, raTa mkiTxvelma SeZlos aRniSnuli
literaturis moZebna.
3.2.1 gansazRvreT gamoyenebuli wyaroebis miTiTebis stili
dargebis
udides
nawilSi
dadgenilia
wyaros
miTiTebis
konkretuli stili. miTiTebis ori yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli stili
detalurad meore nawilSia aRwerili.
- sqolioSi
miTiTebis
stilifarTod
gamoiyeneba
humanitarul
mecnierebebSi da, rig SemTxvevebSi socialur mecnierebebSi (ix. me16 da me-17 Tavebi).
- teqstobrivi miTiTebis stili, umetes SemTxvevebSi, gamoiyeneba
socialur da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi (ix. me-18 da me-19
Tavebi).
Tu ar gaqvT gadawyvetili, romeli stili gamoiyenoT, rCevisTvis
profesors mimarTeT.vidre wyaroebis nusxis Sedgenas daiwyebdeT,
waikiTxeT zogadi Sesavali wyaros miTiTebis Sesaxeb me-15 TavSi, Semdeg,
imis mixedviT, Tu miTiTEbis romeli stilis gamoyeneba mogeTxovebaT,
waikiTxeT sqolioSi miTiTebis stilis (me-16 Tavi) an teqstobrivi
miTiTebis stilis (me-18 Tavi) Sesavali.

48

3.2.2 CawereT bibliografiuli monacemebi

drois dazogvis da Secdomebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, wyaros
povnisTanave CaiwereT wyaros miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela
informacia. aRniSnuli informaciis udidesi nawili wignis saTauris
gverdze an saJurnalo statiis saTaurTan SegiZliaT ixiloT. is, Tu
konkretulad ra informacia dagWirdebaT, damokidebulia wyaros saxeze.
Tumca, TiToeuli wyarosTvis miuTiTeT, sul mcire, Semdegi:
vin dawera an Seadgina wyaro?
- avtor(eb)i
- redaqtor(eb)i
- mTargmnel(eb)i

ra monacemebis mixedviT xdeba wyaros amocnoba?

- saTauri da qvesaTauri
- ufro vrceli naSromis saTauri da qvesaTauri, sadac wyaroa
CarTuli (rogoricaa krebuli, Jurnali an gazeTi)
- gverdis nomrebi, Tuki wyaro ufro vrcel naSromSia CarTuli
- tomis nomeri
- gamocemis nomeri
- redaqciis nomeri
- internetmisamarTi da masalis mopovebis TariRi, Tu monacemebi
internetwyaroebis meSveobiT gaqvT mopovebuli

vin da rodis gamoaqveyna wyaro?

- gamomcemlobis dasaxeleba
- gamocemis adgili
- gamocemis TariRi

SegiZliaT, TqvenTvis CainiSnoT kongresis biblioTekis Sesabamisi

nomrebi.am nomrebs bibliografiis muxlebSi ar SeiyvanT. Tumca,
SesaZloa, gamogadgeT momavalSi, rodesac wyaroze muSaoba dagWirdebaT.
garkveul
etapze
mogiwevT
am
bibliografiuli
informaciis
formatireba moTxovnili miTiTebis stilis mixedviT. amdenad, wyaroebi
imTaviTve Sesabamis stilSi unda CaweroT. sqolioSi miTiTEbis stilis
Sablonebi da nimuSebi SegiZliaT, ixiloT naxatSi 16.1 da me-17 TavSi;
teqstobrivi miTiTebis stils naxavT 18.1 naxatsa da me-19 TavSi.
am monacemebis Cawerisas gagiCndebaT teqstis Semoklebis survili,
vinaidan es mosawyeni samuSaoa da wertilebis, mZimeebis da brWyalebis
gamoyenebis wesebi SeiZleba, odnav pedanturad mogeCvenoT. Tumca, ufro
TvalsaCinod araferi mianiSnebs damwyebi mkvlevari rom xarT, vidre
gamoyenebuli wyaros Seusabamo, arasruli an arazusti miTiTeba.amdenad,
Cvevad gaixadeT bibliografiuli monacemebis srulad, zustad da
saTanadod Cawera maTze muSaobisas. arsebobs kompiuteruli programebi,
romlebic avtomaturad aformatebs gamoyenebuli wyaroebis miTiTebebs.
49

es sasargeblo xerxia, magram ver Caanacvlebs Tqvens codnas saTanado

citirebis formebisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb.amasTan, yvela programa
srulyofilad ar muSaobs.
3.3 eZebeT wyaroebi regularulad
wyaroebis Ziebis procesSi gonivruli sistemuroba gmarTebT,
radgan Tu mniSvnelovani wyaro gamogrCaT, damajereblobas dakargavT.
3.3.1 moZebneT adamiani, romelmac raRac icis Tqveni Temis Sesaxeb
SegiZliaT, Tavdapirvelad gaikiTxoT, vinmem Tu icis raime Tqveni
Temisa da masze arsebuli wyaroebis Sesaxeb.SesaZloa, aseTi adamianebi
iyvnen universitetis studentebi, profesorebi, akademiuri wreebis gareT
moRvawe adamianebic ki.TemasTan dakavSirebiT informacis moZieba
satelefono cnobaris yviTel furclebSi SegiZliaT.SeiZleba, yovelTvis
ver ipovoT saTanado piri, Tumca, iqneb, gagimarTloT kidec.
3.3.2 moiZieT masalebi internetSi
kolejSi
Cabarebamde
moswavleebis
didi
nawili
mxolod
internetis gamoyenebiT axorcielebs kvlevas, vinaidan saSualo skolebis
biblioTekebi mcirea da, amasTanave, mxolod ramdenime wyaros moZebna
sWirdebaT. kolejSic SegiZliaT garkveuli mosamzadebeli samuSaos
Catareba iseTi samecniero saZieblis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa Google
Scholar. amiT SeiqmniT zogad warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis
wyaroebi arsebobs. Tu Tqvens biblioTekas onlain katalogi aqvs, iqac
SegiZliaT daiwyoT Zieba (ix. 3.3.6 qvemoT). Tumca, Tu masalebs mxolod
internetis gamoyenebiT ikvlevT, gamogrCebaT mniSvnelovani wyaroebi,
romelTa
povnac
mxolod
biblioTekaSi
Ziebis
gziT
aris
SesaZlebeli.kvlavac SegaxsenebT, rom Tqveni samuSao ufro Sedegianad
warimarTeba, Tu geqnebaT gegma.
3.3.3 gaesaubreT bibliograf-konsultants
Tu ar iciT, rogor unda ipovoT sasurveli literatura, SeekiTxeT
biblioTekars.kolejebis
biblioTekebis
umetesobaSi
studentebs
sTavazoben turs samkiTxvelo darbazebSi da aTvalierebineben Tematur
krebulebs, agreTve utareben mokle seminarebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu
rogor eZebon masalebi katalogSi, monacemTa bazebSi da informaciis
sxva wyaroebSi. Tu axalbeda mkvlevari xarT, gamoiyeneT yoveli
SesaZlebloba, rom daeufloT Tqvens sferoSi masalebis onlain Zebnis
meTodebs.
agreTve, SegiZliaT, gaesaubroT biblioTekarebs, romlebsac am
sferoSi aqvT miRebuli specializacia. biblioTekari Tqvens magivrad
ver moZebnis wyaros, Tumca daxmarebas gagiwevT moZiebaSi. Tu gaqvT
kvlevis SekiTxva, gaacniT is biblioTekars: ,,veZeb monacemebs X sakiTxis
Sesaxeb, vinaidan msurs, gavarkvio... Tu gaqvT samuSao hipoTeza da
50

varaudi, maT Sesaxebac uTxariT: veZeb monacemebs, raTa vaCveno Y [Tqveni

varaudi], vinaidan msurs davamtkico Z [hipoTeza]. winaswar moamzadeT
SekiTxvebi, raTa ar gaflangoT sakuTari da biblioTekaris dro.
3.3.4 ganaxorcieleT Zieba Tqvens TematursferoSi
yvela sferoSi mkvlevrebs aqvT saerTo Rirebulebebi da
azrovnebis yaida, Tumca TiToeul sferos gaaCnia damaxasiaTebeli
stili. imis gasarkvevad, Tu muSaobis rogori meTodebi gamoiyeneba
Tqvens sferoSi, gadaaTvaliereT Tqveni biblioTekis sacnobaro darbazis
Taroebi, sadac mocemulia gzamkvlevebi Tqvens sferoSi konkretuli
kvlevis meTodebis, monacemTa bazebis da specialuri resursebis Sesaxeb
(bibliografiaSi ixileT mesame kategoriis punqtebi Tqveni sferosaTvis).
sul mcire, gaecaniT Semdeg resursebs (Tqvens sferoSi wyaroebis
CamonaTvalisTis ixileT meoTxe kategoria bibliografiaSi; mravali
wyaro, aseve, internetSia ganTavsebuli):
-

Tqvens
dargSi
wlebis
mixedviT
gamoqveynebuli
naSromebis
bibliografias, magaliTad ,,filosofosis indeqsi an ,,ganaTlebis
indeqsi.
konkretul
Temaze
naSromebis
bibliografiebis
reziumes,
Segrovebuls ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi (bibliografiuli
indeqsi bibliografiebis bibliografia).
mokle mimoxilvebis krebuls, romlebSic Sejamebulia gazeTebsa da
profesiul JurnalebSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi.
wlis naSromis recenzias; moZebneT saTauri Tqvens sferoSi,
romelic iwyeba ase: `recenziebi... sferoSi.
axali dargebze informaciis mosapoveblad, vebgverdebs, romlebsac
floben kerZo pirebi an samecniero asociaciebi.

Tu odnavi warmodgena mainc gaqvT, ra saxis meoradi literatura

arsebobs Tqvens Temaze, SegiZliaT, daiwyoT ufro mniSvnelovani
wyaroebis moZieba (gadadiT 3.3.73.3.8); Tu ar iciT, SegiZliaT daiwyoT
Tematuri cnobarebiT.
3.3.5 gadaxedeT Tematur cnobarebs
Tavdapirvelad
sakvlevi
Temis
Sesaxeb
informacia
moiZieT
Sesabamis
Tematur
enciklopediaSi
an
leqsikonSi,
magaliTad,
,,filosofiis enciklopediaSi an ,,oqsfordis literaturuli terminebis
amomwurav leqsikonSi, sadac SegiZliaT ixiloT sakvlevi Temis
mimoxilva da xSirad standartuli pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebis sia
(ixileT sakiTxebi Tqveni dargisTvis bibliografiis pirvel da me-2
kategoriebSi).

51

3.3.6 moiZieT masalebi Tqveni biblioTekis katalogSi

wignebis moZieba sakiTxebis mixedviT. rogorc ki ipoviT Tqvens
TemasTan dakavSirebul erT bolodroindel wigns, moZebneT is Tqveni
biblioTekis
onlain katalogSi. amgvarad
gaigebT, ra
Tematur
kategorias miekuTvneba is kongresis biblioTekaSi; Tematuri kategoriebi
statiis boloSia miTiTebuli. magaliTad, internetSi es wigni Semdegi
Tematuri kategoriebiT aris gansazRvruli:
1. disertaciebi, akademiuri. 2. akademiuri wera.
SegiZliaT daaWiroT kategoriaze, raTa ipovoT sxva wignebi imave
Temebze.am wyaroebidan mraval maTganSi iqneba sxva kategoriebi, romelTa
daxmarebiTac SegiZliaT kidev ufro meti wyaros moZieba; es procesi
SeiZleba usasrulod gagrZeldes.
sakvanZo sityva. Tqvens internet-katalogSi masalebi, aseve, moiZieT
kvlevis SekiTxvidan an samuSao hipoTezidan sakvanZo sityvebis
gamoyenebiT alamo, texasis damoukidebloba, jeims boui. Tu Zalian
bevri masala amovida, daiwyeT im wyaroebiT, romlebic gamoqveynebulia
ukanaskneli
aTi
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
cnobili
universitetebis
gamomcemlobebis mier.ufro didi arCevania WorldCat Si, Tu Tqvens
biblioTekas gamowerili aqvs es servisi. sxva SemTxvevaSi wyaroebi
moiZieT kongresis biblioTekis katalogSi, http://www.loc.gov.aq ixilavT
bmulebs
msxvili
universitetebis
katalogebze.
Tu
gWirdebaT
biblioTekaSoriso abonementi, droulad daiwyeT amaze zrunva.
statiebi.Tu Tqvens Temaze arsebuli wyaroebis umetesoba statiebia,
moiZieT uaxlesi statiebi Tqveni biblioTekis `onlain monacemTa
bazebSi.monacemTa bazis statiaSi iqneba sakvanZo sityvebis sia. moiZieT
isini da SeZlebT damatebiTi statiebis moZebnas. ZiriTadad, amis gakeTeba
sakvanZo sityvaze daWeriT SegiZliaT. zogierT monacemTa bazaSi
warmodgenilia, agreTve, saJurnalo statiebis mokle mimoxilvebi.
gamoiyeneT es sakvanZo sityvebi masalebis biblioTekis katalogSi
mosaZebnadac.
3.3.7 moiZieT masalebi perioduli gamocemebis cnobarebSi
Tu kvleva manamdec CagitarebiaT, TqvenTvis, albaT, nacnobi iqneba
yovelwliuri gzamkvlevebi, magaliTad, ,,mkiTxvelis megzuri sxvadasxva
drois literaturaSi, sadac moyvanilia iseTi wyaroebi, rogorebicaa
Jurnalebi da gazeTebi. umetes dargSi, agreTve, arsebobs yovelwliuri
gzamkvlevi meoradi wyaroebisTvis, rogoricaa mokle mimoxilvebi
xelovnebis, istoriis, da anTropologiis sferoebSi (bibliografiaSi ix.
Tqvens dargSi me-4 kategoriis punqtebi).umetesi maTgani SegiZliaT naxoT
internetSi an kompaqtur diskze.
yvela aRniSnuli resursis gamoyenebiT gadaxvalT sxva resursebze,
Tumca, verc erTi maTgani ver Caenacvleba Ziebas biblioTekaSi, sadac
mkvlevari warmoudgenlad gamosadeg wyaros aRmoaCens xolme.

52

3.3.8 gadaaTvaliereT wignis Taroebi

SeiZleba, ifiqroT, rom internetSi Zieba ufro swrafi gzaa, vidre
biblioTekaSi siaruli. Tumca, SeiZleba es meTodi ufro neli iyos da
Tu mxolod internetSi imuSavebT, SesaZloa, gamogrCeT Zalian
mniSvnelovani wyaroebi, romlebic mxolod biblioTekaSi SeiZleba,
ipovoT. ufro mniSvnelovani ki is aris, rom gamotovebT wyaros
moulodnelad Tavad aRmoCenis SesaZlebloba.
Tu gaqvT Sesvlis ufleba wignTsacavSi (sadac inaxeba yvela wigni),
ipoveT Taro, sadac ganTavsebulia wignebi Tqveni Temis Sesaxeb.Semdeg
gadaxedeT Taroze ganTavsebuli wignebis saTaurebs, agreTve zeda, qveda
da gverdiT mdebare Taroebze dawyobil wignebs.Semdeg SemobrundiT da
Tqven ukan mdebare wignebis saTaurebi gadaaTvaliereT; ra iciT, ra
xdeba. rodesac ipoviT saTaurs, romelic SesaZloa, gamogadgeT,
gansakuTrebiT,
Tu
es
aris
universitetis
gamomcemlobis
mier
gamoSvebuli wigni axali ydiT. CaikiTxeT misi sarCevi, Semdeg saZiebeli,
raTa naxoT Tqvens SekiTxvasTan an pasuxTan dakavSirebuli sakvanZo
sityvebi. Semdeg gadaxedeT wignis bibliografias, raTa naxoT saTaurebi,
romlebic Tqvens proeqts Seesabameba. Gam yovelives wignebis TarosTan
ufro swrafad moaxerxebT, vidre internetSi.
Tu wigni, erTi SexedviT,Tqveni sakvlevi sakiTxidan gamomdinare
sasargeblo Cans, Tvali gadaavleT mis winasityvaobas an Sesavals. amis
Semdeg, Tu dadasturda wignis gamosadegoba, gadadeT, raTa ufro
dakvirvebiT gaecnoT mogvianebiT. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ar Cans
TqvenTvis sasargeblo, CainiSneT misi kongresis biblioTekis nomeri da
bibliografiuli monacemebi (avtori, saTauri, gamomcemloba, gamocemis
TariRi da
a.S.; detalebi ix. am saxelmZRvanelos me-2 nawilSi) da
ramdenime sityviT SeajameT, Tqveni azriT, ris Sesaxeb aris wigni. erTi
Tvis Semdeg SesaZloa, mixvdeT, rom es wigni ufro gamosadegia, vidre
manamde gegonaT.
internetSi SegiZliaT moZebnoT araerTi Jurnalis sarCevi, Tumca
biblioTekaSi Jurnalebis seqciaSi
Zebna, SeiZleba, ufro Sedegiani
aRmoCndes. moZebneT Jurnalebi, sadac, savaraudod, gamosadegi statiebia
gamoqveynebuli. gadaxedeT wina aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gamocemuli
Jurnalebis sarCevebs. tomebSi ZiriTadad mocemulia yovelwliuri
Sejamebuli sarCevebi. Semdeg swrafad gadaxedeT iqve, Taroze dawyobil
Jurnalebs.gadaaTvaliereT
maTi
uaxlesi
sarCevebi.
gagikvirdebaT,
ramdenad xSirad ipoviT saTanado statias, romelic gamogrCebodaT, es
muSaoba mTlianad internetiT rom CagetarebinaT.
Tu axalbeda xarT mocemul dargSi, SegiZliaT, warmodgena
Jurnalis mecnierul doneze misi garegnuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT
SeiqmnaT. Tu Jurnali dabeWdilia priala qaRaldze da masSi bevri
ilustracia
da
reklamebic
ki
SegxvdaT,
SesaZloa,
is
ufro
beletristikuli iyos, vidre samecniero. es ar aris utyuari niSnebi
imisa,
rom
Jurnali
mecnieruli
ar
aris,
Tumca
Rirs
maTi
gaTvaliswinebac.

53

3.3.9 maRali xarisxis samecniero naSromze muSaobisas mihyeviT

bibliografiul kvals
Tu maRali xarisxis samecniero naSromze muSaobT, gamoiyeneT
wyaroebSi mocemuli bibliografiebi, raTa moZebnoT axali wyaroebi,
maTi bibliografiebis meSveobiT ki sxva wyaroebi.gaakeTeT Semdegi:
-

gadaavleT Tvali Tqvens sakvlev Temaze arsebuli bolodroindeli

wignebis bibliografiebs; gadaxedeT nebismier naSroms, romelic
moxseniebulia yvela maTganSi an umetesobaSi da aRniSnuli
naSromis avtoris sxva publikaciebs.
Tu wyaro gamosadegi aRmoCnda, gadaavleT Tvali mis saZiebels,
raTa moZebnoT avtorebi, romlebic miTiTebulia oTx an met
gverdze.
moZebneT kvlevis recenziebi saJurnalo statiebis pirvel ramdenime
abzacSi.
moZebneT bolodroindeli sadoqtoro disertaciebi, romlebic
odnav mainc aris dakavSirebuli Tqvens sakvlev TemasTan. TiTqmis
yvela disertaciaSi kvlevis mimoxilva pirvel da meore TavebSia
warmodgenili.

axali wyaroebi saukeTesoa, Tumca, SeiZleba, aRmoaCinoT Zveli

wyaro, sadac mocemulia monacemebi, romlebic didi xania yuradRebis
miRmaa datovebuli.
3.4 wyaroebis Sefaseba Sesabamisobis da sandoobis kuTxiT
savaraudod, imaze gacilebiT met wyaros ipoviT, vidre gamoyeneba
SegiZliaT. amdenad, swrafad gadaxedvisas ori kriteriumis mixedviT
unda SeafasoT maTi gamosadegoba. es kriteriumebia sakvlev sakiTxTan
Sesabamisoba da sandooba.
3.4.1 SeafaseT wyaroebis Sesabamisoba
mas Semdeg, rac gadawyvetT, rom wigni SeiZleba gamogadgeT,
sistemurad gadaxedeT mas:
- Tu wignis saZiebelSi moyvanilia sakvanZo sityvebi, dakavSirebuli
sakvlev sakiTxTan an mis pasuxebTan, gadaaTvaliereT gverdebi,
romlebzec es sityvebi gxvdebaT.
- TvaligadaavleT Sesavals, gansakuTrebiT mis bolo gverds, sadac
avtorebi xSirad warmoadgenen sakuTari teqstis monaxazs.
- gadaxedeT wignis bolo Tavs, gansakuTrebiT, pirvel da bolo eqvs
an Svid gverds.
- Tu dro gaqvT, analogiurad moiqeciT im Tavebis SemTxvevaSi,
romlebsac saWirod CaTvliT, gansakuTrebiT, Tu maTSi, saZieblis
mixedviT, bevri sakvanZo sityvaa.

54

Tu wyaro statiebis krebulia, gadaavleT Tvali redaqtoris

winasityvaobas.
(darwmundiT, rom xelT gaqvT wignis uaxlesi redaqcia. droTa
ganmavlobaSi mkvlevrebi icvlian an srulyofen Sexedulebebs,
zogjer uaryofen kidec maT). Tu akademiuri xarisxis dasacav
naSroms amzadebT, waikiTxeT savaraudod gamosadegi wyaroebis
recenziebi (ix. Tqveni sferos wyaroebis bibliografia meoTxe
nawilSi).

Tu Tqveni wyaro saJurnalo statiaa, moiqeciT Semdegnairad:

-

waikiTxeT misi mokle mimoxilva, Tu aseTi arsebobs.

gadaxedeT prologis (an sxva Sesavali nawilis) bolo or an sam
abzacs da mTlianad nebismier nawils, romelsac ewodeba
`daskvna.
Tu statias ar aqvs calke Sesavali an daskvna, gadaavleT Tvali
mis pirvel da bolo ramdenime abzacs.
gadaavleT Tvali pirvel erT an or abzacs TiToeuli qvesaTauris
Semdeg, Tu aseTebi arsebobs.

Tu wyaro internetSia, maSin Semdegnirad moiqeciT:

- Tu wyaros nabeWdi statiis forma aqvs, moiqeciT ise, rogorc
saJurnalo statiis SemTxvevaSi.
- gadaavleT Tvali nebismier nawils, romelsac ewodeba `Sesavali,
`mimoxilva, `Sejameba da a.S. Tu aseTi nawilebi ar aris, moZebneT
bmuli saxelwodebiT `saitis Sesaxeb an raime msgavsi.
- Tu `saits aqvs bmuli saxelwodebiT `saitis ruka an `saZiebeli,
mihyeviT mas da SeamowmeT sia, moZebneT sakvanZo sityvebi, romlebic
dakavSirebulia Tqvens SekiTxvasTan an mis pasuxebTan. mihyeviT maT
bmulebSi, raTa gadaaTvalieroT Sesabamisi gverdebi.
- Tu saits aqvs `Ziebis funqcia, CawereT sakvanZo sityvebi Tqveni
Temidan.
3.4.2 SeafaseT nabeWdi wyaroebis sandooba
wyaroze ver imsjelebT, vidre ar waikiTxavT mas. Tumca, arsebobs
wyaros sandoobis niSnebi, romlebic wakiTxvamdec SegiZliaT amoicnoT:
1. avtori
kargi
reputaciis
mqone
mecnieria?
publikaciebis
umetesobaSi
miTiTebulia
avtoris
xarisxTan
dakavSirebuli
monacemebi; saZiebo sistemiT SegiZliaT, moipovoT damatebiTi
informacia. aRiarebuli mecnierebis umetesoba sandoa. Tumca,
yuradRebiT iyaviT, xom ar aris Tema iseTi sadavo socialuri
sakiTxi, rogoricaa iaraRis kontroli an aborti.kargi reputaciis
mqone mecnieric ki SeiZleba sakuTar interesebze zrunavdes,

55

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

maT

gansakuTrebiT,
Tu
mis
kvlevas
mxars
uWers
konkretuli
interesebis damcveli jgufi.
wyaro uaxlesia? mravali avtoritetuli mecnieri wers wignebs da
statiebs
da
axdens
sxvaTa
kvlevebis
popularizacias.
im
droisTvis, rodesac Tqven maT waikiTxavT, es mesamexarisxovani
wyaroebi SesaZloa, moZvelebuli iyos.
Tu ramdenad swrafad
moZveldeba wyaro, damokidebulia Temaze, amdenad, gadaamowmeT
wyaro
pirTan,
romelic
erkveva
Tqven
sferoSi.socialur
mecnierebebSi saJurnalo statiebisTvis aT welze metxniani
periodi Zalian bevria. wignebis SemTxvevaSi es vada Seadgens
TxuTmetiode weliwads. humanitaruli mecnierebebis sferoSi
gamocemuli publikaciebi ki ufro xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSia
vargisi.
wyaro avtoritetuli gamomcemlobis mier aris gamoqveynebuli?
yvelaze metad SegiZliaT endoT sauniversiteto gamomcemlobebs,
gansakuTrebiT,
cnobili
saswavleblebis
gamomcemlobebs.
es
gamomcemlobebi xelnaweris gamocemamde specialistebs sTxoven
gadaxedvas (am process ewodeba ganxilva kolegebis mier).
SegiZliaT, agreTve, endoT zogierT komerciul gamomcemlobas
garkveul sferoebSi, magaliTad ,,nortons (Norton) literaturaSi,
,,ableqss (Ablex) mecnierebebSi an ,,uests (West) samarTalSi.
komerciul wigns, sadac gakeTebulia sensaciuri gancxadebebi,
miudeqiT skeptikurad im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu misi avtoris saxelis
gaswvriv miTiTebulia, rom igi filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtoria.
gadaxedilia statia avtoris kolegebis mier? (umetes samecniero
JurnalSi, rogorc beWdur, ise internet-versiebSi, aqveyneben
mxolod
iseT
statiebs,
romlebsac
kolegebma
gadaxedes.
komerciuli Jurnalebidan mxolod cota iyenebs kolegebis mier
gadaxedvis meTods da kidev ufro cota amowmebs avtoris mier
moyvanil faqtebs. Tu naSromi ar aris kolegis mier gadaxedili,
sifrTxiliT moekideT mis gamoyenebas.
rogori recenzia aqvs wyaros
miRebuli? Tu wyaro aris wigni,
romelic gamocemulia erT welze meti xnis win, SesaZloa, mis
Sesaxeb recenzia daibeWda Sesabamisi dargis JurnalSi.mraval
dargSi arsebobs gamoqveynebuli recenziebis saZieblebi, sadac
ixilavT,
rogor
afaseben
sxvebi
aRniSnul
wyaros
(ix.
bibliografia).
xSirad aqvT aRniSnuli wyaro citirebuli sxvebs? imis mixedviT,
Tu ramdenad xSirad aqvT sxva avtorebs mocemuli wyaro TavianT
naSromebSi citirebuli, SegiZliaT, miaxloebiT gansazRvroT,
ramdenad mniSvnelovania is. amisTvis mimarTeT gamoyenebuli
literaturis saZiebels citirebis indeqsis dasadgenad (Tqveni
dargis bibliografiaSi ix. meoTxe nawili).
esindikatorebi ar aris imisi garantia, rom wyaro sandoa, Tumca
safuZvelze SeiZleba ufro Tamamad gamoiyenoT is. Tu sando
56

wyaroebs ver poulobT, gaiTaviseT Tqvens xelT arsebuli literaturis

sazRvrebi.ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba, ipovoT saintereso sakvlevi problema,
Tu aRmoaCenT, rom wyaro, romelic sandod miiCneoda, sinamdvileSi ar
aris sarwmuno.
3.4.3 SeafaseT internetwyaroebis sandooba
onlain wyaroebi SeafaseT nabeWdi wyaroebis msgavsad, Tumca meti
dakvirvebiT. sando internetwyaroebis raodenoba dRiTi dRe izrdeba,
Tumca, sarwmuno wyaroebi erTeulebia mcdari informaciis morevSi. Tu
eZebT masalas, romlis mopovebac mxolod internetSi SeiZleba, moZebneT
saitebi an internetpublikaciebi sandoobis Semdegi niSnebis mixedviT:
1. saitis mesveuria sando organizacia. zogierTi saiti, romelsac
kerZo piri flobs, sandoa, Tumca, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ase ar aris.
2. dakavSirebulia sando profesiul JurnalTan.
3. warmoadgens damatebiT resurss sando beWduri wyaroebisTvis.
zogierTi
Jurnali
Semdegi
miznebisTvis
iyenebs
internets:
avtorebsa da mkiTxvels Soris diskusiebis gasamarTad; iseTi
masalis warmosadgenad, romelic Zalian axaliaimisaTvis, rom
biblioTekaSi
inaxebodes;
iseTi
monacemebis
dasaarqiveblad,
romlebic statiebSi ar aris; auditoriisTvis im ilustraciebis
saCveneblad, romelTa dabeWdvac Zalian Zviri jdeba. mravali
samTavrobo da akademiuri monacemTa baza mxolod onlain
arsebobs.
4. ar eweva aqtiur propagandas raime sadavo socialuri sakiTxis
sasargeblod an sawinaaRmdegod.
5. ar Seicavs usafuZvlo gancxadebebs, sxva mkvlevrebis mtrul
kritikas,
Seuracxmyofel
gamoTqmebs
an
orTografiul,
punqtuaciur da gramatikul Secdomebs.
6. mianiSnebs, bolos rodis ganaxlda saiti. Tu TariRi ar aqvs,
sifrTxile gamoiCineT.
saiti miiCnieT sarwmunod mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu yuradRebiani
mkiTxveli endoboda maT, vinc aRniSnul saits emsaxureba. Tu ar iciT,vin
emsaxureba vebsaits, es daeWvebis safuZveli unda gaxdes.
onlain
momsaxurebebis
meSveobiT
dResdReobiT
SesaZlebelia,mravali SedarebiT Zveli teqstis sando redaqciebis
mopoveba. agreTve, mTeli rigi universitetebis saitebze SegiZliaT,
ixiloT jerovnad redaqtirebuli teqstebi. es aris `erTi fanjris
principi; Tqven ar mogiwevT adgilidan gasvla. Tumca, internetservisebi
srulyofilebiT sakmaod Camouvardeba sauniversiteto biblioTekebis
umetesobas
da
maTi gamoyenebiT
verafers
iswavliT
realur
biblioTekaSi kvlevis Catarebis Sesaxeb. erT dRes yvelaferi, rac
odesme
dabeWdila,
internetSi
ganTavsdeba
(am
perspeqtivasTan
dakavSirebiT zogierT mkvlevars araerTgvarovani Sexeduleba aqvs).
Tumca, manamde, internetSi Zieba ver Caenacvleba wignTsacavSi muSaobas.

57

3.5 sxva resursebis gamoyeneba, garda standartuli saxis wyaroebisa

Tu sakurso naSromze muSaobT, rogorc wesi, aqcenti unda
gaakeToT konkretulad im saxis wyaroebze, romlebic, Cveulebriv,
gamoiyeneba Tqvens sferoSi. Tumca, Tu muSaobT iseT proeqtze,
rogoricaa samagistro Tezisi an sadoqtoro disertacia, gamonaxeT
SesaZlebloba, standartuli wyaroebis garda, sxva resursebic moiZioT.
magaliTad, Tqven rom amzadebdeT proeqts Temaze ,,1600 wels soflis
meurneobaSi
ganxorcielebuli
cvlilebebis
ekonomikuri
Sedegebi
londonis marcvleulis bazrisTvis, SegeZloT, wagekiTxaT dedofal
elisabedis epoqis droindeli piesebi, dakvirvebodiT muSaTa klasis
cxovrebis suraTebs an mogeZebnaT religiuri pirebis komentarebi
socialuri qcevis Sesaxeb. Tqven rom muSaobdeT londonis yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis vizualur gamoxatulebaze, SesaZloa, dagemuSavebinaT im
periodis
da
adgilis
ekonomikuri
istoriis
amsaxveli
masala.zemoaRniSnulis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia im SezRudul vadaSi,
romelic mokle naSromebisTvis geZlevaT, Tumca, rodesac gaqvT Tveebi
did
proeqtze
samuSaod,
SeecadeT,
SekiTxvasTan
dakavSirebuli
standartuli
wyaroebis
garda
sxva
wyaroebsac
gaecnoT.
amiT
gaaZlierebT ara mxolod konkretul analizs, aramed gaiRrmavebT
azrovnebis
diapazons
da
SeiZenT
sxvadasxva
saxis
monacemebis
gaerTianebis unars, rac maZiebeli gonebis mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa.

58

4. wyaroebis gaazreba
4.1 Tavdapirvelad waikiTxeT miukerZoeblad Tqveni wyaro, raTa gaigoT,
Semdeg ki kritikulad, raTa safuZvlianad gaiazroT da SeafasoT igi
4.1.1 SemoqmedebiTad gamoiyeneT wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisi,
romelsac eTanxmebiT
4.1.2 SemoqmedebiTad ganaviTareT wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisis
sawinaaRmdego mosazreba
4.2 sistematurad gaakeTeT Canawerebi
4.2.1 SeqmeniT Sablonebi CanawerebisTvis
4.2.2 icodeT, rodis unda gaakeToT reziume an perifrazi, an moiyvanoT
citata
4.2.3 Tavidan airideT uneblie plagiatizmi
4.3 gaakeTeT gamosadegi Canawerebi
4.3.1 gakeTeT sakvlevi SekiTxvisa da samuSao hipoTezisTvis aqtualuri
da saWiro Canawerebi
4.3.2 gaakeTeT Canawerebi, romlebic Seesabameba sakvlev SekiTxvas da
samuSao hipoTezas
4.3.3 CainiSneT saTanado konteqsti
4.3.4 kategoriebad daajgufeT Tqveni Canawerebi daxarisxebis mizniT
4.4 kiTxvis paralelurad wereT
4.5 SeafaseT Tqveni progresi
4.5.1 CanawerebSi moZebneT pasuxi
4.5.2 gamoigoneT SekiTxva
4.5.3 gadaaxarisxeT Tqveni Canawerebi
4.6 daZlieT am procesisTvis Cveuli panikis Setevebi
mas Semdeg, rac ipoviT wyaros, romelic Rirebulad migaCniaT, nu
waikiTxavT mas meqanikurad, mxolod amosaweri monacemebis moZiebis
mizniT. Canawerebis gakeTeba ar aris meqanikuri samuSao. rodesac wyaros
Sesaxeb gacnobierebulad akeTebT Canawerebs, yuradRebis koncentrirebas
axdenT ara mxolod wyaroSi mocemul sityvebsa da mosazrebebze, aramed
mis mniSvnelobaze, Sedegebze, naklovanebebsa da axal potencialze.
wyaros miapyariT mTeli yuradReba, TiTqos misi avtori ijdes Tqvens
winaSe da mzad iyos saubrisTvis (swored ase unda warmoidginoT
mkiTxvelTan komunikaciac).

59

4.1 Tavdapirvlead waikiTxeT miukerZoeblad Tqveni wyaro, raTa gaigoT,

Semdeg ki kritikulad, raTa safuZvlianad gaiazroT da SeafasoT igi
maRali xarisxis samecniero naSromze muSaobisas wyaroebi,
romlebic yvelaze gamosadegad geCvenebaT, orjer waikiTxeT, pirvelad
swrafad da miukerZoeblad, raTa gaigoT, ra ideaa maTSi gatarebuli. Tu
aCqardebiT da ar daeTanxmebiT wyaroSi gamoxatul mosazrebebs maTi
kargad gaazrebis gareSe, SeiZleba, arasworad gaigoT raime an
gadaWarbebuli yuradReba miaqcioT mis susti mxareebs.
Semdeg kidev erTxel waikiTxeT wyaro, nela da kritikulad,
TiTqos megobars keTilganwyobiT, Tumca, mkafiod usvamT SekiTxvebs;
warmoidgineT misi pasuxebi, Semdeg SekiTxvebi dausviT. Tu ar eTanxmebiT,
wyaro ubralod gverdze ar gadadoT: waikiTxeT is Tqveni Tavdapirveli
Tvalsazrisis ganviTarebis mizniT.
savaraudod, wyaroebze srul koncentrirebas ver SeZlebT, vidre
ar waikiTxavT da SegeqmnebaT sakuTari mosazrebebi. Tumca, Tavidanve
yuradRebiT iyaviT, raTa wyaroebi waikiTxoT ara pasiurad, rogorc
Cveulebrivma mkiTxvelma, aramed aqtiurad da safuZvlianad, rogorc
dainteresebulma partniorma. garkveul etapze, umjobesia, rac SeiZleba
adre moifiqroT, rogor SeiZleba, gascdeT wyaroebis farglebs maSinac
ki, roca maT eTanxmebiT.
4.1.1 SemoqmedebiTad gamoiyeneT wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisi,
romelsac eTanxmebiT
Zalian kargia, rodesac wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisi
emTxveva Tqvens Sexedulebebs. Tumca, Tu mas ubralod pasiurad
daeTanxmebiT, ver ganaviTarebT sakuTar ideebs. amdenad, scadeT,
ganavrcoT is, rac wyaroSia mocemuli: ra axal Tvalsazriss SeiZleba
moicavdes igi? ra axali ideebi SeuZlia mogvawodos? Seicavs Tu ara is
iseT damamtkicebel sabuTs, romelic Tqvens wyaroSi ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli? qvemoT giCvenebT, rogor SegiZliaT SemoqmedebiTad
miudgeT wyaroSi warmodgenil Tvalsazriss.
warmoadgineT
damatebiTi
mtkicebulebebi.
Tqven
gaqvT
mtkicebuleba wyaroSi warmodgenili varaudis gasamyareblad.

axali

smiti iyenebs dakvirvebaze dafuZnebul mtkicebulebebs imis saCveneblad,

rom alamos istorias texasis gareT miTis statusi hqonda. Tumca, didi
qalaqebis gazeTebis kvlevis Sedegad ukeTes mtkicebulebebs viRebT.
1. wyaro varauds Zveli monacemebiT amyarebs, xolo Tqven SesaZloa,
axali damatkicebeli sabuTebi warmoadginoT.
2. wyaro varaudis gasamyareblad sust damamtkicebel sabuTs
iSveliebs,
Tqven
ki
SesaZloa,
ufro
Zlieri
monacemebi
warmoadginoT.

60

daadastureT debuleba, romelic ar aris gamyarebuli. Tqven

SegiZliaT, daamtkicoT raRac, rac wyaroSi mxolod daSvebis an
varaudis donezea warmodgenili.
sportSi Sedegebis gasaumjobeseblad smiti gvirCevs vizualizaciis
gamoyenebas, xolo sportsmenebis gonebrivi muSaobis kvleva gviCvenebs,
ratom aris smitis rCeva sasargeblo.
1. wyaroSi mxolod navaraudevia, rom X sworia, Tqven ki SeiZleba,
daamtkicoT, rom namdvilad asea.
2. wyaroSi warmodgenilia daSveba, rom X sworia, Tqven ki SeiZleba,
es daamtkicoT.
ganavrceT debuleba. Tvalsazrisi SegiZliaT, axali mimarTulebebiT
ganavrcoT.
smitma gamoavlina, rom samedicino institutis studentebi fiziologiur
procesebs ukeT swavloben, rodesac maT sakiTxs uxsnian bevri metaforis
gamoyenebiT,
vidre
maSin,
rodesac
mxolod
erTi
metaforiT
Semoifarglebian. rogorc Cans, igive xdeba inJinrebis mier fizikuri
procesebis Seswavlisasac.
1. wyaroSi sworad aris gamoyenebuli debuleba erTi situaciisTvis,
Tumca, SesaZloa, is sxva situaciebzec gavrceldes.
2. wyaros mtkicebiT, X sworia konkretul situaciaSi, Tumca,
SesaZloa, sazogadodac asea.
4.1.2 SemoqmedebiTad ganaviTareT wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisis
sawinaaRmdego mosazreba
naSromis momzadebisas kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, aRniSnoT, rom
ar eTanxmebiT wyaros, radgan aman SesaZloa, aRmogaCeninoT mTeli Tqveni
naSromis
samuSao
hipoteza.
amdenad,
gamoiyeneT
gansxvavebuli
Tvalsazrisi Tqveni msjelobis gasaviTareblad da ar SemoifargloT
mxolod aRniSvniT, rom wyaroSi warmodgenil Tvalsazriss ar
eTanxmebiT. qvemoT moyvanilia sawinaaRmdego poziciis gamoxatvis
magaliTebi (moyvanili variantebi ar miekuTvneba mkafiod gamijnul
kategoriebs; bevri maTgani nawilobriv emTxveva erTmaneTs).
wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisis uaryofa raimes bunebasTan
dakavSirebiT. wyaroSi naTqvamia, rom raRac garkveuli bunebisaa, Tumca
SesaZloa, is sxva xasiaTis aris.
smiti ambobs, rom garkveuli religiuri jgufebi miiCnevian e.w.
kultebis religiad maTi ucnauri rwmena-Sexedulebebis gamo. Tumca, am
rwmena-Sexedulebebis buneba ar gansxvavdeba standartuli religiebisgan.
61

1. wyaros mtkicebiT, X miekuTvneba Y-is saxeobas (an misi msgavsia),

Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris.
2. wyaros mtkicebiT, X yovelTvis xasiaTdeba Y-iT, rogorc erT-erT
TvisebiT an atributiT, Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris.
3. wyaros
mtkicebiT,
X
aris
Cveulebrivi/kargi/mniSvnelovani/gamosadegi/ zneobrivi/saintereso/...,
Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris.
(SegiZliaT, SeabrunoT es varaudebi da ganacxadoT sapirispiro:
miuxedavad imisa, rom wyaros TqmiT, X ar aris Y-is bunebis, Tqven
SegiZliaT, aCvenoT, rom es asea.)
sawinaaRmdego
Sexedulebis
gamoTqma
nawilebisa
da
mTelis
urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb. SegiZliaT aCvenoT, rom wyaro cdeba imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli raimes nawilebi.
smiti acxadebs, rom sportuli momzadeba Zalian mniSvnelovania
ganaTlebuli adamianisTvis, Tumca, sinamdvileSi mZleosnobis adgili
kolejSi ar aris.
1. wyaros mtkicebiT, X aris Y-is Semadgeneli nawili, magram, SesaZloa,
ase ar aris.
2. wyaros mtkicebiT, X-is erTi nawili garkveuli saxiT dakavSirebulia
mis sxva nawilebTan, Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris.
3. wyaros mtkicebiT, yoveli X-is erT-erTi nawilia Y, Tumca, SesaZloa,
ase ar aris.
sakiTxis
ganviTarebasTan
an
istoriasTan
dakavSirebuli
sawinaaRmdego mosazreba. SegiZliaT, aCvenoT, rom sakiTxis sawyisebi da
ganviTareba arasworad aris warmodgenili wyaroSi.
smiti acxadebs, rom msoflios mosaxleobis zrda gagrZeldeba, Tumca,
ase ar moxdeba.
1. wyaros mtkicebiT, X icvleba, Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris.
2. wyaros mtkicebiT, X momdinareobs Y-dan, Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar
aris.
3. wyaros mtkicebiT, X ganviTardeba garkveuli saxiT, Tumca,
SesaZloa, ase ar aris.
gareSe
mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebis
Sesaxeb
gamoTqmuli
Tvalsazrisis uaryofa. SegiZliaT aCvenoT, rom wyaro mcdarad
ganixilavs mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs:

62

smiti acxadebs, rom SesaZlebelia arasrulwlovanTa damnaSaveebad

qcevis prevencia mozardTa gamosasworebeli dawesebulebebis daxmarebiT.
Tumca,
faqtebi
gviCvenebs,
rom
aseTi
dawesebulebebi
zrdis
arasrulwlovnebis damnaSaveebad Camoyalibebis albaTobas.
1. wyaros mtkicebiT, X iwvevs Y-s, Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris.
2. wyaros mtkicebiT, X iwvevs Y-s, Tumca, SesaZloa, orive maTgans iwvevs
Z.
3. wyaros mtkicebiT, X sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom gamoiwvios Y, Tumca,
SesaZloa, ase ar aris.
4. wyaros mtkicebiT, X mxolod Y-s iwvevs, Tumca, SesaZloa, is iwvevs
agreTve Z-sac.
gabatonebuli
Sexedulebis
sawinaaRmdego
poziciis
gamoxatva.
uaryofis umetesi nawili ar cvlis sakiTxis konceptualur struqturas,
Tumca, raime sakiTze standartuli Sexedulebis uaryofiT sxvebs axali
Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebisken ubiZgebT.
smiti varaudobs, rom reklamireba wminda ekonomikuri saqmianobaa, Tumca
reklamireba, agreTve, xelovnebis axali formebis laboratoriac aris.
1. wyaro ganixilavs Xs Y-is konteqstSi. Tumca, SesaZloa, axalma
konteqstma an Tvalsazrisma axali WeSmariteba gamoavlinos (axali an
Zveli konteqsti SeiZleba, iyos socialuri, politikuri, filosofiuri,
istoriuli, ekonomikuri, eTikuri, genderul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli
da a.S.)
2. wyaroSi X gaanalizebulia Y-is Teoriis/Rirebulebebis sistemis
gamoyenebiT. Tumca, SesaZloa, moaxerxoT X-is axleburad gaanalizeba da
danaxva.
rogorc aRvniSneT, ver SeZlebT wyaroebis ase gamoyenebas, vidre
sakuTari Sexedulebis Camosayalibeblad sakmarisi masala ar geqnebaT
wakiTxuli. Tumca, Tu kiTxvis dawyebisas msjelobis am gzebs
gaiTvaliswinebT, ufro swrafad da Sedegianad SeZlebT wyaroebze
koncentrirebas.
rasakvirvelia, mas Semdeg, rac mixvdebiT, rom SegiZliaT,
efeqturad daeTanxmoT an ar daeTanxmoT wyaros, unda dasvaT SekiTxva
`mere ra? risi momcemia imis Cveneba, rom smiti cdeboda, rodesac
amtkicebda, rom aSS-is Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawilis mosaxleoba
enTuziazmiT ar Sexvda alamos istorias, rom es sinamdvileSi piriqiT
moxda?

63

4.2 sistematurad gaakeTeT Canawerebi

iseve,
rogorc
proeqtis
sxva
etapebisTvis,
Canawerebis
sawarmoebladac umjobesia, gqondeT winaswar SemuSavebuli gegma.
Sarmani, skabrezoba, gv. 133.

istoria/ekonomika (genderuli sakiTxebi?)

debuleba: skabrezoba me-18 saukuneSi ekonomikuri problema gaxda

faqtebi: `jentlmenz magazin 1751 wlis ivliss (gverdi ar aris
miTiTebuli) iuwyeba: qals miusajes mZime Sroma aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi,
vinaidan ver SeZlo uSveri sityvebis gamoyenebisTvis dakisrebuli
jarimis, erTi Silingis gadaxda.
`... erTma xistma ekonomistma gamoTqva mosazreba, gaezardaT erovnuli
resursebi uSveri sityvebiT molaparake SeZlebuli klasis winaaRmdeg
kampaniis mowyobiT.
Cemi SekiTxvebi: mamakacebs iseve xSirad ajarimebdnen, rogorc qalebs?
aqtualuria dRes ekonomikasa da skabrezobas Soris kavSiri? uSveri
sityvebiT molaparake komikosebi ufro popularulebi arian? skabrezuli
sityvebis Semcveli filmebi ufro realisturia?
nax. 4.1. Canawerebis baraTis nimuSi

4.2.1 SeqmeniT Sabloni CanawerebisTvis

Canawerebi ufro sando iqneba, Tu maT iseTi sistemis mixedviT
gaakeTebT, romelic dagexmarebaT ara mxolod daufiqrdeT wyaroebis
Sinaarss,
aramed
gaaanalizoT
da
daalagoT
isini
gamosadeg
kategoriebad. zogierTi profesori dResac urCevs studentebs, gaakeTon
Canawerebi 3X5 baraTebze, rogorc es 4.1 naxatzea naCvenebi. aseTi baraTi
SeiZleba, Zvelmodurad mogeCvenoT, magram is
efeqtiani Canawerebis
warmoebis nimuSia da gamosadegia maSinac, roca Canawerebs kompiuterSi
akeTebT. (wyarodan amowerili TiToeuli zogadi Tvalsazrisi an
debuleba calke gverdze moaTavseT.) Sablonis Seqmnis gegma aseTia:
-

yoveli
axali
bibliografiuli
gverdis nomeri).

gverdis
zeda
monacemebisTvis

nawilSi
gamoyaviT
adgili
(avtori, mokle saxelwodeba,

64

zeda nawilSi gamoyaviT kidev erTi adgili sakvanZo sityvebisTvis

(ix. zeda marjvena mxare). mogvianebiT es sityvebi dagexmarebaT
Canawerebis sakiTxis mixedviT daxarisxebaSi (sakvanZo sityvebis
Sesaxeb damatebiT ix. 4.3.4).
sxvadasxva SeniSvnisTvis calke adgili gamoyaviT Sablonis
gverdze. SegiZliaT, es adgilebi daasaTauroT kidec (ix. naxati 4.1,
sadac gamoyofili da dasaTaurebulia adgilebi: debuleba,
monacemebi da Cemi SekiTxvebi).
gamoyaviT nawili, romelic daeTmoba Tqvens pasuxebs, Tanxmobas,
sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss, msjelobas da sxva Temebs. Sedegad,
ubralod, wakiTxulis Sinaarsis CaniSvnaze mets miiRebT.
rodesac wyarodan citata mogyavT, CawereT is gansxvavebuli feriT
an sxva zomisa da stilis SriftiT, raTa erTi SexedviT SeZloT
misi amocnoba. moaTavseT citatebi did brWyalebSi, rom mainc
SeZloT maTi swrafad SeniSvna, Tu failis formati daikarga,
rodesac nawyvetis perifrazs akeTebT (ix. 4.2.2), CawereT is
gansxvavebuli feriT an SriftiT, raTa ar agerioT sakuTar
ideebSi da CasviT mrgval frCxilebSi (gamogadgebaT, Tu failis
formati daikarga),

Tu pirdapir kompiuterSi ver akeTebT Canawerebs, gadaiReT Sablonis

aslebi.
4.2.2 icodeT, rodis unda gaakeToT reziume an perifrazi, an moiyvanoT
citata
teqstebis
sityva-sityviT
amowera
yvela
wyarodan,
romlis
gamoyenebac gsurT, usasrulod gagigrZeldebaT, amitom unda icodeT,
rodis sjobs citirebas reziume an perifrazi.
reziume gaakeTeT maSin, rodesac gWirdebaT nawyvetis, nawilis an,
Tundac, mTliani statiis an wignis mxolod zogadi azri. reziume
gamosadegia zogadi konteqstisTvis an Tqveni kvlevisTvis aqtualuri,
magram ara pirdapir dakavSirebuli faqtebisa da SexedulebebisTvis.
wyaros reziume arasodes gamodgeba karg mtkicebulebad (damatebiT
damamtkicebeli sabuTebis Sesaxeb ix. 5.4.2).
perifrazi gaakeTeT maSin, roca wyaroSi mocemuli azri SegiZliaT
ufro mkafiod an xazgasmiT warmoadginoT, vidre es wyaroSia mocemuli.
perifrazi ar niSnavs mxolod erTi-ori sityvis Secvlas. perifrazis
dros unda gamoiyenoT sakuTari sityvebi da frazebi, da SecvaloT
nawyvetSi arsebuli sityvebis da frazebis umetesoba (ix. 7.9.2). perifrazi
arasodes gamodgeba iseTive karg damamtkicebel sabuTad, rogoric zusti
citataa.
zusti citatebi gamoiyeneT Semdeg SemTxvevebSi:
- citirebuli sityvebi warmoadgens mtkicebulebas, romelic amyarebs
Tqvens varauds. Tu, magaliTad, gsurT, ganacxadoT, rom sxvadasxva
65

regionSi alamos brZolas gansxvavebuli gamoxmaureba hqonda,

moiyvaneT zusti citatebi sxvadasxva gazeTebidan. xolo maTi
perifrazi gaakeTeT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tqveni mizania zogadi
ganwyobis Cveneba.
sityvebi ekuTvnis avtoritetul wyaros, romelic emxroba Tqvens
Tvalsazriss.
citata saocrad originaluria.
citata gamoxatavs Tqvens ideebs ise sainteresod, rom Semdgomi
msjelobisTvis karg struqturas qmnis.
citata gamoxatavs Tvalsazriss, romelsac ar eTanxmebiT da,
obieqturobis mizniT, gsurT, is zustad warmoadginoT.

Tu Tavidanve ar CaiwerT mniSvnelovan sityvebs, mogvianebiT ver

moaxerxebT maT citirebas. amdenad, gadawereT nawyvetebi an gadaiReT
maTi aslebi, isini imaze xSirad dagWirdebaT, vidre ggoniaT (aslebis
gadaRebis Sesaxeb damatebiT ix. 4.3.1). arasodes SeamokloT citata im
imediT, rom mogvianebiT SeZlebT mis aRdgenas. Tu citatas arasworad
warmoadgenT, zians miayenebT Tqveni naSromis sandoobas. amdenad,
gadaamowmeT citata originalTan. Semdeg kidev erTxel SeamowmeT.
4.2.3 Tavidan airideT uneblie plagiati
Canawerebis daudevrad gakeTebis gamo araerTi studenti da specialisti
aRmoCenila savalalo mdgomareobaSi _ umniSvnelo sagnis gamo dacinvis
obieqtebi gamxdaran an uneblie plagiatis gamo samecniero wreebidan
gauricxavT. amgvari riskis Tavidan asacileblad, kargad daimaxsovreT
CanawerebSi informaciis CaniSvnis ori ZiriTadi wesi:
yovelTvis mkafiod gamoyaviT wyarodan moyvanili citatebi da
ideebi, raTa kvirebis an Tveebis Semdeg ar SegeSaloT da sakuTari
ar gegonoT. rogorc zemoT girCieT, brWyalebSi CasviT citatebi
da perifrazebi, agreTve, gamoiyeneT Srifti, romelic mkafiod
gamoarCevs maT Tqveni ideebisgan.
- arasodes gaakeToT teqstTan ise miaxloebuli perifrazi, rom
mkiTxvelma originalad CaTvalos (ix. 7.9.2).
amasTanave, nacvlad imisa, rom xeliT akrifoT is citatebi, romlebsac
ramdenime xazze meti adgili ukavia, CamotvirTeT maTi eleqtronuli
versia an gadaiReT maTi asli. CamotvirTuli an gadaRebuli gverdis
zeda nawilSi daamateT wyaros dasaxeleba da daxarisxebisTvis saWiro
sakvanZo sityva.
mniSvnelovania: arasodes ivaraudoT, rom SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT
internetSi moZiebuli masala wyaros miTiTebis gareSe, im SemTxvevaSic
ki, Tu is ufaso da sajarod xelmisawvdomia. araferi ganTavisuflebT
valdebulebisgan, miuTiToT nebismieri iseTi masalis wyaro, romelic

66

piradad ar SegiqmniaT (plagiatis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciisaTvis

ix. 7.9.)
4.3 gaakeTeT gamosadegi Canawerebi

mkiTxveli Seafasebs Tqvens naSroms ara mxolod wyaroebis xarisxisa da

maTi zustad miTiTebis mixedviT, aramed, agreTve, imiT, Tu ramdenad
efeqturad iyenebT wyaroebs. amisaTvis Canawerebi ise unda awarmooT, rom
ara mxolod asaxavdes wyaros, aramed gexmarebodeT kidec proeqtis ukeT
gaazrebaSi.
4.3.1 awarmoeT Canawerebi, raTa ukeT warmarToT msjelobis procesi
mraval gamoucdel mkvlevars miaCnia, rom Canawerebis gakeTeba mxolod
monacemebis Caweraa. wyaros moZiebis Semdeg isini CamotvirTaven masalas,
gadaiReben gverdebis aslebs, an zustad gadaweren wyarodan teqsts.
teqstis amowera da aslis gadaReba dagexmarebaT zust citirebasa da
perifrazirebaSi, Tumca, Tu mxolod amiT SemoifarglebiT, Tu wyaroebs
Rrmad ar gaaanalizebT, ubralod, daagrovebT uamrav usargeblo
monacems, romelsac naSromSi ver gamoiyenebT.
Tu mravali teqstis asls iRebT, gaukeTeT maT anotaciebi ise, rom
dagexmaroT maT kritikulad gaazrebaSi. Tavdapirvelad SearCieT is
winadadebebi, romlebic romelime TavSi an statiaSi gamoxatavs
mniSvnelovan elementebs (debulebas, ZiriTad varauds da a.S.). moniSneT
isini an mindorze gaukeTeT SeniSvna. Semdeg moniSneT ideebi an
informacia, romelTa CarTvasac apirebT naSromSi. (Tu iyenebT markers,
gamoiyeneT sxvadasxva feri gansxvavebuli elementebis gamosayofad.)
Semdeg, gadaRebuli gverdebis ukana mxares SeajameT, rac moniSneT
an CainiSneT maTze pasuxis monaxazi, an kideze gaakeTeT Canawerebi,
romlebic dagexmarebaT moniSnuli teqstis ganmartebaSi. rac ufro met
informacias CainiSnavT wyaros Sesaxeb Tavidanve, miT ukeT gaigebT da
gaixsenebT mas mogvianebiT.
4.3.2 gakeTeT sakvlevi SekiTxvisa da samuSao hipoTezisTvis aqtualuri
da saWiro Canawerebi
maqsimalurad gamosadegi Canawerebis
gasakeTeblad amowereT ara
mxolod faqtebi, romelTac, Tqveni azriT, damamtkicebel sabuTad
gamoiyenebT, aramed is monacemebic, romlebic dagexmarebaT ganmartoT es
faqtebi da maTi kavSiri Tqvens debulebasTan. SegiZliaT, SeqmnaT
Canawerebis Sabloni, rac gagaxsenebT, rom unda moiZioT gansxvavebuli
saxis monacemebi (ix. 4.2.1).
es sami elementi pirdapir kavSirSia Tqvens samuSao hipoTezasTan:
67

varaudi, romelic amyarebs Tqvens hipoTezas an mianiSnebs, rom

saWiroa axali hipoTeza;
damamtkicebeli sabuTi, romelic amyarebs Tqvens varauds;
Sexedulebebi, romlebic asustebs an, Tundac, ewinaaRmdegeba Tqvens
hipoTezas;

CanawerebSi mxolod damamtkicebel faqtebs nu CainiSnavT. Tqveni

hipoTezis damtkicebisas dagWirdebaT im monacemebis ganxilva, romlebic
asustebs an Tundac ewinaRmdegeba mas (ix. 5.4.3).
qvemoT warmodgenili elementebi SeiZleba, ar asabuTebdes an
ewinaaRmdegebodes Tqvens hipoTezas, magram SesaZloa, gamogadgeT misi
konteqstis ganmartebisTvis an, ubralod, naSromis ukeT gamarTvaSi:
- Tqveni SekiTxvis istoriuli foni: ras amboben avtoritetuli
pirebi
am
sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT,
gansakuTrebiT,
adreul
kvlevebSi (ix. 6.2.2 da 10.1.1);
- istoriuli an Tanamedrove konteqsti, romliTac aixsneba Tqveni
SekiTxvis mniSvnelovneba;
- mniSvnelovani ganmartebebi da analizis principebi;
- analogiebi, Sedarebebi da istoriebi, romlebic SeiZleba, pirdapir
ar amtkicebdes Tqvens hipoTezas, magram ganmartavdes an ukeT
warmoaCendes rTul sakiTxebs an, ubralod, ufro sainteresos
xdides Tqvens analizs;
- Tqvens TemasTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebulad originaluri
teqsti
4.3.3 CaiwereT saTanado konteqsti
isini,
vinc
Segnebulad
arasworad
gadmoscems
wyaroebidan
informacias, arakeTilsindisieria, magram keTilsindisierma mkvlevarmac
SeiZleba, dauSvas uneblie Secdoma, Tu sityvebs ubralod Caiwers da
yuradRebas ar miaqcevs maT mniSvnelobas an gamosadegobas. mkiTxveli
rom SecdomaSi ar SeiyvanoT, misdieT Semdeg saxelmZRvanelo principebs:
1. nu ivaraudebT, rom wyaro eTanxmeba mwerals, rodesac wyaroSi
Sejamebulia mwerlis msjelob. citatis saxiT moitaneT mxolod
is, rasac wyaro eTanxmeba da ara wyaroSi warmodgenili sxvaTa
Sexedulebebi, Tu, raRa Tqma unda, es ukanaskneli saWiro ar aris
Tqveni naSromisTvis.
2. CawereT, ratom eTanxmeba wyaro aRniSnul Sexedulebas, radgan
Tanxmobis mizezi SeiZleba, iseve mniSvnelovani iyos, rogorc
gansxvvebuli azrisa. ori fsiqologi SeiZleba Tanxmdebodes imaze,
rom mozardebSi alkoholizmi gamowveulia socialuri garemos
zegavleniT, Tumca, erTma SeiZleba, daimowmos ojaxuri garemo,
meorem ki _ Tanatolebis zegavlena.

68

3. CainiSneT citatis konteqsti. rodesac

daskvnas, miuTiTeT avtoris msjelobac:

CaiwerT

mniSvnelovan

arasworia: bartoli (gv. 123): omi gamoiwvia.... Z-ma.

sworia: bartoli: omi gamoiwvia Y-ma da Z-ma (gv. 123), magram yvelaze
mniSvnelovani iyo Z (gv. 123), ori mizeziT: pirveli, ....(gv. 124-26); meore,
...(gv. 126)
im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac mxolod daskvna gainteresebT, ufro zustad
gamoiyenebT mas, Tu CainiSnavT, rogor gamoitana avtorma es daskvna.
4. CainiSneT, ra CarCoebSia moqceuli da ramdenad mtkiced aris
warmodgenili TiToeuli debuleba. ar warmoaCinoT is ufro
Zlierad da vrclad, vidre es wyaroSia mocemuli. qvemoT
warmodgenil meore winadadebaSi pirvelis Sinaarsi saTanadod da
zustad ar aris gadmocemuli.
riskis aRqmis Sesaxeb Catarebuli erTi kvleva (uilsoni 1988) ambobs, rom
arsebobs urTerTkavSiri did fsonebze azartul TamaSebSi Cabmasa da
arasrul ojaxebs Soris.
uilsonis (1988) TqmiT, arasruli ojaxi iwvevs did fsonebze azartul
TamaSebSi Cabmas.
5. CaiwereT, rogor aris warmodgenili wyaroSi Tvalsazrisi.
aRniSneT, es mniSvnelovani varaudia, umniSvnelo sakiTxi, Sesworeba
Tu aRiareba da a.S. aseTi gansxvavebebis gakeTebiT SeZlebT Semdegi
saxis Secdomis Tavidan acilebas:
originali jounsis mier: is, rom erTi movlena meores Semdeg xdeba, ar
gvaZlevs safuZvels, davaskvnaT, rom pirveli meores iwvevs. arc
statistikur korelacias SeuZlia mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dadgena.
Tumca, visac Seuswavlia saTanado monacemebi, eWvi ar Seaqvs imaSi, rom
moweva filtvis kibos gamomwvevi faqtoria.
SecdomaSi Semyvani gadmocema: jounsi acxadebs, `is, rom erTi movlena
meoris Semdeg xdeba, ar gvaZlevs safuZvels, davaskvnaT, rom pirveli
meores iwvevs. arc statistikur korelacias SeuZlia mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSiris dadgena. amdenad, statistikuri monacemebi ar aris sarwmuno
maCvenebeli imis, rom moweva filtvis kibos iwvevs.

69

4.3.4 kategoriebad daajgufeT Tqveni Canawerebi daxarisxebis mizniT

dabolos, konceptualurad Sromatevadi amocana: Canawerebis warmoebisas
TiToeulis Sinaarsi moaqcieT ori an ramdenime gansxvavebuli sakvanZo
sityvis qveS, kategoriebSi (ix. naxati 4.1, baraTis zeda marjvena kuTxe).
Canawerebidan sityvebi meqanikurad ar gamoiyenoT: Canaweris kategoria
gansazRvreT imis mixedviT, rac masSi igulisxmeba. kategoria unda
moicavdes ufro vrcel Temas, vidre Canaweris specifikuri Sinaarsi.
SeqmeniT gamoyenebuli sakvanZo sityvebis sia da dakavSirebuli
CanawerebisTvis gamoiyeneT erTi da igive sakvanZo sityvebi. yoveli axali
CanawerisTvis axal sakvanZo sityvas nu SeqmniT.
es safexuri Zalian mniSvnelovania, vinaidan gibiZgebT, Canaweris
Sinaarsi erT an or sityvaSi daatioT. Tu Canawerebs kompiuterSi
akeTebT, sakvanZo sityvebi dagexmarebaT brZaneba ,,Zebnis gamoyenebiT
momentalurad daajgufoT dakavSirebuli Canawerebi. Tu erTze met
sakvanZo
sityvas
iyenebT,
SegiZliaT,
gadaajgufoT
Canawerebi
sxvadasxvanairad, raTa maT Soris axali kavSirebi aRmoaCinoT (es
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maSin, roca grZnobT, rom swrafad miiwevT
win; ix. 4.5.3).
4.4 wereT kiTxvis paralelurad

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT (da kvlavac gavimeorebT), wera fiqrisken

gibiZgebT. ase rom, nu daelodebiT azris gonebaSi daxvewas, rom is
furcelze gadaitanoT. gamocdilma mkvlevrebma ician, rom rac ufro
mets daweren, miT ufro male da ukeT Cawvdebian sakiTxs. sarwmuno
wyaroebis Tanaxmad, warmatebuli mkvlevrebis umetesobas yoveldRiurad
sawerad gansazRvruli dro aqvs gamoyofili TxuTmeti wuTidan erT
saaTze meti. maT SesaZloa, mxolod erTi abzaci daweron, sadac
warmodgenili iqneba mosazreba wyaroSi gamoTqmuli Sexedulebis
Sesaxeb, msjelobis Sefaseba an msjeloba axali varaudis Taobaze.
Tumca, mniSvnelovani is aris, rom isini raRacas weren ara naSromis Savi
naweris pirveli variantis Sesaqmnelad, aramed sakuTari azrebis
dasalageblad da, albaT, axali ideebis aRmosaCenad. Tu kvlevis miznebs
acdebiT xolme, gaikariT grafiki kompiuterTan.
Tu dawerT raimes, rac, Tqveni azriT, gamogadgebaT, daamateT is
`dafaze. am Canawers TiTqmis yovelTvis SeasworebT Savi naweris
saboloo variantSi Setanamde, an SeiZleba saerTodac ar gamoiyenoT.
Tumca, misi mxolod mcire nawilic rom gamoiyenoT, rac mets dawerT,
Tundac mxolod monaxazis saxiT, miT metad gagiadvildebaT Savi naweris
Seqmna. werisTvis momzadeba da Savi naweris Seqmna erTmaneTisgan
sruliad gansxvavebuli procesi ar aris, Tumca, sasurvelia, isini
gancalkevebul safexurebad ganixiloT.
70

Tu Temaze axlaxans daiwyeT muSaoba, weris adreul etapze,

ZiriTadad, SeiZleba, mxolod reziumeebi da perifrazebi akeToT.
rodesac Tqvens Canawerebs Tvals gadaavlebT, masSi maincdamainc bevr
Tqvens mosazrebas ver ipoviT da SeiZleba, gulic dagwydeT, rom
originaluri ideebi ar gaqvT. aman ar unda dagabrkoloT. swored
reziumesa da perifrazis gakeTebiT vamuSavebT axal monacemebs, axal da
rTul ideebs. es msjelobis axali gzebis aRmoCenaSic ki gvexmareba.
TiTqmis
nebismieri
adamianisTvis,
romelic
codnis
gaRrmavebas
eswrafvis, imis amowera, ris gagebasac cdilobs, standartuli da,
albaT, aucilebeli etapic kia.
4.5 SeafaseT Tqveni progresi

gamudmebiT gadaxedeT Canawerebs da `dafas, raTa naxoT, ra etapze xarT

da ra unda gaakeToT. Sevsebuli gverdebi faqtebiT gamyarebul
varaudebze mianiSnebs; carieli gverdebi mianiSnebs, rom win samuSao
gaqvT. SeamowmeT, isev vargisia Tu ara Tqveni samuSao hipoTeza, saR
msjelobazea is agebuli? am msjelobis gamamyarebeli kargi sabuTebi
gaqvT? SegiZliaT axali varaudis an damamtkicebeli monacemebis
damateba?
4.5.1 pasuxi moZebneT CanawerebSi
rogorc adre girCieT, unda gansazRvroT samuSao hipoTeza an is
SekiTxva mainc, romelsac kvlevis warmarTvisTvis gamoiyenebT. Tumca,
zogierTi avtori kvlevas iseTi bundovani SekiTxviT iwyebs, rom pasuxis
ZiebaSi is saerTod qreba. Tu aseT situaciaSi aRmoCndiT, moZebneT
Tqvens CanawerebSi ganzogadeba, romelic samuSao hipoTezad gamodgeba,
Semdeg ki sapirispirod moiqeciT da moZebneT SekiTxva, romelsac es
ganzogadeba pasuxobs.
pirvel rigSi, wyaroebSi eZieT SekiTxvebi, sawinaaRmdego azrebi,
Tavsatexebi, daukvirdiT, ra reaqcia gaqvT maTze (ix. 2.1.3 da 4.1).
TqvenTvis moulodneli ram SesaZloa, sxvebisTvisac siurprizi iyos.
CamoayalibeT, Tqveni aRmoCenebi:
megona, rom alamos pirveli miTiuri istoriebi warmoiqmna texasSi,
Tumca ase ar aRmoCnda. isini momdinareobs...
es winaswari hipoTeza gveubneba, rom alamos miTi Tavdapirvelad
erovnuli movlena iyo da ara regionuli mniSvnelobis mokrZalebuli,
Tumca, imedis momcemi dasawyisia.
Tu sakuTar CanawerebSi hipoTezas ver poulobT, moZebneT ideebi,
romlebmac SeiZleba, migiyvanoT hipoTezamde. Tu monacemebi bundovani
SekiTxvis garSemo SeagroveT, isini, albaT, savaraudo sakvanZo sityvebis
71

mixedviT daaxarisxeT. niRbebze rom gqonodaT monacemebi, kategoriebi

SesaZloa, yofiliyo maTi warmomavloba (afrikuli, indielTa, iaponuri...),
daniSnuleba (dramaturgia, religia, karnavali...), masala (oqro, bumbuli,
xe, ...), da a.S. magaliTad:
egviptelebi warCinebul pirTaTvis
niRbebi, xis masalisgan _ sxvebisTvis.

oqrosgan

damzadebuli

mumiis

actekebi oqros da nefritis niRbebi, Camarxuli mxolod warCinebulTa

saflavebSi.
axali gvineis tomebi iSviaTi frinvelis bumbulisgan damzadebuli
niRbebi gardacvlilTaTvis.
am faqtebiT SesaZlebelia Semdegnairi zogadi debulebis gamyareba: is
xalxebi, romelTa kulturaSic gavrcelebulia niRbebi, religiur
niRbebs yvelaze Zvirfasi masalisgan akeTeben. aseT niRbebs ufro
gardacvlilTaTvis amzadeben.
mas Semdeg, rac SeqmniT aseT or an sam Tvalsazriss, scadeT,
CamoayaliboT kidev ufro vrceli ganzogadeba, romelic SeiZleba, yvela
Tqvens Tvalsazriss moicavdes:
mravali kultura uzarmazar materialur da adamianur resurss axmars
iseTi niRbebis damzadebas, romlebic maT yvelaze saTuT faseulobebs
gamoxatavs. ganzogadeba egviptelebma, actekebma da okeaneTis xalxebma
religiuri niRbebi uiSviaTesi da uZvirfasesi masalebisgan Seqmnes.
okeaneTis
xalxebis
kulturebSi
niRbebis
damzadebaSi CarTulia
mamakacebis umetesoba. Tumca, egviptelebi da actekebi am saqmisTvis
gamoyofen yvelaze niWier mxatvrebsa da ostatebs.
Tu TvliT, rom zogierTi mkiTxveli SeiZleba, ar daeTanxmos am
ganzogadebas, SegiZliaT, is warmoadginoT iseT debulebad, romelic
mkiTxvelis mcdar warmodgenas Secvlis.
4.5.2 gamoigoneT SekiTxva
es rTuli nawilia da moiTxovs procesis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT
warmarTvas: Tqven ipoveT pasuxi SekiTxvaze, romelic ar dagisvamT.
amdenad,
msjeloba sapirispiro mimarTulebiT unda warmarToT, raTa
gansazRvroT SekiTxva, romelze pasuxic axali ganzogadeba iqneba.
zemoT moyvanili magaliTis SemTxvevaSi, es procesi ase gamoiyureba: `ra
niSnebi metyvelebs niRbebis mniSvnelobaze im sazogadoebebSi, sadac maT
amzadeben da iyeneben? rac ar unda paradoqsulad JRerdes, gamocdili
72

mkvlevrebi xSirad aRmoaCenen SekiTxvas mas Semdeg, rac pasuxs gascemen

mas, xolo problemas, romelic unda wamoeyenebinaT, aRmoaCenen mas
Semdeg, rac mas gadaWrian.
4.5.3 xelaxla daaxarisxeT Tqveni Canawerebi
Tu zemoaRniSnuli rCevebi SeasruleT, magram mainc araferi gamogividaT,
scadeT Canawerebis xelaxla daxarisxeba. rodesac CanawerebisTvis
pirvelad SearCieT sakvanZo sityvebi, gansazRvreT zogadi ideebi,
romelTa mixedviTac daaxarisxebdiT ara marto mtkicebulebebs, aramed
Tqvens azrebsac. Tu am ideebis amsaxveli sakvanZo sityvebi yuradRebiT
SearCieT, SegiZliaT, sxvadasxvanairad daajgufoT Canawerebi, rom masala
axal WrilSi dainaxoT. Tu geCvenebaT, rom sakvanZo sityvebi aRar aris
aqtualuri, gadaxedeT Canawerebs, rom axali sakvanZo sityvebi SeqmnaT.
Semdeg kvlav gadaaxarisxeT isini.
4.6 daZlieT procesisTvis Cveuli panikis Setevebi
axla ki droa, SevexoT problemas, romelsac wawydomia gamocdili
mkvlevaric ki da raRac momentSi Tqvenc SegexebaT. rodesac Tvals
gadaavlebT asobiT Canawers da sxvadasxva Tvalsazriss, gaurkvevloba
da SeSfoTeba dageuflebaT. mogeCvenebaT, rom amocana sul ufro
rTuldeba da ver axerxebT mis amoxsnas.
saqme imaSia, rom ar arsebobs aseTi situaciis Tavidan acilebis
garantirebuli gza. Tumca, damaimedebelia is, rom umetesi Cvengani
vardeba aseT mdgomareobaSi da, rogorc wesi, Tavs arTmevs mas. Tqvenc
daZlevT mas, Tu gaagrZelebT muSaobas, misdevT gegmas, amoxsniT mcire
da marTvad amocanebs, nacvlad imisa, rom mTlian proeqts erTbaSad
SeeWidoT. es kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom ujobesia droulad daiwyoT
proeqtze muSaoba, dayoT didi proeqti umcires nawilebad da dasaxoT
gonivruli gegmebi, magaliTad, gansazRvroT, ramdeni gverdi unda
daweroT yoveldRiurad.
mravali mwerali cdilobs, kvleviT miRebuli gamocdilebiT
gaimdidros codna. amisTvis awarmoeben Jurnals; esaa dRiuri, sadac
iniSnaven, ra gaakeTes da aRmoaCines, ra msjeloba da Tvalsazrisi
ganaviTares, ratom daasabuTes an ar daasabuTes debuleba. wera kargi
meTodia imisaTvis, rom ufro mkafiod gaaanalizoT wakiTxuli masala
da, amavdroulad, ukeT gaerkveT sakuTar azrebSi.

73

5. argumentis dagegmva
5.1 ra aris da ra ar aris kvlevis argumenti
5.2 aageT argumenti mkiTxvelis SekiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis garSemo
5.3 aqcieT samuSao hipoTeza debulebad
5.4 SekribeT argumentis elementebi
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4

CamoayalibeT da SeafaseT debuleba

gaamyareT debuleba varaudiT da mtkicebulebebiT
gaiTvaliswineT da upasuxeT mkiTxvelebis Tvalsazriss
daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudis Sesabamisoba

5.5
ganasxvaveT
faqtebze
dafuZnebuli argumentebisgan

dafuZnebuli

argumentebi

msjelobaze

5.6 argumentis Sekvra

adamianebis umetesobas weras kiTxva urCevnia. yovelTvis moiZebneba
kidev erTi wasakiTxi statia, morigi mosaZiebeli wyaro, damatebiT
Sesagrovebeli monacemebi. Tumca, kvlevis Catarebaze bevrad adre dgeba
momenti, rodesac unda daiwyoT fiqri naSromis Savi naweris pirvel
variantze. amisTvis, albaT, mzad iqnebiT maSin, rodesac Tqveni `dafa
Seivseba da misi sisrule dagakmayofilebT. gecodinebaT, rom mzad xarT
Savi naweris Sesaqmnelad, rodesac CaTvliT, rom SegiZliaT, gaakeToT
samuSao hipoTezis damasabuTebeli varaudis monaxazi (ix. 2.3). Tu Tqveni
`dafa gavsebulia, magram jer ver agebT sakmarisad Zlier varauds Savi
naweris dasagegmad, albaT, unda gadaxedoT hipoTezas, SesaZloa, Tqvens
SekiTxvasac ki. magram zustad ver gaigebT, ra etapze xarT, vidre ar
cdiT pirveli Savi naweris dagegmvas.
Tu naSromebis weraSi gamocdileba ar gaqvT, girCevT, Savi naweris
pirveli variantis dagegmva or safexurad ganaxorcieloT:
- daaxarisxeT Canawerebi kvlevis argumentis elementebad;
- daawyveT es elementebi logikuri TanmimdevrobiT;
am TavSi agixsniT, rogor unda aawyoT argumenti; momdevno TavSi
ganvixilavT, rogor unda CamoayaliboT is. gamocdilebis miRebasTan
erTad, iswavliT am ori safexuris erT safexurSi gaerTianebas.

74

5.1 ra aris da ra ar aris kvlevis argumenti

sityva argumenti dResdReobiT cud asociacias iwvevs, nawilobriv imis
gamo, rom radiosa da televiziebSi isini aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sadavo
situaciebSi. Tumca, kvleviT naSromSi argumentis daniSnuleba ar aris
oponentis daSineba, gaCumeba an damorCileba. realurad, kvleviTi
naSromis SemTxvevaSi, `oponenti TiTqmis saerTod ar arsebobs.
nebismieri kargi argumentis msgavsad, kvlevis argumenti hgavs gulRia
saubars, romlis drosac Tqven da warmosaxviTi mkiTxveli msjelobT,
raTa gadaWraT problema, romlis gadaWris gzac mkiTxvelisTvis, jerjerobiT, misaRebi ar aris. es ar niSnavs, rom mkiTxveli ewinaaRmdegeba
Tqvens debulebas (Tumca, SesaZloa, asec iyos). es mxolod imas niSnavs,
rom is ar aRiarebs debulebas, vidre ar ixilavs karg, sando
mtkicebulebbeze dafuZnebul varaudebs, vidre ar upasuxebT mis
gonivrul SekiTxvebsa da sawinaaRmdego azrs.
pirispir saubrisas saerTo argumentis Seqmna (da ara qona)
martivia: Tqven ganacxadebT sakuTar varauds da mis mtkicebulebebs ara
ise, rogorc amas leqtori gaakeTebda mdumare auditoriis winaSe, aramed
ise,
TiTqos, TqvenTan erTad magidis garSemo msxdom megobrebs
esaubrebodeT: maT warudgenT debulebas da ramdenime varauds, ris gamoc
megobrebma unda irwmunon am debulebis marTebuloba; msmenelebi arkveven
detalebs, gamoTqvamen sawinaaRmdego azrs an warmoadgenen sakuTar
Tvalsazriss; Tqven maT pasuxobT, albaT, usvamT SekiTxvebsac; isinic
kvlav gisvamen SekiTxvebs. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, esaa megobruli, magram
gaazrebuli ormxrivi urTierToba, romlis drosac ualibdeba da
gamoicdeba saukeTeso Tvalsazrisi, romlis Seqmnac erToblivad
SegiZliaT.
weris dros aseTi TanamSromloba ufro rTulia, vinaidan, rogorc
wesi, Tqven damoukideblad werT (Tu ar werT gundurad; ix. 2.4) da,
amdenad, ara mxolod unda upasuxoT warmosaxviTi mkiTxvelis SekiTxvebs,
aramed, agreTve, mis magivradac dasvaT SekiTxvebi ise xSirad da
mwvaved, rogorc mkiTxvelebi dasvamdnen. Tumca, Tqveni mizani ar aris
mxolod gonivruli ritorikuli strategiebis mofiqreba, romlebic
daarwmunebs mkiTxvels, daeTanxmos Tqvens debulebas imis miuxedavad, Tu
ramdenad kargia is. Tqveni mizania debulebis, gansakuTrebiT, misi
gamamyarebeli varaudis gamocda, raTa, rodesac naSroms mkiTxvels
warudgenT, mas saukeTeso Tvalsazrisi SesTavazoT. karg kvleviT
naSromSi mkiTxvelma unda SeZlos am warmosaxviTi saubris niSnis
danaxva.
rogorc aRvniSneT, faqtebze dafuZnebuli logikuri msjeloba ar
warmoadgens gonivruli daskvnis gamotanis erTaderT gzas; zogjer is
arc aris saukeTeso gza. karg gadawyvetilebebs xSirad viRebT
intuiciaze, grZnobebze an Sinagan gamWriaxobaze dayrdnobiT. Tumca,
75

rodesac vcdilobT avxsnaT, ratom migvaCnia Cveni Tvalsazrisi

marTebulad da ratom unda irwmunon es sxvebmac, ver vaxerxebT,
warmovaCinoT, rogor Camogviyalibda aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi, vinidan
ver moviyvanT mtkicebulebad intuicias an grZnobebs, rom mkiTxvelma
maTi Sefaseba SeZlos. Cven mxolod SegviZlia, movuTxroT mkiTxvels
intuiciis an ganwyobis Sesaxeb da vTxovoT, irwmunos Cveni Sexeduleba.
es aris Txovna, romelsac sazriani mkiTxveli iSviaTad asrulebs.
Tumca, kvlevis argumentis Seqmnisas unda warmoadginoT Tqveni
varaudebi da mtkicebulebebi ise, rom mkiTxvelma SeZlos maTi
gaTvaliswineba; Semdeg unda warmoidginoT mkiTxvelis SekiTxvebi da
Tqveni pasuxebi. es ufro rTuli Cans, vidre sinamdvileSia.

5.2 aageT argumenti mkiTxvelis SekiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis garSemo

martivia, warmoidginoT, ra saxis saubari
mkiTxvelTan, vinaidan amas yoveldRe akeTebT:

unda

gamarToT

a: gavige, rom gasul semestrSi sirTuleebs waawydi. rogor fiqrob,

rogor Caivlis es semestri? [a wamoWris problemas SekiTxvis formiT.]
b: vimedovneb, rom ukeTesad. [b pasuxobs SekiTxvas.]
a: ratom fiqrob ase? [a sTxovs, warmoadginos varaudi, raTa daijeros bs pasuxi.]
b: me gavdivar kursebs mTavar saganSi. [b warmoadgens varauds.]
a: ra kursebs? [a sTxovs b-s, warmoadginos mtkicebulebebi
gasamyareblad.]
b: xelovnebis istoria, Sesavali kursi dizainSi.
mtkicebulebebs sakuTari varaudis gasamyareblad.]

[b

varaudis

warmoadgens

a: ra icvleba imiT, rom gadixar kursebs mTavar saganSi? [a ver xedavs bs mier warmodgenili varaudis kavSirs mis SexedulebasTan, rom ukeTesi
Sedegebi eqneba]
b: rodesac gavdivar kursebs, romlebic mainteresebs, ufro bejiTad
vmecadineob. [b warmoadgens zogad princips, romelic exeba mis varauds
im SexedulebasTan dakavSirebiT, rom ukeTesi Sedegebi eqneba.]
a:
ras
ityvi
maTematikis
kursze,
romelic
ewinaaRmdegeba b-s mier warmodgenil varauds.]

savaldebuloa?

[a

76

b: bolos, rodesac maTematikaSi momzadeba daviwye, Tavis danebeba

momixda. Tumca, kargi kerZo maswavlebeli movnaxe. [b aRiarebs a-s mier
gamoTqmul sawinaaRmdego azrs da pasuxobs mas.]
Tu SegiZliaT, sakuTari Tavi warmoidginoT a-s an b-s rolSi, axals
verafers ipoviT kvlevis moxsenebis argumentSi, vinaidan Tqven qmniT mas
igive xuTi saxis SekiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemiT:
-

ra aris Tqveni debuleba?

ra varaudi amyarebs mas?
ra mtkicebulebebi amyarebs am varaudebs?
rogor pasuxobT sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss da alternatiul
Sexedulebebs?
- rogor Seesabameba Tqveni varaudebi debulebas?
Tu am xuT SekiTxvas dasvamT da pasuxs gascemT, ver iqnebiT
darwmunebuli, rom mkiTxveli daeTanxmeba Tqvens Tvalsazriss. Tumca,
ufro gazrdiT albaTobas, rom mkiTxveli Tqvens debulebas da Tavad
Tqven seriozulad aRgiqvamT.
5.3 aqcieT samuSao hipoTeza debulebad

Cven aRvwereT, rom kvlevis adreuli etapebi moicavs SekiTxvis

gansazRvras da winaswari pasuxis warmodgenas. aRniSnul pasuxs samuSao
hipoTeza
vuwodeT.
axla,
rodesac
ganvixilavT
am
hipoTezis
gamamyarebeli argumentis Seqmnas, bolojer vcvliT terminologias.
rodesac fiqrobT, rom SegiZliaT, daweroT moxseneba, romelic amyarebs
hipoTezas kargi debulebebiT da damamtkicebeli sabuTiT, am hipoTezas
warmoadgenT, rogorc argumentis debulebas. debuleba aris Tqveni
argumentis birTvi, Tqveni moxsenebis dedaarsi (zogierTi pedagogi mas
Tezas uwodebs).
5.4 SekribeT argumentis elementebi
argumentis birTvi Sedgeba sami elementisgan: debuleba, mis
misaRebad saWiro varaudebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic amyarebs am
varauds. am birTvs amatebT erT, SesaZloa, or elements: erTi pasuxobs
SekiTxvebze,
sawinaaRmdego
Tvalsazrisze
da
alternatiul
Tvalsazrisze; meore pasuxobs maT, visac ar esmis, rogor Seesabameba
Tqveni varaudi debulebas.

77

5.4.1 CamoayalibeT da SeafaseT debuleba

daiwyeT `dafis (an monaxazis) axali pirveli gverdi. ZirSi
dawereT debuleba erTi an ori winadadebiT. CamoayalibeT is
maqsimalurad konkretulad, vinaidan am debulebaSi gamoyenebuli
sityvebi dagexmarebaT Savi naweris dagegmvasa da SeqmnaSi. moerideT
bundovan,
mniSvnelovnebis
ganmsazRvrel
sityvebs,
rogoricaa
mniSvnelovani, saintereso, sayuradRebo, da a.S.
SeadareT:

niRbebs mniSvnelovani daniSnuleba aqvs mraval religiur ritualSi.

kolumbis
periodamdeli
amerikis,
agreTve,
afrikisa
da
aziis
kulturebSi niRbebi iZleoda religiur dResaswaulebze RvTaebebis
gacocxlebis SesaZleblobas, raTa Tayvanismcemlebs SeqmnodaT maTTan
uSualo Sexebis gancda.
axla SeafaseT Tqveni debulebis mniSvneloba (kvlav SekiTxva ,,mere
ra?). mniSvnelovani debuleba mkiTxvels ar afiqrebinebs _ ,,me es vici,
aramed ,,marTla? ra sainteresoa. ratom migaCnia ase? (gadaxedeT 2.1.4.)
es momdevno ori debuleba Zalian trivialuria imisaTvis, rom Rirdes
moxsenebis mosamzadeblad maT Sesaxeb damatebiTi wyaroebis kiTxva da
miT umetes, raimes dawera:

am moxsenebaSi ganxilulia xalxuri legendebis, magaliTad, alamos

brZolis istoriis, swavleba dawyebiTi skolis moswavleebisTvis. [mere
ra, Tu asea?]
dawyebiT ganaTlebaSi, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba Cveni qveynis istoriis
swavleba iseTi xalxuri legendebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa alamos
brZola. [mere ra, Tu asea?]
ra Tqma unda, is, Tu ras CaTvlis Tqveni mkiTxveli sainteresod,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra codna aqvs mas. Tu kvleviTi karieris
adreul etapze imyofebiT, amis winaswar gaTvlas ver SeZlebT. Tu
muSaobT erT-erT pirvel kvleviT proeqtze, dauSviT, rom yvelaze
mniSvnelovani mkiTxveli Tavad xarT. Tumca, Tu fiqrobT, rom Tqvenive
debuleba bundovani an umniSvneloa, ese igi ar xarT mzad misi
dasasabuTebeli argumentis Sesakrebad, radgan ar gaqvT am argumentis
Sesaqmnelad saWiro varaudi.

78

5.4.2 gaamyareT debuleba varaudiT da faqtebiT

SesaZloa, cxadia, rom unda daasabuToT debuleba varaudiTa da
faqtebiT. Tumca, es ori sityva iolad SeiZleba, agerioT erTmaneTSi,
vinaidan maT xSirad viyenebT erTi da imave ramis gamosaxatad:
ra varaudebze afuZnebT Tqvens debulebas?
ra faqtebze afuZnebT Tqvens debulebas?
Tumca, maT sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvT:
-

Cven vayalibebT logikur varaudebs, Tumca, vagrovebT Zlier

faqtebs; ar vagrovebT mtkice varaudebs da vigonebT logikur
damamtkicebel
faqtebs.
vafuZnebT
varaudebs
damamtkicebel
faqtebze; Cven ar vafuZnebT faqtebs varaudebze.

varaudi aris abstraqtuli da ar unda daimowmoT misi wyaro (Tu

ase apirebdiT). faqti, rogorc wesi, Tqveni mogonili an
mofiqrebuli ar aris; amdenad, yovelTvis unda miuTiToT wyaro, im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu is sakuTari dakvirvebis an eqsperimentis
Sedegad moipoveT; Semdeg unda aCvenoT, ra gaakeTeT mis sapovnelad.

varaudi unda myardebodes faqtebiT; faqtebs ar unda sWirdebodes

sxva saxiT gamyareba sando wyaros miTiTebis garda.

problema is aris, rom rac utyuar faqtad da, Sesabamisad, mtkice

sabuTad migaCniaT, SesaZloa, mkiTxvelisTvis ar iyos utyuari faqti da
mtkice sabuTi. magaliTad, davuSvaT, mkvlevari warmoadgens Semdeg
debulebas da varauds:
alamos istoriebi asaxavda Rirebulebebs, romlebic ukve arsebobda
amerikul xasiaTSi. debuleba . istoria TiTqmis maSinve gadaiqca legendad
amerikelTa sagmiro Tavganwirvis Sesaxeb. varaudi
am varaudis gasamyarebld, is gvTavazobs `mtkice faqtebs:
brZolidan mokle xanSi, mravalma gazeTma gamoiyena istoria, raTa
warmoeCina Cveni gmiruli nacionaluri xasiaTi. damamtkicebeli faqti.
Tu mkiTxveli aRiarebs am debulebas, rogorc faqts, man SesaZloa,
aRiaros is, rogorc damamtkicebeli sabuTi. Tumca, skeptikurad
ganwyobili
mkiTxveli,
iseTi,
rogorsac
unda
moelodeT
(unda
imedovnebdeT kidec, rom aseTi SegxvdebaT), savaraudod, dasvams
79

SekiTxvebs: ras niSnavs male? ramdenia bevri? romeli naSromebi? axal

ambebSi Tu saredaqcio statiebSi? konkretulad ra iyo naTqvami?
ramdenma gazeTma ar dawera amis Sesaxeb?
ra Tqma unda, mkiTxvelma SesaZloa, mxolod varaudis safuZvelze
aRiaros mtkiceba, Tu es varaudi TavisTavad cxadia an momdinareobs
sando wyarodan:
Cven yvelani Tanasworebi varT varaudi , amdenad, aravis aqvs bunebrivi
ufleba, gvmarTos. debuleba
faqtobrivad, Sesavali kursebis pedagogebi xSirad aRiareben
varaudebs, romlebic gamyarebulia mxolod sando wyaroebis saSualebiT:
uilsoni ambobs X-s religiuri niRbebis Sesaxeb, iangi ambobs Y-, Smidti
Z-. Tumca, samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad Seqmnili naSromisgan
mkiTxveli mets moelis. mkiTxvels sWirdeba faqti, romelic mopovebulia
ara meoradi wyarodan, aramed pirvelwyarodan an sakuTari dakvirvebis
Sedegad.
gadaxedeT Tqvens `dafas: SegiZliaT, gaamyaroT TiToeuli varaudi
iseTiT, romelsac Tqveni mkiTxveli CaTvlis swori saxis, raodenobis da
xarisxis
mtkicebulebad
da,
romelic
Seesabameba
mis
sferos?
SesaZlebelia, mkiTxvelma ifiqros, rom Tqveni mtkicebuleba met
dasabuTebas moiTxovs? an ukeTesi wyaroa saWiro? Tu asea, unda moiZioT
meti monacemi an aRiaroT arsebuli monacemebis zRvrebi.
argumentis birTvia debuleba, varaudebi da faqtebi;
Tumca,
arguments sWirdeba sul mcire kidev erTi elementi, SesaZloa, oric.
5.4.3 gaiTvaliswineT da upasuxeT mkiTxvelebis Tvalsazriss
SesaZloa, gindodeT, rom ase ar iyos, magram Tqveni saukeTeso
mkiTxveli yvelaze kritikuli mkiTxvelia; is waikiTxavs miukerZoeblad,
Tumca, TavisTavad ar daeTanxmeba yvelafers, rasac werT. mkiTxveli
moifiqrebs
SekiTxvebs,
wamoWris
sawinaaRmdego
Tvalsazriss
da
alternatiul
variantebs.
saubris
dros
SegiZliaT,
SekiTxvebs
dasmisTanave gasceT pasuxi. weris SemTxvevaSi ki ara mxolod pasuxi
unda gasceT maT, aramed Tavad unda dasvaT isini. Tu ase ar gaakeTeT,
Seiqmneba STabeWdileba, rom ar iciT an, kidev ufro uaresi, ar
gainteresebT mkiTxvelis Tvalsazrisi.
mkiTxvelebi wamoWrian ori saxis SekiTxvas; scadeT, warmoidginoT da
pasuxi gasceT orive maTgans.
1. pirveli saxis SekiTxva mimarTulia argumentSi arsebul problemaze,
Cveulebriv, mis faqtze. warmoidgineT, rom mkiTxveli gamoTqvams

80

romelime saxis kritikul SeniSvnas, Semdeg sapasuxod qmnis miniarguments:

- Tqveni mtkicebuleba momdinareobs arasarwmuno an moZvelebuli
wyarodan.
- is ar aris zusti.
- ar aris sakmarisi.
- saTanadod ar warmoadgens yvela arsebul faqts.
- es mcdari saxis mtkicebulebaa Cveni sferosTvis.
- ar aris marTebuli, vinaidan ar iTvleba mtkicebulebad.
Semdeg warmoidgineT Tqveni varaudebisa da pasuxebis Semdegi saxis
sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisi da is, Tu rogor gascemdiT maT pasuxs:
- Tqveni varaudebi araTanmimdevruli an winaaRmdegobrivia.
- isini Zalian sustia an Zalian cotaa, raTa daasabuTos Tqveni
debuleba.
- isini ar Seesabameba Tqvens debulebas (Cven am sakiTxs ganvixilavT
5.4.4-Si).
2. meore saxis SekiTxviT problemebi argumentis gareT wamoiWreba. isini,
vinc sxvagvarad uyurebs samyaros, savaraudod, pirobebs sxvanairad
gansazRvravs, sxvagvarad msjelobs, iseT faqtsac ki SemogvTavazebs,
romelic Tqven Seusabamod migaCniaT. Tu Tqveni da Tqveni mkiTxvelebis
msoflmxedveloba ar emTxveva, es unda aRiaroT da am sakiTxebzec unda
imsjeloT. nu moepyrobiT gansxvavebul Tvalsazriss rogorc, ubralod,
sawinaaRmdego azrs. Tu imis mtkicebas daiwyebT, rom Tqveni Tvalsazrisi
sworia, maTi ki mcdari, mkiTxvels dakargavT. amis nacvlad, aRiareT
gansxvavebebi, Semdgom SeadareT isini, raTa mkiTxvelma SeZlos, gaigos
Tqveni argumenti ise, rogorc is warmodgenilia. maT SeiZleba, mainc ar
gaiziaron Tqveni Sexeduleba, magram uCvenebT, rom gesmiT da pativs
scemT maT Tvalsazriss; Sedegad ufro savaraudoa, rom mkiTxveli
Seecdeba, gaigos da moiwonos Tqveni Sexeduleba.
Tu damwyebi mkvlevari xarT, gagiWirdebaT am SekiTxvebis
warmodgena, vinaidan SesaZloa, ar icodeT, rogor gansxvavdeba
mkiTxvelis Tvalsazrisi Tqveni Sexedulebebisgan. miuxedavad amisa,
scadeT, moifiqroT ramdenime SesaZlo SekiTxva da sawinaaRmdego azri;
mniSvnelovania sakuTari TavisTvis Semdegi SekiTxvis dasma: ris gamo
SeiZleba, eWvqveS daayenon Cemi debuleba? Tumca, Tu sadiplomo an
sadisertacio naSroms werT, unda icodeT sakiTxebi, romlebsac,
savaraudod, wamoWrian Tqveni sferos warmomadgenlebi. amdenad, rac ar
unda
gamocdili
iyoT,
ivarjiSeT
sawinaaRmdego
Tvalsazrisis
warmodgenasa da masze pasuxis gacemaSi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu amas
mxolod meqanikuradac ki gaakeTebT, gamoimuSavebT azrovnebis yaidas,
romelic daimsaxurebs mkiTxvelis mowonebas da romlis wyalobiTac
SeiZleba, Tavidan airidoT saeWvo daskvnebis naCqarevad gamotana.

81

daamateT Tvalsazrisebi
mkiTxveli maT wamoWris.

da

pasuxebi

`dafaze,

Tu

fiqrobT,

rom

5.4.4 daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudis Sesabamisoba Tqvens debulebasTan

gamocdili mkvlevrebisTvisac ki rTulia argumentis am bolo elementis
gageba, ufro rTuli _ gamoyeneba da kidev ufro rTuli _ axsna. es aris
ganmartebiTi msjeloba. arguments ganmartebiT msjelobas umatebT maSin,
rodesac fiqrobT, rom mkiTxvelma SeiZleba, uaryos Tqveni debuleba ara
imis gamo, rom misi gamamyarebeli varaudi faqtobrivad mcdaria an
efuZneba arasakmaris faqtebs, aramed imitom, rom is Seusabamoa da
amdenad, arc ki iTvleba varaudad.
magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom mkvlevari wers:

alamos istoriebi swrafad gavrcelda, debuleba vinaidan 1836 wels es

qveyana jer kidev ar iyo Tavdajerebuli moTamaSe msoflio arenaze.
varaudi

warmoidgineT, TiTqos is eWvobs, rom mkiTxveli, savaraudod,

sawinaaRmdego azrisa iqneba: marTalia, rom alamos istoriebi swrafad

gavrcelda da 1836 wels es qveyana ar iyo Tavdajerebuli moTamaSe

msoflio arenaze. magram ver vxedav, ra kavSiri aqvs Tavdajerebulobas
istoriis swrafad gavrcelebasTan. avtori amaze pasuxs ver gascems
mxolod im damatebiTi faqtebis warmodgeniT, rom misi qveyana ar iyo
Tavdajerebuli
moTamaSe
msoflio
arenaze
an
rom
istoriebi,
sinamdvileSi, swrafad gavrcelda: mkiTxveli maT eTanxmeba, rogorc
namdvils. amis nacvlad, mkvlevarma unda axsnas aRniSnuli varaudis
Sesabamisoba ratom amyarebs maTi sinamdvile debulebis marTebulobas.
amisTvis mas sWirdeba ganmartebiTi msjeloba. ganmartebiTi
msjeloba Zalian rTuli gasagebia. Tumca, yvela, vinc wers kvleviT
arguments, unda Cawvdes maT princips Semdegi mizezis gamo: mkiTxveli
xSirad ar eTanxmeba warmodgenil Sexedulebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom
SeiZleba, sjerodes mkvlevris varaudisa an moyvanili damamtkicebeli
sabuTis suzustisa. is ar eTanxmeba debulebas, radgan varaudi an faqti
ar Seesabameba debulebas.
rogor gamoiyeneba ganmatebiTi msjeloba araoficialur saubarSi.
vTqvaT, axalSeZenil megobars Soreuli qveynidan eubnebiT Semdeg mcire
arguments:

minus xuTi gradusia, varaudi amdenad, qudi unda daixuroT. debuleba

82

zogierTi CvenganisTvis, varaudi ise naTlad amyarebs debulebas, rom

saWiro ar aris misi Sesabamisobis ganmarteba. Tumca, Tu, davuSvaT,
Tqveni megobari svams am ucnaur SekiTxvas:

mere ra, Tu 5 gradusi yinvaa? ratom unda davixuro qudi?

es SekiTxva eWvqveS ayenebs ara am varaudis (rom 5 gradusi yinvaa)
WeSmaritebas, aramed mis Sesabamisobas debulebasTan (rom qudi unda
daixuro). SeiZleba, ucnaurad mogeCvenoT am SekiTxvis dasma, Tumca,
zogadi principiT SeZlebT, pasuxi gasceT mas:

roca sicivea, adamianebma Tbilad unda Caicvan.

es winadadeba aris ganmartebiTi msjeloba. masSi warmodgenilia zogadi
principi, romelic Cveni gamocdilebidan momdinareobs: gvaqvs imis Tqmis
safuZveli, rom garkveul zogad pirobebs (sicivea), Cveulebriv,
garkveuli zogadi Sedegi (adamianebma Tbilad unda Caicvan) mosdevs.
vfiqrobT, rom zogadi ganmartebiTi msjeloba warmodgenili konkretuli
varaudis safuZvelze (rom 5 gradusi yinvaa) asabuTebs konkretul
debulebas (rom Cvenma megobrma unda daixuros qudi), vinaidan
vmsjelobT aseTi logikiT: Tu zogadi piroba da misi Sedegi marTalia,
maSin maTi konkretuli SemTxvevebic namdvili unda iyos.
ufro detalurad, es asea (gafrTxileba: qvemoT warmodgenili SeiZleba,
mogeCvenoT logikis morig gakveTilad):
-

ganmarTebiTi msjeloba: zogadi piroba aris is, rom sicivea.

Cveulebriv, amiT mivdivarT zogad Sedegamde: adamianebma Tbilad
unda Caicvan. Cven vacxadebT amas, rogorc namdvil da zogad
princips, roca sicivea, adamianebma Tbilad unda Caicvan.
konkretuli mizezi, minus 5 gradusi, aris namdvili garemoeba
zogadi pirobisa _ sicivea.
konkretul debulebas _ qudi unda daixuroT, aqvs zogadi Sedegis
namdvili garemoeba adamianebma unda Caicvan Tbilad.
imis gamo, rom ganmartebiT msjelobaSi warmodgenili zogadi
principi marTalia da varaudi da debuleba misi namdvili
garemoebebia, Cven SegviZlia, vamtkicoT, rom debuleba ,,qudi unda
daixuro namdvili da marTebulia.

Tumca, axla davuSvaT, rom eqvsi Tvis Semdeg estumreT megobars da

is geubnebaT, rom:
dRes 80 gradusze maRali temperaturaa, varaudi amdenad, Caicvi
grZelsaxeloebiani perangi. debuleba

83

aman SeiZleba, dagabnioT: rogor SeiZleba, varaudi (rom 80

gradusze maRali temperaturaa) Seesabamebodes debulebas (Caicvi
grZelsaxeloebiani perangi)? SegeZloT, warmogedginaT es zogadi
principi rogorc ganmartebiTi msjeloba

roca Tbili saRamoa, adamianebma Tbilad unda Caicvan.

Tumca, es ar Seesabameba simarTles da Tu fiqrobT, rom ganmartebiTi
msjeloba ar aris swori, ar aRiarebT, rom varaudi amyarebs debulebas,
vinaidan is Seusabamoa.
Tumca, vTqvaT, Tqveni megobari dasZens Semdegs:

am adgilebSi, roca Tbili saRamoa, unda daicvaT mklavebi mwerebis

kbenisgan.
axla argumenti, SesaZloa, gasagebia, Tumca, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
am yvelafris gjeraT:
-

ganmartebiTi msjeloba aris swori (roca Tbili saRamoa, unda

daicvaT mklavebi mwerebisgan).
varaudi aris swori (am saRamos temperatura 80 gradusze maRalia)
varaudi warmoadgens zogadi pirobis namdvil garemoebas (80
gradusi namdvilad aris siTbos piroba).
debuleba
aris
zogadi
Sedegis
namdvili
garemoeba
(grZelsaxeloebiani perangis tareba namdvili garemoebaa mwerebis
kbenisgan Tavis dasacavad).
ar vrceldeba aranairi ganucxadebeli SezRudvebi an gamonaklisebi
(wina saRamos uecrad aciebam ar daxoca yvela mweri, adamiani ver
gamoiyenebs mwerebisgan damcav saSualebas da a.S.).

Tu am yovelivesi gjerT, unda irwmunoT argumenti, rom rodesac 80

gradusia RamiT, mizanSewonilia grZelsaxeloebiani peragis Cacma, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, im konkretul dros da adgilas.
yvelam viciT uamravi aseTi principi da yoveldRiurad sul ufro
mets vswavlobT. ase rom ar iyos, ver gavuZRvebodiT yoveldRiur
cxovrebas. faqtobrivad, ganmartebiTi msjelobis formiT gamovxatavT
xalxur sibrZnes, Tumca, maT andazebs vuwodebT: RamiT yvela kata
nacrisferiao; Tvali Tvals rom daSordeba, gulic gadasxvaferdebao.
rogor gamoiyeneba ganmartebiTi msjeloba samecniero argumentSi.
qvemoT moyvanilia SedarebiT samecniero magaliTi, Tumca mtkiceba aqac
igivenairad gamoiyeneba:

84

mecxramete saukunis dasawyisis amerikaSi enciklopediebi bevrs ar unda

hqonoda kerZo mflobelobaSi, debuleba vinaidan anderZebSi isini
iSviaTad aris naxsenebi. varaudi
davuSvaT, varaudi aris marTali: uamravi damamtkicebeli faqtia, rom
enciklopediebi marTlac iSviaTad iyo aRniSnuli mecxramete saukunis
dasawyisis periodis anderZebSi. amis miuxedavad, mkiTxvels SesaZloa,
gauCndes kiTxva, ratom Seesabameba es varaudi debulebas: SeiZleba,

marTali xarT da aseTi anderZebis udides nawilSi ar aris

moxseniebuli enciklopediebi, magram mere ra? ar mesmis, ratom
Seesabameba es Tqvens debulebas, rom enciklopedia mcire raodenobiT
iyo kerZo mflobelobaSi. Tu avtori moelis am SekiTxvas, man unda
warmoadginos ganmartebiTi msjeloba, zogadi
aCvenebs, rogor Seesabameba varaudi debulebas.

principi,

romelic

es ganmartebiTi msjeloba SeiZleba, ase Camoyalibdes:

Tu faseuli nivTi ar iyo miTiTebuli mecxramete saukunis dasawyisis
periodis anderZebSi, is, Cveulebriv, ar iyo moZravi qonebis nawili
ganmartebiTi msjeloba. im periodis anderZebSi iSviaTad aris aRniSnuli
enciklopediebi, varaudi amdenad, cota adamiani flobda enciklopedias.
debuleba

CvenTvis debuleba misaRebi iqneboda mxolod da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu davijerebdiT Semdegs:
- ganmartebiTi msjeloba marTalia.
- varaudi aris rogorc marTali, ise ganmartebiTi msjelobis zogadi
pirobis (enciklopediebi miiCneoda faseul nivTad) namdvili
garemoeba.
- debuleba aris ganmartebiTi msjelobis zogadi Sedegis namdvili
garemoeba (rom enciklopediis uqonloba aris raRac Rirebulis,
moZravi qonebis nawilis ar qonis namdvili garemoeba).
Tu mkvlevars eSinia, rom mkiTxvelma SeiZleba, kiTxvis niSnis qveS
daayenos romelime es piroba, man unda Seqmnas argumenti mis
dasasabuTeblad.
Tumca, amiT problema ar iwureba: ganmartebiTi msjeloba yovelTvis,
gamonaklisebis gareSe, marTalia? mkiTxveli SeiZleba, dainteresdes, iyo
Tu ara qveynis zogierT nawilSi anderZebSi moxseniebuli mxolod miwa
da Senobebi, Tu saerTod cota adamiani adgenda anderZs. Tu mwerals
miaCnia, rom mkiTxveli SesaZloa, dainteresdes aseTi detalebiT, mas,
albaT, mouwevs kidev erTi argumentis warmodgena, imis saCveneblad, rom
gamonaklisebi ar arsebobda.
85

Tqven ixileT, ratom veTanxmebiT ase iSviaTad argumentebs rTuli

sakiTxebis Sesaxeb: maSinac ki, rodesac misaRebia moyvanili faqtebi,
mainc SeiZleba, ver virwmunoT msjeloba, romelzec agebulia debuleba.
varaudis
debulebasTan
Sesabamisobis
gamocda.
varaudis
debulebasTan Sesabamisobis gamosacdelad SeqmeniT maTi damakavSirebeli
ganmartebiTi msjeloba. pirvel rigSi, warmoadgineT varaudi da
debuleba am TanmimdevrobiT. ixileT am nawilis dasawyisidan moyvanili
Tavdapirveli varaudi da debuleba:

1836 wels es qveyana ar iyo Tavdajerebuli moTamaSe msoflio arenaze.

varaudi amdenad, alamos istoriebi swrafad gavrcelda debuleba
axla aageT zogadi principi, romelic moicavs am varauds da debulebas.
ganmrtebiTi msjeloba uamravi sxvadasxva saxis da formisaa, Tumca,
yvelaze metad gamosadegia rodesac-maSin modelebi. es ganmartebiTi
msjeloba `moicavs varauds da debulebas.

roca qveyana ar aris Tavdajerebuli, maSin iq swrafad vrceldeba ambebi

istoriuli samxedro movlenebis Sesaxeb.
roca es zogadi piroba arsebobs

es zogadi Sedegi momdinareobs

ganmartebiTi msjeloba
roca
qveyana
ar
aris masSi
swrafad
vrceldeba
istoriebi
sagmiro
samxedro
Tavdajerebuli, zogadi piroba
movlenebis Sesaxeb zogadi Sedegi
1836 wels es qveyana ar iyo Amdenad, alamos istoria swrafad
Tavdajerebuli moTamaSe msoflio gavrcelda konkretuli debuleba
arenaze konkretuli varaudi
es konkretuli piroba arsebobs amdenad, es konkretuli Sedegi
gamomdinareobs debuleba
varaudi
suraTi 5.1 argumentis struqtura
SegviZlia, formalurad warmovadginoT es urTierTkavSiri, rogorc 5.1
suraTSia mocemuli.
am debulebis aRiarebisTvis mkiTxvelma unda aRiaros Semdegi:
- ganmartebiTi msjeloba aris swori
- konkretuli varaudi aris swori.
- konkretuli varaudi aris ganmartebiTi msjeloba zogadi pirobis
nawilis namdvili garemoeba.
86

konkretuli debuleba aris ganmartebiTi msjeloba zogadi Sedegis

nawilis namdvili garemoeba.
ar
arsebobs
ganmartebiTi
msjelobis
gamoyenebis
raime
SemzRudveli pirobebi.

avtors rom efiqra, rom mkiTxvels SeiZleba, ar eRiarebina ganmartebiTi

msjelobis an varaudis simarTle, mas unda Seeqmna argumenti maT
gasamyareblad. avtori Tu CaTvlida, rom mkiTxvels SesaZloa, varaudi
da debuleba ar CaeTvala ganmartebiTi msjelobis namdvil SemTxvevad,
mas mouwevda kidev erTi argumentis Seqmna imis dasasabuTeblad, rom es
asea.
gamocdilebis miRebasTan erTad iswavliT argumentebis gonebaSi
Semowmebas; Tumca, manamde SegiZliaT, scadoT ganmartebiTi msjelobis
monaxazis gakeTeba yvelaze ufro sadavo varaudebisTvis. ganmartebiTi
msjelobis gamocdis Semdeg daamateT is `dafaze iq, sadac fiqrobT, rom
mkiTxvelebs dasWirdebaT. Tu gWirdebaT ganmartebiTi msjelobis
argumentiT dasabuTeba, misi monaxazic iqve gaakeTeT.
ratom aris ganmartebiTi msjeloba gansakuTrebiT rTuli axalbeda
mkvlevrebisTvis?
Tqven
rom
axali
dawyebuli
gqondeT
dargSi
moRvaweoba, Semdegi mizezebis gamo gagirTuldebodaT ganmartebiTi
msjelobis gamoyeneba:
-

gamocdili mkvlevari iSviaTad ganmartavs msjelobis principebs,

vinaidan miiCnevs, rom kolegebma zemoaRniSnuli isedac ician.
axalbeda mkvlevrebma isini TavisiT unda moifiqron (imis msgavsad,
rodesac viRac ambobs, `grZelsaxeloebiani perangi Caicvi, vinaidan
dRes saRamos temperatura 80 gradusze metia).
ganmartebiT msjelobas, Cveulebriv, aqvs gamonaklisebi, rac
gamocdilma mkvlevrebma isedac ician da, amdenad, iSviaTad
moixsenieben maT, amis gamo axalbeda mkvlevrebi iZulebulni
xdebian, Tavad mividnen am gamonaklisebamde.
eqspertebma, agreTve, ician, rodis ar unda daurTon aSkara
ganmartebiTi msjeloba an misi SemzRudveli garemoebebi, kidev
erTi ram, rac axalbeda mkvlevarma damoukideblad unda iswavlos.
magaliTad, gamocdil mkvlevars rom daewera, ivnisis dasawyisia,
amdenad mosalodnelia, rom male benzinSi met fuls gadavixdiT,
is ar aRniSnavda TvalsaCino ganmartebiT msjelobas: roca
zafxuli axlovdeba, benzinze fasebi matulobs.

Tu warmoadgenT yvelasTvis gasageb msjelobaze ganmartebas, Zalian

qedmaRali an gulubryvilo gamoCndebiT. Tumca, Tu ver warmoaCenT im
ganmartebiTi msjelobas, romelic mkiTxvels sWirdeba, datovebT
alogikuri
specialistis
STabeWdilebas.
unda
gaiwafoT,
rom
87

gansazRvroT, rodis sWirdeba mkiTxvels ganmartebis damateba, da rodis

_ ara. es gamocdilebas moaqvs.
amdenad, nu SeSindebiT, Tu ganmartebiTi msjelobis miTiTebis saWiroba
gaurkvevlobaSi gagdebT; masze muSaoba gamocdili mkvlevrebisTvisac ki
rTulia. Tumca, ganmartebiTi msjelobis Sesaxeb codna gibiZgebT, dasvaT
es sakvanZo SekiTxva: Tqveni varaudis da damamtkicebeli faqtebis
sisworesTan erTad mkiTxveli dainaxavs maT Sesabamisobas debulebasTan?
Tu SesaZloa, rom ver dainaxavs, amis demonstirebisTvis argumenti unda
SeqmnaT.
5.5 ganasxvaveT faqtebze dafuZnebuli argumentebi ganmartebiT
msjelobaze dafuZnebuli argumentebisgan
dabolos, mniSvnelovania, aRiniSnos, rom arsebobs ori saxis argumenti,
romlebsac mkiTxvelebi sxvadasxvanairad afaseben:
-

pirveli
varaudidan
da
ganmartebiTi
msjelobidan askvnis
debulebas. miiCneva, rom debuleba am saxis argumentSi udavod
namdvilia.
meoreSi ki debuleba efuZneba faqtebze damyarebul varauds. am
saxis argumentSi debuleba miiCneva, rogorc savaraudod namdvili.

rac ar unda paradoqsulad JRerdes, mkvlevrebi ufro endobian ara

pirveli, aramed meore saxis arguments, romelic faqtebs emyareba.
es argumenti warmoadgens
damyarebul varauds:

debulebas,

romelic

emyareba

faqtebze

saineqcio nemsis gacvlis programebi xels uwyobs narkotikebis

moxmarebis gazrdas. debuleba rodesac misi monawileebi gaacnobiereben,
rom dainficirebuli nemsebiT SeZenili daavadebis riskis Tavidan
arideba SeuZliaT, meti narkotikis moxmarebis stimuli eZlevaT. varaudi
im pirTa kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, vinc monawileoba miiRo aseT
programaSi, monawileebis 34%-ma narkotikebis moxmareba gazarda kviraSi
1.7-idan 2.1-mde, vinaidan ganacxada, rom nemsiT gadamdebi daavadebebisgan
daculad grZnobda Tavs. faqti
Tu miviCnevT, rom mocemuli mtkicebuleba marTebuli da sakmarisia
(SesaZloa, ase ar vTvlideT), maSin debuleba gveCveneba gonivruli,
Tumca, aranairad _ udavo, vinaidan vinmes SesaZloa, aRmoeCina axali da
ukeTesi
faqtobrivi
mtkicebuleba,
romelic
ewinaaRmdegeba
ukve
warmodgenils.
88

momdevno argumentSi warmodgenilia igive debuleba igive varaudis

safuZvelze,
Tumca,
debuleba
dasabuTebulia
ara
fatobrivi
mtkicebulebiT, aramed logikiT. debuleba unda iyos marTali, Tu
msjelobis ganmarteba da varaudi marTalia da Tu varaudi da debuleba
msjelobis ganmartebis namdvili garemoebebia:

saineqcio nemsis gacvlis programebi xels uwyobs narkotikebis

moxmarebis gazrdas. debuleba rodesac monawileebi gaiazreben, rom maT
SeuZliaT dainficirebuli nemsebiT SeZenili daavadebis Tavidan acileba,
eZlevaT meti narkotikebis gamoyenebis stimuli. varaudi rodesac riskis
Semcveli qcevis Sedegebi mcirdeba, adamianebi ufro xSirad mimarTaven
aseT qcevas. msjelobis ganmarteba
Tumca, is, rom unda davijeroT, rom msjelobis ganmarteba yovelTvis
marTalia yvela SemTxvevaSi da yvelgan, aris debuleba, romelsac Cveni
umetesoba ar daeTanxmeboda, an ar unda daeTanxmos. cota Cvengani
atarebs manqanas gaufrTxileblad mxolod imis gamo, rom manqanebSi
usafrTxoebis Rvedebi da moqnili saWis RerZebia.
yvela argumenti emyareba ganmartebiT msjelobas, Tumca, kvlevis
argumentis mkiTxvelisTvis, ufro savaraudoa, rom sarwmuno iqneba
debuleba, romelic emyareba ara princips, aramed _ faqtobriv
mtkicebulebas, vinaidan miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenad damajerebeli Cans
zogadi principi, mas aqvs Zalian bevri gamonaklisi, done da
SemzRudveli garemoeba. is, vinc debulebas agebs, misi azriT, udavo
principze, Zalian xSirad ar iTvaliswinebs am sirTuleebs, radgan
darwmunebulia, rom misi principebi marTalia, miuxedavad imisa, rom
faqtebi sapirispiroze mianiSnebs. xolo Tu misi principebi sworia, aseve
sworia misi daskvnebic. aseTi argumentebi ufro ideologiuria, vidre
faqtobrivi. amdenad, daasabuTeT debulebebi maqsimalurad bevri
faqtobrivi mtkicebulebiT im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac fiqrobT, rom
logika Tqvens mxarezea. daamateT ganmartebiTi msjeloba, raTa gamarToT
daskvna, magram, amasTanave, aageT daskvna mtkicebulebaze.
5.6 argumentis Sekvra
ai, mcire argumenti, romelic aerTianebs xuTive nawils:
bavSvebze orientirebul televizias SeuZlia, xeli Seuwyos maT
inteleqtualur ganviTarebas. Tumca, am wvlils aneitralebs faqtori,
romelmac SeiZleba, ziani miayenos bavSvebis emociur ganviTarebas
metismeti Zaladoba. debuleba mSoblebi Tanxmdebian, rom magaliTi
warmoadgens mniSvnelovan zegavlenas bavSvis ganviTarebaze. swored
89

amitom,
mSoblebi
bavSvebs
mouTxroben
gmirebis
Sesaxeb.
maSin
damajerebeli Cans, rom rodesac bavSvebi xedaven arasasurvel saqciels,
maTze isic moaxdens zegavlenas. ganmartebiTi msjeloba. erTi dRis
ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi xedaven Zaladobis uamrav magliTs. varaudi.
yoveldRiurad
bavSvi televizors uyurebs, saSualod, TiTqmis oTxi
saaTis ganmavlobaSi da xedavs Zaladobis daaxloebiT Tormet
moqmedebas [smiTi 1992]. faqti. tarnovma gviCvena, rom bavSvebi ganasxvaveben
erTmaneTisgan Zaladobas naxat filmebSi da realur cxovrebaSi [2003].
alternatiuli Tvalsazrisis aRiareba. magram aseTi moqmedebebis yurebiT
bavSvebi SeiZleba, ufro daucvelni gaxdnen sxva programebSi naCvenebi
Zaladobis winaSe. Tu isini mxolod naxat filmebs da adamianebs
ganasxvaveben, maT SeiZleba, ifiqron, rom realuri msaxiobebi grafikul
ZaladobaSi
warmoadgenen
realur
cxovrebas.
Cven
ver
pasuxi.
ugulebelvyofT im albaTobas, rom televiziiT naCvenebi Zaladoba xels
uwyobs Zaladobisken midrekili zrdasrulebis Camoyalibebas. debulebis
xelaxla warmodgena.

am elementebis udidesi nawili SeiZleba, gaivrcos mraval abzacze.

sxvadasxva sferoSi argumentebi gansxvavebulad gamoiyureba, magram
yvela maTgani warmoadgens pasuxs Semdeg xuT SekiTxvaze:
- ras amtkicebT?
- ra aris Tqveni varaudebi?
- ra faqtebi amyarebs Tqvens varauds?
- ras ityviT gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisis Sesaxeb?
- rogor Seesabameba Tqveni varaudi Tqvens debulebas?
Tqvens
mier
Seqmnil
`dafaze
araerTxel
unda
gaeces
pasuxi
zemoaRniSnul SekiTxvebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni moxseneba
arasrulyofili da aradamajerebeli iqneba.

90

6. Savi naweris pirveli variantis dagegmva

6.1 moerideT gamousadegari gegmebis gamoyenebas
6.2 SeqmeniT gegma, romelic pasuxobs mkiTxvelis saWiroebebs

6.21 gardaqmeniT `dafa monaxazad

6.2.2 SeimuSaveT Sesavlis samuSao variantis monaxazi

6.2.3 gansazRvreT im cnebebis gamomxatveli ZiriTadi terminebi, romlebic

aerTianebs naSroms da ganasxvavebs mis nawilebs

6.2.4

gamoiyeneT

konkretuli

ZiriTadi

terminebi

qveTavebis

dasasaTaureblad

6.2.5 daalageT varaudebi

6.2.6 gardamavali sityvebis gamoyenebiT asaxeT Tanmimdevroba

6.2.7

gaakeTeT

Sesavlis

mokle

monaxazi

TiToeuli

nawilisa

da

qvenawilisTvis

6.2.8

TiToeuli

alternatiuli

nawilisTvis
mosazrebis,

gaakeTeT

msjelobis

damamtkicebeli

ganmartebisa da

faqtebis,
reziumeebis

monaxazi

6.2.9 SeqmeniT daskvnis samuSao variantis monaxazi

6.3 SeinaxeT darCenili masala

91

mas Semdeg, rac arguments mouyriT Tavs, mzad iqnebiT Savi naweris
Sesaqmnelad. gamocdilma avtorebma ician, raoden efeqturi strategiaa
Savi naweris dagegmva. Tumca, Savi naweris efeqturad Sesaqmnelad ufro
metia saWiro, vidre ubralod argumentis elementebi. amisTvis gWirdebaT
gegma,

raTa

argumentis

elementebis

gamoyenebiT

SeqmnaT

logikurad

Tanmimdevruli naSromi. unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom arsebobs sxvadasxva

saxis gegma da zogi maTganis gamoyeneba ufro mizanSewonilia.

6.1 moerideT gamousadegari gegmebis gamoyenebas

moerideT garkveuli saxis midgomebs.
1. nu aagebT Tqvens naSroms naratiul stilSi. gansakuTrebiT, nu
daamsgavsebT mas deteqtiur moTxrobas, sadac debuleba bolos
mxolod Cans. rogorc wesi, mkiTxvels, pirvel rigSi,
ra

aRmoaCineT,

Semdeg

ra

problemebi

gadaWeriT,

ainteresebs,
ra

nabijebi

gadadgiT da a.S. bolomde. amis magaliTia Semdegi frazebi:

pirvel

rigSi..., Semdeg Sevadare..., dasasrul, davaskveni.

2. naSromSi

ar

unda

iyos

didi

raodenobiT

citata,

wyaroebis

perifrazi an internetidan CamotvirTul masala. maswavleblebs

surT,

ixilon

gansakuTrebiT
gverdebis

Tqveni
ar

kolaJs

azrovneba

moswonT
waagavs.

da

ara

sxvaTa

naSromlebi,
Tu

am

naazrevi.

romlebic

rCevas

ar

maT,

internet-

gaiTvaliswinebT,

datovebT diletantis an, uaresi, plagiatoris STabeWdilebas (ix.

7.9).
3. nu

aagebT

naSroms

meqanikurad

davalebis

an

Temis

terminebis

garSemo. Tu davalebaSi CamoTvlilia Sesaswavli sakiTxebi, nu

ifiqrebT, rom TiToeuli maTgani mocemuli TanmimdevrobiT unda
ganixiloT.

TqvenTvis

rom

daevlebinaT

an,

rom

gadagewyvitaT

froidis da iungis SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxvis analizis Sedareba

92

da Sepirispireba, ar mogiwevdaT moxsenebis or nawilad organizeba

da pirvel nawilSi froidis Sesaxeb, meoreSi ki iungis Sesaxeb
msjeloba. ufro Sedegiani iqneboda am ori didi Temis nawilebad
dayofa da Semdeg moxsenebis maT garSemo ageba (am sakiTxis Sesaxeb
vrclad ix. 6.2.5-6.2.6).
6.2 SeqmeniT gegma, romelic pasuxobs mkiTxvelis saWiroebebs
zogierT

dargSi

magaliTad,

gaTvaliswinebulia

eqsperimentuli

kvlevis

naSromis

Catarebis

gegmis

SemuSaveba.

SemTxvevaSi,

mkiTxveli

moelis, rom moxsenebas eqneba Semdegnairi agebuleba:

Sesavali meTodebi da masalebi Sedegebi msjeloba _ daskvna

Tu winaswar gansazRvruli gegmis mixedviT unda imuSaoT, mimarTeT

profesors an moZebneT meoradi wyaro, raTa moipovoT nimuSi. xolo Tu
sakuTari

gegma

unda

SeqmnaT,

is

gasagebi

unda

iyos

ara

mxolod

TqvenTvis, aramed aucileblad mkiTxvelisTvisac. am gasagebi formis

Sesaqmnelad, daubrundiT `dafas an monaxazs.

6.2.1 `dafis gardaqmna monaxazad

Tu

upiratesobas

monaxazis

mixedviT

muSaobas

aniWebT,

`dafa

unda

gardaqmnaT monaxazad:
-

daiwyeT

`I-iT

danomrili

winadadebiT,

sadac

warmodgenilia

debuleba.
-

am

winadadebis

danomrili

qveS

iqneba:

II,

daamateT
III,

...,

sruli
TiToeul

winadadebebi,
maTganSi

romlebic

warmoadgineT

varaudi, romelic asabuTebs Tqvens debulebas.

I. Sesavali: gaurkvevelia, ra mniSvneloba aqvs klasebSi kompiuterebis

qonas.
II. gansxvavebuli gamoyeneba gansxvavebul Sedegebs gvaZlevs.
a. yvela gamoyeneba zrdis Seqmnili sityvebis raodenobas.
1. kvleva 1: 950 780-is nacvlad;
93

2. kvleva 2: 1,103 nacvlad 922-isa;

b. laboratoriebi studentebs urTierTobis saSualebas aZlevs.
III. kvlevebis Sedegebis mixedviT gadamuSavebisas naklebad gamosadegia.
a. kvleva a: kompiuterze momuSave avtorebis nawerebi gamoirCeva meti
WarbsityvaobiT.
1. saSualod 2.3-iT meti sityva TiTo winadadebaSi;
2. saSualod 20%-iT meti sityva TiTo eseSi;
b. kvleva b: avtorebs nabeWdi varianti efeqtianad gadamuSavebisTvis
sWirdebaT.
1. 22%-iT naklebi meqanikuri Secdoma nabeWd variantze muSaobisas,
vidre kompiuteris daxmarebiT gadamuSavebisas;
2. 2.26%-iT naklebi orTografiuli Secdoma;
IV.

daskvna:

Zalian

naadrevia

imis

Tqma,

Tu

ramdenad

aumjobesebs

kompiuterebis gamoyeneba swavlas.

a. sando empiriuli kvlevebis mcire raodenoba;
b. istoria mcirea, vinaidan mravali programa gardamaval etapzea;
Savi monaxazis yvelaze martivi variantia mxolod frazebi, sadac ar
xdeba oficialuri dayofa I-iT, a-iT, 1-iT da a.S.

Sesavali: dadebiTi mxareebi gaurkvevelia

gansxvavebuli gamoyeneba/gansxvavebuli Sedegebi
meti sityvebi
meti urTierToba
namuSevaris gadaxedvis kvlevebi
kvleva a ufro grZeli winadadebebi
kvleva b ufro moculobiTi eseebi
daskvna: jer Zalian naadrevia Sedegebze msjeloba

94

proeqtis dawyebis etapze SeiZleba, mxolod monaxazis gakeTeba SeZloT,

mokle proeqtis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa, mxolod monaxazi iyos saWiro, Tu
TiToeuli sakiTxis arsi iciT. Tumca, rogorc wesi, ufro gamosadegia
mTliani

winadadebebis

monaxazi.

kidev

ufro

gamosadegia

`dafa,

gansakuTrebiT, didi proeqtis SemTxvevaSi.

6.2.2 Sesavlis samuSao variantis monaxazis Seqmna

mzad

unda

iyoT

imisTvis,

rom

mogiwevT

Sesavlis

orjer

dawera,

pirvelad, monaxazis saxiT _ TqvenTvis; mas Semdeg, rac gadaamuSavebT Sav

nawers da dagakmayofilebT misi Sinaarsi, saboloo variantis saxiT _
mkiTxvelebisTvis.

Sesavlis

saboloo

varianti,

rogorc

wesi,

oTxi

nawilisgan Sedgeba. amdenad, SegiZliaT, aagoT Sesavlis samuSao varianti

am nawilebis gaTvaliswinebiT (ix. me-9 Tavi).

1. gaakeTeT mokle monaxazi Tqvens mier wakiTxuli kvlevisa, romelic

konkretulad Seesabameba Temas. punqtSi 5.4.1 girCieT, rom daweroT
debuleba yoveli axali gverdis bolos, `dafaze. axla, zeda
nawilSi

mokled

CamoayalibeT wina

kvleva,

romlis

gavrcobas,

Secvlas an Sesworebasac apirebT. nu CamoTvliT yvela kvlevas,

romelic mxolod umniSvnelod Seesabameba Tqvens Temas. bevri arc
Tu ise gamocdili mkvlevari aTobiT kvlevas CamoTvlis, radgan
miaCnia, rom misi mondomeba mkiTxvelze STabeWdilebas moaxdens.
Tumca,

arasaTanado

literaturis

usasrulo

CamonaTvali

mosabezrebeli ufroa, vidre STambeWdavi. alamos istoriebze rom

muSaobdeT,

magaliTad,

ar

miuTiTebdiT

brZolis

TiToeul

istoriul analizs, aramed moiyvandiT mxolod konkretul kvlevas,

romlis gavrcobas, Secvlas an Sesworebasac apirebT.
CamoTvaleT wyaroebi mkiTxvelisTvis mosaxerxebeli TanmimdevrobiT. Tu
mniSvnelovani

maTi

istoriuli

Tanmimdevrobaa,

CamoTvaleT

wyaroebi

95

qronologiurad. Tu ara, daajgufeT raime sxva principis - xarisxis,

mniSvnelovnebis, Tvalsazrisis - mixedviT. Semdeg daalageT es jgufebi
iseTi saxiT, romelic yvelaze metad daexmareba mkiTxvels maT gagebaSi
(ix.

6.2.5

Tanmimdevrobis

principebisTvis).

araviTar

SemTxvevaSi

ar

CamoTvaloT wyaroebi im TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac isini

waikiTxeT an gaxsovT.

2. SecvaleT
exebodes

SekiTxvis
sakiTxis

zemoaRniSnuli

formulireba
codnis

kvlevis

an

da

CamoayalibeT

sakiTxSi

monaxazis

ise,

Caxedulobis

gakeTebis

Semdeg

rom

simwires.
uTxariT

mkiTxvels, mis romel nawils ganavrcobT, SecvliT an gaasworebT.

es gaakeTeT Semdegnairad:

SekiTxva xelaxla CamoayalibeT ise, rom

man moicvas is, rac kvlevaSi SecdomiT iyo warmodgenili, cudad

axsnili an ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.

ratom

aris

alamos

istoria

ase

mniSvnelovani

Cvens

erovnul

miTologiaSi?
_ cota istorikosma scada, aexsna, ratom gaxda alamos itoria ase
mniSvnelovani Cvens erovnul miTologiaSi.
avtorebi amas TiTqmis yovelTvis da mravali gziT akeTeben. amdenad,
kiTxvis

paralelurad,

CainiSneT,

rogor

aris

es

gakeTebuli

wyaroebSi.
3. Tu SegiZliaT, gaakeTeT pasuxis monaxazi SekiTxvaze - mere ra, Tu

ver

gavarkvevT?

romel

ufro

masStabur

sakiTxs

ver

gaigebs

mkiTxveli, Tu ar gascemT pasuxs Tqveni kvlevis SekiTxvaze?

Tu gavigebT, es istoriebi rogor iqca erovnul legendebad, ukeT

gavigebdiT Cvens erovnul Rirebulebebs, albaT, imasac, riTi varT
gamorCeuli.

96

am

etapze

SeiZleba,

aRmoaCinoT

sakiTxis

ufro

didi,

rTulad

warmosadgeni mniSvneloba. daamateT is, Tu SegiZliaT, Tumca, did dros

nu daxarjavT amaze; Cven mas mogvianebiT davubrundebiT (ix. 10.1.3).

4. gadaamuSaveT da mounaxeT adgili debulebas. debuleba dawereT

`dafis pirvel gverdze. axla gansazRvreT, sad gsurT debulebis
datoveba. moxsenebaSi debulebis aRsaniSnad ori varianti gaqvT:
-

Sesavlis bolos da ganmeorebiT, daskvnis dasawyisTan axlos;

mxolod daskvnaSi, msjelobis kulminaciis saxiT;

Tu

kvleviTi

proeqtebis

weraSi

mwiri

gamocdileba

gaqvT,

mogiwodebT, CaweroT debuleba Sesavlis bolos da ganmeorebiT, daskvnis

dasawyisTan. rodesac mkiTxveli debulebas dasawyisSive naxavs, Sesavlis
bolos

ecodineba,

ris

Sesaxeb

aris

kvleva

da

amdenad,

Semdgomi

nawilebis ufro swrafad wakiTxvas, ukeT gagebas SeZlebs da is didxans

daamaxsovrdeba. rodesac pirvel rigSi werT debulebas, es, agreTve,
gexmarebaT weris procesis sworad warmarTvaSi.
zogierTi
gaamJRavnebs

axalbeda

debulebas,

mkvlevari
mkiTxvels

SiSobs,

rom

daekargeba

Tu

interesi

SesavalSi
da

aRar

ganagrZobs kiTxvas. sxvebi SiSoben, rom erTi da igives gameoreba ar

mouwioT. orive SiSi usafuZvloa. Tu saintereso SekiTxvas dasvamT,
mkiTxvels gauCndeba survili, ixilos, ramdenad kargad SeZlebT masze
pasuxis dasabuTebas.
Tu debulebas datovebT Sesavali gverdis qveda nawilSi, xelaxla
CamoayalibeT misi varianti `dafis boloSi, daskvnis axali furclis
zeda

nawilSi.

SesavalSi

Tu

mocemul

SegiZliaT,

daskvnis

debulebasTan

nawilSi

SedarebiT

CarTuli
ufro

debuleba

konkretulad

CamoayalibeT.

97

zogierT sferoSi avtorebi debulebas, rogorc wesi, amJRavneben

mxolod daskvniT nawilSi, romlis saTauria msjeloba an daskvna. aseT
SemTxvevebSi mravali mkiTxveli Tvals gadaavlebs Sesavals da pirdapir
daskvnaze

gadadis.

amdenad,

am

tipis

mkiTxvelisTvis

Sesavali

ise

dawereT, rom iq warmodgenili iyos ara mxolod naSromis ZiriTadi

nawili, aramed daskvnac.
Tu gadawyvetT, rom debuleba mxolod daskvnaSi CarToT, aitaneT
is axali daskvnis gverdis zeda nawilSi. Tumca, Tu ase moiqceviT,
dagWirdebaT kidev erTi winadadeba, romelic debulebis nacvlad unda
CasvaT Sesavlis bolo nawilSi, raTa mkiTxveli sainteresod gadaiyvanoT
moxsenebis

ZiriTad

nawilze.

es

winadadeba

und

moicavdes

ZiriTad

terminebs, romlebsac gamoiyenebT mTel moxsenebaSi (ix. 6.2.3).

Cveni
Sesavlis

rCevaa,
saboloo

daweroT

es

variantis

warmdgeni

Seqmnisas

winadadeba

(ix.

10.1.4).

Savi

naweris

amdenad,

manamde

gamoyaviT adgili am winadadebisTvis `dafaze, Sesavlis gverdis qveda

nawilSi,

an

gaakeTeT

winadadebis

monaxazi

an

Canaweri,

romelsac

mogvianebiT daamatebT.
zogierTi

avtori

Sesavlis

bolos

amatebs

`sqemas,

sadac

warmoadgens moxsenebis struqturas:

pirvel nawilSi ganvixile... meore nawilSi SevexeT... mesame nawilSi
ganxilulia..

mkiTxvelebis damokidebuleba am meTodis mimarT gansxvavdeba. mas

farTod

iyeneben

socialur

mecnierebebSi,

xolo

humanitarul

mecnierebebSi is aramarTebulad miiCneva. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu fiqrobT,

rom sqema mkiTxvels ar moewoneba, SegiZliaT is daamatoT `dafaze. es
dagexmarebaT Savi naweris Seqmnisas. Semdeg amoWeriT is Savi naweris
saboloo variantidan. Tu datovebT, darwmundiT, rom moklea.

98

6.2.3 gansazRvreT im cnebebis gamomxatveli ZiriTadi terminebi, romlebic

aerTianebs naSroms da ganasxvavebs mis nawilebs erTmaneTisgan

moxsenebis

logikuri

Tanmimdevrulobis

aRsaqmelad,

mkiTxvelma

unda dainaxos, rom mis yvela nawils gasdevs mTavari Temebi. Tumca,
mkiTxveli ver SeniSnavs am gameorebul cnebebs, Tu maT sxvadasxva
terminiT gamoxatavT. mkiTxvels sWirdeba, ixilos konkretuli terminebi,
romliTac

aRwerT

terminebi

ixmaroT,

am

cnebebs.

magram

es

ar

aris

imdenad

savaldebulo
xSirad

unda

yovel

jerze

gaakeToT,

rom

mkiTxvels ar gamorCes ZiriTadi cnebebi. is terminebi, romlebic gasdevs

mTel moxsenebas SesaZloa, moicavdes sityvebs, romlebic gamoiyeneT
SeniSvnebis

kategorizaciisTvis,

Tumca,

isini

unda

moicavdes

mniSvnelovan sityvebs Tqveni SekiTxvidan da debulebidan. mkiTxvelma,

agreTve, TiToeul nawilSi unda dainaxos ufro meti konkretuli cneba,
rac mocemul nawils sxva danarCeni nawilebisgan ganasxvavebs.
amdenad, Savi naweris Seqmnis dawyebamde gansazRvreT ZiriTadi
cnebebi, romelTa gamoyenebasac apirebT mTel moxsenebaSi da SearCieT
termini,

romelsac

aRsaniSnavad.

Semdeg

gamoiyenebT
igivenairad

yvelaze

ufro

moiqeciT

xSirad

cnebebisTvis,

TiToeulis
romlebic

gamoarCevs TiToeul nawils sxva nawilebisgan. Savi naweris Seqmnis

procesSi aRmoaCenT axal terminebs da amoiRebT Zvelebs, Tumca, Tu
umniSvnelovanes terminebs da cnebebs gaiTvaliswinebT, ufro logikurad
Tanmimdevruli naSromi gamogivaT,.

ai, konkretuli meTodi im zogadi cnebebis gamosavlenad, romlebic

aerTianebs mTel moxsenebas:
1. `dafaze Sesavlis da daskvnis gverdebze SemoxazeT oTxi an
xuTi sityva, romlebic gamoxatavs yvelaze mniSvnelovan cnebebs. es
sityvebi unda iyos debulebis yvelaze detalur variantSi.

99

nu

gamoiyenebT

iseT

sityvebs,

romlebic

aSkarad

aris

dakavSirebuli TemasTan: alamo, brZola, damarcxeba.

-

aqcenti gaakeTeT cnebebze, romlebsac CarTavT argumentSi da

romelTa gavrcobasac apirebT: damarcxebis Semdeg, triumfi
marcxSi,

sagmiro

idealebi,

Tavganwirva,

erovnuli

suliskveTeba, da a.S.

2.

TiToeuli

cnebisTvis

gaimeorebT

naSromis

Semoxazuli

sityva

an

SearCieT

sakvanZo

teqstSi.

es

axali

sityva.

termini,

SeiZleba,

iyos

CamoTvaleT

es

romelsac
erT-erTi
ZiriTadi

terminebi calke gverdze. Tu ramdenime sityva naxeT, romlebic

ZiriTad terminebad gamodgeba, ese igi, SesaZloa, debuleba Zalian
zogadia (gadaxedeT 5.4.1).

SegiZliaT, igive procedura ganaxorcieloT im ZiriTadi terminebis

gamosavlenad, romlebic TiToeul nawils aerTianebs. SexedeT varauds,
romelic gansazRvreT varaudis TiToeuli gverdis zeda nawilSi da
SemoxazeT misi mniSvnelovani sityvebi. am sityvebidan zogi maTgani
dakavSirebuli unda iyos sityvebTan, romlebic Semoxazulia Sesavalsa
da

daskvnaSi.

danarCenebi

unda

gamoxatavdes

cnebebs,

romlebic

gamoarCevs mocemul nawils sxva nawilebisgan. SearCieT ZiriTadi termini

TiToeuli ZiriTadi cnebisTvis.
axla, Savi naweris weris procesSi, gamoiyeneT rogorc zogadi
terminebi, romlebic unda gasdevdes mTlian moxsenebas, ise konkretuli
terminebi,

romlebic

ganasxvavebs

TiToeul

nawils

sxva

danarCeni

nawilebisgan. maTi daxmarebiT uzrunvelyofT sakuTari muSaobis da,

Sesabamisad, mkiTxvelis swori mimarTulebiT wayvanas. Tu mogvianebiT
ixilavT,

rom

naSromSi

es

terminebi

mwirad

aris gamoyenebuli,

nu

daubrundebiT maT maSinve. Savi naweris Seqmnis procesSi SesaZloa, raime

axali aRmoaCinoT.

100

6.2.4

gamoiyeneT

konkretuli

ZiriTadi

terminebi

qveTavebis

dasasaTaureblad
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqvens sferoSi naSromebSi qvesaTaurebi ar
gamoiyeneba (ix. A2.2 danarTSi), Cveni rCevaa, gamoiyenoT isini Sav nawerSi.
SeqmeniT qvesaTaurebi ZiriTadi terminebisgan, romlebic gansazRvreT
6.2.3-Si.

Tu

ver

poulobT

ZiriTad

terminebs

nawilis

gansxvavebis

warmosaCenad, yuradRebiT daakvirdiT da gansazRvreT, ra daniSnulebas

asrulebs

is.

mkiTxvelma

SesaZloa,

is

gameorebad

an

Seusabamod

maincdamainc

ar

gamoiyeneba,

CaTvalos.
Tu

Tqvens

sferoSi

qvesaTaurebi

gamoiyeneT isini muSaobis procesSi, Semdeg ki Savi naweris saboloo

variantidan amoiReT.

6.2.5. daalageT varaudebi

naSromis nawilebisTvis kargi Tanmimdevrobis moZebna SeiZleba,
dagegmvis yvelaze rTuli nawili aRmoCndes. argumentis Tavmoyris dros,
SesaZloa, ar dagilagebiaT varaudebi raime konkretuli TanmimdevrobiT
(`dafis

gamoyenebis

erT-erTi

dadebiTi

mxare).

Tumca

Savi

naweris

dagegmvisas rogorRac unda daalagoT iseTi TanmimdevrobiT, romelic

yvelaze ukeT pasuxobs mkiTxvelis moTxovnilebebs. es ar aris ioli,
gansakuTrebiT, roca werT axal Temaze axal sferoSi.
rodesac ar xarT darwmunebuli, saukeTeso TanmimdevrobiT rogor
daalagoT varaudebi, gaiTvaliswineT Semdegi:

Sedareba

da

Sepirispireba.

es

aris

forma,

romelsac

SearCevdiT ori an meti subieqtis, cnebis an sagnis Sedarebis

SemTxvevaSi.

101

Tumca,
romelTagan

arsebobs
erTi,

adarebdeT,

hopis

axasiaTebs

Tu

Sedarebis

Cveulebriv,
tomTa

inuitebis

da

Sepirispirebis

meoreze

niRbebs

ufro

niRbebs,

ukeTesia.
meti

SesaZloa,

ori

xerxi,

magaliTad,

religiuri

rom

simbolizmi

gadagewyvitaT

naSromis

pirvel nawilSi inuitebis niRbebis Sesaxeb msjeloba, meoreSi ki _ hopis

niRbebze. Tumca, am saxis wyobis Sedegad Zalian xSirad viRebT or,
erTmaneTTan

daukavSirebel

konceptualur

nawilebad.

reziumes.
niRbebis

scadeT

Temebis

SemTxvevSi

es

dayofa

iqneboda

maTi

simboluri gamoxatuleba, dizainis elementebi, ganviTarebis etapebi, da

a.S.
arsebobs azrebis dalagebis ramdenime sxva standartuli xerxi.
ori maTgani aqcents akeTebs saganze:
-

qronologiuri. es aris yvelaze martivi meTodi: yvelaze

adreulidan uaxlesisken an mizezidan Sedegisken.

nawilebis

mixedviT.

SegiZliaT

Tema

dayoT

Semadgenel

nawilebad, TiToeul maTganze imuSaoT rig-rigobiT, Tumca,

mainc unda daalagoT es nawilebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT,
raTa daexmaroT mkiTxvels maT gagebaSi.

SegiZliaT, agreTve, daalagoT imis mixedviT, Tu rogor gaigebs maT

mkiTxveli:
-

mokledan

grZelamde,

martividan

rTulamde.

mkiTxvelebis

did nawils urCevnia gaecnos nakleb kompleqsur sakiTxebs,

vidre ufro kompleqsur nawilebze gadava.
-

SedarebiT

nacnobi

sakiTxidan

nakleb

nacnob

sakiTxamde.

mkiTxvelebis umetesobas urCevnia, axali sakiTxis wakiTxvamde

waikiTxos is, rac misTvis nacnobia.
-

nakleb sadavodan ufro sadavomde. mkiTxvelebis umravlesoba

ufro

martivad

gadainacvlebs

im

Temidan,

romelsac

eTanxmeba, im Temaze, romelsac ar eTanxmeba.

102

nakleb mniSvnelovnidan ufro mniSvnelovnamde (an piriqiT).

mkiTxvels urCevnia, waikiTxos ufro mniSvnelovani varaudebi
pirvel rigSi, Tumca, SesaZloa, am varaudebs meti zegavlena
hqondes, rodesac isini bolos aris warmodgenili.

sabaziso

codna

mkiTxvels

momdevno

SesaZloa,

sakiTxebis

dasWirdes

ukeT

garkveuli

gasagebad.
movlenebis,

principebis, gansazRvrebebis da a.S. gageba, vidre sxva rames

gaigeben.

xSirad,
eTanxmeba

da

es

principebi

yvelaze

urTierTqmedeben:

martivad

esmis,

is,

SesaZloa,

rasac

mkiTxveli

imavdroulad,

iyos

yvelaze mokle da nacnobi. Tumca, SesaZloa, isini, agreTve, erTmaneTTan

winaaRmdegobaSi

modiodnen:

varaudebi,

romlebic

mkiTxvels

esmis,

savsebiT SesaZlebelia, iyos is varaudebi, romlebsac yvelaze male

ukuagdeben; is, rac migaCniaT yvelaze gadamwyvet mizezad, SesaZloa,
mkiTxvels moeCvenos yvelaze naklebad nacnobad. aq ar moqmedebs wesebi,
mxolod arCevnis principebi.
ra Tanmimdevrobac ar unda SearCioT, is unda asaxavdes mkiTxvelis
saWiroebebs

da

ara

im

Tanmimdevrobas,

romelic

masalidan

gamomdinareobs (rogorc aSkara SedarebaSepirispirebis wyobaSia) da

yvelaze naklebad im Tanmimdevrobas, romliTac azrebi mogdiodaT.

6.2.6 gardamavali sityvebis gamoyenebiT asaxeT Tanmimdevroba

darwmundiT, rom mkiTxveli SeZlebs, SeniSnos Tqvens mier arCeuli
Tanmimdevroba. `dafaze varaudebis yoveli gverdi daiwyeT sityvebiT,
romlebic mkafiod gamoxatavs Tanmimdevrobis princips: pirvel rigSi,
amas

garda,

Semdgom,

dabolos,

rac

ufro

mniSvnelovania,

ufro

kompleqsuri sakiTxia, Sedegad. nu CaTvliT, rom am sityvebis gamoyeneba

uadgiloa da nurc idardebT amas, am etapze isini ufro metad TqvenTvis

103

aris sasargeblo, vidre mkiTxvelisTvis. Savi naweris saboloo variantSi

maTi Secvla an amoReba SegiZliaT.

6.2.7

gaakeTeT

Sesavlis

mokle

monaxazi

TiToeuli

nawilisa

da

qvenaTavisTvis
mTliani moxsenebisTvis, rogorc iciT, saWiroa Sesavali, sadac
mimoxilulia

momdevno

nawilebis

saWiroa, aseve, TiToeuli

Sinaarsi.

nawilisTvis. Tu

amis

msgavsad,

nawili

mxolod

Sesavali
erT an

orgverdiania, SesavlisTvis mxolod mokle abzaci iqneba sakmarisi; Tu

nawili ramdenime gverdisgan Sedgeba, dagWirdebaT monaxazi, romelsac
ori an ramdenime abzaciT warmoadgenT. aRniSnuli Sesavlis nawilSi
unda

warmoadginoT

Sesabamisi

ZiriTadi

nawilisTvis.

terminebi,

saukeTeso

romlebic

SemTxvevaSi,

es

damaxasiaTebelia
unda

gaakeToT

boloSi, erTi winadadebiT ZiriTadi arsis gamoxatviT. es arsi SeiZleba

iyos

varaudi,

pasuxi

sxvadasxva

Tvalsazrisze

an

ganmartebiT

msjelobaze, romelic unda axsnaT. nawilSi, romelic, Tqveni azriT,

daaxloebiT, xuT gverdze meti moculobisa iqneba, SesaZloa, nawilis
arsi

warmoadginoT

rogorc

Sesavlis

bolos,

aseve,

ganmeorebiT,

daskvnaSi.
6.2.8 TiToeuli nawilisTvis gaakeTeT faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebis,
alternatiuli

mosazrebis,

ganmartebiTi

msjelobis da

reziumeebis

monaxazi
Sesabamis

nawilebSi

gaakeTeT

argumentis

nawilebis

monaxazi.

gaxsovdeT, rom am nawilebidan bevrSi TavisTavad iqneba warmodgenili

arsi, romelic unda gamyardes SedarebiT mcire argumentebiT.

faqtobrivi

mtkicebulebebi.

umetesi

nawilebi,

upiratesad,

Sedgeba

faqtebisgan, romlebic amyarebs varauds. faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebis

104

monaxazi SeqmeniT im varaudis Semdeg, romelsac is amyarebs. Tu erTi da

igive

varaudisTvis

gansxvavebuli

saxis

faqtebi

gaqvT

moyvanili,

daajgufeT da daalageT isini mkiTxvelisTvis gasagebi saxiT.

faqtobrivi

mtkicebulebebis

ganmarteba.

Tqven

unda

warmoadginoT

ganmarteba moyvanil faqtebTan dakavSirebiT saidan moipoveT, ratom

aris sando da zustad rogor amyareben isini Tqvens varauds. rogorc
wesi,

es

ganmartebebi

faqtobriv

mtkicebulebebs

mosdevs,

Tumca,

SegiZliaT gaakeToT maTi monaxazi manamdec, Tu es ufro logikurad

geCvenebaT.
alternatiurli mosazrebebi da pasuxebi. warmoidgineT, mkiTxveli ras
ar

daeTanxmeba

da

sad,

Semdeg

gaakeTeT

pasuxis

monaxazi.

pasuxi,

Cveulebriv, warmoadgens qvearguments, romelic unda Seicavdes, sul

mcire debulebas da varaudebs, is xSirad moicavs faqtebs da Tqveni
pasuxis warmosaxviT sawinaaRmdego mosazrebaze pasuxsac ki.

ganmartebiTi

msjeloba.

ganmarteba

varaudis

varaudis

warmodgenamde.

Tu

fiqrobT,

Sesabamisobis
(Tu

rom

dagWirdebaT

dasasabuTeblad,

ganmartebiT

msjelobis

SeimuSaveT

msjelobas

is

mxolod

aqcentisTvis iyenebT, CasviT is varaudis Semdeg). Tu fiqrobT, rom

mkiTxveli

eWvqveS

daayenebs

ganmartebiTi

msjelobis

sinamdviles,

gaakeTeT miniargumentis monaxazi mis dasasabuTeblad. Tu mkiTxvelma

SeiZleba, ifiqros, rom Tqveni varaudi an debuleba ar aris ganmartebiTi
msjelobis namdvili garemoeba, gaakeTeT sawinaaRmdegos damamtkicebeli
argumentis monaxazi

reziumeebi.

Tu

naSromi

oc

gverdze

meti

moculobisaa,

SegiZliaT,

argumentis ganviTarebis etapi TiToeuli didi nawilis boloSi mokled

SeajamoT,

gansakuTrebiT,

Tu

naSromSi

mravlad

aris

gamoyenebuli

105

faqtebi,

TariRebi,

warmodgeniT

saxelebi,

SeiZleba,

movlenebi

bundovani

an

gaxdes

cifrebi.

amdeni

argumentis

faqtebis

ganviTarebis

procesi. ra daadgineT am nawilSi? ra etapzea argumenti am droisTvis?

Tu Savi naweris saboloo variantSi es reziumeebi Zalian TvalsaCinoa,
amoWeriT isini.
sxvadasxva sferoebSi momuSave avtorebma SesaZloa, es elementebi
odnav

gansxvavebulad

daalagon,

Tumca,

Tavad

elementebi

da

organizebis principebi igivea nebismier sferosa da profesiaSi.

maTi

sferos

miuxedavad, TiToeul naSromSi Zalian mniSvnelovnia, rom argumentis

nawilebi

daalagoT

ara,

ubralod,

sakuTari

Tvalsazrisis

asaxvis

mizniT, aramed mkiTxvelisTvis gasagebi saxiT.

6.2.9 SeqmeniT daskvnis samuSao variantis monaxazi

daskvniTi debuleba `dafaze daskvnis gverdis zeda nawilSi unda
gqondeT dawerili. Tu SegiZliaT am debulebis mniSvnelobis gaZliereba
(morigi pasuxi SekiTxvaze _ mere ra?), gakeTeT misi monaxazi debulebis
Semdeg (ufro vrclad daskvnebis Sesaxeb ix. 10.3).

6.3 SeinaxeT darCenili masala

gegmis

pirveli

samuSao

variantis

Seqmnis

Semdeg

SesaZloa,

aRmoaCinoT, rom dagrCaT bevri masala, romelic ar gamogiyenebiaT gegmis

SemuSavebisas. daZlieT survili, CarToT darCenili masala moxsenebaSi
mxolod im mizeziT, rom radgan moiZieT, mkiTxvelmac unda waikiTxos.
faqtobrivad, Tu masalebis

umetesoba

gamoiyeneT da narCeni masala

cotaa, albaT, sakmarisi kvleva ar CagitarebiaT. SeinaxeT darCenili

masala

samomavlod.

SesaZloa,

iq

inaxebodes

sxva

proeqtisTvis

gamosadegi marcvlebi.

106

7 naSromis Savi naweris Seqmna

7.1 SearCieT weris maqsimalurad mosaxerxebeli gza
7.2 gamoimuSaveT Sedegiani Savi naweris Seqmnis Cveva
7.3 gamoiyeneT ZiriTadi terminebi, rom SeinarCunoT swori kursi
7.4 saTanadod moiyvaneT citatebi, gaakeTeT perifrazi da reziume
7.5 teqstSi CarTeT citatebi
7.6

gonivrulad

gamoiyeneT

sqolioebi,

SeniSvnebi

da

damatebiTi

detaluri

faqtobrivi

ganmartebebi
7.7

wardgenamde

ganmarteT

kompleqsuri

an

mtkicebuleba
7.8 gaiTvaliswineT SesaZlo moulodnelobebi
7.9 Tavi daicaviT uneblie plagiatisgan
7.9.1 gamoyaviT TiToeuli citata, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu miTiTebuli
gaqvT wyaro
7.9.2 nu gaakeTebT perifrazs original teqstTan Zalian axlos
7.9.3

im

azrebisTvis,

romlebic

Tqven

ar

gekuTvniT,

rogorc

wesi,

gaakeTeT wyaros citireba

7.9.4 Tavs nu gaimarTlebT arcodniT, gaugebrobiT an keTili ganzraxviT
7.10 moerideT arasaTanado daxmarebis miRebas

7.11 gadalaxeT saqmis qronikulad gadadebis etapi da SemoqmedebiTi Cixi

zogierT avtors miaCnia, rom mas Semdeg, rac `dafaze dawers
monaxazs,

SeZlebs

Savi

naweris

daweras,

ubralod,

winadadebebis

gaSalaSinebis gziT. Tu vrceli monaxazi gaqvT gakeTebuli, albaT,

imasac fiqrobT, rom es mosamzadebeli Canawerebi SegiZliaT, Sav nawerSi
gadaitanoT. gamocdilma avtorebma ician, rom es ar aris gamarTlebuli
gza. maT ician ori ram: kvlevis procesSi monaxazebis gakeTeba Zalian
mniSvnelovania. Tumca, xSirad es mosamzadebeli naweri ar gamodgeba Sav

107

nawerSi

CasarTavad;

SeiZleba,

iyos

amasTanave,
aRmoCena,

samuSao

variantis

romlisTvisac

Seqmnis

mkvlevari

procesi
emzadeba

mosamzadebeli, dagegmvis da `dafaze datanis etapebis dros, Tumca, es

nawerebi samuSao variantisTvis ar gamodgeba. faqtobrivad, avtorebis
umravlesobam ar icis, ra azri SeiZleba, mouvideT, vidre ar ixilaven
mas dawerils, sityvebiT gamoxatuls. marTlac, kvlevis dros erT-erT
yvelaze

amaRelvebeli

momentia,

rodesac

aRmoaCenT,

rom

gamoxatavT

ideebs, romlebic im wuTamde ar icodiT, Tu gqondaT.

amdenad,
`dafaze

nu

SexedavT

Camowerili

Savi

naweris

debulebebis

an

Seqmnas

monaxazis

rogorc.

ubralod,

TxrobiT

formaSi

gadatanas. Tu Sav nawers obieqturad qmniT, SeiZleba, mogivideT azrebi,

romlebsac, vidre weras daiwyebdiT, verc ki warmoidgendiT, Tumca,
procesis

sxva

nabijebis

msgavsad,

gegmis

arsebobis

SemTxvevaSi

moulodnelobebsac ki ukeT gaarTmevT Tavs.

7.1 SearCieT weris maqsimalurad mosaxerxebeli gza

avtorebi Savi naweris Sesaqmnelad sxvadasxva gzas iyeneben. zogi
wers nela da dakvirvebiT: momdevno abzacze gadasvlamde sabolood
unda Camoayalibon wina abzaci. amisTvis sWirdebaT detaluri gegma.
amdenad, Tu nela

werT, dagegmeT

dakvirvebiT. sxva

avtorebi weren

swrafad, Tu SemoqmedebiT CixSi aRmoCndebian, gadainacvleben Semdeg

nawilebze, gamotoveben citatebs, statistikas da a.S. da mogvianebiT
Caamateben am nawilebs. Tu SeCereba mouwevT stilisturi sakiTxis gamo,
rogoricaa sakiTxi cifrebi sityvebiT gamoxaton Tu cifrebiT, isini im
adgilze Caweren [?] da ganagrZoben weras energiis gamoclamde. Semdeg
daubrundebian
romlebic

am

adgilebs

swrafad

da

weren,

gaasworeben.
didi

dro

Tumca,

iseT

avtorebs,

sWirdebaT

naweris

gadasamuSaveblad. amdenad, Tu swrafad werT, adre SeudeqiT muSaobas.

wereT TqvenTvis mosaxerxebeli gziT; unda aRiniSnos, rom gamocdili

108

avtorebi,

rogorc

wesi,

weren

swrafad,

Semdgom

ki

seriozulad

amuSaveben nawers.

7.2 gamoimuSaveT Sedegiani Savi naweris Seqmnis Cveva

adamianebis udidesi nawili yvelaze naklebad efeqtur garemoebebSi
swavleobs weras _ zewolis qveS, roca Cqaroben vadaSi Catevas, swrafad
qmnian Sav nawers wina RamiT da albaT, momdevno dilas ramdenime wuTSi
gadaavleben mas Tvals. es meTodi iSviaTad amarTlebs mokle moxsenebis
weris SemTxvevaSi da TiTqmis arasodes _ didi naSromis SemTxvevaSi.
Tqven

gWirdebaT

dro

da

gegma,

romelSic

gawerili

iqneba

mcire,

miRwevadi miznebi, magram romelic orientirebuli iqneba didi, ZiriTadi

miznis miRwevaze.
rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, wereT regularulad da xSirad; nu
dawerT

naCqarevad,

raTa

ar

SeaferxoT

azrovnebis

procesi

da

ar

CaixSoT interesi. weris TiToeuli sesiisTvis dasaxeT mcire mizani da

sityvebis

gonivruli

raodenoba,

misdieT

am

gegmas.

roca

weras

ganaaxlebT, ar aris aucilebeli im monakveTidan gaagrZeloT, sadac

SewyviteT. gadaxedeT `dafas, raTa gansazRvroT, risi werisTvis xarT
mzad mocemul dRes. gadaxedeT, rogor jdeba sakiTxi Sesabamis nawilSi
da mTel moxsenebaSi: ra varauds amyarebs nawili? ra adgili ukavia
mTlian logikur msjelobaSi? romeli ZiriTadi terminebi gamoxatavs
cnebebs, romlebic gamoarCevs aRniSnul nawils? Tu giWirT nawilis
dasruleba,

gadadiT

CaanacvlebT

weras

sxva
meti

nawilze.
kiTxviT.

rac

ar

adamians,

unda
romelic

gaakeToT,

nu

qronikulad

momavlisTvis debs saqmis keTebas, Cveulebriv, ise afrTxobs proeqtis

moculoba, rom moqmedebis unari erTmeva da agrZelebs saqmis dawyebis
samomavlod gadadebas. am mavne Cvevis daZleva proeqtis mcire, miRwevad
miznebad dayofis gziT SegiZliaT (ix. 7.11).

109

7.3 gamoiyeneT saorientacio terminebi, rom SeinarCunoT swori kursi

naweris

Seqmnisas

xelT

iqonieT

zogadi

cnebebis

Sesabamisi

saorientacio terminebis calke sia; es is terminebia, romlebic mTels

naSromSi unda gamoiyenoT. drodadro SeamowmeT, ramdenad xSirad gaqvT
gamoyenebuli es sityvebi _ isini, romlebic mTlian naSroms gasdevs da
isini, romlebic erT nawils meorisgan gamoarCevs. Tumca, am sityvebma ar
unda gamoiwvios originaluri azrovnebis SezRudva. Tu SeniSnavT, rom
yuradReba gadagerToT sxva rameze, ar SeaferxoT es procesi. SeiZleba,
saintereso idea mogivideT. gaagrZeleT, vidre ar mixvdebiT, ra axali
azri mogivaT.

7.4 saTanadod moiyvaneT citatebi, gaakeTeT perifrazi da reziume

am

Temas

SevexeT,

rodesac

ganvixileT

Canawerebis

gakeTebasTan

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi (4.2.2). naSromis udidesi nawili unda daweroT

sakuTari sityvebiT, romlebic gamoxatavs Tqvens Tvalsazriss. aRniSnul
Tvalsazrissa

da

mosazrebebs

ZiriTadad

gaamyarebT

citatebis,

perifrazis da reziumeebis gamoyenebiT. Tumca, sxvadasxva sferoSi isini

sxvadasxva doziT gamoiyeneba. sazogadod, humanitarul mecnierebebSi
mkvlevrebi

yvelaze

sabunebismetyvelo

xSirad

mecnierebebSi

iyeneben

citatebs;

Cveulebriv

socialur

perifrazs

an

da

reziumes

mimarTaven. Tumca, es Tqven unda gadawyvitoT, gamomdinare iqidan, rogor

iyenebT

informacias

argumentSi

kerZo

SemTxvevebisas.

qvemoT

warmodgenilia ramdenime principi:

reziume warmoadgineT maSin, roca detalebi ar aris mniSvnelovani

an rodesac wyaro ar aris sakmarisad mniSvnelovani saimisod, rom
meti adgili daeTmos naSromSi.

gaakeTeT perifrazi maSin, rodesac SegiZliaT wyaroSi mocemuli

monakveTis ufro mkafiod an mokled gadmocema an roca argumenti

110

damokidebulia wyaroSi arsebul detalebze, magram ara konkretul

sityvebze (Tumca, perifrazs vidre gaakeTebdeT, waikiTxeT 7.9.)
-

moyvaneT citata Semdeg SemTxvevebSi:

o sityvebi

warmoadgens

damamtkicebel

faqtebs,

romelic

amyarebs Tqvens varaudebs.

o nawyvetSi mocemulia Tvalsazrisi, romelsac ar eTanxmebiT
da obieqturobis mizniT gsurT. zustad warmoadginoT is.
o citirebuli sityvebi ekuTvnis avtoritetul pirs, romelic
emxroba Tqvens Tvalsazriss.
o citata saocrad originaluria.
o is gamoxatavs Tqvens ZiriTad cnebebs ise sainteresod, rom
citatis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba Semdgomi msjelobisTvis CarCos
Seqmna.

citatebi, perifrazebi da reziumeebi sakuTari axali ideebiT unda

daabalansoT. ubralod, nu gaimeorebT, an uaresi, nu gadmoitanT sxvebis
sityvebs da ideebs, romlebsac teqstSi CarTavT da warmoadgenT, rogorc
sakuTars. yvela pedagogs aRizianebs aseTi naSromebi, vinaidan maTSi
igrZnoba

originaluri

mosapoveblad

gamiznuli

azrovnebis
proeqtis

simwire.

SemTxvevaSi,

samecniero
rogorica

xarisxis
Tezisi

an

sadisertacio naSromi, mkiTxveli imTaviTve miuReblad CaTvlis aseT,

literaturidan amoRebuli ideebiT Sekowiwebul naSroms.
mkiTxveli afasebs kvlevas mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac endoba
masSi moyvanil wyaroebs. amdenad, TiToeuli reziumes, perifrazis, an
citatis SemTxvevaSi miuTiTeT misi bibliografiuli monacemebi wyaros
damowmebis Sesabamisi stilis gamoyenebiT (ix. nawili 2).

111

7.5 teqstSi CarTeT citatebi

teqstSi citatebi SegiZliaT ori gziT CarToT:
-

moiyvaneT

oTxi

an

naklebi

xazis

moculobis

citata

ZiriTad

teqstSi.
-

gamoyaviT xuT an metxaziani citata Seweul-striqonebiani abzacis

saxiT.

orive saxis citata teqstSi SegiZliaT, ori gziT CarToT:

1. CarTeT

citata

damoukidebeli

winadadebis

an

nawyvetis

saxiT,

romelsac waumZRvarebT ramdenime sityvisgan Semdgar ganmartebas.

Tumca,

Sesaval

winadadebaSi

moerideT

Semdegi

sityvebis

gamudmebiT gamoyenebas: ambobs, mixedviT, TqmiT da a.S.:

daiamondis TqmiT, `nayofieri naxevarmTvaris da CineTis istoriebi ... yuradsaRebi
gakveTilia Tanamedrove msofliosTvis: garemoebebi icvleba da warsuli dideba ar
aris momavali sidiadis garanti (417].

amis nacvlad, warmoadgineT garkveuli interpretacia:

daiamondis mixedviT, erTi gakveTili, rac SegviZlia warsulidan viswavloT, aris is,
rom ar unda velodeT warsulis ganmeorebas.. `nayofieri naxevarmTvaris da CineTis
istoriebi... yuradsaRebi gakveTilia Tanamedrove msofliosTvis...

2. citatis struqtura Tqvens winadadebaSi CaaqsoveT:

politikurma

moRvaweebma

unda

iswavlon

istoriis

magaliTze,

Tumca

daiamondi

aRniSnavs, rom `Tanamedrove msofliosTvis gakveTili nayofieri naxevarmTvaris da

CineTis istoriidan aris is, rom `garemoebebi icvleba da warsuli dideba ar aris
momavali sidiadis garanti [417]. amdenad, erTi gakveTili istoriidan aris is, rom
warsuli gameorebis imedad ver viqnebiT.

112

imisaTvis, rom citirebuli winadadeba kargad Seerwyas Tqvensas,

SegiZliaT, SecvaloT citata, Tuki amiT ar Seicvleba misi mniSvneloba
da mkafiod miuTiTebT damatebul an Secvlil sityvebs kvadratuli
frCxilebiT, gamotovebul teqsts ki _ mravalwertiliT. am winadadebaSi
originali teqsti ucvlelad aris motanili:
pozneri aqcents akeTebs religiaze ara sulieri, aramed socialuri daniSnulebis gamo:
`amerikis sazogadoebis aRsaniSnavi elementi religiuri pluralizmia da Cven unda
gaviTvaliswinoT,

rogor

ukavSirdeba

is

socialuri

normebis

meSveobiT

marTvis

efeqtianobas imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda religias,

romelic imavdroulad am normebis wyaro da damamkvidrebeli iyo. [299].

am versiaSi ki citata Secvlilia, avtoris winadadebis sturqturasTan

SesabamisobaSi moyvanis mizniT:
religiuri pluralizmis am ganxilvaSi pozneri amerikis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb ambobs,
rom

`aRsaniSnavi

gaviTvaliswinoT,

elementi...
rogor

aris

zegavlenas

[misi]
axdens

religiuri
misi

pluralizmi.

socialuri

Cven

normebi

unda

`marTvis

efeqtianobaze... imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda religias,

romelic imavdroulad am normebis wyaro da damamkvidrebeli iyo.[299]
(vrclad citatebis teqstSi CarTvis Sesaxeb ix. 25-e TavSi.)

rodesac

pirvelad

miuTiTebT

wyaroze,

gamoiyeneT

misi

sruli

dasaxeleba. nu daurTavT b-ni, q-ni, an profesori (`b-nis, `pativcemulis,

`senatoris

da

a.S.

gamoyenebis

Sesaxeb

ix.

24.2.2).

wyaros

Semdgomi

moxseniebisas gamoiyeneT mxolod gvari:

stiven pinkeris TqmiT, `gancxadebebs enis instinqtis Sesaxeb... faqtobrivad araferi aqvs
saerTo adamianebs Soris SesaZlo genetikur gansxvavebebTan. pinkeri agrZelebs da
acxadebs, rom...

garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac miTiTebaa mefeebze, dedoflebze da

papebze, arasodes moixsenioT wyaro saxeliT:
113

stiven pinkeris TqmiT, `mtkicebebi enis instinqtis Sesaxeb... stiveni ganagrZobs, ...

7.6. gonivrulad gamoiyeneT sqolioebi, gverdoblivi SeniSnvebi da

damatebiTi ganmartebebi

Tu iyenebT gamoyenebuli literaturis damowmebis sqolioSi miTiTebis

stils

(ix.

gamoiyenoT

3.2.1),

Savi

sqolioebi,

naweris

Seqmnisas

SeniSvnebi

da

unda

gadawyvitoT,

naSromis

boloSi

rogor

mocemuli

damatebiTi ganmartebebi (maT Sesaxeb standartuli moTxovnebi ix. me-16

TavSi). ra Tqma unda, TiToeuli wyaro unda miuTiToT sqolioSi, Tumca,
agreTve, unda gadawyvitoT, rogor gamoiyenoT gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi da
damatebiTi
teqstis

ganmartebebi

ZiriTad

Sinaarsobrivi SeniSvnebisTvis,

nawilSi

CarTva

gsurT

da

arc

romlis

gamotoveba.

arc

(aseTi

Sinaarsobrivi SeniSvnebi, aseve, SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT teqstSi CarTul

miTiTebebTan erTad roca teqstobriv miTiTebis stils iyenebT; ix. 18.3.3.)

Tu wyaroebs imave gverdze, sqolioSi miuTiTebT,

Sinaarsobrivi

masala

ganmartebebSi

naSromis

boloSi

mocemul

damatebiT

gadaitaneT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvels mouwevs naSromis

boloSi gadasvla, raTa Seamowmos, Sinaarsobrivia SeniSvna Tu
bibliografiuli.
-

gonivrulad gamoiyeneT Sinaarsobrivi sqolioebi. Tu Zalian bevrs

gaakeTebT,

iqmneba

imis

saSiSroeba,

rom

gverdebi

wyvetili

da

danawevrebuli gamovides.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi gaxsovdeT, rom Zalian bevri mkiTxveli ar aqcevs

yuradRebas Sinaarsobriv sqolioebs im principiT, rom Tu es informacia
ar

iyo

sakmarisad

mniSvnelovani

teqstSi

CasarTavad,

Sesabamisad,

maTTvis ar aris sakmarisad mniSvnelovani, rom waikiTxon is sqolioSi.

114

7.7 wardgenamde ganmarteT kompleqsuri an detaluri faqtobrivi

mtkicebuleba
am etapisTvis SesaZloa, mtkiced darwmunebulma CaTvaloT, rom Tqveni
faqti

amyarebs

Sesabamisobas.

varauds

Tumca,

da

mkiTxveli

faqtobriv

aucileblad

mtkicebulebas

SeniSnavs

sWirdeba

mis

warmodgena,

gansakuTrebiT, Tu es didi citata, suraTi, cxrili an diagramaa da a.S.;

mas unda waumZRvaroT winadadeba, sadac miuTiTebT moyvanili faqtis
daniSnulebas.
magaliTad, rTulia danaxva, rogor amyarebs Sesaval winadadebas citata
qvemoT moyvanil monakveTSi:
rodesac hamleti Semodis misi maminacvlis klaudiusis locvis dros, is civad
da logikurad fiqrobs, moklas Tu ara maminacvali iqve.

debuleba

ager loculobs!
marjve dro aris da marjvedac movixmar am dros:
movklav da zecas ava igi.
amiTi viTom mere javrs viyri?
mofiqreba aris saWiro.
mama momikla avazakma da me ki, nacvlad,
mis mkvidri Svili zecas vgzavni imav avazaks.
es xom jildoa, sad aris aq SurisZieba!

am

striqonebSi

araferi

mianiSnebs

aSkarad

civ

racionalurobaze.

SeadareT:
roca klaudiusi loculobs, hamleti Semodis da civad, logikurad
fiqrobs, iqve moklas Tu ara igi. debuleba . hamlets Tavidan surs, iqve
moklas

maminacvali,

Tumca,

Semdeg

dafiqrdeba:

locvis

dros

rom

gamoasalmos sicocxles, is mis suls zecaSi gagzavnis. mas ki surs, rom

115

klaudiusi

dawyevlili

iyos.

amdenad,

iRebs

racionalur

gadawyvetilebas, rom sxva dros moklas: varaudi

ager loculobs!
marjve dro aris da marjvedac movixmar am dros:
movklav da zecas ava igi.
amiTi viTom mere javrs viyri?
mofiqreba aris saWiro.
mama momikla avazakma da me ki, nacvlad,
mis mkvidri Svili zecas vgzavni imav avazaks.
es xom jildoa, sad aris aq SurisZieba!

am saxis ganmartebiTi Sesavali kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, rodesac

waradgenT raodenobriv mtkicebulebas cxrilis an suraTis saxiT (ix.
8.3.1).

7.8 gaiTvaliswineT SesaZlo moulodnelobebi

Tu wyaroebze muSaobis paralelurad werT da Savi naweris Seqmnamde
gegmasac adgenT, nakleb savaraudoa, Savi naweris ganviTarebis procesi
TqvenTvis moulodneli aRmoCndes. miuxedavad amisa, mTliani procesis
ganmavlobaSi mzad iyaviT axali mimarTulebebisTvis:
-

rodesac

Sav

nawerze

muSaoba

gegmiT

gaTvaliswinebul

kurss

gascdeba, daakvirdiT, iqneb dagegmilze ukeTesi gziT warmarToT

muSaoba.
-

rodesac damamtkicebeli sabuTis warmodgenis Semdeg eWvqveS dgeba

varaudi, nu ugulebelyofT am grZnobas. gadaamowmeT.

roca

varaudebis

Tanmimdevroba

bolomde

ar

mogwonT,

scadeT

axali varaudebis gamoyeneba, maSinac ki, Tu gegonaT, rom TiTqmis

dasrulebuli gqondaT muSaoba.

116

maSinac ki, roca saboloo daskvnas gamoitanT, unda naxoT, rogor

ganacxadoT

debuleba

xelaxla,

ufro

mkafiod

da

erTmniSvnelovnad.

Tu naSromis
mogividaT,

dasrulebis

gamoiyeneT

vadaze

sagrZnoblad

darCenili

dro

adre ukeTesi azrebi

cvlilebebis

Sesatanad.

es

naSromis seriozulad daxvewis martivi gzaa.

7.9 Tavi daicaviT uneblie plagiatisgan

swored Sav nawerze muSaobisas dgebiT riskis winaSe, dauSvaT erT-erTi
yvelaze

uxeSi

Secdoma,

romelic

ki

SeiZleba,

dauSvas

mkvlevarma:

mkiTxvels Seeqmnas STabeWdileba, rom cdilobT, sxva avtoris naSromi

sakuTar naSromad warmoaCinoT. aseT SemTxvevaSi dadgebiT plagiatSi
dadanaSaulebis

riskis

winaSe.

es

aris

braldeba,

romelmac,

Tu

dadasturda, SeiZleba, Tqveni CaWra an garicxvac ki gamoiwvios.

mravali

instruqtori

gvafrTxilebs

plagiatis

Sesaxeb.

Tumca,

ar

ganmartaven, ras niSnavs is, radgan miaCniaT, rom plagiati, rogorc wesi,
ganzrax

Cadenili

arakeTilsindisieri

qmedebaa

da

ganmartebas

ar

saWiroebs. marTlac, studentebma ician, rom cruoben, roca sakuTar

saxels aweren naSroms, romelic internetiT SeiZines an studentTa
klubis

failidan

arakeTilsindisierad

gadmoweres.

maTma

umetesobam

iqcevian,

rodesac

sakuTar

isic

icis,

naSromad

rom

asaReben

wyarodan zedmiwevniT gadaweril an internetidan CamotvirTul naSroms.

aseTi SemTxvevebisTvis sxvas verafers vityviT, garda imisa, rom `ar
moiqceT ase.

Tumca, mravali studenti ver acnobierebs, rom isini dgebian plagiatSi

dadanaSaulebis

riskis

winaSe

im

SemTxvevaSic

ki,

Tu

ganzrax

ar

moqceulan arakeTilsindisierad, ubralod, arcodniT an daudevrobiT

117

mouvidaT ase. riskis zRvarze xarT, rodesac aZlevT mkiTxvels sababs,

ifiqros, rom gaakeTeT erT-erTi an meti Semdegidan:

gaakeTeT

wyaros

citireba,

Tumca,

zustad

wyaroSi

moyvanili

sityvebi gamoiyeneT da fragmenti ar CasviT brWyalebSi an ar

gamoyaviT citatis aRmniSnveli abzaciT.
-

gaakeTeT wyaros perifrazi da miuTiTeT wyaro, magram sityvebi ise

axlos

aris

wyarosTan,

rom

TiTqmis

citataa:

Zalian

TvalSi

sacemia, rom wyaros teqsti sityvasityviT gaimeoreT perifrazis

dros.
-

wyarodan gamoiyeneT ideebi an meTodebi, wyaro ki ar miuTiTeT.

7.9.1 gamoyaviT TiToeuli citata, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu moxseniebuli

gaqvT wyaro
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu wyaros miuTiTebT, mkiTxvelma unda icodes,
romeli sityvebia Tqveni da romeli _ citatis. Tqven dgebiT plagiatis
braldebis riskis winaSe, Tu ar gamoiyenebT brWyalebs an citatis
aRmniSvnel abzacs, raTa mianiSnoT, rom sul raRac erTi striqoni gaqvT
amowerili.
sakiTxi ufro rTuldeba, rodesac mxolod ramdenime sityvis citata
mogyavT. waikiTxeT:
imis gamo, rom teqnologia warmoSobs kidev ufro met teqnologias, gamogonebis
gavrcelebis mniSvneloba, Teoriulad, aWarbebs Tavdapirveli gamogonebis mniSvnelobas.
teqnologiis istoria warmoadgens imis ilustracias, rasac avtokatalizur process
uwodeben: anu, esaa procesi, romelic Cqardeba siCqariT, romelic izrdeba droTa
ganmvlobaSi, vinaidan procesi sakuTar Tavs aaqtiurebs [Diamond, 1998, 301]

jared daiamondis ideebis Sesaxeb rom werdeT, savaraudod, mogiwevdaT

misi

sityvebis

gamoyeneba,

rogoricaa,

magaliTad,

gamogonebis

118

mniSvneloba. Tumca, am frazas brWyalebSi ar CasvamdiT, vinaidan is ar

aCvenebs azris an gamoxatvis originalurobas. Tumca, daiamondis ori
fraza imdenad originaluria, rom moiTxovs brWyalebs: teqnologia
warmoSobs met teqnologias da avtokatalizuri procesi. magaliTad:
teqnologiis Zala scdeba individualuri gamogonebebis farglebs, vinaidan teqnologia
`met teqnologias warmoSobs. daiamondis TqmiT, Ees aris `avtokatalizuri procesi
[301].

citatis saxiT am sityvebis pirvelad moyvanis Semdeg SegiZliaT, kvlav

gamoiyenoT isini brWyalebis an citirebis gareSe:
rodesac erTi gamogoneba warmoSobs meores da meore _ kidev sxva gamogonebas, procesi
xdeba

katalizatori,

romelic

geometriuli

progresiiT

vrceldeba

erovnuli

sazRvrebis masStabiT.

es

bundovani

originaluria,

zRvaria:

sityvebi,

sxvebisTvis

romlebic

gansakuTrebuli

zogierTi

mkiTxvelisTvis

ar

Tu

aris.

brWyalebs

gamoiyenebT Zalian bevri standartuli frazisTvis, mkiTxvelma SeiZleba,

ifiqros, rom gamoucdeli an sakuTar TavSi darwmunebuli xarT, magram
Tu ar gamoiyenebT brWyalebs maSin, roca, mkiTxvelis azriT, unda
gamogeyenebinaT, SesaZloa, mkiTxvelma CaTvalos, rom cdilobT, sakuTar
azrebad warmoadginoT sityvebi da ideebi, romlebic Tqven ar gekuTvniT.
vinaidan

umjobesia

datovoT

gamoucdelis

STabeWdileba,

vidre

arakeTilsindisieri avtorisa, gansakuTrebiT kvleviTi karieris adreul

etapze, SeuzRudavad gamoiyeneT brWyalebi. (Tumca, unda daicvaT Tqveni
sferos standartuli praqtikis principebi. magaliTad, iuristebi xSirad
iyeneben

zust

enas

kanonidan

an

sasamarTlo

daskvnidan

brWyalebis

gareSe.)

119

7.9.2 nu gaakeTebT iseT perifrazs, romelic original teqstTan Zalian

axlos dgasD

perifrazs
warmoadgenT

akeTebT
ufro

saTanadod,
garkveviT

an

roca

sakuTari

xazgasmiT,

vidre

sityvebiT

ideas

wyaroSia.

Tumca,

mkiTxveli ifiqrebs, rom gascdiT obieqturi perifrazis zRvrebs da

plagiatorobT, Tu SeZleben, Seusabamon Tqveni sityvebi da frazebi
wyaroSi mocemul winadadebebs da frazebs. magaliTisTvis, momdevno
winadadebaSi warmodgenilia im ori winadadebis plagiatebi, romlebsac
Tqven axla waikiTxavT:
buTi, kolombi da uiliamsi acxadeben, rom saTanado perifrazi aris sakuTari sityvebis
gamoyeneba ideis warmosadgenad, raTa monakveTi wyarodan ufro mkafio an ufro aSkara
gaxdes. Tumca, mkiTxvels SeuZlia daabralos students plagiati, Tu misi perifrazi
ise hgavs wyaros, rom adamians SeuZlia, Seusabamos misi sityvebi da frazebi wyaroSi
warmodgenil winadadebebs da frazebs.

momdevno perifrazi plagiatTan Zalian axlos aris:

saTanado

perifrazi

gulisxmobs

wyarodan

amonaridis

xelaxla

daweras

sakuTari

sityvebiT, raTa azri ufro mkafio an ufro xazgasmuli iyos. mkiTxveli CaTvlis, rom
es plagiatia, Tuki wyaros perifrazi ise axloa original teqstTan, rom mas SeuZlia
paralelebis danaxva sityvebsa da frazebs Soris. [Booth, Colomb, and Williams, 2007].

es perifrazi ar aris plagiatis nimuSi:

buTis, kolombis da uiliamsis mixedviT [2007], perifrazi aris sakuTari sityvebis
gamoyenebiT ideebis ufro garkveviT warmodgena. plagiatis magaliTia, roca mkiTxvels
SeuZlia sityvasityviT dainaxos msgavseba perifrazsa da wyaroSi arsebul teqsts
Soris.

120

imisaTvis, rom perifrazi ar daemsgavsos plagiats, nu waikiTxavT wyaros

perifrazirebis dros. waikiTxeT nawyveti, dafiqrdiT masze ramdenime
wuTiT; Semdeg, wyaroSi Caxedvis gareSe gaakeTeT perifrazi sakuTari
sityvebiT. Semdeg SeamowmeT, SegiZliaT Tu ara winadadebas gaayoloT
TiTi da ipovoT wyaroSi igive ideebi imave TanmimdevrobiT. Tu asea,
mkiTxvelic SeZlebs amas. scadeT, xelaxla gaakeToT perifrazi.

7.9.3

im

azrebisTvis,

romlebic

Tqven

ar

gekuTvniT,

rogorc

wesi,

gaakeTeT wyaros citireba

es wesi ufro rTulia, vidre Cans, vinaidan Cveni ideebis umetesoba
emyareba an momdinareobs ama Tu im wyarodan. mkiTxveli ar moelis, rom
Tqven

ipoviT

TiToeul

Znelad

misawvdom

wyaros

yoveli

nacnobi

ideisTvis. Tumca, igi moelis, rom moaxdenT wyaros citirebas, roca (1)
idea

dakavSirebulia

konkretul

pirTan

da

(2)

sakmarisad

axalia

saimisod, rom ar iyos sferoSi arsebuli standartuli codnis nawili.

magaliTad, fsiqologebi acxadeben, rom Cveni azrebi da grZnobebi tvinis
sxvadasxva nawilSi muSavdeba. Tumca, arc erT mkiTxvels ar eqneba imis
molodini, rom moaxdenT am ideis citirebas, vinaidan is ukve aRar aris
dakavSirebuli konkretul wyarosTan da imdenad nacnobia, rom aravin
ifiqrebs,

rom

fsiqologs

es

idea

miaCnia,

Tqvenad
rom

warmoaCineT.
emociebi

meores
Zalian

mxriv,

zogierT

mniSvnelovania

gadawyvetilebebis racionalurad misaRebad. es idea imdenad axalia da

imdenad mWidrod ukavSirdeba konkretul mkvlevrebs, rom maTi citireba
mogiwevdaT.
unda ixelmZRvaneloT Semdegi principiT: moaxdineT wyaros citireba
ideisTvis, romelic Tqven ar gekuTvniT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sakiTxSi
garkveulma mkiTxvelma SeiZleba, ifiqros, rom ideas Tqvenad warmoaCenT.
es Zalian erTmniSvnelovani Cans. Tumca, arsebobs

zRvari, romelic

121

bundovanobas

iwvevs.

roca

ar

xarT

darwmunebuli,

gadaamowmeT

instruqtorTan.

7.9.4 Tavs nu gaimarTlebT arcodniT, gaugebrobiT an keTili ganzraxviT

aSkaraa,

rom

is,

rac

plagiats

waagavs,

xSirad,

ubralod,

keTilsindisieri specialistis arcodnaa im principebisa, Tu rogor unda

gamoiyenos

da

gulwrfelad

citatad

sjera,

moiyvanos

rom

ar

unda

wyaroebi.
moaxdinos

zogierT
im

students

masalis

citireba,

romelic internetidan CamotvirTa, Tu es masala internetSi ufaso da

sajarod xelmisawvdomia. es mcdari Sexedulebaa. mniSvneloba ar aqvs
imas,

rom

moaxdinoT

masala

sajarod

nebismieri

sxva

xelmisawvdomi
piris

mier

da

ufasoa.

Seqmnili

Tqven

teqstis

unda

citireba,

romelsac iyenebT Tqvens naSromSi.

mravali studenti Tavs icavs, roca acxadebs, rom ar hqonda ganzraxuli

mkiTxvelis SecdomaSi Seyvana. magram saqme imaSia, rom Cven sityvebs
vkiTxulobT da ara azrebs. amdenad, ifiqreT plagiatze ara rogorc
gamiznul moqmedebaze, aramed aRqmuli moqmedebaze, moerideT nebismier
niSans,

ramac

plagiatSi.

SeiZleba,

rodesac

miTiTebuli, es

mkiTxvels

waradgenT

gauCinos

naSroms,

sababi,

romelzec

eWvi

Seitanos

Tqveni

saxelia

gulisxmobs, rom Tqven gekuTvniT yvela is sityva,

romelzec mkafiod da konkretulad ar gaqvT gakeTebuli miTiTeba sxva

wyaroze.

plagiatis arsebobis gansazRvris saukeTeso gzaa dasvaT kiTxva: piri,

romlis naSromsac iyenebT, Tqveni Txzulebis kiTxvisas icnobs Tu ara
iq warmodgenil ideebs da winadadebebs rogorc sakuTars, maT Soris,
perifrazebs da reziumeebs, an, Tundac, zogad ideebs an meTodebs? Tu
asea, unda gaakeToT im wyaros citireba da CarToT misi zusti sityvebis

122

Tanmimdevroba brWyalebSi an CarToT isini abzaciT gamoyofili citatis

saxiT.

7.10 moerideT arasaTanado daxmarebis miRebas

gamocdili avtorebi sistematurad aCveneben sakuTar Sav nawerebs sxvebs
kritikuli SeniSvnebis da rCevebis misaRebad; Tqvenc ase unda moiqceT.
Tumca, gansxvavdeba instruqtorebis azri imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra
dozis daxmarebaa mizanSewonili da ra daxmarebis miReba unda miuTiTos
studentma naSromSi, roca daxmarebisTvis mimarTavT specialists, dasviT
ori SekiTxva:
1. ra moculobis daxmarebaa marTebuli?
-

sakurso

naSromisTvis

instruqtorebis

mouwodebs

studentebs,

moipovon

SeniSvnebi

da

doziT

redaqtirebaSi;

mcire
daxmareba

ar

didi

nawili

zogadi

kritikuli

mimarTon

daxmarebas

unda

moicavdes

xelaxla

detalurad daweras an safuZvlian rCevebs.

-

Tezisis,

sadisertacio

wardgenili

naSromis

TxzulebisTvis

an

avtorebi

publikaciisTvis
iReben

maqsimalur

SesaZlo daxmarebas pedagogebisgan, recenzentebisgan da sxva

pirebisgan, Tu es ar gulisxmobs am pirebis mier naSromis maT
magivrad daweras.
am ukiduresobebs Soris zRvari bundovania. SeekiTxeT instruqtors, sad
gaavlebda zRvars. Semdeg maqsimalurad miiReT dasaSvebi daxmareba.

2. ra saxis daxmareba unda miuTiToT TxzulebaSi?

-

sakurso naSromis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, ar mogeTxovebaT

zogadi kritikuli SeniSvnebis

mopoveba; SegiZliaT, mcire

redaqtirebis gakeTeba sTxovoT vinmes an daxmareba moipovoT

skolis

instruqtorisgan

miuTiToT,

rom

es

weris

daxmareba

sakiTxebSi.
iyo

Tumca,

arastandartuli

unda
da
123

safuZvliani. am wesebs Tqveni pedagogi gansazRvravs. amdenad,

mas mimarTeT rCevis misaRebad.
-

Tezisis, sadisertacio naSromis an publikaciis SemTxvevaSi,

ar mogeTxovebaT standartuli saxis daxmarebis miTiTeba.
Tumca, Tavaziani Jestia, da xSirad diplomatiuri, miRebuli
daxmarebis Sesaxeb SesavalSi miTiTeba (ix. A.2.1). rac Seexeba
arastandartul an safuZvlian redaqtirebas, unda miuTiToT
is, agreTve, moaxdinoT sxvebis mier mowodebuli ZiriTadi
ideebis an frazebis citireba SeniSvnis saxiT.

7.11 gadalaxeT saqmis qronikulad gadadebis etapi da SemoqmedebiTi Cixi

Tu giWirT Savi naweris pirveli variantis dawyeba an Tu ramdenime
sityvaze mets ver uyriT Tavs, SeiZleba, SemoqmedebiT CixSi aRmoCndiT.
zogjer

es

skolis

da

misi

zewolis

gamoa

gamowveuli;

Tu

asea,

konsultaciisTvis specialists mimarTeT. Tumca, umetes SemTxvevebSi, es

gamowveulia mizezebiT, romelTa gadaWra Tavadac SegiZliaT:

SesaZloa, wera giWirT imitom, rom ar gaqvT miznebi an Zalian

rTulad misaRwevi miznebi gaqvT dasaxuli. Tu asea, SeqmeniT
grafiki da dasaxeT mcire, miRwevadi miznebi. nu moeridebiT
iseTi xerxebis gamoyenebas, romlebic gaiZulebT weroT; maT
Sorisaa

winsvlis

amsaxveli

diagrama

an

regularuli

Sexvedrebi weraze momuSave partniorTan.

-

SeiZleba, ise SegaSinaT davalebis moculobam, rom ar iciT,

saidan daiwyoT. Tu asea, SeasruleT Cveni rCevebi procesis
mcire, miRwevad amocanebad dayofasTan dakavSirebiT; Semdeg
saTiTaod imuSaveT TiTo mcire nabijis Sesrulebaze. mTliani
amocanis Sesrulebaze nu gadaxvalT, vidre ar daasrulebT
ramdenime mcire nawils.

124

SeiZleba,

grZnobT,

rom

srulyofilad

unda

CamoayaliboT

yoveli winadadeba an paragrafi, vidre momdevnoze gadaxvalT.

Tu asea, sakuTar Tavs uTxariT, rom Sav nawers ki ar werT,
aramed, ubralod, ramdenime ideis monaxazs akeTebT. moikribeT
nebisyofa

da

SegiZliaT,

swrafad

Tavi

SeudeqiT

daaRwioT

samuSao

srulyofili

variantis
naweris

weras.
Seqmnis

survils, Tu pirdapir weras SeudgebiT da gecodinebaT, rom

Savi naweris pirvel variants ar werT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
yvelas

gviwevs

srulyofili

variantis

weraze

uaris

Tqma

naweris Seqmnis sasargeblod.

Tu msgavs problemebs xSirad waawydiT naSromze muSaobis procesSi,
mimarTeT studentTa saswavlo centrs. iq muSaoben adamianebi, romlebsac
unaxavT mravali dRemexvalia da SemoqmedebiT CixSi myofi avtori da
SeZleben problemis Sesabamisi rCevis gawevas.
meore mxriv, zogjer avtoris SemoqmedebiT CixSi Sesvlis zogierTi
SemTxveva
daleqvis

SeiZleba,

marTlac

warmoadgendes

azrebis

qvecnobierSi

SesaZleblobas, rac raRac axali da moulodneli ideis

Seqmnas iwvevs. Tu ver agrZelebT weras, magram dro sakmarisi gaqvT

(kidev

erTi

mizezi

saqmis

naadrevad

dasawyebad)

erTi-ori

dRis

ganmavlobaSi raime sxva saqmianobiT dakavdiT. Semdeg daubrundiT weras,

raTa naxoT, SegiZliaT Tu ara muSaobis gagrZeleba.

125

8 faqtebis warmodgena cxrilebis da suraTebis saxiT

8.1 sityvebiT da grafikulad azris gadmocemas Soris arCevanis gakeTeba
8.2 efeqturi grafikuli gamosaxulebis Seqmnis xerxebi
8.3 cxrilebis da suraTebis modelebis Seqmna
8.3.1 TiToeuli grafiki struqturulad aawyveT, rom ukeT gasagebi
iyos mkiTxvelisTvis
8.3.2 ecadeT, gamosaxuleba imdenad martivi iyos, ramdenadac amis
saSualebas iZleva teqstis Sinaarsi
8.3.3 misdieT cxrilebis, svetovani da xazovani diagramebisTvis
dadgenil saxelmZRvanelo principebs
8.4 monacemebis eTikurad warmodgena
mkiTxvelTa umetesoba ufro iolad aRiqvams grafikulad gamoxatul
ricxobriv monacemebs. monacemTa grafikulad gamosaxvis mravali
varianti arsebobs. Tumca, zogi maTgani ukeT Seesabameba konkretul
monacemebs da ideas, vidre sxva. am TavSi warmogidgenT, rogor unda
aarCioT grafikuli forma da modeli ise, rom mkiTxvelma maTi
meSveobiT naxos monacemebic da isic, Tu rogor amyarebs Tqvens
arguments es monacemebi.
(grafikebis Seqmnis da gamoyenebis wesebi
ixileT
bibliografiaSi
vrclad
grafikuli
gamosaxulebis
1
formatirebis Sesaxeb ix. 26-e Tavi.)
1

SeniSvna

terminebTan

dakavSirebiT:

grafikebis

gamosaxatavad

sxvadasxva

termini

gamoiyeneba. amdenad, Cven warmogidgenT gamoyenebuli terminebis ganmartebas. am TavSi

gamoyenebuli termini grafiki aRniSnavs faqtebis yvela vizualur gamosaxulebas. meore
termini,

romelic

zogjer

gamoiyeneba

aseTi

gamosaxulebis

aRsaniSnavad,

aris

ilustracia. rogorc wesi, grafikuli gamosaxulebebi iyofa cxrilebad da suraTebad

cxrili aris bade, romelsac aqvs svetebi da striqonebi, sadac mocemulia monacemebi
ricxvebis saxiT an sityvierad da dalagebulia kategoriebad. suraTi _ esaa yvela sxva
saxis grafikuli gamosaxuleba, maT Soris, grafikebi, diagrmebi, fotoebi, naxazebi da
tabulebi. raodenobrivi monacemebis amsaxveli suraTebi iyofa diagramebad, romlebic,
Cveulebriv,
grafikebad,

Sedgeba

svetovani,

romlebic,

wriuli

rogorc

wesi,

an

sxva

Sedgeba

formis
uwyveti

mqone

diagramebisgan

xazebisgan.

da

suraTebis

standartuli variantebi ix. cxrilSi 8.7.

126

8.1 sityvebiT da grafikulad azris gadmocemas Soris arCevanis gakeTeba

Tu mcirericxovani raodenobrivi monacemebi gaqvT, warmoadgineT isini
sityvierad. (ricxvebis sityvierad warmodgenis Sesaxeb ixileT 23-e Tavi.)
monacemebi warmoadgineT grafikuli gamosaxulebis saxiT, rodesac
faqtebis umetesi nawili raodenobrivia an, roca bevri monacemi unda
warmoadginoT. Tumca, rodesac monacemebi cota da martivia, mkiTxvels
SeuZlia, advilad aRiqvas isini rogorc winadadebis, ise, 8.1 suraTSi
moyvanili cxrilis msgavsi gamosaxulebis saxiT:
saSualod, 1996 wels mamakacebi gamoimuSavebdnen 32,144 aSS dolars
weliwadSi, qalebi _ 23,710 dolars, sxvaoba Seadgens 8,434 dolars.
cxrili 8.1 mamakacebis da qalebis xelfasebi ($), 1996
mamakacebi 32,144
qalebi 23 710
sxvaoba 8,434

cxrili 8.2 cvlilebebi ojaxis struqturaSi, 1970-2000

ojaxebis saerTo raodenobis procentuli wili
ojaxis tipi
2 mSobeli
deda
mama
zrdasrulis gareSe
Tumca, Tu oTx an xuT ricxvze mets warmoadgenT nawyvetSi, mkiTxvels
gauWirdeba maTi gageba, gansakuTrebiT, Tu maTi Sedarebaa saWiro,
magaliTad:
1970 da 2000 wlebs Soris ojaxebis struqtura orgvarad Seicvala. 1970
wels ojaxebis 85 procents hyavda ori mSobeli, xolo 1980 wels es
maCvenebeli Semcirda 77 procentamde, 1990 wels _ 73 procentamde, 2000
wels ki _ 68 procentamde. arasruli ojaxebis raodenoba gaizarda,
gansakuTrebiT, iseTi ojaxebis, sadac marCenali dedaa. 1970 wels
ojaxebis 11 procentSi ojaxis ufrosi martoxela deda iyo. 1980 wels es
ricxvi gaizarda 18 procentamde, 1990 wels _ 22 procentamde, 2000 wels
ki _ 23 procentamde. martoxela mamebis ufrosobiT ojaxebi 1970 wels
Seadgenda 1 procents, 1980 wels maTi wili 2 procenti iyo, 1990 wels _ 3

127

procenti, 2000 wels ki 4 procenti Seadgina. zrdasruli wevris gareSe

mcxovrebi ojaxebis raodenoba ucvleli darCa, 3-4 procentis farglebSi.
am monacemebis ufro efeqturad gamosaxva SeiZleba grafikuli formiT,
rogorc es 8.2 cxrilSia naCvenebi.
8.2 yvelaze efeqturi grafikuli gamosaxulebis SerCeva
mravali varianti arsebobs iseTi kompleqsuri monacemebis grafikulad
gamosaxvisTvis, rogoric zemoT abzacSi iyo moyvanili. umartivesi da
yvelaze gavrcelebulia cxrilebi, svetovani diagramebi da xazovani
grafikebi. TiToeul maTgans damaxasiaTebeli ritorikuli efeqti aqvs.
-

konkretuli mniSvnelobebis xazgasasmelad gamoiyeneT 8.2 cxrilis

msgavsi cxrili.
monacemTa Sesadareblad gamoiyeneT cxrilebis da diagramebis
danarTSi 8.1 suraTSi warmodgenili diagramis msgavsi svetovani
diagrama.
tendenciebis gamosakveTad gamoiyeneT 8.2 suraTSi warmodgenili
diagramis msgavsi xazovani diagrama.

zemoT naxsenebi TiToeuli diagrama erTi da imave monacemebs gviCvenebs.

Tumca, mkiTxvelebs sxvadasxva reaqcia aqvT maTze:
- cxrili zusti da obieqturia. masSi xazgasmulia konkretuli ricxvebi
da mkiTxvels ubiZgebs, dainaxos urTierTkavSiri da tendeciebi (Tu mis
Sesaxeb SesavalSi ar gixsenebiaT).
ojaxebis saerTo procentuli maCvenebeli
2 mSobeli
deda
mama
zrdasrulis gareSe
suraTi 8.1. cvlilebebi ojaxis struqturaSi, 1970-2000
ojaxebis saerTo procentuli maCvenebeli
2 mSobeli
deda
mama
zrdasrulis gareSe

128

suraTi 8.2. cvlilebebi ojaxis struqturaSi, 1970-2000

ojaxebis saerTo procentuli maCvenebeli
-

rogorc grafikebi, ise xazovani diagramebi xazs usvams vizualur

gamosaxulebas. misi meSveobiT maCveneblebi naklebad zustad,
magram ufro swrafad gadmoicema, vidre cxrilSi mocemuli zusti
ricxvebis saSualebiT. Tumca, es grafikebic:
svetovani diagramiT erTmaneTs adarebs gansxvavebul monacemebs.
xazovani diagramiT aCvenebs tendencias drois garkveul
periodSi.

iseTi grafikuli forma SearCieT, romliTac maqsimalurad miaRwevT

gaTvaliswinebul efeqts da ara is, rac pirvelad mogafiqrdebaT.
is,
Tu
ramden
variants
ganixilavT,
damokidebulia
Tqvens
gamocdilebaze. Tu axali dawyebuli gaqvT raodenobrivi kvlevebis
sferoSi muSaoba, ZiriTad cxrilebze, svetovan da xazovan diagramebze
SeCerdiT. kompiuterul programaSi SesaZloa, meti varianti iyos, magram
ar miaqcioT yuradReba TqvenTvis ucnob variantebs.
Tu samecniero xarisxis dasacavad atarebT kvlevas, mkiTxvels eqneba
molodini,
rom
gamoiyenebT
grafikul
gamosaxulebas,
romelic
maqsimalurad Seesabameba naSromSi moyvanil Tvalsazrissa da faqtebs.
aseve, isini elian, rom grafikul gamosaxulebas SearCevT variantebis
ufro farTo arCevnidan. aseT dros ixileT cxrili 8.7, sadac aRwerilia
sxva standartuli formebi. Tumca, SeiZleba, monacemebis gamosaxvis
ufro SemoqmedebiTi gzebis gamoyeneba dagWirdeT, Tu iseT sferoSi werT
sadisertacio naSroms an statias, sadac, Cveulebriv, mocemulia
kompleqsuri kavSiri vrcel monacemebs Soris.
8.3 cxrilebis da suraTebis modelebis Seqmna
kompiuteruli programebiT dResdReobiT SesaZlebelia, SeqmnaT iseTi
TvalismomWreli grafikuli gamosaxulebebi, rom SeiZleba cdunebam
SegipyroT da programas miandoT grafikis dizaini. magram mkiTxvels ar
aRelvebs, ramdenad daxvewilia grafiki, Tu is damabneveli da SecdomaSi
Semyvania an ar Seesabameba sakiTxs. unda gadawyvitoT, rogor SeqmnaT
mkafio, mizanmimarTuli da sakiTxis Sesabamisi grafikebi. Semdeg ki
programaSi unda SeiyvanoT iseTi parametrebi, rom Tqveni moTxovnilebebi
dakmayofildes. (ix. A.3.1, cxrilebis da suraTebis Seqmna da maTi
naSromSi CarTva.)

129

8.3.1 TiToeuli grafiki struqturulad aawyveT, rom ukeT gasagebi iyos

mkiTxvelisTvis
grafiki, romelic asaxavs kompleqsur ricxvebs, iSviaTad aris imTaviTve
gasagebi. monacemebi unda ganalagoT ise, rom mkiTxvelma icodes, ras
miaqcios yuradReba da rogor gaigos, ra kavSiri aqvs monacemebs Tqvens
argumentTan.
1. cxrilebs da suraTebs teqstSi waumZRvareT winadadeba, sadac
ganacxadebT, rogor amyarebs monacemebi Tqvens Tvalsazriss. CarTeT
am winadadebaSi raime konkretuli ricxvi, romelzec gsurT
mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyroba (es ricxvi cxrilSi an suraTSic
unda gamoCndes).
2. TiToeul cxrils da suraTs gaukeTeT warwera, romelic aRwers
monacemebs da, Tu SesaZlebelia, maT Soris mniSvnelovan kavSirs.
cxrilis warweras ewodeba saTauri. saTauri iwereba zeviT, marcxniv
sworebiT. suraTze darTul warweras ewodeba warwera. warwera
iwereba qveviT, marjvniv sworebiT. (saTaurebis da warwerebis Sesaxeb
ix. 26-e TavSi). saTaurebi da warwerebi unda iyos mokle, magram unda
mianiSnebdes monacemebis konkretul xasiaTze da erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvavebdes grafikebs.
SeecadeT, rom saTauri an warwera ar iyos zogadi:
arasworia: ojaxis ufrosebi
sworia: cvlileba ojaxebSi,
ufrosi, 1970-2000 wlebSi

sadac

erTi

da

ori

mSobelia

ojaxis

gamoiyeneT
arsebiTi
saxelis
frazebi;
moerideT
mimarTebiT
winadadebebs; umjobesia, gamoiyenoT mimReoba:
arasworia: im ojaxebis raodenoba, romlebsac gamowerili aqvT
yovelkvireuli Jurnalebi
sworia: yovelkvireul Jurnalebze xelmoweris mqone ojaxebis raodenoba

raionebis xelaxali gadanawileba axali saSualo skolis gaxnisas

maTematika
zepiri
damatebiTi programebis danergva maTematikasa da kiTxvaSi
suraTi 8.3 akademiuri unaris gamosavlen (SAT) gamocdaze miRebuli
qulebi, 1990-2005

130

nu moiyvanT damatebiTi informacias da nu daaxasiaTebT monacemebis

mniSvnelobas:

arasworia: TanamSromlebis kvalifikaciis amaRlebamde depresiaSi myofi

bavSvebisTvis konsultaciebis susti Sedegebi, 1995-2004 wlebi
sworia: depresiaSi myofi bavSvebisTvis gaweuli konsultaciebis
Sedegebi, 1995-2004 wlebi

grafikebs,
romlebSic
msgavsi
gansxvavebuli warwerebi unda hqondes:

monacemebia

warmodgenili,

iliniosis Statis q. meivudSi mcxovreb mamakacebSi sisxlis maRali

wnevis gamomwvevi riskfaqtorebi
kingstonis dedaqalaq iamaikaSi mcxovreb mamakacebSi sisxlis maRali
wnevis gamomwvevi riskfaqtorebi
3. cxrilSi an suraTSi CarTeT informacia, romelic daexmareba
mkiTxvels, dainaxos, rogor amyarebs monacemebi Tqvens Tvalsazriss.
magaliTad, Tu cxrilSi warmodgenili ricxvebi asaxavs tendencias da
Tu cvlileba mniSvnelovania, daamateT is bolo svetSi, an Tu
grafikis xazi icvleba zegavlenis Sedegad, romelic ar aris
aRniSnuli grafikSi, rogorc 8.3 suraTis SemTxvevaSia, daamateT
teqsti am zegavlenis ganmartebis mizniT:
miuxedavad imisa, rom raionebis xelaxali gadanawilebis Semdeg kiTxvasa
da maTematikaSi miRebuli qulebi Tavdapirvelad TiTqmis 100 erTeuliT
Semcirda, tendencia mniSvnelovnad gamosworda maTematikis da kiTxvis
damatebiTi programebis danergvis Sedegad.
4. xazi gausviT cxrilis an suraTis im nawils, romelzec mkiTxvelis
yuradRebis gamaxvileba gsurT, gansakuTrebiT cifrs an kavSirs,
romelic aRniSnulia cxrilis an suraTis warmdgen winadadebaSi.
magaliTad, 8.3 cxrili dakvirvebiT unda SeviswavloT, raTa davinaxoT,
rogor amyarebs is Sesaval winadadebs:
benzinis moxmarebis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli prognozebis udidesi nawili
mcdari aRmoCnda.
cxrili 8.3 benzinis moxmareba
wliuri milebSi (000)
wliuri moxmareba (galonebSi)
cxrili 8.4 gavlili milebis raodenoba da benzinis moxmareba erT
sulze 1970-2000 wlebi
wliuri milebis raodenoba (000)
131

(% cvlileba 1970 welTan SedarebiT)

wliuri moxmareba (galonebSi)
(%^ cvlileba 1970 welTan SedarebiT)
saWiroa kidev erTi, ufro informaciuli winadadeba, romelSic aRvwerT,
rogor ukavSirdeba ricxvebi debulebas. aseve, saWiroa vizualuri xerxi,
romlis daxmarebiTac yuradRebas mivapyrobT aRniSnul gansxvavebas
(cxrili 8.4):
benzinis moxmareba ise ar gazrdila, rogorc varaudobdnen. miuxedavad
imisa, rom amerikelebma 2000 wels 1970 welTan SedarebiT 23 procentiT
meti mili gaiares, maT 32 procentiT naklebi sawvavi moixmares.
damatebiTi winadadebiT vigebT, rogor unda ganvmartoT ZiriTadi
monacemebi 8.4 cxrilSi, kursiviT gamoyofili nawili ki migviTiTebs, sad
SegviZlia am monacemebis naxva.
8.3.2 ecadeT gamosaxuleba imdenad martivi iyos, ramdenadac amis
saSualebas iZleva teqstis Sinaarsi
zogierT
saxelmZRvanelo
gvirCevs,
TiToeul
grafikSi
maqsimalurad bevri monacemi CavrToT. Tumca, mkiTxvels surs, mxolod
Pis monacemebi ixilos, romlebic Tqvens Tvalsazriss Seesabameba da
romlebic warmodgenilia TvalsaCinod:
1. SeiyvaneT mxolod Sesabamisi monacemebi. Tu mxolod informaciisTvis
gsurT monacemebis CarTva, daurTeT saTanado saTauri
da CarTeT
danarTSi (ix. A.2.3).
2. bade martivi unda iyos.
grafikebi
grafiki CasviT CarCoSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu or an met
suraTs ajgufebT
nu gaaferadebT an gaamuqebT fons.
arasodes
SeqmnaT
samganzomilebiani
foni
organzomilebiani
grafikisTvis. es arafers gaaumjobesebs da SesaZloa, xeli
SeuSalos mkiTxvels mniSvnelobebis saTanadod SefasebaSi.
monacemebi
samganzomilebian
fonze
daitaneT
mxolod
im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT sxva gziT ver warmoadgenT da Tu
mkiTxvelisTvis nacnobia aseTi grafikebi.

cxrilebi
arasodes
gamoiyenoT
erTdroulad
horizontaluri
da
vertikaluri xazebi svetebis da striqonebis dasayofad. Tu
monacemebis Sedarebis mizniT mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyroba erTi
mimarTulebaze gsurT an Tu cxrili uCveulod kompleqsuria,
gamoiyeneT Ria nacrisferi xazebi. moerideT nacrisferi xazebis
132

gamoyenebas an iseTi suraTis gamuqebas, romelic Semdgom gadava

mikrofirze, vinaidan foto bundovani gamova.
mravalstriqoniani cxrilebisTvis odnav gaamuqeT yoveli mexuTe
striqoni.
nu gamoiyenebT cxra kegelze naklebi zomis Srifts iseTi
dokumentisTvis, romelic mikrofirze unda gadaitanon. am zomaze
nakleb Sriftebs fotoze ver gaarCeven.

grafikebi da diagramebi
badis xazebi gamoiyeneT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu diagrama
kompleqsuria an Tu mkiTxvels sWirdeba zusti cifrebis naxva.
yvela badis xazi unda iyos Ria nacrisferi, Tu teqstis
mikrofirze ar unda gadaitanon.
gaaferadeT da gaamuqeT xazebi an svetebi mxolod kontrastis
saCveneblad. feri mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneT, Tu teqsti
daibeWdeba feradad da, mogvianebiT, mis aslebs ar gadaiReben (SavTeTr fotoaslze sxvadasxva feri erTmaneTs emsgavseba).
arasodes SeqmnaT samganzomilebiani grafiki an diagrama, Tu
SegiZliaT igive monacemebi or ganzomilebaSi warmoadginoT.
damatebuli siRrme arafers gaaumjobesebs da SesaZloa, xeli
SeuSalos mkiTxvels mniSvnelobebis saTanadod gagebaSi.
arasodes
gamoiyenoT
gamosaxulebiani
svetebi
(magaliTad,
manqanebis gamosaxulebebi avtomobilebis warmoebis gamosaxatavad).
es arafers gaaumjobesebs da SesaZloa, xeli SeuSalos mkiTxvels
mniSvnelobebis saTanadod gagebaSi. amasTan, aseTi xerxisTvis
mimarTva moyvarulis STabeWdilebas tovebs.

3. gamoiyeneT mkafio warwerebi.

cxrilebSi striqonebs da svetebs, aseve, diagramebsa da grafikebSi
orive RerZs, gaukeTeT warwerebi (warwerebTan dakavSirebuli
punqtuaciis da marTlweris Sesaxeb ixileT 26-e Tavi).
gamoiyeneT
tiresmagvari
aRniSvnebi
da
warwerebi
grafikis
vertikalur RerZze intervalebis gamosayofad (ix. nax. 8.4).
Tu SesaZlebelia, warwerebi gaakeTeT striqonebze, svetebis
segmentebze da a.S., da ara gverdiT gamotanili SeniSvnis saxiT.
warwerebi gamoiyeneT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saTaurebis
gamoyeneba Zalian gaarTulebs gamosaxulebis wakiTxvas.
rodesac konkretul ricxvebs mniSvnelovani datvirTva aqvs,
daamateT isini svetebze, segmentebze an xazebis wertileze.

133

8.3.3 misdieT cxrilebis, svetovani da xazovani diagramebisTvis dadgenil

saxelmZRvanelo principebs
cxrilebi.
Zalian
bevri
monacemis
Semcveli
cxrili
SeiZleba,
gadatvirTulad mogeCvenoT. amdenad, SeecadeT, maqsimalurad martivi
iyos misi gamosaxuleba da Sinaarsi.
-

daalageT striqonebi da svetebi ise, rom mkiTxvelma swrafad ipovos

is,
risi
Cvenebac
gsurT.
avtomaturad
nu
aarCevT
anbanur
Tanmimdevrobas.
daamrgvaleT ricxvebi Sesabamis mniSvnelobebamde. Tu 1,000-ze naklebi
gansxvaveba misaRebia, maSin 2,123,499 da 2,124,886 metismetad zustia.
svetebis an striqonebis mniSvnelobebi daajameT svetebis an
striqonebis ZirSi an bolos da ara zeviT an marcxniv. SeadareT
cxrili 8.5 da 8.6. cxrili 8.5 uwesrigoa da masSi informacia
mouxerxeblad aris dalagebuli. cxrili 8.6 ki, piriqiT, ufro
mkafioa, vinidan misi saTauri met informacias Seicavs, cxrili ukeT
aris dalagebuli da mniSvnelobebi isea organizebuli, rom
SesaZlebelia struqturis ufro iolad danaxva.

cxrili 8.5. umuSevroba ZiriTad industriul qveynebSi, 1990-2000 wlebi

cvlileba
avstralia
kanada
safrangeTi
germania
italia
iaponia
SvedeTi
gaerTianebuli samefo
aSS
cxrili 8.6. umuSevrobis donis cvlilebebi industriul qveynebSi, 19902000 wlebi
inglisurenovani qveynebis Sedareba arainglisurenovan qveynebTan
cvlileba
avstralia
aSS
kanada
gaerTianebuli samefo
safrangeTi
iaponia
italia
germania
134

SvedeTi
svetovani diagramebi. svetovani diagramebi imdenive informacias
gvawvdis gamosaxulebis saSualebiT, ramdensac konkretuli ricxvebis
meSveobiT. svetebi, romlebic struqturis gareSea dalagebuli, azrs ver
gadmoscems. amdenad, Tu SesaZlebelia, daajgufeT da daalageT svetebi,
raTa
mkiTxvelma
dainaxos
Tqveni
Tvalsazrisis
Seesabamisi
Tanmimdevroba.
magaliTad, ix. suraTi 8.4 im ganmartebiTi winadadebis konteqstSi,
romelic
mas
uZRvis
win.
iq
punqtebi
CamoTvlilia
anbanuri
TanmimdevrobiT, rac ar exmareba mkiTxvels arsi danaxvaSi. da, piriqiT,
ixileT
8.5
suraTi,
sadac
debuleba
gamyarebulia
logikurad
Tanmimdevruli gamosaxulebiT.
standartul svetovan diagramebSi TiToeuli sveti warmoadgens mTelis
100%-s. Tumca, mkiTxvelisTvis zogjer mosaxerxebelia, Tu miuTiTebT
konkretul mniSvnelobebs
mTelis nawilebisTvis. amis gakeTeba ori
gziT SegiZliaT:
- `Sedgenili svetebis mqone diagramaSi sveti dayofilia proporciul
nawilebad, rogorc 8.6 suraTis marcxena nawilSi moTavsebul
diagramaze vxedavT.
- `dajgufebuli
svetebis
mqone
diagramaSi
mTelis
TiToeuli
nawilisTvis gamoyenebulia calke sveti. Tumca, isini dajgufebulia,
rogorc es 8.6 suraTis marjvena nawilSi mocemul diagramaSia.
Sedgenili svetebi gamoiyeneT mxolod maSin, rodesac segmentebis
Sedarebaze ufro mniSvnelovani mTliani mniSvnelobebis Sedarebaa.
Tumca, mkiTxveli proporciebs mxolod TvaliT ver gansazRvravs.
amdenad, Tu iyenebT Sedgenil svetebs, moiqeciT Semdegnairad:
msoflioSi udabnoebis farTobis udidesi
CrdiloeT afrikasa da Sua aRmosavleTSi.

nawili

koncentrirebulia

arabeTis (ax. aRm.)

avstraliis (avst.)
Cihuahuas (Crd. afrika)
didi qviSiani udabno (avst.)
gobis (azia)
viqtoriis didi udabno (avst.)
kalaharis (samx. afr.)
libiis (Crd. afr.)
rub-al-xalis (axlo aRm.)
saharis (Crd. afr.)

135

suraTi 8.4. msoflios aTi udidesi udabno

msoflios udabnoebis udidesi
afrikasa da Sua aRmosavleTSi.

nawili

koncentrirebulia

CrdiloeT

Crd. afrika Sua aRmosavleTi avstralia samx. afrika Crd. amer.

kvadratuli milebi (aTasi)
saharis
libiis
arabeTis
rub al xalis
avstraliis
didi qviSiani udabno
viqtoriis didi udabno
gobis
kalaharis
Cihuahuas
suraTi 8.5 msoflios msxvili udabnoebis ganawileba
-

daalageT segmentebi logikuri TanmimdevrobiT. Tu SesaZlebelia,

yvelaze didi segmenti yvelaze metad gaamuqeT.
daasaTaureT segmentebi, miuTiTeT konkretuli raodenobebi da
proporciebis ukeT aRsaqmelad daakavSireT Sesabamisi segmentebi ruxi
xazebiT.

aRmosavleTi
dasavleTi
CrdiloeTi
I kvart.
II kvart.
III kvart.
IV kvart.
aRmosavleTi
dasavleTi
CrdiloeTi
I kvart.
II kvart.
III kvart.
IV kvart.
suraTi 8.6. Sedgenili svetebis mqone diagramis Sedareba dajgufebuli
svetebis mqone diagramasTan
136

kilovat/saaTi (miliardebSi)
Soreuli aRmosavleTi/okeania
afrika
Sua aRmosavleTi
aRm. evropa
das. evropa
centr/samxr. amerika
Crd. amerika
kilovat/saaTi (miliardebSi)
aRm. evropa
Soreuli aRmosavleTi/okeania
Crd. amerika
das. evropa
suraTi 8.7. Sedgenili svetebis mqone diagramebiT
birTvuli energiis mwarmoeblebi, 1980-1999 wlebi

warmodgenilia

suraTidan 8.7. vxedavT, ramdenad ufro iolia Sedgenili svetebis mqone

diagramis garCeva; am SemTxvevaSi, is segmentebi, romlebic Seusabamoa,
amoRebulia, darCenili svetebi ki logikurad aris dalagebuli da
mTlianad warwerebi aqvs gakeTebuli.
dajgufebuli
svetebis
mqone
diagramebis
daxmarebiT
mkiTxvels
uadvildeba mTelis nawilebis Sedareba, Tumca, rTulia sxvadasxva
mTelis Sedareba, vinaidan maT gonebaSi ariTmetikuli gaangariSebis
gakeTeba mouwevT. Tu svetebs ajgufebT im mizeziT, rom segmentebi ufro
mniSvnelovania, vidre mTeli, gaakeTeT Semdegi:
- daalageT
svetebis
jgufebi
logikuri
TanmimdevrobiT;
Tu
SesaZlebelia, msgavsi zomis svetebi erTmaneTis gverdze ganalageT
(jgufebSi svetebi erTnairad daalageT).
- jgufebs gaukeTeT warwerebi, mTelis amsaxveli ricxviT an TiToeuli
jgufis zemoT an qvemoT gaukeTeT warwerebi.
monacemebis umetesi nawili, romelTa warmodgena SesaZlebelia svetovani
diagramiT, SeiZleba, agreTve, warmovadginoT wriuli diagramis saxiT.
aseTi saxis diagramas xSirad mimarTaven Jurnalebi, tabloidebi,
gamoiyeneba, agreTve, yovelwliuri angariSebisTvis. Tumca, wriuli
diagramis wakiTxva ufro rTulia, vidre svetovani diagramis; misi
wakiTxvisas iolia informaciis arasworad gageba, vinaidan mkiTxvels
gonebaSi uwevs segmentebis proporciebis Sedareba, maTi moculobis
diagramidan gansazRvra ki rTulia. mkvlevrebis umravlesobas miaCnia,
rom wriuli diagramebis gamoyeneba araprofesionalizmis maCvenebelia.
maT nacvlad svetovani diagramebi gamoiyeneT.
137

xazovani diagramebi. xazovani diagrama xazs usvams tendencias, amitom

mkiTxvelma unda SeZlos mkafio suraTis danaxva, raTa sworad gaigos is.
mkafio gamosaxulebis Sesaqmnelad, gaakeTeT Semdegi:
-

aarCieT cvladi, romlis Sedegadac xazi miemarTeba garkveuli

mimarTulebiT, zeviT an qveviT da romelic asabuTebs Tqvens
Tvalsazriss. Tu saSualo skolis mitovebis maCveneblis Semcireba
(daRmavali mimarTuleba) dadebiTi tendenciaa, ufro efeqtianad
SegiZliaT, warmoadginoT igive monacemebi, rogorc swavlis
gagrZelebis maCveneblis zrda (aRmavali).
eqvsze meti xazi erT diagramaSi CarTeT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
sxva gziT ver gamoxatavT sakiTxs.

evropa
azia
afrika
okeania
laTinuri amerika
CrdiloeT amerika
suraTi 8.8. ucxoeTSi dabadebuli rezidentebi SeerTebul StatebSi, 18701990 wlebi
ucxoeTSi dabadebuli rezidentebi (milioni)
evropa
CrdiloeT amerika
laTinuri amerika
azia
afrika
okeania
suraTi 8.9. ucxoeTSi dabadebuli rezidentebi SeerTebul StatebSi, 18701990 wlebi
-

xazebis gamosarCevad, nu gamoiyenebT ruxis sxvadasxva tonalobas,

rogorc es 8.8 suraTzea warmodgenili.

roca qmniT xazovan diagramas mxolod ramdenime mniSvnelobis

gamoyenebiT, xazebi nakleb zusti iqneba. amdenad, Tu daitanT aTze
nakleb mniSvnelobas (uwodeben wertils), aRniSneT is TiToeul
maTganTan damatebiTi wertilis CarTviT, rogorc es 8.9 suraTSia
naCvenebi. Tu es mniSvnelobebi marTebulia, SegiZliaT, wertilebis
zemoT daamatoT ricxvebi. nu daamatebT wertilebs im xazebze,
romlebic Sedgenilia aTi an meti wertilisgan.

138

SeadareT 8.8 da 8.9 suraTebi. zogad informacias Tu ar CavTvliT, 8.8

suraTi ufro rTuli wasakiTxia, vinaidan ruxis tonalobebi ar
ganasxvavebs xazebs kargad da, vinaidan unda SevxedoT mniSvnelobebs,
xazebs, raTa davakavSiroT xazebi cvladebTan da maT cifrebTan. 8.9
suraTSi es kavSirebi ufro mkafiod aris warmodgenili.
erTi da igive monacemebis warmodgenis es gansxvavebuli gzebi SesaZloa
damabneveli iyos. SegiZliaT, es problema gadaWraT, Tu jer erTi da
igive monacemebs sxvadasxva gziT (kompiuteruli programa, Ceulebriv,
amis swrafad gakeTebaSi dagexmarebaT) warmoadgenT; Semdeg sTxovT
vinmes, vinc ar icnobs monacemebs, Seafasos, ramdenad mkafioa
gamosaxuleba da ramdenad asxavs Sedegebs. diagramebs da sqemebs
aucileblad waumZRvareT winadadeba, sadac ganacxadebT debulebas,
romlis dasabuTebac gsurT cxrilis an diagramis gamoyenebiT.

suraTi 8.10 dabinZurebis indeqsi kapitoliumSi, 1982-1994 wlebi

profkavSiris wevroba %
profkavSiris wevroba
umuSevrobis maCvenebeli
umuSevrobis maCvenebeli %
suraTi 8.11. profkavSiris wevroba da umuSevrobis maCvenebeli, 1993-1999
wlebi
8.4 waradgineT monacemebi eTikurad
diagrama unda iyos ara mxolod mkafio, zusti da Sesabamisi, aramed,
agreTve, obieqturi. arsis gadmosacemad ar unda damaxinjdes monacemebi
an maTi urTierTkavSiri. magaliTad, ori svetovani diagrama suraTSi 8.10
warmoadgens identur monacemebs, Tumca, sxvadasxva aqcents akeTebs.
marcxena mxares ganTavsebul suraTze sruli masStabiT warmodgenil
diagramaze daqaneba sakmaod umniSvneloa, ris gamoc dabinZurebis
maCvneblis Semcireba umniSvnelo Cans. marjvena nawilSi ganTavsebuli
suraTis vertikaluri Skala ki iwyeba ara 0-iT, aramed 80-iT. rodesac
Skala Seikveceba, misi wagrZelebuli daxra ufro mkafiod warmoaCens
mcire gansxvavebebs.
diagramebma, agreTve, SeiZleba,
mcdar

SecdomaSi

Seiyvanos

mkiTxveli, Tu

samxreT olqi
aRmosavleT olqi
dasavleT olqi
139

CrdiloeT olqi
CrdiloeT olqi
samxreT olqi
aRmosavleT olqi
dasavleT olqi
suraTi 8.12 umaRlesi saswavleblis studentebis ganawileba (mTelis
procenti) erT-erT Statis olqebis mixedviT
korelaciias gamoxatavs. vinmem SesaZloa, amtkicos, rom umuSevrobis
done
mcirdeba,
rodesac
profkavSiris
wevroba
mcirdeba
da
mtkicebulebis saxiT suraTi 8.11 warmoadginos. marTlac, am suraTis
mixedviT, profkavSiris wevrobis da umuSevrobis maCvenebeli, TiTqos, ise
pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli, mkiTxvelma SeiZleba daaskvnas, rom maT
Soris
mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSiria.
Tumca,
marcxena
RerZis
(profkavSirebis
wevroba)
Skala
gansxvavebulia
marjvena
RerZis
(umuSevrobis maCvenebeli) Skalisgan. ori Skala Segnebulad aris
damaxinjebuli, raTa ori maCveneblis Semcireba paraleluri gamoCndes.
es maCveneblebi SeiZleba, dakavSirebuli iyos. Tumca, es damaxinjebuli
gamosaxuleba amas ar adasturebs.
grafikma SeiZleba, SecdomaSi Segviyvanos maSinac, roca suraTi ubiZgebs
mkiTxvels, arasworad Seafasos mniSvnelobebi. ori sqema 8.12 suraTze,
TiTqos, sxvadasxva tendencias gadmogvcems, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTSi
zustad erTi da igive monacemebia warmodgenili. diagrama 8.12 suraTze
aris `Sedgenili ubnebis mqone diagramebi. miuxedvad maTi vizualuri
gansxvavebebisa, isini warmoadgens erTsa da imave monacemebs. Sedgenili
diagramebi gansxvavebebs mniSvnelobebSi warmoadgens ara xazebis
kuTxeebiT, aramed xazebs Soris arsebuli sivrciT. orive grafikis
SemTxvevaSi, samxreTis, aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis jgufebi metnaklebad
erTnairi
siganisaa,
rac
mianiSnebs
imaze,
rom
maT
mniSvnelobebSi cvlileba mcirea. Tumca, CrdiloeTis nawili mkveTrad
farTovdeba, rac aRniSnavs Sesabamisi mniSvnelobis did zrdas. marcxena
mxares ganTavsebul grafikSi mkiTxveli, savaraudod, zeda sam ubans
arasworad Seafasebs, vinaidan isini mdebareobs zrdadi CrdiloeTis
nawilis zeviT da es qmnis iseT efeqts, TiTqos zemoT ganlagebuli
nawilebic aseve farTovdeba. marjvena mxares ganTavsebul grafikze ki es
sami nawili ar farTovdeba, vinaidan isini ZirSia moTavsebuli. axla
farTovdeba mxolod CrdiloeTis Sesabamisi nawili.
qvemoT
warmogidgenT
dagexmarebaT,
Tavidan
gamosaxulebis Seqmna:

oTx
saxelmZRvanelo
aiciloT
SecdomaSi

princips,
Semyvani

romlebic
vizualuri

140

nu
isargeblebT
masStabiT
kontrastis
gasazrdelad
an
Sesamcireblad.
nu
gamoiyenebT
suraTs,
romlis
gamosaxuleba
amaxinjebs
mniSvnelobebs.
cxrili an suraTi ar unda iyos metismetad kompleqsuri an imdenad
martivi, rom SecdomaSi Seiyvanos mkiTxveli.
Tu cxrili an suraTi amyarebs debulebas, miuTiTeT amis Sesaxeb.

cxrili 8.7. grafikebis standartuli formebi da maTi gamoyeneba

svetovani diagramebi

monacemebi
erTi cvladis
mniSvnelobis
calkeuli obieqtebis
mixedviT (mag.,
momsaxurebis dargSi
muSakebis saSualo
xelfasi cvladi eqvsi
kompaniis mixedviT
nimuSi ).

svetovani diagramebi,
dajgufebuli an
gayofili

qvejgufebad dayofili
erTi cvladis
mniSvnelobis Sedareba
nimuSebis seriebis
mixedviT (mag.,
momsaxurebis sferoSi
momuSave qali da
mamakaci muSakebis
qvejgufebi saSualo
xelfasi eqvsi kompaniis
mixedviT nimuSebi ).

svetovani diagramebi,

Sedarebulia erTi

ritorikuli gamoyeneba
qmnis Zlier vizualur
kontrasts calkeul
nimuSebs Soris, xazs usvams
gansxvavebas. konkretuli
mniSvnelobebis
miTiTebisTvis svetebs
daumateT ricxvebi. am saxis
diagramis gamoyenebiT
SesaZlebelia donis an
tendenciebis Cveneba.
yvelaze metad
gavrcelebulia
vertikaluri svetebi,
Tumca, SeiZleba, svetebi
iyos horizontaluri, Tu
nimuSebi mravalia an
rTuli warwerebi aqvs. ix.
nawili 8.3.3
xdeba qvejgufebs Soris
gansxvavebis warmoCena
calkeuli nimuSebis SigniT
da maT Soris; ar aris
gamosadegi mTeli
mniSvnelobebis mqone
nimuSebis SedarebisTvis.
konkretuli mniSvnelobebis
misaTiTeblad svetebs
daawereT ricxvebi.
dajgufebuli svetebi
cudad asaxavs dones an
tendenciebs; gamosadegia
drois seriebisTvis
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
tendenciebi ar aris
mniSvnelovani. ix. nawili
8.3.3.
saukeTesoa mTliani
141

Sedgenili

cvladis mniSvneloba,
dayofili or an met
qvejgufad, nimuSebis
seriebis mixedviT (mag.,
Seviwroebis Sesaxeb
saCivrebi cvladi
dayofili regionis da
qvejgufebi eqvi sferos
mixedviT nimuSebi )

histograma

Sedarebulia ori
cvladi, romelTagan
erTi dayofilia
seriebad, romlebic
igive datvirTvas
atarebs, rasac nimuSebi
svetovan diagramaSi
(mag., momsaxurebis
sferos muSakebi mudmivi
cvladi romelTa
xelfasi Seadgens 05,000 dolars, 5-10,000
dolars, 10-15,000
dolars da a.S. dayofili
cvladi )
aCvenebs mniSvnelobas
erTi an meti cvladis
nimuSebisTvis,
romlebic mocemulia
rukaze, diagramaze an
sxva gamosaxulebaze
(mag., Statebi nimuSebi
gaferadebuli wiTlad
an cisfrad, raTa
gviCvenos amomrCevelTa
xmebis ganawilebis
xasiaTi cvladi ).
aCvenebs erTi cvladis
proporcias nimuSebis
seriebisTvis (mag.,
biujetis wili cvladi

gamosaxulebiani
diagrama

wriuli diagrama

mniSvnelobebis
Sesadareblad mTelis
nimuSebs Soris da
nimuSebis qvejgufebSi;
rTulia qvejgufebis
Sedareba nimuSebis SigniT
(amisTvis gamoiyeneT
dajgufebuli svetebi).
konkretuli mniSvnelobebis
misaTiTeblad svetebs da
segmentebs daawereT
ricxvebi. gamosadegia
droiTi mwkrivebisTvis. misi
saSualebiT doneebis an
tendenciebis Cveneba
SesaZlebelia mxolod
mTliani mniSvnelobebis
mixedviT ix. nawili 8.3.3
saukeTesoa mudmivi
monacemebis segmentebis
Sesadareblad. aCvenebs
tendenciebs, Tumca, aqcenti
gakeTebulia segmentebze
(mag., $ 5-10,000 xelfasis
mqone arasrul ganakveTze
momuSave muSakebis uecari
zrda). konkretuli
mniSvnelobebis aRsaniSnad
svetebs daawereT ricxvebi.

aCvenebs monacemebis
ganawilebas winaswar
arsebul kategoriebTan
mimarTebaSi; konkretuli
mniSvnelobebis roli
Semcirebulia. rogorc
rukis an procesis
diagramis SemTxvevaSi,
saukeTesoa, rodesac
gamosaxuleba nacnobia,.

saukeTesoa erTi segmentis

mTelTan SedarebisTvis.
gamosadegia mxolod maSin,
roca gvaqvs ramdenime

142

aSS-is kabinetis
departamentebis
mixedviT nimuSebi ).

xazovani diagrama

Sedarebulia uwyveti
cvladebi erTi an meti
nimuSisTvis (mag.,
temperatura cvladi da
siblante cvladi ori
siTxis mixedviT nimuSebi )

diagrama ubnebiT

Sedarebulia ori
uwyveti cvladi erTi
an meti nimuSisTvis
(mag., kiTxvis testis
qulebi cvladi drois
ganmavlobaSi saskolo
olqSi nimuSi ).

diagrama
Sedgenili

ubnebiT, Sedarebulia ori

mudmivi cvladi ori an
orze meti nimuSisTvis
(mag., Semosavlebi
cvladi drois periodSi

segmenti an segmentebi,
romlebic Zalian
gansxvavebuli moculobisaa;
sxvagvarad rTulia
segmentebis Sedareba.
konkretuli mniSvnelobebis
asaxvisTvis segmentebSi
CawereT ricxvebi.
gavrcelebulia
arasamecniero wreebSi,
specialistebSi didi
popularobiT ar
sargeblobs. ix. 8.3.3.
saukeTesoa tendenciebis
saCveneblad; naklebi
aqcentia gakeTebuli
konkretul mniSvnelobebze.
gamosadegia droiTi
mwkrivebisTvis. konkretuli
mniSvnelobebis saCveneblad
wertilebTan daawereT
ricxvebi. tendenciis
mniSvnelovnebis
saCveneblad bade dayaviT
nawilebad (mag., saSualo
Sedegebze dabali an
maRali). ix. 8.3.3
aCvenebs tendenciebs;
konkretuli mniSvnelobebis
roli Semcirebulia.
SeiZleba am saxis diagramis
gamoyeneba droiTi
mwkrivebisTvis. konkretuli
mniSvnelobebis saCveneblad
monacemebis wertilebTan
miuTiTeT ricxvebi. xazebis
qvemoT ubani informacias
ar zrdis, Tumca zogierTma
mkiTxvelma SeiZleba,
arasworad Seafasos
mniSvnelobebi. damabnevelia
mravali xazis/ubnis
SemTxvevaSi.
naCvenebia tendencia yvela
nimuSis mTelisTvis,
amasTanave, aCvenebs,
ramdenia TiToeuli nimuSis
wili mTelSi. savaraudod,

143

cvladi ramdenime
produqtisTvis
mixedviT nimuSebi ).

wertilovani diagrama

burTulovani
diagramebi

Sedarebulia ori
cvladi mraval
wertilSi erTi
nimuSisAmixedviT (mag.,
binebis gayidvebi cvladi
da manZili qalaqis
centridan cvladi erT
qalaqSi nimuSi ) an erT
wertilSi mravali
nimuSis mixedviT (mag.,
brendisadmi erTguleba
cvladi da SekeTebis
sixSire cvladi aTi
mwarmoeblisTvis
nimuSebi )
Sedarebulia sami
cvladi mraval
wertilze erTi
nimuSisTvis (mag.,
binebis gayidva cvladi
daSoreba qalaqis
centridan cvladi da
fasebi cvladi erT
qalaqSi nimuSi ) an erT
wertilSi mravali
nimuSisTvis (mag.,
prestiJulobis
reklamireba cvladi
SekeTebis sixSire
cvladi da brendisadmi
erTguleba cvladi aTi
mwarmoeblis mixedviT
nimuSebi ).

mkiTxveli arasworad
gaigebs individualuri
nimuSis mniSvnelobas an
tendencias, rogorc es
nawilSi 8.4 iyo
ganmartebuli
saukeTesoa monacemebis
ganawilebis saCveneblad,
gansakuTrebiT, rodesac ar
aris mkafio tendencia an
rodesac aqcenti keTdeba
centridan moSorebul
mniSvnelobebze. Tu mxolod
ramdenime wertilis datana
xdeba, es SesaZleblobas
iZleva aqcenti konkretul
mniSvnelobebze gakeTdes.

aqcenti keTdeba mesame

(burTulebi) da pirvel or
cvlads Soris kavSirze;
yvelaze gamosadegia,
rodesac gvainteresebs aris
Tu ara mesame cvladi
sxvebis produqti.
mkiTxvels SeiZleba,
martivad SeeSalos
burTulebiT gamoxatuli
fardobiTi mniSvnelobebi;
Tu daawerT ricxvebs, es
problema gadaiWreba.

144

9 Savi naweris gadamuSaveba

9.1 SeamowmeT Sesavali, daskvna da debuleba
9.2 darwmundiT, rom naSromis ZiriTadi nawili Tanmimdevrulia
9.3 SeamowmeT abzacebi
9.4 ramdenime dRis Semdeg gadaxedeT samuSao variants, Semdeg gaakeTeT
perifrazi
zogierT damwyeb mkvlevars miaCnia, rom naSromze muSaoba Savi naweris
SeqmniT sruldeba. gamocdilma avtorebma ki ician, rom samuSao amiT ar
mTavrdeba. isini Savi naweris pirvel variants qmnian ara mkiTxvelisTvis,
aramed TavianTTvis, raTa naxon, SeuZliaT Tu ara, daasabuTon debuleba
(an gansazRvron ukeTesi). Semdeg iqamde gadaamuSaveben Sav nawers, vidre
ar CaTvlian, rom is Seesabameba mkiTxvelis moTxovnebs da molodins. es
rTulia, vinaidan ise kargad vicnobT Cvens naSroms, rom gviWirs sxvisi
TvaliT SevxedoT. efeqtianad gadamuSavebisTvis unda icodeT, ras
moelis mkiTxveli da SeZlebs Tu ara amis povnas Sav nawerSi. amisTvis,
Cveni rCeva SeiZleba, zereled mogeCvenoT. magram mxolod naSromis
obieqturad gaanalizebis meSveobiT SeZlebT, Tavidan aiciloT naSromis
mikerZoebulad wakiTxva, anu misi ise aRqma, rogorc gsurT, rom Tqvenma
mkiTxvelma dainaxos.
Cveni rCevaa, gadamuSaveba daiwyoT zogadi nawilebidan da Semdeg
gadaxvideT konkretulze: pirvel rigSi, gadaamuSaveT Sesavali da
daskvna,
Semdeg
mTliani
agebuleba,
Semdeg
nawilebi,
abzacebi,
winadadebebi, bolos ki stilisturi aspeqtebi, rogoricaa marTlwera da
punqtuacia (am sakiTxebze rCevebi ixileT mesame nawilSi). ra Tqma unda,
aravin amuSavebs nawers ase zedmiwevniT. Cven gadavaadgilebT abzacebs da
gadavawyobT sityvebs winadadebis Secvlisas. Tumca, savaraudod, yvelaze
Sedegiani iqneba, Tu gadamuSavebas daviwyebT mTeliT da Semdeg
nawilebze gadavalT. es im SemTxvevaSic amarTlebs, Tu
Tqvens xelT
arsebuli ,,mTeli mxolod naSromis nawilia.
araerTma gamocdilma mkvlevarma SeniSna, rom ufro saimedoa nabeWdi
variantis redaqtireba, vidre teqstis kompiuteris ekranze gadamuSaveba.
eleqtronuli varianti SegiZliaT, gadaamuSaoT, roca naweris pirveli
variantebs xvewT; Tumca, mkiTxveli nabeWd variants ecnoba; Tqvenc, Tu
Savi naweris Semdgomi variantebis amonabeWds gadaxedavT, SesaZloa, meti
Secdoma
aRmoaCinoT
da
ukeTesad
gaerkveT
namuSevaris
zogad
struqturaSi.

145

9.1 SeamowmeT Sesavali, daskvna da debuleba

mkiTxvelma swrafad da garkveviT unda dainaxos sami ram:
- sad mTavrdeba Sesavali
- sad iwyeba daskvna
- ra winadadebebiT aris warmodgenili debuleba
daskvnaSi

Sesavalsa

da

Sesavali da daskvna rom mkafiod iyos gamoyofili, SegiZliaT, Sesavals

da ZiriTad teqsts Soris CarToT qvesaTauri an datovoT carieli
adgili, analogiurad gamoyoT ZiriTadi nawili daskvnidan. (meaTe TavSi
dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli, rogor gadaamuSaoT Savi naweris
saboloo variantis Sesavali da daskvna, gansakuTrebiT, rogor da sad
unda SemoitanoT debuleba.)
9.2 darwmundiT, rom naSromis ZiriTadi nawili Tanmimdevrulia
moxsenebis
struqturis
mkafiod Camoyalibebis
Semdeg, SeamowmeT
ZiriTadi nawili. mkiTxveli Tqvens naSroms miiCnevs Tanmimdevrulad,
rodesac SeeZleba dainaxos:
- ra ZiriTadi terminebi gasdevs naSromis yvela nawils
- sad sruldeba TiToeuli Tavi da qveTavi da iwyeba momdevno
- rogor aris yoveli nawili dakavSirebuli winasTan
- ra rols asrulebs TiToeuli nawili mTelSi
- romeli winadadebiT aris warmodgenili TiToeuli nawilis da
qvenawilis arsi yovel maTganSi
- ra ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli terminebi gasdevs TiToeul nawils
mkiTxvelma es elementebi rom dainaxos, gadaxedeT moxsenebas da
SeamowmeT:
1. gasdevs Tu ara ZiriTadi terminebi mTel moxsenebas?
- SemoxazeT ZiriTadi terminebi SesavalSi da daskvnaSi warmodgenil
debulebaSi (gadaxedeT 7.3-s).
- SemoxazeT igive terminebi moxsenebis ZiriTad nawilSi.
- xazi gausviT sityvebs, dakavSirebuls im cnebebTan, romlebic
gamoxatulia Semoxazuli terminebiT.
Tu mkiTxveli ver dainaxavs Tqvens ZiriTad terminebs abzacebis
umetesobaSi, SeiZleba, ifiqros, rom naSromi ar aris Tanmimdevruli.
gadaamuSaveT, SeitaneT es terminebi im nawilebSi, sadac ar aris
sakmarisad gamoyenebuli. Tu xazi gausviT ufro met sityvas, vidre
Semoxazuli gaqvT, SegiZliaT, darwmunebuli iyoT, rom mkiTxveli
SeniSnavs, rogor ukavSirdeba xazgasmuli sityvebi ZiriTad terminebs. Tu
mosalodnelia, rom mkiTxveli ver SeniSnavs kavSirs, SecvaleT

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dakavSirebuli sityvebi. Tu Tqven gadauxvieT Tqveni logikis ZiriTadi

xazidan, mogiwevT naweris seriozuli gadamuSaveba.
2. mkafiod aris Tu ara gamoyofili TiToeuli nawilis da qvenawilis
dasawyisi?
qvesaTaurebis gamoyenebiT SegiZliaT, mianiSnoT erTi mTavari nawilidan
momdevnoze gadasvla (gadaxedeT 6.2.4-s). ufro did naSromSi SegiZliaT,
daamatoT adgili ZiriTadi gadasvlis adgilebSi. Tu ver gadawyvetT, ra
sityvebi gamoiyenoT qvesaTaurebSi an sad CarToT isini, mkiTxveli
saerTod ver dainaxavs wyobas. (sxvadasxva donis saTaurebis stilebis
Sesaxeb ix. A2.2).
3. iwyeba Tu ara TiToeuli didi nawili sityvebiT, romlebic mianiSnebs,
rogor ukavSirdeba aRniSnuli nawili winas?
mkiTxvelma unda SeZlos danaxva, sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba nawilebi;
amas garda, maT unda gaigon, ratom daalageT isini mocemuli
TanmimdevrobiT (ix. 6.2.5-6.2.6). Tanmimdevrobis logika aRniSneT iseTi
sityvebis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa pirvel rigSi, amas garda, ufro
mniSvnelovania, momdevno sakiTxi, zogi ar eTanxmeba am mosazrebas da a.S.
4. Cans Tu ara mkafiod, rogor Seesabameba TiToeuli nawili mTels?
TiToeul nawils dausviT SekiTxva: ras pasuxobs es nawili? Tu kiTxvis
saSualebiT ver axerxebT, upasuxoT im xuTi SekiTxvidan erT-erTs
romelzec pasuxi arguments warmoadgens (ix. 5.2), dafiqrdiT, ramdenad
Sesabamisia es nawili: ramdenad Sinaarsobrivia is, ganmartavs Tu ara
cnebis an sakiTxs winaistorias an sxvagvarad Tu exmareba mkiTxvels? Tu
ver ganmartavT, rogor aris nawili dakavSirebuli debulebasTan,
dafiqrdiT, umjobesi xom ar aris misi amoReba naSromidan.
5. warmodgenilia Tu ara TiToeuli nawilis arsi misi mcire Sesavlis
bolos (an nawilis boloSi) mocemul winadadebaSi?
Tu SesaZlebelia, nawilis arsi Sesavlis boloSi CarTeT. araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar moaTavsoT is nawilis
SuaSi. Tu nawili oTx an xuT
gverdze metia, SegiZliaT, arsi am nawilis bolos kidev erTxel
gaimeoroT.
6. gamoyenebulia Tu ara nawilSi konkretuli terminebi, romlebic mas
gamoarCevs?
ise, rogorc ZiriTadi terminebi, romlebic aerTianebs mTel moxsenebas
da gamoarCevs mas sxva moxsenebebisgan, ZiriTadi terminebic, romlebic
147

ganasxvavebs TiToeul nawils da qvenawils, unda gasdevdes da

aerTianebdes mas. gaimeoreT safexuri (1) TiToeuli nawilisTvis: ipoveT
winadadeba, romelic gamoxatavs mis arss da gansazRvreT ZiriTadi
terminebi, romlebic gamoarCevs mocemul nawils sxva nawilebisgan.
Semdeg SeamowmeT, gasdevs Tu ara es terminebi am nawils. Tu terminebi
ver aRmoaCineT, mkiTxvelma SesaZloa, ver dainaxos, ra gansxvavebuli
ideebia warmodgenili masSi.
9.3 SeamowmeT abzacebi
TiToeuli abzaci unda Seesabmebodes misi nawilis arss. nawilebis
msgavsad, TiToeul abzacs unda waumZRvaroT erTi an ori Sesavali
winadadeba, romelSic, rogorc wesi, warmodgenili iqneba misi arsi da
CarTuli iqneba ZiriTadi cnebebi, romlebic gaivrcoba abzacis danarCen
nawilSi. Tu abzacis Sesaval winadadebebSi ar aris warmodgenili misi
arsi, maSin is bolo winadadebaSi unda miuTiToT. daalageT winadadebebi
garkveuli principiT da SeusabameT isini abzacis arss (Tanmimdevrobis
principis Sesaxeb ix. 6.2.5).
moerideT mcire abzcebis wyebas (sadac xuTze naklebi striqonia) an
Zalian did abzacebs (sferoebis umetesobisTvis naxevar gverdze meti).
or
an
samwinadadebiani
abzacebi
gamoiyeneT
CamonaTvlisTvis,
gadasasvleli nawilis, Sesavlis da daskvniTi nawilebisTvis, agreTve, im
debulebebisTvis, romelTa xazgasmac gsurT. (am wignSi viyenebT mcire
abzacebs, raTa mkiTxvels gauioldes Tvalis gadavleba; moxsenebebis
werisas amgvari gaioleba, rogorc wesi, ar aris saWiro.)
9.4 ramdenime dRis Semdeg gadaxedeT samuSao variants, Semdeg gaakeTeT
perifrazi
Tu proeqts adre daiwyebT, geqnebaT dro, rom gadamuSavebul Sav nawers
ramdenime dRis Semdeg kidev gadaxedoT. is, rac erT dRes mogwonT,
meore
dRes
SeiZleba,
sxvagvarad
SeafasoT.
roca
Sav
nawers
daubrundebiT, nu waikiTxavT mas Tavidan bolomde; gadaavleT Tvali
did nawilebs: Sesavals, TiToeuli ZiriTadi nawilis pirvel abzacs da
daskvnas. Semdeg, wakiTxulis safuZvelze, gaakeTeT misi perifrazi im
adamianisTvis, visac ar waukiTxavs. gamogividaT perifrazi? aris masSi
Sejamebuli argumenti? umjobesia, Tu vinme sxvas sTxovT, gadaavlos
Tvali Tqvens moxsenebas, waikiTxos mxolod Sesavali da ZiriTadi
nawilebis Sesavlebi: is, Tu ramdenad kargad Seajamebs aRniSnuli piri
Tqven naSroms, mianiSnebs, ramdenad kargad gaigebs mas mkiTxveli.

148

dabolos, naweri yovelTvis gadaamuSaveT profesoris an xelmZRvanelis

rCevis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi,
awyeninebT
im
specialistebs, romlebic xarjaven dros da kiTxuloben Tqvens
moxsenebas, raTa rCevebi mogcen; amasTanave, xelidan gauSvebT moxsenebis
daxvewis SesaZleblobas. es ar niSnavs imas, rom TiToeuli rCeva unda
SeasruloT; ubralod, dakvirvebiT awon-dawoneT isini.

149

10. Sesavlis da daskvnis saboloo variantis SemuSaveba

10.1 SeimuSaveT Sesavlis saboloo varianti

10.1.1 mokled warmoadgineT manamde Catarebuli kvlevebi
10.1.2 xelaxla waradgineT SekiTxva rogorc sakiTxi, romelic ar aris
cnobili an kargad Seswavlili
10.1.3 warmoadgineT Tqveni SekiTxvis mniSvnelovneba
10.1.4 warmoadgineT debuleba
10.1.5 SeqmeniT axali pirveli winadadebis samuSao varianti
10.2 SeqmeniT daskvnis saboloo samuSao varianti
10.2.1 xelaxla warmoadgineT debuleba
10.2.2 aRniSneT axali mniSvnelovneba, praqtikuli gamoyeneba an axali
kvleva (samivesTvis)
10.3 saTauris mofiqreba bolosTvis moitoveT
mas Semdeg, rac Savi naweris saboloo variants SeqmniT da naxavT, ra gaqvT
dawerili, SegiZliaT, daweroT Sesavlis da daskvnis saboloo variantebi.
moxsenebis es ori nawili mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs imaSi, Tu rogor
waikiTxavs da daimaxsovrebs mkiTxveli moxsenebis danarCen nawilebs. amdenad,
sasurvelia, dro dauTmoT am nawilebis damuSavebas, raTa isini maqsimalurad
mkafio da saintereso iyos.
Sesavali sam mizans emsaxureba. misi daniSnulebaa:
- moaqcios kvleva sxva kvlevis konteqstSi
- gaagebinos mkiTxvels, ratom unda waikiTxos moxseneba
- gaxados moxseneba gasagebi
Sesavlebis umravlesoba mTeli moxsenebis daaxloebiT 10 procents Seadgens
(zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi xSirad ufro mcires).
daskvnac sam mizans emsaxureba. daskvnis daniSnulebaa:
mkafiod gaagebinos mkiTxvels debuleba
gaagebinos mkiTxvels misi mniSvnelovneba
- warmoadginos Semdgomi kvlevis ganxorcielebis rekomendacia
daskvna, rogorc wesi, Sesavalze mokle unda iyos. Tezisis da sadisertacio
naSromis SemTxvevaSi, Sesavali da daskvna, Cveulebriv, calke Tavebia.

150

10.1 SeimuSaveT Sesavlis saboloo varianti

moxsenebebis
Sesavlebi
gansxvavdeba
sferoebis
mixedviT.
Tumca,
maT
umravlesobas safuZvlad udevs oTxi nawilisgan Semdgari modeli, romelic
aRwerili iyo 6.2.2.-Si:
1.

sawyisi konteqsti an winaistoria. rodesac am nawilSi Sejamebulia

Sesabamisi kvleva, mas ewodeba literaturis mimoxilva; is Tqvens proeqts
sxva kvlevis konteqstSi aqcevs da momdevno safexurisTvis gvamzadebs.
es nawili mokle unda iyos.
2. kvlevis SekiTxvis warmodgena. es, Cveulebriv, moicavs imis warmodgenas,
rac ar aris cnobili an Seswavlili, an rac mcdaria im kvlevaSi,
romelic miuTiTeT pirvel punqtSi aRniSnul safexurSi. aRniSnuli
nawili xSirad iwyeba sityvebiT Tumca, miuxedavad amisa an dazustebis
aRmniSvneli sxva sityvebiT.
3. SekiTxvis mniSvnelovneba. gacemulia pasuxi SekiTxvaze mere ra? is Zalian
mniSvnelovania mkiTxvelis dasaintereseblad.
4. debuleba. aq pasuxi gaecema kvlevis SekiTxvaze, romelic mocemulia
meore
safexurSi.
qvemoT
warmodgenilia
Semoklebuli
magaliTi
(TiToeuli winadadeba SeiZleba gaiSalos erT an met abzacze):
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, riskis analitikosebi Seiswavlian risks, rogorc
statistikur problemas da albaTobis Teoriis racionalur gamoyenebas.
konteqsti Tumca, riskis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamcemma pirebma aRmoaCines, rom
rigiTi adamianebis mier riskis Sefaseba ar Cans dakavSirebuli statistikaze
dafuZnebul albaTobebTan. SekiTxva . vidre ar gavigebT, rogor aRiqvamen
araspecialistebi risks, gamoucnobi darCeba adamianis Semecnebis mniSvnelovani
aspeqti. mniSvnelovneba . rogorc Cans, araspecialistebi risks afaseben yvelaze
cudi variantebis vizualizaciiT, Semdeg afaseben imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad
saSiSia warmosaxuli suraTi. debuleba
10.1.1 mokled warmoadgineT manamde Catarebuli kvlevebi
yvela moxseneba ar iwyeba kvlevis mimoxilviT. zogierTi maTgani iwyeba
uSualod kvlevis SekiTxviT, romelic warmodgenilia rogorc raRac, rac ar
ician an ar aris Seswavlili. Semdeg mosdevs Sesabamisi literaturis
mimoxilva. es gavrcelebuli strategiaa im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac sayovelTaod
cnobilia, rom raRac ar aris garkveuli:
pasiur mwevelobasa da gulis daavadebebs Soris urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebuli azri jer ar arsebobs.
Tumca, Tu bevrisTvis ucnobia amgvari Ria sakiTxis arseboba, misi ase wardgena
SeiZleba, Zalian mkveTrad moxvdes mkiTxvelis Tvals, rogorc,
magaliTad,
qvemoT moyvanili winadadeba:
mkvlevrebs ar esmiT, rogor afaseben risks rigiTi adamianebi.

151

rogorc wesi, avtori mkiTxvels amzadebs manamde ganxorcielebuli im kvlevis

aRweriT, romelsac maTi kvleva gaafarToebs, Secvlis, an Seasworebs. Tumca,
Tu moxseneba gamiznulia zogadi kategoriisMmkiTxvelze, konteqsti SeiZleba,
mokle iyos:
Cven vriskavT yoveldRe - roca vWriT quCas, mivirTmevT zedmetad cximian
sakvebs, maSinac ki, rodesac Sxaps viRebT. riskis Seswavla daiwyo azartuli
TamaSebis SemoRebasTan erTad. amdenad, didi xania, mas maTematikurad afaseben.
meoce saukuneSi mkvlevrebi iyenebdnen maTematikur xerxebs riskis Sesaswavlad
mraval sferoSi: investiciebSi, samomxmareblo produqciaSi, omSic ki. Sedegad,
mkvlevrebis udides nawils miaCnia, rom SesaZlebelia riskis statistikurad
gamoTvla da rom masTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebi racionalurobis
princips unda efuZnebodes.
sxva mkvlevrebisTvis gamiznul moxsenebaSi es Sesavali konteqsti, Cveulebriv,
aRwers konkretul kvlevas, romelsac gaafarToebs an Secvlis mocemuli
moxseneba. mniSvnelovania manamde ganxorcielebuli kvlevis obieqturad
warmodgena. amdenad, ise aRwereT is, rogorc misi ganmaxorcielebeli
mkvlevrebi aRwerdnen.
mas Semdeg, rac meTeqvsmete saukuneSi girolamo kardanom daiwyo azartuli
TamaSebis raodenobrivad gaanalizeba (Cardano 1545), riskis ganxilvas miudgnen,
rogorc
wminda
maTematikur
amocanas;
riskis
analizi
mniSvnelovnad
gaumjobesda meCvidmete saukuneSi, rodesac paskalma, laibnicma da sxvebma
kalkulusi Semoitanes (Bernstein 1996). meoce saukuneSi mkvlevrebma gaafarToes
mimarTuleba da daiwyes riskis Seswavla cxovrebis yvela sferoSi:
investiciebSi, samomxmareblo saqonelSi, garemosa da omSic ki (Stimson 1990,
1998). es problemebic, TiTqmis mxolod maTematikuri poziciidan aris
ganxiluli. (mogvianebiT warmodgenilia Tanamedrove kvlevis detaluri
ganxilva.)
zogierT moxsenebaSi, gansakuTrebiT Tezisebsa da sadisertacio naSromebSi,
msgavsi aRwera iSleba ramdenime gverdze, citirebulia aTobiT wigni da statia,
romlebic mxolod met-naklebad Seesabameba sakiTxs, Cveulebriv, amis mizania,
aCvenos, rom mkvlevari bevr literaturas gaecno. am saxis kvlevebidan
SesaZlebelia
sasargeblo
bibliografia
moipovon
sxva,
gansakuTrebiT,
damwyebma mkvlevrebma, magram mkiTxvels, romelsac bevri dro ar aqvs, surs,
Seityos mxolod konkretuli kvlevis Sesaxeb, romlis gafarToebas, Secvlas an
Sesworebasac apirebs mkvlevari.
mniSvnelovania zemoaRniSnuli manamde Catarebuli kvlevis obieqturad da
srulad warmodgena: aRwereT is, rogorc amas gaakeTebda Tqvens mier
citirebuli mkvlevari, citatebi ki moiyvaneT ara SerCeviT an konteqstidan
amovardnilad, aramed ise, rogorc avtors hqonda warmodgenili Tavis
naSromSi.
karieris adreul etapze SeiZleba, ver moaxerxoT manamde ganxorcielebuli
kvlevebis Tavdajerebulad mimoxilva, vinaidan, savaraudod, ar gecodinebaT
maTi umetesoba. Tu asea, warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni mkiTxveli imave
mdgomareobaSia, rogorSic Tqven iyaviT kvlevis dawyebamde. ra ar icodiT
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maSin? ra SegeSalaT maSin, rac kvleviT gamoasworeT? rogor gaaumjobesa

kvlevam Tqveni mcdari warmodgena? aq SegiZliaT im samuSao hipoTezis
gamoyeneba, romelic uaryaviT: SeiZleba Canda, rom X asea, Tumca,... (ix., agreTve,
4.1.2).
10.1.2 xelaxla waradgineT SekiTxva, rogorc sakiTxi, romelic ar aris cnobili
an kargad Seswavlili
Sesavali konteqstis SemuSavebis Semdeg aRniSneT, manamde ganxorcielebul
kvlevaSi ra ar gakeTebula an ratom aris is arasrulyofili, an, Tundac,
mcdari. warmoadgineT es dazusteba an uaryofa Semdegi sityvebiT: Tumca,
miuxedavad amisa, an romelime sxva terminiT, romelic mianiSnebs, rom Tqven
SecvliT miRebul codnas da Seswavlis Sedegs, romelic axlaxans gamoikvlieT:
mas Semdeg, rac giloramo kardanom.... maTematikuri kuTxiT. konteqsti . Tumca,
riskis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamcemma pirebma aRmoaCines, rom rigiTi
adamianebi risks afaseben iracionalurad da maT mier riskis Sefaseba ar
ukavSirdeba
statistikurad
realur
albaTobebs.
gaurkvevelia,
aseT
araspecialistTa mier riskis Sefaseba SemTxveviT gamocnobas efuZneba, Tu
gegmazomieri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. SekiTxva xelaxla aris Camoyalibebuli.
10.1.3 warmoadgineT Tqveni SekiTxvis mniSvnelovneba
axla mkiTxvels unda daanaxoT, ratom aris mniSvnelovani kvlevis SekiTxvaze
pasuxis gacema. warmoidgineT, rom mkiTxveli svams yvelaze gamaRizianebel
SekiTxvas _ mere ra? Semdeg pasuxi gaeciT am SekiTxvas. pasuxi ise unda
CamoayaliboT, rom TvalsaCino iyos, ra uaryofiTi Sedegebi eqneboda kvlevis
SekiTxvaze pasuxis arqonas:
mas Semdeg, rac giloramo kardanom... maTematikuri kuTxiT. konteqsti Tumca,
riskis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamcemma pirebma aRmoaCines, rom... gaurkvevelia,
aseT araspecialistTa mier riskis Sefaseba SemTxveviT gamocnobas efuZneba, Tu
gegmazomieri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs.
SekiTxva xelaxla aris Camoyalibebuli. (mere ra?)
vidre ar gavigebT, araspecialistebi risks rogor afaseben, adamianis
msjelobis mniSvnelovani aspeqti amoucnobi darCeba: SemecnebiTi procesis
saxeoba, romelic gegmazomieri Cans, Tumca, mdebareobs im zRvars gareT, rasac
ewodeba `racionaluri azrovneba. mniSvnelovneba
SegiZliaT, piriqiT,
mniSvnelovnebas:

xazi

gausvaT

kvlevis

SekiTxvaze

pasuxis

mopovebis

mas Semdeg, rac giloramo kardanom... maTematikuri kuTxiT. konteqsti Tumca,

riskis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamcemma pirebma aRmoaCines, rom... gaurkvevelia,
aseT araspecialistTa mier riskis Sefaseba SemTxveviT gamocnobas efuZneba Tu
gegmazomieri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs.
SekiTxva xelaxla aris Camoyalibebuli. (mere ra?)
Cven rom gavigoT, rogor iReben Cveulebrivi adamianebi riskebis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, SevZlebdiT, ukeT CavwvdomodiT
SemecnebiT process, romelic Cans gegmazomieri, Tumca, mdebareobs im zRvars
gareT, rasac ewodeba `racionaluri azrovneba mniSvnelovneba
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SesaZloa, gagiWirdeT pasuxis gacema SekiTxvaze mere ra? es is problemaa,

romelsac mxolod gamocdilebis Sedegad gadaWriT. Tumca, man SesaZloa,
gamocdili mkvlevrebic ki gaaRizianos.
10.1.4 warmoadgineT debuleba
mas Semdeg, rac ganacxadebT iseT rames, rac ar aris cnobili an Seswavlili
da imas, Tu ratom unda moxdes misi Seswavla, saWiro iqneba, mkiTxvels
warmoudginoT debuleba, pasuxi kvlevis SekiTxvaze (momdevno abzaci
sagrZnoblad aris Semoklebuli):
mas Semdeg, rac giloramo kardanom... maTematikuri kuTxiT. konteqsti Tumca,
riskis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamcemma pirebma aRmoaCines, rom rigiTi
adamianebi
risks
aRiqvamen
gegmazomieri,
Tumca,
iracionaluri
da
statistikurad realur albaTobebTan kavSiris armqone gzebiT... SekiTxva (mere
ra?) vidre ar gavarkvevT, araspecialistebi rogor aRiqvamen risks, amoucnobi
darCeba adamianis msjelobis mniSvnelovani saxe: SemecnebiTi procesi, romelic
Cans gegmazomieri, Tumca, mdebareobs im zRvars gareT, rasac ewodeba
`racionaluri azrovneba mniSvnelovneba rogorc Cans, araspecialistebi risks
afaseben ara SesaZlo movlenebisTvis raodenobrivi albaTobebis miniWebiT,
aramed yvelaze cudi variantebis vizualizaciiT, Semdeg risks aniWeben doneebs
imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad mkafio da saSiSia warmosaxuli suraTi. debuleba
Tu gaqvT safuZveli, rom debuleba naSromis bolomde ar warmoadginoT,
Sesavlis bolos dawereT daskvniTi winadadeba, sadac gamoyenebuli iqneba
ZiriTadi terminebi aRniSnuli debulebidan da romelic miuTiTebs Semdgom
nawilebze:
rogorc Cans, araspecialistebi risks afaseben ara raodenobrivi albaTobebis
miniWebiT, aramed vizualuri warmosaxvis Tvisebebis sistematurad gamoyenebiT.
mkiTxveli xedavs, rom debuleba mogvianebiT iqneba warmodgenili

es oTxi safexuri SesaZloa, meqanikurad mogeCvenoT. Tumca, nebismier sferoSi

isini warmoadgens Sesavals kvleviTi naSromebis udidesi nawilisTvis, rogorc
samecniero
samyaroSi,
ise
mis
gareT.
rodesac
wyaroebs
gaecnobiT,
gansakuTrebiT, saJurnalo statiebs, yuradRebiT daakvirdiT am oTxnawilian
CarCos. Tqven ara mxolod iswavliT Sesavlebis weris mTel rig strategiebs,
aramed ukeT gaigebT im moxsenebebs, romlebsac kiTxulobT.
10.1.5 SeqmeniT axali pirveli winadadebis samuSao varianti
zogierT avtors ise uWirs naSromis pirveli winadadebis dawera, rom kliSeebs
mimarTvs xolme. moerideT Semdegi saxis kliSeebs:
- nu gaimeorebT davalebaSi mocemul sityvas
- nu moiyvanT citatas leqsikonidan: vebsterSi riski ganmartebulia,
rogorc ...
- gadaWarbebiT nu SeafasebT mniSvnelovnebas: saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
filosofosebi davoben ... mwvave sakiTxze... O(kargi SekiTxvebi Tavad
metyvelebs mniSvnelovnebaze)

154

Tu
gsurT
daiwyoT
rame
ufro
saxaliso
sakiTxiT,
vidre
manamde
ganxorcielebuli kvlevaa, scadeT qvemoT mocemuli sawyisi winadadebidan erTerTis (Tumca, gaiTvaliswineT gafrTxileba, romelic maT mosdevs) gamoyeneba:
1.

STambeWdavi citata:

naTqvamia, rom riskis gamoTvla silamazis Sefasebas hgavs: amas iracionaluri

mayureblis Tvali wyvets.
2. STambeWdavi faqti:
mraval adamians manqaniT mgzavroba urCevnia TviTmfrinaviT mgzavrobas,
vinaidan aviakatastrofis mkafio suraTi maTSi SiSs aRZravs miuxedavad imisa,
rom gacilebiT didia trasaze manqaniT mgzavrobisas daRupvis albaToba, vidre
aviakatastrofis Sedegad.
3. Sesabamisi magaliTi:
jorj mileri klientebTan Sesaxvedrad Sor manZilebze yovelTvis manqaniT
miemgzavreboda, radgan sjeroda, rom TviTmfrinavis Camovardnis riski Zalian
didi iyo. maSinac ki, rodesac avtokatastrofis Sedegad xerxemali daiziana,
mainc Tvlida, rom swori gaTvla gaakeTa. `yovel SemTxvevaSi, gadavrCi.
TviTmfrinavis Camovardnis SemTxvevSi gadarCenis Sansebi nuls udris!
SegiZliaT SeajamoT samive:
naTqvamia, rom riskis gamoTvla silamazis Sefasebas hgavs: masze iracionaluri
mayurebeli
msjelobs.
mraval
adamians
manqaniT
mgzavroba
urCevnia
TviTmfrinaviT mgzavrobas, vinaidan aviakatastrofis mkafio suraTi maTSi SiSs
aRZravs, miuxedavad imisa, rom gacilebiT didia trasaze manqaniT mgzavrobisas
daRupvis albaToba, vidre aviakatastrofis Sedegad. jorj mileri klientebTan
Sesaxvedrad Sor manZilebze yovelTvis manqaniT miemgzavreboda, radgan
sjeroda, rom TviTmfrinavis Camovardnis riski Zalian didi iyo. maSinac ki,
rodesac avtokatastrofis Sedegad xerxemali daiziana, mainc Tvlida, rom
swori gaTvla gaakeTa. `yovel SemTxvevaSi, gadavrCi. TviTmfrinavis Camovardnis
SemTxvevaSi gadarCenis Sansebi nuls udris!
mraval adamians manqaniT
mgzavroba urCevnia TviTmfrinaviT mgzavrobas, vinaidan aviakatastrofis mkafio
suraTi maTSi SiSs aRZravs, miuxedavad imisa, rom gacilebiT didia trasaze
manqaniT mgzavrobisas daRupvis albaToba, vidre aviakatastrofis Sedegad.
aucileblad gamoiyeneT terminebi, romlebic Seexeba ZiriTad cnebebs da
romlebsac gamoiyenebT Sesavlis danarCen nawilSi (naSromis danarCen
nawilSic). am SemTxvevaSi aseTi terminebia: gamoTvla, riski, mkafio suraTi,
iracionaluri, ufro mosalodneli.
axla ki gafrTxileba: vidre saxaliso Sesavals dawerT, aucileblad
gadaamowmeT, Tu iyeneben Tqvens sferoSi aseTi saxis Sesavlebs. zogierT
sferoSi isini miiCneva zedmetad Jurnalisturad da seriozuli mecnierebisTvis
Seufereblad.

155

10.2 SeqmeniT daskvnis saboloo samuSao varianti

Tu ukeTesi gegma ar gaqvT, daskvna aageT Sesavlis elementebze, sapirispiro
wyobiT.
10.2.1 xelaxla warmoadgineT debuleba
xelaxla warmoadgineT debuleba daskvnis dasawyisSive, ufro srulad, vidre
SesavalSia:
rigiTi adamianebi riskTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebebs iReben ara
racionalur
an
raodenobriv
safuZvelze,
aramed,
sul
mcire,
eqvsi
fsiqologiuri faqtoris safuZvelze, romlebic ara mxolod moicavs emocias,
aramed sistematurad iyenebs vizualuri warmosaxvis Zalas.
am etapze Tqven, savaraudod, zustad iciT, ra aris Tqveni debuleba. Tumca,
mainc, gamoiyeneT bolo Sansi, rom xelaxla, maqsimalurad konkretulad da
srulad CamoayaliboT is.
10.2. aRniSneT axali mniSvnelovneba, praqtikuli gamoyeneba an axali kvleva
(samivesTvis)
debulebis warmodgenis Semdeg SeaxseneT mkiTxvels misi mniSvnelovneba.
umjobesia, Tu warmoadgenT debulebis axal mniSvnelovnebas an praqtikul
gamoyenebas:
es Sedegebi mianiSnebs adamianis Semecnebis manamde ucnob aspeqtze esaa
gamoTvliTi logika, romelic damoukidebelia statistikuri albaTobebisgan da
moicavs sizustis doneebs an realizms vizualizaciaSi. mas Semdeg, rac
gavigebT riskis am warmosaxviT, magram gegmazomier Sefasebas, riskis Sesaxeb
informaciis
gadamcemma
pirebma
unda
SeZlon axsnan,
rogor miiReba
gadawyvetileba riskis Sesaxeb yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
dabolos, SesTavazeT Semdgomi kvleva. es Jesti mianiSnebs imaze, Tu rogor
SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs gaagrZelon am sakiTxze msjeloba. masSi asaxulia
Sesavlis konteqsti:
miuxedavad imisa, rom es faqtorebi aumjobesebs Cvens codnas riskis Sesaxeb,
isini ar amowuravs riskis Sefasebis `adamianur faqtorebs. Cven unda
gamovikvlioT,
agreTve,
asakis,
sqesis,
ganaTlebis
da
gonebrivi
SesaZleblobebis faqtorebis moqmedeba. magaliTad,...

10.3 saTuri dawereT bolos

pirveli, rasac mkiTxveli waikiTxavs saTauria; is yvelaze bolos unda
daweroT. masSi unda aisaxos naSromis Tema da konceptualuri CarCo, amdenad,
aageT is ZiriTadi terminebidan, romlebic manamde SemoxazeT da xazi gausviT
(gadaxedeT 9.2). SeadareT es sami saTauri
156

riski
riskis Sefaseba
iracionaluri, Tumca gegmazomieri riskis Sefaseba: vizualuri warmosaxvis
roli fardobiTi riskis gamoTvlaSi
pirveli saTauri aris zusti, Tumca, Zalian zogadi imisTvis, rom mogvces
informacia, ris Sesaxeb aris naSromi. meore aris SedarebiT konkretuli,
mesameSi ki gamoyenebulia rogorc saTauri, ise qvesaTauri; Sesabamisad,
mkiTxveli winaswar igebs, ra sakvanZo sityvebi gamoCndeba naSromSi. rodesac
mkiTxveli xedavs, rom saTaurSi mocemuli ZiriTadi sityvebi kvlav meordeba
SesavalSi da Semdeg naSromSi, ufro mosalodnelia, igrZnon, rom naSromis
nawilebi urTierTdakavSirebulia. ori nawilisgan Semdgari saTaurebi yvelaze
gamosadegia: isini gaZlevT karg SesaZleblobas, gamoiyenoT ZiriTadi sityvebi
ZiriTadi cnebebis warmosadgenad.
am etapze SeiZleba, ise daiRaleT moxsenebaze muSaobiT, rom araferi gsurT,
garda imisa, rom droulad daasruloT is. cotac moiTmineT; win kidev erTi
mniSvnelovani amocana gaqvT.

157

11 winadadebebis damuSaveba
11.1 gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcieT winadadebis pirvel Svid an
rva sityvas
11.1.1

moerideT

grZeli

Sesavali

frazebis

da

winadadebebis

gamoyenebas
11.1.2 qvemdebare unda iyos mokle da konkretuli
11.1.3 moerideT qvemdebaresa da zmnas Soris erT an or sityvaze
metis CarTvas
11.1.4 ZiriTadi moqmedebebi gamoxateT zmnebiT da ara saxelzmnebiT
11.1.5

mkiTxvelisTvis

nacnobi

informacia

CarTeT

winadadebis

dasawyisSi, axali informacia ki boloSi

11.1.6

SearCieT

zmnebi

moqmedebiT

an

vnebiT

gvarSi

manamde

moxseniebuli principebis asaxvis mizniT

11.1.7 saTanadod gamoiyeneT pirveli piris nacvalsaxeli
11.2 gaaanalizeT wakiTxuli masala
11.3 SearCieT swori sityva
11.4 gaaSalaSineT
11.5 daasruleT da amobeWdeT

bolo didi amocana, romelic Tqvens winaSe dgas esaa winadadebebis

maqsimalurad

mkafiod

Camoyalibeba,

imdenad,

ramdenadac

amis

SesaZleblobas Tqveni ideebi gaZlevT. zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba,

icodeT, rom naweri daxvewas moiTxovs, gansakuTrebiT, Tu pretenziul
mkiTxvels ucnob da kompleqsur Temas acnobT. SeiZleba, ifiqroT, rom
saerTod dagaviwydaT garkveviT wera. im winadadebebis dasamuSaveblad,
romlebic, Tqveni azriT, amas saWiroebs, gegma dagWirdebaT; garda amisa,
unda gamonaxoT gza, rom, pirvel rigSi, gansazRvroT is winadadebebi,
romlebic Tqven mogwonT, magram SesaZloa, mkiTxvels ar moewonos.

158

ver

girCevT,

rogor

gamoasworoT

TiToeuli

problema

yovel

winadadebaSi, magram SegviZlia, girCioT, rogor gadaWraT is problemebi,

romelTa winaSec yvelaze xSirad aRmoCndeba xolme avtori, romelic
cdilobs, datovos `seriozuli mkvlevris STabeWdileba; es is stilia,
romelsac gamocdili mkiTxvelebis umravlesoba xelovnurad miiCnevs. ai,
mokle magaliTi:
1a.

teroristebis

azrovnebis

Seswavlis

Sedegad

SesaZlebeli

iqneba

sazogadoebis dacvis gaumjobeseba.

rac ar unda STambeWdavad JRerdes, studenti, romelmac es dawera,

mxolod Semdegs gulisxmobda:
1b. Tu gavigebT, rogor azrovneben teroristebi, SevZlebT sazogadoebis ukeT
dacvas.

Tumca, (1a)-s xarvezebi rom aRmoaCinoT

da is (1b)-d gardaqmnaT, unda

icodeT ramdenime gramatikuli termini: arsebiTi saxeli, zmna moqmedebiT

gvarSi, zmna vnebiT gvarSi, Sedgenili qvemdebare, martivi qvemdebare,
mTavari

winadadeba,

damokidebuli

winadadeba.

Tu

isini

bundovnad

gaxsovT, dawyebamde Tvali gadaavleT gramatikis saxelmZRvanelos.

11.1 gaakeTeT aqcenti winadadebis pirvel Svid an rva sityvaze

ise, rogorc garkveviT daweril naSromSi, nawilSi an abzacSi
Txzulebis arsi pirvel ramdenime winadadebaSia warmodgenili, mkafiod
dawerili winadadebis arssac misi pirveli ramdenime sityva gamoxatavs.
rodesac mkiTxveli iolad aRiqvams pirvel Svid an rva sityvas, ufro
swrafad

waikiTxavs

darCenil

teqsts,

ukeT

gaigebs

da

didxans

daamaxsovrdeba. am or winadadebas Soris aris gansxvaveba:

159

2a.

federalistebis

argumenti

saxalxo

demokratiis

mier

mTavrobis

destabilizaciis Sesaxeb aRmocenda maTi rwmenidan, rom fraqciebi sakuTari

interesebis gatarebas sazogadoebrivi sikeTis xarjze axdendnen.
2b. federalistebi acxadebdnen, rom saxalxo demokratia axdenda mTavrobis
destabilizacias, vinaidan maT sjerodaT, rom fraqciebi sakuTar interesebs
sazogadoebrivi sikeTis xarjze atarebdnen.

(2b)-is msgavsi winadadebis dasawerad an (2a)-is Sesacvlelad da (2b)-d

gardasaqmnelad, gaiTvaliswineT Semdegi Svidi principi:
-

ecadeT, SesavalSi mxolod ramdenime grZeli fraza da winadadeba

gamoiyenoT; winadadebis qvemdebareze swrafad gadadiT.

qvemdebare unda iyos mokle da konkretuli, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi

unda daasaxeloT piri, romelic axorcielebs moqmedebas, romelic
gamoxatulia zmniT, romelic mas mosdevs.

moerideT qvemdebares da zmnas Soris erT an or sityvaze metis

CarTvas.

ZiriTadi moqmedebebi gamoxateT zmnebiT da ara saxelzmnebiT.

mkiTxvelisTvis nacnobi informacia CasviT winadadebis dasawyisSi,

axali informacia bolosken.

aarCieT zmnebi moqmedebiT an vnebiT gvarSi manamde moxseniebuli

principebis asasaxavad.

es

saTanadod gamoiyeneT pirveli piris nacvalsaxeli.

principebi

niSnavs

Semdegs:

mkiTvels

surs,

swrafad

da

iolad

gadavides mokle, konkretuli, nacnobi qvemdebaridan zmnaze, romelic

gamoxatavs konkretul moqmedebas.

amas Tu uzrunvelyofT, winadadebis

danarCeni nawili, Cveulebriv, TavisTavad aewyoba. sakuTari naweri rom

SeafasoT,

moZebneT

nawerSi

TiToeuli

winadadebis

Svid

es
an

maxasiaTeblebi.
rva

sityvas.

gadaavleT

dakvirvebiT

Tvali

SeamowmeT

160

winadadebebi,

romlebic

ar

Seesabameba

am

kriteriumebs,

Semdeg

gadaamuSaveT isini Semdegnairad:

11.1.1 moerideT grZeli Sesavali frazebis da winadadebebis gamoyenebas

SeadareT es ori winadadeba (Sesavali frazebi msxvili SriftiT aris
gamoyofili; Sedgenili qvemdebareebi gamoyofilia daxrili SriftiT):
3a. umaRlesi ganaTlebis mkvlevrebi umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebis mier
specialobis sul mcire erTxel mainc SecvlasTan dakavSirebiT acxadeben, rom

pirvelkurselma studentebma, savaraudod, kargad ar ician, ra airCion ZiriTad

specialobad.
3b. umaRlesi ganaTlebis mkvlevrebi amtkiceben, rom studentebis umravlesoba
erTxel mainc icvlis ZiriTad specialobas umaRles saswavlebelSi swavlisas.
Tu

asea,

maSin,

rogorc

Cans,

pirvelkurselebi

ZiriTad

specialobas

arasrulyofil informaciaze dayrdnobiT irCeven.

mkiTxvelebis umravlesobas miaCnia, rom (3a) ufro rTuli wasakiTxia,

vidre (3b), vinaidan masSi uwevT TxuTmeti sityvisgan Semdgari frazis
wakiTxva, vidre qvemdebaremde (pirvelkurselebi) miaRweven. (3b)-Si ori
winadadebis

meSveobiT

mkiTxveli

kiTxvas

iwyebs

qvemdebariT

mkvlevrebi an gadavlen qvemdebareze Zalian mokle frazis Semdeg _ Tu

asea.
aq

moqmedebs

pirdapir

Semdegi

qvemdebariT.

principi:

winadadebebis

daaxloebiT,

aTze

meti

umravlesoba

daiwyeT

sityvisgan

Semdgari

Sesavali frazebiT daiwyeT mxolod ramdenime winadadeba. Cveulebriv,

SegiZliaT,

gadaamuSaoT

grZeli

Sesavali

frazebi da

damokidebuli

winadadebebi da aqcioT isini damoukidebel winadadebebad, rogorc (3b)Sia naCvenebi.

161

11.1.2 qvemdebareebi mokle da konkretuli unda iyos

mkiTxvelma martivad unda aRiqvas winadadebis qvemdebare, magram
amas ver moaxerxebs, Tu qvemdebare aris Sedgenili, kompleqsuri da
abstraqtuli.

SeadareT

es

ori

winadadeba

(Sedgenili

qvemdebareebi

TiToeul maTganSi gamoyofilia daxrili SriftiT; erTsityviani martivi

qvemdebare gamoyofilia msxvili SriftiT):
4a. saskolo sistemis mier dawyebiTi skolisTvis kiTxvis axali saswavlo

gegmis warmatebiT danergva damokidebulia TiToeul skolaSi direqtoris

dainteresebis

demonstrirebaze

da,

gonivruli

miznebis

dasaxvis

mxriv,

maswavleblebis urTierTTanamSromlobaze.
4b.

saskolo sistema

dawyebiTi

warmatebiT danergavs kiTxvis axal saswavlo gegmas

skolebisTvis

mxolod

maSin,

rodesac

TiToeuli

direqtori

warmoaCens, rom is dainteresebulia amiT, xolo maswavleblebi erTmaneTTan

TanamSromloben gonivruli miznebis dasaxvaze.

(4a)-Si

Sedgenili

qvemdebare

TerTmeti

sityvisgan

Sedgeba,

martivi

qvemdebare ki abstraqciaa _ danergva. (4b)-Si, romelic ufro mkafio

variantia, TiToeuli Sedgenili qvemdebare moklea da TiToeuli martivi
qvemdebarec

met-naklebad

direqtori,

is,

konkretulia:

maswavleblebi.

amas

saskolo
garda,

sistema,

TiToeuli

TiToeuli

qvemdebare

moqmedebas axorcielebs zmniT: sistema danergavs, direqtori warmoaCens,

is dainteresebulia, maswavleblebi TanamSromloben.

principi Semdegia: mkiTxveli, Cveulebriv, winadadebas advilad aRiqvams,

Tu

qvemdebares

mTavari

figura

mocemulia

ramdenime

konkretuli

sityviT, idealur variantSi esaa piri, romelic, imavdroulad, aris im

zmniT gamoxatuli qmedebis `moqmedi, romelic qvemdebares mosdevs.

162

Tumca,

saqme

ase

martivad

ar

aris:

xSirad

SesaZlebelia

mkafio

istoriebis moyola abstraqtul figurebze;

5. profesiul saqmianobaSi arcerTi unari ar fasobs ise, rogorc problemebis
gadaWris unari. problemebis swrafad gadaWrisTvis Cven sxvadasxva kuTxiT
unda

ganvixiloT

situacia

da

unda

vipovoT

erTze

meti

gadawyvetileba.

faqtobrivad, problemebis efeqtianma gadaWram SeiZleba, warmoaCinos zogadi

inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi.

mkiTxvelTa mcire nawils Tu gauWirdeba am abstraqtuli qvemdebareebis

gageba,

vinaidan

problemebis

isini

swrafad

aris

mokle

gadaWris

da

unari

nacnobi:
da

arc

problemebis

erTi

unari,

efeqtianad

gadaWra. mkiTxveli ibneva grZeli da ucnobi abstraqtuli qvemdebaris

wakiTxvisas.

grZeli,

abstraqtuli

qvemdebareebis

Semcveli

winadadebeba

sam

safexurad SeasworeT:
-

winadadebaSi gamoavlineT mTavari figura.

ipoveT misi ZiriTadi moqmedeba da Tu is abstraqtuli arsebiTi

saxeliTaa gamoxaturli, aqcieT zmnad.

mTavari figura aqcieT am axali zmnis qvemdebared.

magaliTad,

SeadareT

(6a)

da

(6b)

(moqmedebebi

gamoyofilia

msxvili

SriftiT; zmnebi gamoyofilia daxrili SriftiT).

6a. dasaqmebis meti SesaZleblobis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, socialur klass da
ganaTlebas Soris urTierTkavSiris gaanalizebis gareSe, srulyofilad ver

SeviswavliT ekonomikur mobilurobas.

163

6b. ekonomistebs srulyofilad ar aqvT Seswavlili ekonomikuri mobiluroba,

vinaidan isini ver aanalizeben, rogor urTierTqmedebs socialuri klasi da
ganaTleba, rom Seqmnas dasaqmebis meti SesaZlebloba.

orive winadadebaSi mTavari figura aris ekonomistebi, magram (6a)-Si, es

figura ar aris romelime zmnis qvemdebare; is winadadebaSi saerTodac
ar aris: Cven is unda davaskvnaT im moqmedebebidan, romlebic Camalulia
arsebiT saxelebSi: analizi da Seswavla (ras akeTeben ekonomistebi). Cven
SevcvliT (6a)-s da CamovayalibebT (6b)-s saxiT, gadavaqcevT ra mTavar
figurebs, ekonomistebs, socialur klass da ganaTlebas mkafio zmnebis - Seswavla, analizi, urTierTqmedeba da Seqmna -- qvemdebareebad.

mkiTxvelisTvis sasurvelia, rom qvemdebareebi warmoadgendnen mTavar

figurebs TxzulebaSi. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi isini unda iyos realuri
figurebi,

xolo

konkretuli

zmnebiT

ki

mTavari

moqmedebebi

unda

gamoixatos.

11.1.3 moerideT qvemdebares da zmnas Soris erT an or sityvaze metis

CarTvas
mas

Semdeg,

swrafad

rac

mokle

gadavides

qvemdebares

zmnaze,

waikiTxavs,

amdenad,

moerideT

mkiTxvels
zmnis

urCevnia,

qvemdebarisgan

gamoyofas grZeli frazebiT da winadadebebiT:

7a. zogierT ekonomists, imis gamo, rom weren upirovno da obieqturi stiliT,
iolad ar gamosdis rigiT adamianebTan komunikacia.

(7a)-Si, imis gamo, rom qvemdebare _ zogierTi ekonomisti _ gamoyofilia

zmnisgan _ ar gamosdis _ iZulebulni varT, SevaCeroT azrovnebis nakadi.
winadadebis

Sesacvlelad

gadaitaneT

winadadeba,

romelic

azris

gawyvetas iwvevs, winadadebis dasawyisSi an boloSi, gamomdinare iqidan,

es winadadeba ufro mWidrod winas ukavSirdeba Tu momdevnos. roca
164

darwmunebuli ar xarT, CasviT bolos (amis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad ix.

11.1.5).
7b. imis gamo, rom zogierTi ekonomisti wers upirovno da obieqturi stiliT,
maT iolad ar gamosdiT komunikacia rigiT adamianebTan. es faqtori...

7g. zogierT ekonomists iolad ar gamosdis komunikacia rigiT adamianebTan,

vinaidan isini weren upirovno da obieqturi stiliT. isini iyeneben zmnebs
vnebiT gvarSi da..

mkiTxvelisTvis nakleb uxerxulobas qmnis mokle CarTuli frazebi:

8. zogierTi ekonomisti gangeb wers upirovno da obieqtur stilSi.

11.1.4 ZiriTadi moqmedebebi gamoxateT zmnebiT da ara saxelzmniT

mkiTxvels swrafad surs zmnaze gadasvla. Tumca, amavdroulad, unda,

rom zmna gamoxatavdes ZiriTad moqmedebas. amdenad, moerideT damxmare
zmnebis:

aqvs, akeTebs, qmnis an aris gamoyenebas iseTi moqmedebis

gamosaxatavad, romelic abstraqtul saxelzmnaSia Camaluli. saxelzmna

gardaqmeniT zmnad.

SeadareT

es

ori

saxelebi/saxelzmnebi
gamomxatveli

zmnebi

winadadeba

(moqmedebebis

gamoyofilia
_

msxvili

asomTavruliT;

gamomxatveli
SriftiT;

damxmare

zmnebi

arsebiTi

moqmedebebis
gamoyofilia

daxrili SriftiT):
9a. samoqalaqo omis adreul wlebSi samxreTis mcdeloba, didi britaneTis
gadabirebisa warumatebeli iyo.

165

9b. samoqalaqo omis pirvel wlebSi samxreTma scada, gadaebirebina didi

britaneTi, magram marcxi ganicada.

(9a)-Si sami mniSvnelovani moqmedeba zmna ki ar aris, aramed saxelzmnebi

da

zedsarTavi:

mcdeloba,

gadabireba,

warumatebeli.

(9b)

ki

ufro

pirdapir gamoxatavs azrs, radgan is moqmedebebs zmnebiT aRwers, scada,

gadaebirebina, ganicada.
11.1.5 mkiTxvelisTvis nacnobi informacia CasviT winadadebis dasawyisSi,
axali informacia boloSi

mkiTxveli winadadebas yvelaze ukeT igebs maSin, rodesac advilad

SeuZlia

qvemdebaris

aRqma,

xolo

umartivesad

aRsaqmeli

qvemdebare

ubralod mokle da konkretuli ki ar aris, aramed nacnobic. qvemoT

warmodgenil

TiToeul

nawyvetSi

SeadareT

meore

winadadeba

rogor

uwyobs an ar uwyobs xels `dinebis SegrZnebas:

10a. mecnierebma, romlebic kosmosSi arsebul Sav xvrelebs ikvleven, wamoWres axali
sakiTxebi

kosmosis

Sesaxeb.

mkvdari

varskvlavis

Cavardna

iseT

mcire

wertilSi,

romelic, albaT, marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar aris, qmnis Sav xvrels. msgavsi
didi zomis sagnis aseT mcire moculobaSi gavlis Sedegad, kosmosis struqtura
ucnaurad icvleba.

10b. mecnierebma, romlebic ikvleven Sav xvrelebs kosmosSi, wamoWres axali sakiTxebi
kosmosis Sesaxeb. Savi xvreli iqmneba mkvdari varskvlavis iseT mcire wertilSi
CavardniT, romelic marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar aris. aseTi didi zomis
sagnis aseT mcire moculobaSi gavlis Sedegad, kosmosis struqtura ucnaurad icvleba.

mkiTxvelebis umravlesobas miaCnia, rom (10b) ukeT ikiTxeba, vidre (10a),

nawilobriv, imis gamo, rom meore winadadebis qvemdebare _ Savi xvreli _
ufro

mokle

da

konkretulia,

vidre

qvemdebare

(10a)-Si:

mkvdari

166

varskvlavis Cavardna. Tumca, (10b) kidev imitom ikiTxeba ukeT, rom misi
ideebis Tanmimdevroba gansxvavebulia.

(10a)-Si meore winadadebis pirveli sityvebi gamoxatavs axal informacias:

10a... Savi xvrelebi kosmosSi... mkvdari varkvlavis Cavardna wertilSi,
romelic albaT marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar iqneba, qmnis...

TiTqos

gaurkvevelia,

saidan

modis

es

sityvebi

varskvlavebis

Camovardnis Sesaxeb. Tumca (10b)-Si, pirveli sityvebi Savi xvreli iqmneba...

exmaureba wina winadadebis bolos: ... Sav xvrelebs kosmosSi.
amas garda, mas Semdeg, rac am cvlilebas SevitanT, am meore winadadebis
bolo

nawili

ufro

logikurad

Tanmimdevrulad

warmoadgens

mesame

winadadebas:
10b ...mkvdari varskvlavis CavardniT iseT mcire wertilSi, romelic marmarilos
burTulaze meti zomis ar aris. aseTi didi sagnis aseT mcire moculobaSi
gavlis Sedegad icvleba....

SeadareT

(10a);

misi

meore

winadadebis

bolodan

mesame

winadadebis

dasawyisze ise bunebrivad ar gadavdivarT:

10a. mkvdari varskvlavis Cavardna iseT mcire wertilSi, romelic, albaT,
marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar aris, qmnis Sav xvrels. aseTi didi
sagnis

mcire

moculobaSi

gavlis

Sedegad

kosmosis

struqtura

ucnaurad

icvleba.

swored

amitom,

mkiTxvels

miaCnia,

rom

(10a)

nawyveti

ufro

danawevrebulia, vidre (10b): wina winadadebis bolo nawili bunebrivad ar

gadadis momdevno winadadebis dasawyisze.

167

principi _ Zveli informacia pirvel rigSi _ niSnavs axali informaciis

bolos CarTvas, gansakuTrebiT, roca saubaria axal teqnikur terminebze.
amdenad, axali teqnikuri terminis Semotanisas moaTavseT is winadadebis
boloSi. SeadareT:
11a. kalciumis inhibitors
kunTovani

boWkoebis

SeuZlia kunTis spazmebis marTva. sarkomerebi _

mcire

elementebia,

sadac

es

preparati

moqmedebs.

TiToeuli sarkomeri Sedgeba ori boWkosgan, romelTagan erTi msxvilia, meore

ki wvrili.

wvrili boWko Seicavs cilebs _ aqtins da miozins. aqtinis da

miozinis urTierTqmedebisas guli ikumSeba.

11b.

kunTovani

spazmebis

marTva

SeiZleba

preparatiT,

romelic

cnobilia

kalciumis inhibitoris saxeliT. is moqmedebs sarkomerebad wodebul kunTovani

boWkoebis

mcire

elementebSi.

TiToeul

sarkomers

aqvs

ori

boWko,

erTi

msxvili da erTi wvrili. wvrili boWko Seicavs or cilas, aqtins da miozins.

aqtinis da miozinis urTierTqmedebisas guli ikumSeba.

axali teqnikuri terminebia kalciumis inhibitori, sarkomerebi, boWkoebi

da cilebi _ aqtini da miozini, Tumca, (11a)-Si isini pirvelad Cndeba

winadadebebis

dasawyisSi.

(11b)-Si

ki,

piriqiT,

es

axali

terminebi

pirvelad Cndeba winadadebebis bolos. amis Semdgom es ukve nacnobi

informaciaa da SeiZleba momdevno winadadebebis dasawyisSi Caisvas.

weris

yvela

principze

mniSvnelovani

es

ukanasknelia:

nacnobi

informacia axlis win, nacnobi informaciisESemdeg ucnobi informacia.

11.1.6 SearCieT zmnebi moqmedebiT an vnebiT gvarSi, manamde moxseniebuli

principebis asaxvis mizniT

albaT,

gaxsovT

gamoyenebas

rCeva,

kargi

rom

rCevaa,

unda

moeridoT

radgan

vnebiTi

zmnebis
gvaris

vnebiT

gvarSi

gamoyenebis

gamo

168

iZulebuli

xdebiT

daweroT

winadadeba,

romelic

ewinaaRmdegeba

im

principebs, romlebic Cven ganvixileT. magaliTisTvis, ixileT meore

winadadeba:
12a. globalur daTbobas SeiZleba, mravali katastrofuli Sedegi mohyves. ,
SesaZlebelia, tropikuli daavadebebis da mavne mwerebis raodenobis zrda
kanadis sazRvris CrdiloeTSic ki

iqnas gamowveuli

zmna vnebiT gvarSi

klimatis

aseTi cvlilebiT.

meore winadadeba iwyeba

TerTmeti sityvisgan Semdgari qvemdebariT,

romelic gadmoscems axal informacias: tropikuli daavadebebi... kanadis

sazRvris CrdiloeTSic ki. es aris vnebiT gvarSi mocemuli zmnis iqnas
gamowveuli - Sesabamisi qvemdebare; am zmnas mosdevs mokle, nacnobi
informacia wina winadadebidan: klimatis aseTi cvlilebiT. es winadadeba
ufro mkafio iqneboda es zmna moqmedebiT gvarSi rom yofiliyo:
12b. globalur daTbobas SeiZleba, mravali katastrofuli Sedegi mohyves.
klimatis

cvlilebam

SesaZloa,

gamoiwvios

zmna

moqmedebiT

gvarSi

tropikuli

daavadebebis da mavne mwerebis momravleba kanadis sazRvris CrdiloeTSic ki.

axla qvemdebare nacnobia da axali informacia ufro grZeli fraziT

aris warmodgenili boloSi. am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebiT gvarSi mocemuli
zmnis gamoyenebaa marTebuli.

Tumca, Tu arasodes CasvamT zmnas vnebiT gvarSi, dawerT winadadebebs,

romlebic

ewinaaRmdegeba

Zveli-axlis

princips.

Cven

vixileT

amis

magaliTi
(10a)-Si:
10a. mecnierebma, romlebic kosmosSi arsebul Sav xvrelebs ikvleven, wamoWres
axali SekiTxvebi kosmosis Sesaxeb. Sav xvrels qmnis

zmna moqmedebiT gvarSi

mkvdari

169

varskvlavis

iseT

mcire

zomis

wertilSi

Camovardna,

romelic,

albaT,

marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar iqneba. aseTi didi zomis sagnis aseT
mcire moculobaSi gavlis Sedegad kosmosis struqtura ucnaurad icvleba.

meore winadadebaSi zmna aris moqmedebiT gvarSi, Tumca, nawyveti ukeT

ikiTxeba, rodesac zmna vnebiT gvarSia:
10b. mecnierebma, romlebic ikvleven Sav xvrelebs kosmosSi, wamoWres axali
SekiTxvebi kosmosis Sesaxeb. Savi xvreli iqmneba

zmna

vnebiT

gvarSi

mkvdari

varskvlavis CavardniT iseT mcire wertilSi, romelic marmarilos burTulaze

meti zomis ar aris. aseTi didi zomis sagnis aseT mcire moculobaSi gavlis
Sedegad kosmosis struqtura ucnaurad icvleba.

kiTxvisas ukeT aRiqmeba ufro mokle, konkretuli da nacnobi qvemdebare,

ganurCevlad imisa, ra zmna mosdevs mas. amdenad, aarCieT moqmedebiTi an
vnebiTi

gvari

imis

mixedviT,

romeli

gaZlevT

sasurveli

saxis

qvemdebares: mokles, konkretulsa da nacnobs. SegiZliaT, saukeTesod

gansazRvroT, rogor Seafasebs mkiTxveli nawers, Tu vinmes xmamaRla
waakiTxebT mas. Tu es adamiani borZikobs an, TiTqos, monotonurad
laparakobs, SegiZliaT, ivaraudoT, rom mkiTxvels naklebad moewoneba
naweri.

11.1.7 saTanadod gamoiyeneT pirveli piris nacvalsaxeli

TiTqmis

yvelas

gaugia

rCeva,

rom

unda

moeridos

samecniero

naSromis werisas nacvalsaxelebis -- me an Cven gamoyenebas. sinamdvileSi,

am

sakiTxTan

zogierTi

dakavSirebiT

maswavlebeli

sxvadasxvanairi

urCevs

studentebs,

Sexedulebebi
arasodes

arsebobs.

gamoiyenon

me,

vinaidan es maT nawers `subieqturobis elfers sZens. sxvebi urCeven me-s

gamoyenebas,

raTa

naweri

ufro

xalisiani

gaxadon

da

pirovnuloba

SesZinon.

170

profesorTa umetesoba da redaqtorebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom avtorebi

unda moeridon me-s gamoyenebas or SemTxvevaSi:
-

avtori, romelic ar aris Tavdajerebuli, Zalian bevr winadadebas

iwyebs fraziT me vfiqrob an me mimaCnia (an maTi ekvivalentiT, Cemi
azriT). mkiTxveli isedac Tvlis, rom fiqrobT da gjeraT imis,
rasac werT. amdenad, ar aris aucilebeli amis xazgasma.

gamoucdeli

avtorebi

Zalian

xSirad

mogviTxroben

sakuTari

kvlevis Sesaxeb: Tavdapirvelad, mivmarTe.. Semdeg Sevamowme... da a.S.

mkiTxvels nakleb ainteresebs kvlevis istoria, mas surs Sedegebis
Sesaxeb Seityos.

Tumca,
pirveli

gvjera
piris

winadadebaSi

da

samecniero

gamoyeneba

Jurnalebis

marTebulia

warmodgenilia

erT-erTi

umetesoba
or

Tanxmdeba,

SemTxvevSi.

SemTxvevis

am

ilustracia:

rom

bolo
Cven...

gvjera, rom pirveli piri...

-

drodadro Sesavlis saxiT frazis me (an Cven) gvjera gamoyenebiT

SeiZleba, dogmaturi gancxadebis Serbileba. SeadareT es nakleb
xarisxiani varianti:

13. pirveli piris gamoyeneba marTebulia or SemTxvevaSi.

mniSvnelovania,

ise

xSirad

ar

gamoiyenoT

es

frazebi,

rom

Tavdaujereblobis STabeWdileba SeqmnaT da arc ise iSviaTad, rom

metismetad Tavdajerebuli gamoCndeT.
-

pirveli piris nacvalsaxelebis, me an Cven, gamoyeneba marTebulia,

agreTve,
asaxelebs

rodesac

is

moqmedebas,

aris

iseTi

romelic

zmnis

qvemdebare,

konkretulad

romelic

damaxasiaTebelia

TqvenTvis, argumentis avtorisTvis: aseTi moqmedebis gamomxatveli

171

zmnebi,

rogorc

wesi,

SesavalSi

giCvenebT/davamtkiceb/ganvac-xadeb,

rom

X.

gamoiyeneba:

me

da

me

daskvnebSi:

warmovadgine/vaCvene/davaskveni, rom Y. . . imis gamo, rom mxolod

Tqven SegiZliaT aCvenoT, daamtkicoT an ganacxadoT is, rac Tqvens
argumentSia,

mxolod

Tqven

SegiZliaT,

gamoiyenoT

piris

nacvalsaxeli me:
14. am naSromSi me giCvenebT, rom am universitetSi socialuri gansxvavebebi...

meores

mxriv,

mkvlevrebi

iSviaTad

iyeneben

pirvel

pirs

im

moqmedebisTvis, romelic sxvebma unda gaimeoron. es sityvebia: gayofa,

gazomva,

awon-dawona,

Semowmeba

da

a.S.

mkvlevrebi

iSviaTad

weren

winadadebebs moqmedebiT gvarSi Casmuli zmnebiT, rogoricaa:

15a. me gamovTvale X-is koeficienti.

amis

nacvlad,

isini,

savaraudod,

daweren

vnebiT

gvarSi,

vinaidan

nebismiers SeuZlia amisi gakeTeba:

15b. gamoTvlili iqna X-is koeficienti.

analogiuri principebi vrceldeba nacvalsaxelze Cven, Tu Tqven or an

met avtorTagan erT-erTi xarT. Tumca, mravali profesori da redaqtori
ewinaaRmdegeba mis orgvar gamoyenebas:
-

Cven

(rogorc

Cveni

udidebulesoba)

gamoiyeneba

mwerlis

mier

sakuTar Tavze miTiTebis gasakeTeblad

-

Cven, gamoyenebuli yvela mizniT mianiSnebs zogadad adamianebze

arasworia:
16.

Cven

yuradRebiT

monacemebs

am

unda

wyaroebidan.

viyoT

wyaroebis

rodesac

citirebisas,

vkiTxulobT

im

rodesac

avtorebis

viyenebT

naSromebs,
172

romlebmac es mosazreba ar gaiTvaliswines, undoblobiT vimsWvalebiT maT

mimarT.

Tumca, saboloo gadawyvetileba Tqvenma xelmZRvanelma unda miiRos. Tu

is erTmniSvnelovnad gikrZalavT nacvalsaxelebis me an Cven gamoyenebas,
daujereT mas.

11.2 gaaanalizeT wakiTxuli masala

mas Semdeg, rac gaigebT, mkiTxveli rogor Seafasebs naSroms, iciT,
rogor daweroT mkafiod, Tumca, amavdroulad iciT, ratom Cans ase
kompaqturi is, rac unda waikiTxoT. mkiTxvels SeiZleba, gauWirdes
teqstis

gageba

rTuli

Sinaarsis

gamo.

Tumca,

sirTule

SeiZleba,

SeiZleba Seqmnas imanac, Tu avtori gaurkvevlad wers. momdevno nawyveti,

magaliTad, ar aris srulyofilad dawerili:
15a. im faqtis aRiareba, rom sxvadasxva enis gramatika gansxvavdeba, SeiZleba,
gaxdes im problemebis seriozuli ganxilvis safuZveli, romelTa winaSec
dganan mTargmnelebi msoflio literaturuli Sedevrebisa, romlebic dawerili
iyo sxva enaze garda inglisurisa.

Tumca,

zemoT

gamoyenebuli

sityvebis

naxevriT

rom

gadmovceT,

es

nawyveti, mxolod Semdegs niSnavs:

15b. roca gvecodineba, rom enebs gansxvavebuli gramatika aqvs, SegviZlia,
gaviTvaliswinoT

im

specialistTa

problemebi,

romlebic

msoflio

literaturis Sedevrebs inglisur enaze Targmnian.

amdenad, rodesac giWirT zogierTi samecniero naweris gageba (da asec

iqneba), nu daabralebT Tavs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tavidanve. gaaanalizeT
naSromis winadadebebi. Tu maTSi aris grZeli qvemdebareebi, sadac bevri
abstraqtuli

arsebiTi

saxelia

da

gamoxatavs

axal

informacias,
173

problema aris, savaraudod, ara is, rom Tqven ver kiTxulobT martivad,
aramed is, rom avtorma ver SeZlo, garkveviT daewera. am SemTxvevaSi,
samwuxarod, rac met gamocdilebas miiRebT akademiur weraSi, miT didia
riski

aseTi

maneris

imitaciisa.

faqtobrivad,

profesiuli

weris

problema dgas akademiuri mecnierebebis yvela sferoSi.

11.3 SearCieT swori sityva

standartuli rCevis kidev erTi nawili -- swori sityvis SerCeva:
1. SearCieT sityva swori mniSvnelobiT. afeqti ar niSnavs efeqts;
mraval

cnobarSi

CamoTvlilia

sityvebi,

romlebic,

Cveulebriv,

erevaT xolme. Tu gamoucdeli avtori xarT, girCevT, SeiZinoT

aseTi wigni.
2. sityva SearCieT saTanado gamoyenebis mixedviT. Tu Sav nawers
swrafad

qmniT,

arsebobs

imisi

riski,

rom

SearCioT

sityvebi,

romlebic SeiZleba, niSnavdes imas, rasac gulisxmobT, Tumca, iyos

metismetad familaruli kvleviTi naSromisTvis. adamians SeuZlia,
gaakritikos meore avtori an daamarcxos is; riski SeiZleba, Candes
saSiSi an Semzaravi. zemoT moyvanil sityvaTa wyvilebs msgavsi
mniSvnelobebi aqvT, Tumca mkiTxvelebis umetesoba miiCnevs, rom
meore nakleb akademiuria.
meores

mxriv,

`akademiur

Tu

Zalian

naSromad

SeecdebiT,

gamoiyurebodes,

rom

Tqveni

dgeba

imis

naSromi

marTlac

saSiSroeba,

rom

gamoiyenebT Zalian oficialur sityvebs. SegiZliaT ixmaroT sityvebi:

fiqri an Rrmad dafiqreba, daleva an SeTviseba. es wyvilebi axlos dgas

mniSvnelobiT, magram TiToeul maTganSi meore Zalian maRalfardovania
im naSromisTvis, romelic Cveulebrivi eniT aris dawerili. daZlieT
survili,

gamoiyenoT

sityva,

romelic,

Tqveni

azriT,

gansakuTrebiT

maRalfardovania da moZebneT, sxva, misi ufro sada sinonimi.

174

Calsaxad

girCevT,

moZebnoT

leqsikonSi

sityvebi,

romlebSic

darwmunebuli ar xarT. Tumca, isini ki ar aris problema, aramed is

sityvebi,
leqsikoni

romlebSic
ver

darwmunebuli

getyviT,

konteqstisTvis.

am

romeli

sakiTxs

xarT.

sityvaa

swrafad

ufro

uaresi,

maRalfardovani

gadaWriT,

Tu

vercerTi
ama

sTxovT

Tu

im

vinmes,

waikiTxos Tqveni naSromi wardgenamde (Tumca, frTxilad iyaviT, vidre

Zalian bevr

rCevas

daijerebT; ix.

7.10). am problemis

grZelvadiani

gadawyveta aris bevri kiTxva, bevri wera, bevri kritikuli SeniSvnis

mosmena da maT safuZvelze swavla.

11.4 gaaSalaSineT
amobeWdvamde naSromi kidev erTxel waikiTxeT, raTa SeasworoT
gramatikuli Secdomebi, marTlwera da punqtuacia. mravali gamocdili
avtori iwyebs bolo winadadebiT da ase miyveba naSromis dasawyisamde,
raTa azrebze ar gadaitanos yuradReba da ar gamorCes sityvebi. nu
daeyrdnobiT mxolod kompiuteris marTlweris Semowmebis funqcias. is
ver

gamoavlens

arasworad

aris

iseT

sityvebs,

gamoyenebuli:

romlebic

dawerilia

sworad,

magram

their/there/theyre, its/its, too/to, accept/except,

affect/effect, already/all ready, complement/compliment, principal, principle, discrete/discreet

a.S. Tu am saxis problemasTan Sexeba gqoniaT, safuZvlianad gadaamowmeT
Tqveni naSromi, raTa SeamowmoT aseTi sityvebi. marTlweris Sesaxeb
ufro vrclad ix. me-20 Tavi.
Tu bevri ucxo sityva, cifri, abreviatura da a.S. gaqvT gamoyenebuli,
gadaxedeT Sesabamis Tavebs winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos me-3 nawilSi.

dabolos, Tu Tqvens naSroms aqvs sarCevi, sadac mocemulia Tavebis da

nawilebis

saTaurebi

da

nomrebi,

darwmundiT,

rom

isini

zustad

Seesabameba Sesabamis formulirebas da numeracias naSromis ZiriTad

175

nawilSi.

Tu

teqstSi

miuTiTebT

naweris

sxvadasxva

nawilebze

da

Tavebze, darwmundiT miTiTebebis sizusteSi.

zogierT students miaCnia, rom naSromis xarisxze mxolod maSin unda

izrunon,

roca

inglisuris

sagnisTvis

amzadeben

mas.

marTalia,

leqtorebi inglisuris garda sxva kursebze, savaraudod, ufro met

yuradRebas

naSromis

Sinaarss

miaqceven,

vidre

stils.

Tumca,

nu

ifiqrebT, rom isini yuradRebis miRma datoveben naweris mkafioobas da

logikur

Tanmimdevrulobas.

Tu

istoriis

an

xelovnebis

leqtori

akritikebs Tqvens naSroms, cudad daweriliao, nu daicavT Tavs, es xom

enis kursi ar aris. TiToeuli kursi, romelic saWiroebs weras, aris

SesaZlebloba,

gaivarjiSoT

mkafio,

damajerebel,

logikuri

TanmimdevrobiT weraSi. es aris unari, romelic Zalian gamogadgebaT

mTeli cxovrebis manZilze.

11.5

daasruleT da amobeWdeT

weris dawyebaze ufro rTuli SeiZleba, dasruleba iyos. yvelas gvsurs,

kidev erTi dRe wyobis dasaxvewad, kidev erTi saaTi sawyisi abzacisTvis,
kidev erTi wuTi, rom... Tqveni idea. gamocdilma mkvlevrebma ician kidev
erTi

mniSvnelovani

ram

kvlevis

da

naSromebis

Seqmnis

Sesaxeb:

is

arasodes aris srulyofili. ase rom, rogorc wesi, ar Rirs bolo 1

procentis

an

sadisertacio

procentis

naSroms

weren,

gasworeba.
gansakuTrebuli

studentebi,
yuradRebiT

romlebic
ekidebian

srulyofilebis standartis miRwevas. is ki, ZiriTadad, mxolod maT

gonebaSi arsebobs. arcerTi Tezisi an sadisertacio naSromi ar unda
iyos absoluturad srulyofili;

rac aris, es aris. raRac etapze unda

daasruloT masze muSaoba. SeeSviT weras da amobeWdeT. (Tumca, vidre

waradgenT, gadafurcleT bolojer, raTa darwmundeT, rom gamoiyureba
ise, rogorc gsurT: SexedeT gverdebis gayofas, kideebis sazRvrebs,
cxrilebis da naxatebis ganlagebas da a.S.)
176

axla

SeiZleba,

ifiqroT,

rom

dasrulebulia

naSromze

muSaoba.

faqtobrivad, erTi bolo amocana grCebaT: Cabarebuli naSromis Sesaxeb

komentarebis mopoveba da maTi gaTvaliswineba.

177

12 Sefasebuli Txzulebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli komentarebis

gaTvaliswineba

12.1 moZebneT zogadi principebi konkretul komentarebSi

12.2. gaesaubreT xelmZRvanels

pedagogebs

ar

moswonT,

rodesac

studenti

mxolod

naSromSi

dawerili niSniT interesdeba da yuradRebas ar aqcevs Sinaarsobriv

komentarebs an, ufro meti, Tavsac ki ar iwuxebs naSromis wasaRebad.
samecniero da profesiuli moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSi araerTi naSromis
dawera mogiwevT; amdenad, mizanSewonili iqneba, Tu gecodinebaT, rogor
afasebs

mkiTxveli

naSroms

da

momdevno

naSromze

muSaobisas,

risi

gaumjobeseba SegiZliaT ukeTesi Sefasebis misaRebad. amisTvis kidev erTi

gegma iqneba saWiro.

12.1 moZebneT zogadi principebi konkretul komentarebSi

pedagogis komentarebis wakiTxvis Semdeg yuradReba gaamaxvileT im
komentarebze, romlebic SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT Semdgomi naSromisTvis:
-

moZebneT, xom ar Seicavs Txzuleba marTlweris punqtuaciis da

gramatikuli

xasiaTis

Secdomebs.

Tu

Secdomebs

gamoavlenT,

gecodinebaT, ris gaumjobesebaze unda imuSaoT.

-

Tu pedagogi ambobs, rom daSvebuli gaqvT faqtobrivi Secdomebi,

gadaamowmeT, uxarisxo Canawerebi gaakeTeT naSromSi, Tu faqtebi
gadaitaneT

arasworad?

arasando

wyarom

xom

ar

SegiyvanaT

SecdomaSi? rac ar unda aRmoaCinoT, gecodinebaT, rogor unda

moiqceT momdevno naSromze muSaobisas.
-

Tu

pedagogi

nawers

afasebs

mxolod

sakuTari

TvalsazrisiT,

moZebneT da daakvirdiT Sesabamis aspeqtebs. Tu pedagogs miaCnia,

178

rom

naweri

danawevrebulia,

Zalian

moklea,

an

dauxvewavia,

gadaamowmeT winadadebebi me-11 TavSi warmodgenili safexurebis

mixedviT.

Tu

pedagogs

miaCnia,

rom

naweri

ar

aris

kargad

organizebuli an gaumarTavia, gadaamowmeT Txzuleba me-9 TavSi

warmodgenili principebis mixedviT. pedagogis mier gamoTqmuli
SeniSvnebis

safuZvels

yovelTvis

ver

ipoviT.

Tumca,

rodesac

aRmoaCenT, gecodinebaT, momavalSi ra gamoasworoT.

12.2 gaesaubreT xelmZRvanels

Tu

pedagogis

komentarebi

moicavs

iseT

sityvebs,

rogoricaa

araorganizebuli, alogikuri an dausabuTebeli da ver poulobT maT

safuZvels,
muSaobis

daniSneT
yvela

Sexvedra

sxva

xelmZRvanelTan.

safexuris

SemTxvevaSi,

rogorc
es

naSromze

Sexvedrac

ukeT

warimarTeba, Tu dagegmavT da gaivarjiSebT kidec masSi:

-

Tu

maswavleblis

sakiTxebs

da

SeniSvnebi

gramatikul

exeba

marTlweris,

Secdomebs,

es

punqtuaciis

Secdomebi

msxvili

SriftiT gaasworeT maswavlebelTan Sexvedramde, raTa daanaxoT,

rom gaiTvaliswineT misi komentarebi.
-

nu gamoTqvamT ukmayofilebas niSnis gamo. garkveviT gaagebineT,

rom,

ubralod,

gsurT

gaigoT,

ras

emyareba

komentarebi,

raTa

momavalSi SeZloT msgavsi Secdomebis Tavidan acileba.

-

yuradReba gaamaxvileT mxolod ramdenime komentarze. gaivarjiSeT

SekiTxvebis dasmaSi, raTa mimarTva Tavaziani gamogivideT: ase ki ar
mimarToT `Tqven brZanebT, rom naSromi araorganizebulia, Tumca,
ar ambobT, ratom,; amis nacvlad, uTxariT: `SegiZliaT, damexmaroT,
vnaxo,

ra

aris

araswori

naSromis

wyobaSi,

raTa

SemdgomSi

gaviTvaliswino?
-

sTxoveT pedagogs, miganiSnoT, ra aris misi Sefasebis safuZveli da

giTxraT, rogori unda yofiliyo esa Tu is monakveTebi. ase ki ar

179

hkiTxoT: `ra ar mogewonaT? aramed hkiTxeT, `konkretulad sad

davuSvi Secdoma da rogor SemiZlia misi gamosworeba?

Tu

pedagogi

Sefasebis

safuZvels

garkveviT

ver

gixsniT,

SeiZleba,

naSromi Seafasa kompleqsurad da ara detalurad. Tu asea, masTan

Sexvedra bevrs verafers SegZenT.

pedagogTan Sexvedris gamarTva maSinac SegiZliaT, Tu umaRlesi Sefaseba

miiReT. mniSvnelovania, gaigoT, rogor daimsaxureT es Sefaseba, vinaidan
Semdgomi proeqti, savaraudod, ufro rTuli iqneba da SeiZleba, masze
muSaobisas kvlav gamoucdel mkvlevarad igrZnoT Tavi. marTlac, nu
gagikvirdebaT, Tu TiToeul axal naSromze muSaobisas aseTi grZoba
dageuflebaT.

es

ucxo

aravisTvis

aris.

Tumca,

gegmis

arsebobis

SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, am sirTules Tavs varTmevT xolme; merwmuneT,

Tqvenc gamogivaT.

180

13 kvlevis wardgena sxvadasxva formiT

13.1 dagegmeT zepiri moxseneba
13.1.1 daaviwroeT warsadgeni sakiTxi
13.1.2 gaiazreT msmenels da mkiTxvels Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi
13.2 moamzadeT Tqveni prezentacia
13.2.1 gaakeTeT Sesavlis monaxazi
13.2.2 SeqmeniT Canawerebi moxsenebis ZiriTadi nawilisTvis, raTa Tvalis
SevlebiT SegeZloT maTi gageba
13.2.3 SeimuSaveT daskvna Sesavlis mixedviT
13.2.4 moemzadeT SekiTxvebisTvis
13.2.5 moamzadeT dasarigebeli masala
13.3 dagegmeT stendze warmodgenili moxsenebis prezentacia
13.4 dagegmeT Tqveni sakonferencio ganacxadi
SesaZloa, jer Zalian gamoucdeli xarT saimisod, rom ifiqroT Tqveni
naSromis gamoqveynebaze. Tumca, savaraudod, mis romeliRac nawils waradgenT
zepiri moxsenebis saxiT auditoriis winaSe. zepiri moxsenebis momzadeba ufro
iolia, vidre weriTisa. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic saWiroa gegma da moxsenebis
wardgenaSi gavarjiSeba.
naSromis

Sesaxeb

unda

mkafiod

aRiniSnos, rom
da

auditoriis winaSe

damajereblad

saubris

sakuTari

unari

Zalian

mniSvnelovania nebismier specialobaSi. Tu sadoqtoro disertaciaze muSaobT,

savaraudod, apirebT momavalSi naSromis dabeWdvas, magram vidre profesiul
JurnalSi gagzavnideT, unda scadoT misi zepiri moxsenebis saxiT wardgena.
am

TavSi

warmogidgenT,

rogor

gamoiyenoT

gegma

zepiri

moxsenebis

mosamzadebeli teqstis dasawerad. ganvixilavT, agreTve, moxsenebis sxvadasxva

elementebisgan Semdgar formas, romelsac ewodeba stendze

warmosadgeni

moxseneba, sadac Serwymulia weriTi naSromis da zepiri moxsenebis elementebi.

dabolos, ganvixilavT, rogor mzaddeba sakonferencio ganacxadi.

181

13.1 dagegmeT zepiri moxseneba

zepir

moxsenebas

werasTan

SedarebiT

ramdenime

upiratesoba

aqvs.

moxsenebis wardgenis Semdeg kiTxva-pasuxis dros myisier ukukavSirs iRebT;

msmeneli gamoxatavs reaqcias, romelic SeiZleba, iyos naklebad kritikuli,
vidre es weriTi naSromis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda, gansakuTrebiT, Tu prezentacias
miscemT mxolod axali ideebis mosmenis an axali monacemebis gamocdis saxes.
magram imisaTvis, rom es reaqcia gamosadegi iyos, iseTive dakvirvebiT unda
dagegmoT zepiri moxseneba, rogorc weriT moxsenebas dagegmavdiT.
13.1.1 daaviwroeT warsadgeni sakiTxi
savaraudod, moxsenebis warsadgenad mxolod ociode wuTi geqnebaT. (Tu
naSroms kiTxulobT, rac nakleb rekomendebulia, es niSnavs striqonebs Soris
orintervaliani

daSorebis

mqone

araumetes

Svid-aT

gverdiani

Txzulebis

wakiTxvas.) amdenad, naSromi unda daiyvanoT mis ZiriTad arsamde an aqcenti

gaakeToT mxolod mis romelime nawilze. ai, sami gavrcelebuli varianti:
-

problemis da argumentis monaxazis gacnoba. Tu problema axalia, xazi

gausviT mis originalurobas. daiwyeT mokle SesavliT: literaturis
mokle mimoxilva + SekiTxva + ras iwvevs pasuxis arcodna + debuleba
(gadaxedeT

9.1);

Semdeg

ganmarteT

mizezebi

da

SeajameT

TiToeuli

maTganis mtkicebulebebi .
-

qveargumentis

reziume.

Tu

argumenti

Zalian

didia,

aqcenti

gakeTeT

ZiriTad qveargumentze. aRniSneT ufro masStaburi problema SesavalSi

da daskvnaSi. Tumca, xazi gausviT, rom mxolod mis nawilze SeCerdebiT.
-

meTodologia an monacemebis Sesaxeb angariSi. Tu warmoadgenT axal

meTodologias

an

monacemebis

wyaros,

axseniT,

ratom

aris

is

mniSvnelovani. Tavdapirvelad mokled warmoadgineT problema, Semdeg

yuradReba gaamaxvileT imaze, Tu rogor SeiZleba am problemebis gadaWra
Tqvens mier gamokvleuli axali meTodebis an monacemebis gamoyenebiT.
13.1.2 gaiazreT msmenels da mkiTxvels Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi
momxseneblebs msmenelis gaRizianebis amouwuravi meTodebi aqvT. zogi
maTgani robotis msgavsad imeorebs dazepirebul winadadebebs an Cahyurebs
nawers

da

TiToeul

gverds

kiTxulobs,

iSviaTad

aixedavs

zemoT,

raTa

182

vizualuri kontaqti daamyaros auditoriasTan. sxvebi warmoadgenen monacemebiT

savse slaidebs, romelTa struqtura Semoifargleba msgavsi frazebiT: da axla
am slaidSi warmodgenilia... aseT momxseneblebs miaCniaT, rom pasiuri msmeneli
aqtiur

mkiTxvels

an

dainteresebul

mosaubres

hgavs.

es

ar

Seesabameba

sinamdviles:
-

roca

vkiTxulobT,

SegviZlia,

SevyovndeT,

raTa

davfiqrdeT

da

gavaanalizoT rTuli monakveTebi. wyobaze dakvirvebisTvis SegviZlia,

CavxedoT

qvesaTaurebs,

abzacebis

dasawyisebsac

ki.

Tu

goneba

gagvefanteba, xelaxla wavikiTxoT.

-

saubrisas SekiTxvebi SegviZlia, davsvaT maSinve, roca mogvafiqrdeba da

vTxovoT sxva pirs, ganmartos msjeloba an, ubralod, gaimeoros naTqvami.
zepiri moxsenebis msmenels arc erTi zemoT aRniSnulis gakeTeba ar

SeuZlia. mas sWirdeba motivacia, rom moisminos moxseneba, aseve, daxmarebac,

rom advilad misdios momxseneblis azrovnebis nakads.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,

SeiZleba, msmenels goneba gaefantos da fiqrebSi wavides. amdenad, saubrisas

erTmniSvnelovnad
winadadebebis

unda

struqtura

gamoxatoT
gacilebiT

mizani

da,

martivi

Tu
unda

naSroms
iyos,

kiTxulobT,
vidre

weriT

moxsenebaSi. amdenad, gamoiyeneT SedarebiT mokle winadadebebi, ufro Sesabamisi

qvemdebareebiT (ix. 11.1.2). xSirad gamoiyeneT `me, `Cven, da `Tqven. is, rac
dauxvewav ganmeorebad eCveneba mkiTxvels, Cveulebriv, misaRebia msmenelisTvis.

13.2 moamzadeT Tqveni prezentacia

msmenelis yuradRebis SenarCuneba rom SeZloT, moxseneba waikiTxeT ara
leqciis msgavsad, aramed megobruli saubris toniT; am unaris gamomuSaveba
martivi ar aris, vinaidan cota Cvengans SeuZlia, ise weros, rogorc saubrobs
da vinaidan umetes Cvengans Tanmimdevruli moxsenebis warsadgenad Canawerebi
sWirdeba. Tu moxseneba unda waikiTxoT, nu waikiTxavT ori wuTSi erT gverdze
mets (daaxloebiT, samasi sityva gverdze). dainiSneT dro da ikiTxeT ufro
nela, vidre, Cveulebriv, saubrobT xolme. drodadro sagangebod aswieT Tavi
da vizualuri kontaqti daamyareT auditoriasTan, gansakuTrebiT, roca rame
mniSvnelovans ambobT.

erTi gverdis wakiTxvisas ase moiqeciT sul mcire

erTxel an orjer mainc.

183

gacilebiT sjobs moxsenebis wakiTxva Canawerebis mixedviT. Tumca, amisTvis

dagWirdebaT Canawerebis momzadeba.
13.2.1 gaakeTeT Sesavlis monaxazi
ocwuTiani zepiri moxsenebisTvis, Tavidanve unda SeZloT auditoriis interesis
gaRviveba. amdenad, Sesavali moamzadeT ufro dakvirvebiT, vidre moxsenebis
nebismieri sxva nawili. Sesavali SeqmeniT oTxi nawilisgan Semdgari problemis
gacnobaze dafuZnebiT, romelic 10.1 nawilSia aRwerili, gamoiyeneT, agreTve,
gegma (frCxilebSi mocemulia miaxloebiTi xangrZlivoba.)
gamoiyeneT Canawerebi mxolod imisTvis, rom gaixsenoT oTxi nawili; is ar unda
iyos moxsenebis wardgenis zedmiwevniTi scenari. Tu Sinaarsi ar gaxsovT, mzad
ar xarT moxsenebis gasakeTeblad. Canawerebi sakmarisad sruli unda iyos
saimisod, rom gaixsenoT Semdegi:
1. kvleva, romelsac ganavrcobT, cvliT an asworebT (araumetes erTi wuTisa).
2. kvlevis SekiTxvis warmodgena risi arcodnis an ra Seuswavleli sakiTxis
Sesaxeb isaubrebT (ocdaaTi wami an naklebi).
3. pasuxi SekiTxvaze: mere ra? (ocdaaTi wami)
es

sami

safexuri

Zalian

mniSvnelovania

msmenelis

dainteresebisTvis.

Tu

SekiTxva axali an sadavoa, meti dro dauTmeT mas. Tu mkiTxvelma icis misi
mniSvnelovneba, swrafad aRniSneT is da ganagrZeT.
4. debuleba, pasuxi sakvlev SekiTxvaze (ocdaaTi wami an naklebi).
msmenels imTaviTve unda gaagebinoT pasuxi; es ufro mniSvnelovania maSin,
roca waradgenT zepir moxsenebas. amdenad, misi arsi mainc aRniSneT maSinac,
rodesac seriozuli safuZveli gaqvT mis boloSi warsadgenad. Tu maSinve ar
warmoadgenT pasuxs, miniSneba mainc gaakeTeT masze.
5. warmoadgineT moxsenebis struqtura (aTi an oci wami). amisTvis yvelaze
gamosadegi gzaa

sarCevis zepirad

warmodgena:

`pirvel rigSi ganvixilav...

184

weriTi moxsenebis SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi meTodis gamoyenebam SeiZleba, dauxvewavi

naSromis STabeWdileba Seqmnas; magram, roca zepir moxsenebas akeTebT, ufro
detalurad

axsnaa

saWiro.

moxsenebis

ZiriTad

nawilze

gadasvlisas

ganmeorebiT warmoadgineT igive struqtura.

gadaimeoreT Sesavli ara mxolod imitom, rom misi sworad warmodgena SeZloT,
aramed, agreTve, imisTvis, rom SeZloT auditoriasTan vizualuri kontaqtis
damyareba. mogvianebiT SegiZliaT, CaixedoT CanawerebSi.
gaiTvaliswineT, agreTve, rom sasurvelia, Sesavalze daaxloebiT sam wuTze met
xans ar SeCerdeT.
13.2.2

SeqmeniT

Canawerebi

moxsenebis

ZiriTadi

nawilisTvis,

raTa

Tvalis

(miT

umetes,

SevlebiT SegeZloT maTi gageba

nu

dawerT

Canawerebs

dasrulebuli

winadadebebis

formiT

abzacebs), romlebsac xmamaRla waikiTxavT; Canawerebi unda dagexmaroT, rom

ucbad gadaxedoT moxsenebis struqturas da mniSvnelovan monakveTebSi saTqmel
punqtebs.

amdenad,

Canawerebi

ar

unda

warmoadgendes

weriTi

moxsenebidan

gadmotanil winadadebebs; Canawerebi SeqmeniT Tavidan.

TiToeuli ZiriTadi ideisTvis gamoiyeneT calke gverdi. TiToeul gverdze
dawereT

mTavari

sakiTxebi,

ara

Temebis,

aramed

debulebebis

saxiT,

Semoklebuli formiT an (mxolod maSin, Tu ase unda moiqceT) dasrulebuli

winadadebebis

saxiT.

mis

zemoT

SegiZliaT,

daamatoT

mkafio

gadasvla,

qvesaTauris zepiri moxsenebis msgavsad: `pirveli sakiTxia...

TvalsaCinod moniSneT ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, raTa advilad SeZloT maTi cnoba.
maT qveS, Temebis saxiT, CamoTvaleT Sesabamisi

faqtebi. Tu Tqvens mier

warmodgenili damamtkicebeli faqti moicavs ricxvebs an citatebs, albaT,

mogiwevT maTi amowera.

sxva

SemTxvevaSi, Tqvens mier moyvanil faqtobriv

mtkicebulebas sakmarisad kargad unda icnobdeT, raTa SeZloT mis Sesaxeb

auditoriis winaSe saubari.

185

sakiTxebi ise daalageT, rom pirvel rigSi isaubroT yvelaze mniSvnelovan

sakiTxebze.

Tu

saubari

gadaxvideT

momdevno

gigrZeldebaT

nawilze

an,

(ZiriTadad,

Tundac,

asea

daskvnaze

xolme),
da

ar

SegiZliaT
gamotovoT

argumentis mniSvnelovani aspeqti. arasodes moamzadoT iseTi kulminaciuri

wertili, romlis miRwevac ar SegiZliaT. Tu raime unda gamotovoT, kiTxvapasuxis nawilis dros daubrundiT am sakiTxs.
13.2.3 SeimuSaveT daskvna Sesavlis mixedviT
daskvna SeqmeniT ise, rom SesaZlebeli iyos misi damaxsovreba, vinaidan msmeneli
gaimeorebs mas, rodesac dausvamen SekiTxvas, ra Tqva jonsma? sakmaod kargad
daiswavleT daskvna, raTa SeZloT misi wardgenisas auditoriasTan vizualuri
kontaqtis SenarCuneba da ar mogiwioT CanawerebSi Caxedva da iqidan amokiTxva.
daskvna unda Sedgebodes Semdegi sami nawilisgan:
-

debuleba, ufro detaluri, vidre SesavalSi

Tu msmenels ufro ainteresebs varaudi an monacemebi, isinic SeajameT.

Tqveni pasuxi SekiTxvaze mere ra?

SegiZliaT, xelaxla warmoadginoT pasuxi Sesavlidan. Tumca, SeecadeT,

daamatoT axali pasuxi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu igi hipoTezuria.

rCevebi Semdgomi kvlevisTvis, ra aris kidev gasakeTebeli?

gaimeoreT

daskvna,

raTa

zustad

icodeT,

ramdeni

xani

gWirdebaT

mis

warmosadgenad (ar unda aRematebodes erT an or wuTs). Semdeg, rodesac es dro

dagrCebaT, warmoadgineT daskvna, maSinac ki, Tu ar dagisrulebiaT bolo
(SedarebiT umniSvnelo) sakiTxebis Sesaxeb saubari. Tu ramdenime sakiTxi unda
gamotovoT,

isaubreT

maT

Sesaxeb

kiTxva-pasuxis

dros.

Tu

droze

adre

amTavrebT, moerideT improvizacias da drois gawelvas. Tu Tqvens Semdeg sxva

gamodis, Tqvens mier gamouyenebeli dro mas dauTmeT.
13.2.4 moemzadeT SekiTxvebisTvis
Tu gagimarTlaT, moxsenebis Semdeg SekiTxvebs dagisvamen. amdenad, moamzadeT
pasuxebi mosalodneli

SekiTxvebisTvis.

icodeT,

rom

dagisvamen SekiTxvebs

monacemebis da wyaroebis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxsenebis

dros ar SeexeT maT. Tu iseT sakiTxebze saubrobT, romlebic ukavSirdeba

186

gamoCenil mkvlevrebs an kvleviT institutebs, moemzadeT imis Sesaxeb vrclad

sasaubrod, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba Tqveni naSromi maT, gansakuTrebiT, Tu
aRniSnuli mkvlevarebis an institutebis Sedegebis an midgomis sawinaaRmdego
mosazrebebs gamoxatavT an uaryofT maT. mzad iyaviT, agreTve, imisTvis, rom
SeiZleba, mogiwioT iseTi wyaros Sesaxeb dasmul SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema,
romlebzec arasodes gsmeniaT. saukeTeso politikaa aRiareba, rom es wyaro ar
ginaxavT,

magram

gadaamowmebT.

Tu

SekiTxva

keTilganwyobili

toniT

aris

dasmuli, SeekiTxeT, ratom aris wyaro Sesabamisi. nu moemzadebiT mxolod

TavdacviTi pasuxebis gasacemad. gamoiyeneT SekiTxvebi, raTa xelaxla gausvaT
xazi mTavar sakiTxebs an isaubroT sakiTxebze, romlebic, SesaZloa, gamogrCaT.
dakvirvebiT mousmineT TiToeul SekiTxvas. Semdeg darwmundiT, rom gesmiT is,
gaakeTeT pauza da erTi wuTiT dafiqrdiT pasuxze. Tu SekiTxva ver gaigeT,
sTxoveT avtors, Tavidan Camoayalibos is. pasuxs uneblied da TavdacviTi
formiT

nu

gascemT.

fasdaudebelia

kargi

SekiTxvebi,

maSinac

ki,

Tu

arakeTilganwyobili Cans. gamoiyeneT isini sakuTari Tvalsazrisis dasaxvewad.

13.2.5 moamzadeT dasarigebeli masala
moxsenebis wardgenisas SegiZliaT, waikiTxoT mcire citatebi an mniSvnelovani
monacemebi. Tumca, Tu bevri citata an mniSvnelovani monacemi gaqvT, moamzadeT
dasarigebeli masala. Tu moxsenebas slaidebis mixedviT akeTebT, daarigeT maTi
nabeWdi aslebi. SegiZliaT, msmenels daurigoT, agreTve, ZiriTadi sakiTxebis
monaxazi, sadac datovebulia carieli adgilebi SeniSvnebis gasakeTeblad.

13.3 dagegmeT stendze warmodgenili moxseneba

stendze warmodgenili moxseneba -- es aris farTo dafa, romelzec warmoadgenT
kvlevis reziumes, yvelaze Sesaferis damamtkicebel faqtebTan erTad. stendze
warmodgenili moxsenebis prezentacia, rogorc wesi, imarTeba derefnebSi an
did oTaxSi, sadac bevri sxva momxsenebelia. adamianebi gadainacvleben erTi
stendidan

momdevnoze

da

momxseneblebs

usvamen

SekiTxvebs.

stendze
187

warmodgenili

moxsenebis

gamoyenebiT,

xdeba

weriTi

da

zepiri

moxsenebis

dadebiTi aspeqtebis gaerTianeba. isini, vinc kiTxuloben stendze warmodgenil

moxsenebas,
daeyrdnon

ufro

ukeT

TvalsaCino

daakvirdebian
vizualur

mas,

signalebs,

vidre

msmeneli,

romlebic

maT

SeuZliaT

gamoyenebuli

gaqvT

masalis organizebisTvis ujrebi, xazebi, ferebi da sxvadasxva zomis SriftiT

dawerili saTaurebi.
SegiZliaT stendze warmodgenili moxseneba aawyoT arsebuli kompiuteruli
programebis da internet saitebis gamoyenebiT, romelTa daxmarebiTac xarisxian
produqts SeqmniT. Tumca, rac Seexeba Tavad teqts, misi momzadebisas unda
gaiTvaliswinoT saxelmZRvanelo principebi, rom naSromis xmamaRla wakiTxva
SeZloT. mniSvnelovania kidev ramdenime sakiTxis gaTvaliswineba:
1. argumenti dayaviT doneebad. argumenti vizualurad warmoadgineT sam doneze:
-

gamoyaviT mokle mimoxilva an problemis aRwera da reziume stendze

warmodgenili moxsenebis zeda nawilSi (CasviT ujraSi, gamoiyeneT didi
Srifti, d a.S.).

mis qveS CamoTvaleT varaudebi, rogorc qvesaTaurebi nawilSi, sadac

mocemulia argumentis Sejameba.

am nawilis qveS xelaxla ganacxadeT varaudebi da maT qveS daajgufeT

damtkicebeli faqtebi.

2. ganmarteT yvela grafiki da cxrili. TiToeul grafikTan, warweris garda,

daamateT ramdenime winadadeba, sadac axsnili iqneba, ra aris mniSvnelovni
monacemebSi da rogor amyarebs isini varauds da debulebas (gadaxedeT 7.7 da
8.3.1).

13.4 dagegmeT sakonferencio SeTavazeba

konferenciebze

sityviT

gamosvla

kargi

saSualebaa

naSromis

gasacnobad.

Tumca, imisTvis, rom migiwvion moxsenebiT gamosasvlelad, Cveulebriv, unda

waradginoT ganacxadi. es winadadeba naSromis sityvasityviT Sejameba ki ar
188

unda iyos, aramed informacia, romelsac `liftSi naxevar wuTSi mouyvebiT

adamians rasac etyodiT vinmes, romelic liftSi SegxvdebodaT da vinc
dainteresdeboda da gkiTxavdaT: ra sityviT gamodixarT dRes? (faqtobrivad,
dakvirvebiT

momzadebuli

gansakuTrebiT

da

gamosadegia

gavarjiSebuli
naSromis

`liftSi

garSemo

moyolili

nebismieri

ambavi

saubrisTvis,

gansakuTrebiT interviuebis dros).

`liftSi moyolili ambavi Sedgeba sami nawilisgan:
-

problemis gancxadeba, romelSic xazgasmulia pasuxi SekiTxvaze mere ra?

debulebis da ZiriTadi varaudebis monaxazi.

yvelaze mniSvnelovani damamtkicebeli faqtebis Sejameba.

konferenciaze msmenels naklebad ainteresebs, ra sityvebs iyenebT; maTTvis

ufro mniSvnelovania gaigon, ratom unda moisminon moxseneba. Tqveni mizania,
daayenoT kvlevis SekiTxva da pasuxi gasceT oponentebis SekiTxvaze: mere ra?
amdenad, aqcenti gaakeTeT imaze, ra wvlili Seaqvs debulebas sakvlev sferoSi,
gansakuTrebiT, ra aris masSi novatoruli an sadavo. Tu ganixilavT manamde
ganxorcielebuli kvlevis farglebSi Seswavlil sakiTxs, aRniSneT is. Semdeg
yuradReba

gaamaxvileT

Tqvens

axal

monacemebze

an

axal

debulebaze,

gamomdinare iqidan, romelia ufro originaluri.

icodeT, rom oponentebma xSirad Tqvenze naklebi ician Temis Sesaxeb da
SeiZleba, dasWirdeT daxmareba Tqveni sakiTxis mniSvnelovnebis danaxvisTvis.
amdenad, mas Semdegac ki, rac pasuxs gascemT pirvel mere ra? SekiTxvaze, kvlav
dasviT da gaeciT mas pasuxi da, Tu SegiZliaT, kidev erTxel gaimeoreT igive.
konferenciaze isaubrebT Tu mxolod mosmena mogiwevT, damokidebulia ara
mxolod kvlevis xarisxze, aramed SekiTxvis mniSvnelovnebazec.

189

14 kvlevis arsis Sesaxeb

rogorc aRvniSneT, jerovani daskvnis miReba kvlevis garda mravali sxva
gziT aris SesaZlebeli: SegviZlia, daveyrdnoT intuicias, grZnobas, Sinagan
gamWriaxobasac ki. Tumca, WeSmariteba, romelsac Cven am saSualebebis
gamoyenebiT davadgenT, subieqturia. rodesac sxvebs vTxovT, irwmunon Cveni
Sexeduleba da imoqmedon mis mixedviT, Cvens grZnobebs ver SevTavazebT
damamtkicebel faqtebad; mxolod is SegviZlia, vTxovoT, endon Cvens Sinagan
gamocdilebas da debulebebs.
Tumca, mecnieruli WeSmaritebani da maTi aRmoCenis
gzebi sajaro
SeswavlisTvis unda iyos xelmisawvdomi. debulebebs vafuZnebT yvelasTvis
xelmisawvdom faqtebze da logikuri msjelobis principebze, romlebsac,
vimedovnebT, rom Cveni mkiTxveli gonivrulad miiCnevs. Semdgom mkiTxveli am
yovelives gamocdis yvela SesaZlo saSualebis gamoyenebiT. SeiZleba, es maRal
standarts niSnavs, magram es asec unda iyos, Tuki moveliT, rom sxvebi sakuTar
codnas da moqmedebebs, sakuTar cxovrebasac ki, daayrdnoben imas, ris
dajerebasac vTxovT.
rodesac aRiarebT principebs, romlebic ayalibebs sazogadoebriv,
faqtebze dafuZnebul rwmenas, aRiarebT kidev or princips, romlebsac Znelad
Tu avuvliT gverds. pirveli Seexeba Cvens damokidebulebas avtoritetul
wyarosTan. sul raRac xuTi saukunis win codnis gaumjobesebis mizniT
faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze kvlevis warmoeba xSirad safrTxed
aRiqmeboda. gavlenian pirTa Soris mravals sjeroda, rom mniSvnelovani
WeSmaritebani cnobili iyo da rom mecnieris saqmes maTi SenarCuneba da
gadacema warmoadgenda da araviTar SemTxvevaSi maTi eWvqveS dayeneba. Tu
axali faqtebi eWvqveS ayenebda damkvidrebul Sexedulebas, rogorc wesi,
Sexeduleba gadawonida xolme faqtebs. mravalma, vinc gabeda, rom faqtebis
safuZvelze
misuliyo
iseT
daskvnebamde,
romlebic
eWvqveS
ayenebda
damkvidrebul azrs, gadaasaxles, daapatimres, rig SemTxvevebSi, sikvdiliTac ki
dasajes.
dResac ki, adamianma, romelic faqtebis safuZvelze msjelobs, SeiZleba,
gaaRizianos is, vinc damkvidrebul Sexedulebas iziarebs. magaliTad, zogierTi
istorikosi acxadebs, rom arsebuli faqtebis erTobliobis safuZvelze,
savaraudod, Tomas jefersoni Tavisi monis, sali hemingis Svilebidan erTis
mama mainc iyo. sxvebi ar iziareben am mosazrebas, ara imitom, rom ukeTesi
Semxvedri faqti gaaCniaT, aramed Zlierad damkvidrebuli Sexedulebis gamo:
jefersonis donis adamiani aseT rames ar gaakeTebda (ix. 5.5). Tumca, kvlevis
sferoSi, rogorc akademiur, ise profesiul kvlevaSi, kargi faqtobrivi
mtkicebulebebi da gonivruli msjeloba yovelTvis gadawonis damkvidrebul
rwmenas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase unda iyos.
msoflios zogierT nawilSi jer isev ufro mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT
damkvidrebuli Sexedulebebis dacva, vidre maTi Semowmeba. Tumca, sxvagvarad
vfiqrobT isini, visac gvesmis, raoden mniSvnelovania kvleva: Cven migvaCnia, rom
araTu SegviZlia, aramed unda davayenoT kidec kiTxvis niSnis qveS
damkvidrebuli azri, ganurCevlad imisa, ramdenad avtoritetul pirs sjera
misi im pirobiT, rom pasuxebs davafuZnebT sarwmuno varaudebze, romlebic,
Tavis mxriv, sando faqtebze iqneba damyarebuli.
Tumca, mxolod es principi ar aris sakmarisi. roca debulebas
warmovadgenT, araTu unda movelodeT, aramed unda vurCioT kidec sxvebs,
190

eWvqveS daayenon ara mxolod debuleba, is gzac ki, romlis gamoyenebiTac

mivediT am debulebamde, raTa maT dagvisvan SekiTxva:
ratom fiqrobT ase?
aseTi SekiTxvebis mosmena iSviaTad aris sasiamovno. Tumca, Cven valdebulni
varT, keTilganwyobiT movisminoT sawinaaRmdego azri, eWvi da TavSekavebuli
SeniSvna, romlebic erTianobaSi gulisxmobs Semdegs: ar veTanxmebi, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, jer ar mjera. rac ufro metad davayenebT eWvqveS damkvidrebul
Sexedulebebs, miT ufro mzad unda viyoT aseTi SekiTxvebis misaRebad da maTze
sapasuxod, vinaidan SeiZleba, am kiTxva-pasuxis Sedegad adamianebma uari Tqvan
im Sexedulebebze, risac Zlier sjeraT.
rodesac zogierTi studenti aseT winaaRmdegobebs xvdeba, uWirs maTTan
gamklaveba. zogs miaCnia, rom eWvqveS dayeneba imisa, risic sjera, ar aris
WeSmaritebis aqtiuri Zieba, aramed pirdapiri Tavdasxmaa maTSi myarad
fesvgadgmul Rirebulebebze. sxvebs cinikuri skepticizmi ipyrobs, eWvqveS
ayeneben
yvelafers
da
arafris
sjeraT.
adamianebis
nawili
uazro
fardobiTobaSi eSvebian: `TiToeul Cvengans aqvs ufleba, hqondes Tavisi
Sexeduleba. amdenad, yvela Sexeduleba sworia maTTvis, visac misi sjera!
mravali saerTod uaryofs ara mxolod pasuxebs, romlebmac SeiZleba, eWvqveS
daayenos maTi Sexeduleba, aramed im SekiTxvebsac, romlebmac es pasuxi
gamoiwvia.
magram profesiul, samecniero da samoqalaqo sferoebsa da politikaSic
ki, gamocdilebis Sedegad miRebul codnas da didi ZalisxmeviT mopovebul
Sexedulebas ver Secvlis piradi mosazreba, relativisturi Sexeduleba
WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb, an mosaxerxebeli, damkvidrebuli Sexeduleba.
es ar niSnavs, rom naCqarevad unda vTqvaT uari didi xnis win
damkvidrebul da drois mier gamocdil Sexedulebebze. Cven maT SevcvliT
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac gveqneba saimedo argumentebi, romlebic emyareba
gonivrul varaudebs. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, emyareba saukeTeso faqtebs da
keTilganwyobil, imavdroulad saguldagulo azrTa gacvla-gamocvlas, romlis
drosac maqsimalurad kritikulad gamoicdeba argumentebi. anu, maSin gavxdebiT
pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse damcveli, rodesac SegveZleba, SevqmnaT sakuTari
gonivruli argumentebi, romelTa gamoyenebiTac gamoicdeba da Sefasdeba
sxvebis debulebebi.
am yvelafris praqtikuli gamoyeneba SeiZleba, sakurso naSromSi ver
ixiloT. Tumca, miuxedavad mSrali xasiaTisa, nebismieri auditoriisTvis
gamiznuli kvleviTi Txzuleba aris dialogi, romelic unda iyos sarwmuno,
erToblivi, magram detaluri Seswavla imisa, risi unda gvjerodes da risi ara.

191

nawili meore
wyaroebis miTiTeba

15. zogadi Sesavali wyaros damowmebis wesebis Sesaxeb

15.1 ratom mivuTiTebT gamoyenebul literaturas
15.2 wyaros miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi
15.2.1 rodis unda mivuTiToT wyaro
15.2.2 ra informacia unda CairTos citirebaSi
15.3 wyaros damowmebis ori stili
15.3.1 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili
15.3.2 teqsturi miTiTebis stili
15.4 eleqtronuli wyaroebis damowmeba
15.4.1 internetwyaroebi
15.4.2 sxva eleqtronuli matareblebi
15.5 miTiTebis momzadeba
15.6 miTiTebis programebis Sesaxeb
mkvlevris upirvelesi movaleobaa sworad moiyvanos faqtebi,
mere ki
uTxras mkiTxvels,
sad moipova isini. amisaTvis mkvlevarma unda
miuTiTos is wyaroebi, saidanac moipova faqtebi, ideebi an sityvebi,
romlebsac iyenebs naSromSi.
15.1 ratom mivuTiTebT gamoyenebul literaturas
wyaros damowmebas vaxdenT, sul cota, oTxi mizezis gamo:
1. jerovnad dafasebis mizniT. kvleva ar aris martivi saqme. is, vinc
kargad axorcielebs kvlevas, iRebs konkretul jildos Tanxas,
dawinaurebas, karg niSans, diploms da a.S. Tumca, aranakleb
mniSvnelovania aRiareba, kmayofileba da avtoriteti, rodesac
vinmes saxeli asocirdeba codnasTan, romelsac sxvebi afaseben da
iyeneben. zogierTi mkvlevrisTvis es erTaderTi gasamrjeloa.
amdenad, sxvisi naSromis damowmebisas avtoris mimarT gamoxatavT
pativiscemas, romelic man daimsaxura. (agreTve, Tavs icavT
plagiatis braldebisgan; ix. 7.9.)
192

2. mkiTxvelis
dasarwmuneblad
faqtebis
sizusteSi.
mkvlevrebi
wyaroebis citirebas axdenen, raTa sxva mkvlevrebs samarTlianad
moeqcnen, agreTve, raTa moipovon mkiTxvelis ndoba. mxolod
faqtebis sworad moyvana ar aris sakmarisi. mkiTxvels unda
acnoboT im wyaros Sesaxebac, saidanac es faqtebi moiyvaneT, raTa
maT SeZlon faqtebis sandoobis Sefaseba, Tundac, gadamowmeba, Tu
amis survili gauCndebaT. mkiTxveli ar endoba wyaros, romelic
misTvis ucnobia da romelsac ver moZebnis. Tu mkiTxveli ar
endoba Tqvens mier damowmebul wyaros, ar irwmunebs arc Tqvens
mier moyvanil faqtebs; da Tu faqtebs ar irwmunebs, ar daijerebs
Tqvens arguments. wyaroebis srulad, zustad da saTanadod
damowmeba pirveli nabijia mkiTxvelis ndobis mopovebisken.
3. mkiTxvelisTvis kvlevis im tradiciis saCveneblad, romelsac
emyareba Tqveni naSromi. mkvlevrebi im wyaroebs miuTiTeben, romlis
monacemebsac iyeneben; amas garda, isini miuTiTeben im naSroms,
romelsac avrcoben, amyareben, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben an
asworeben. es miTiTeba exmareba mkiTxvels ara mxolod Tqveni,
konkretuli naSromis gagebaSi, aramed mis dakavSirebaSi Sesabamisi
sferos sxva kvlevebTan.
4. raTa mkiTxvels SeuwyoT xeli, rom misdios an ganavrcos Tqveni
kvleva. bevri mkiTxveli kvleviT naSromSi miTiTebul wyaroebs
iyenebs ara naSromis sandoobis Sesamowmeblad, aramed sakuTari
proeqtis
gansaxorcieleblad.
amdenad,
Tqveni
citirebebi
daexmareba sxvebs ara mxolod Tqveni gzis gagrZelebaSi, aramed
kvlevebis axali mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebaSic.
15.2 wyaros miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi
wyaros
damowmebasTan
dakavSirebuli
moTxovnebi
rom
daakmayofiloT, unda icodeT, rodis unda CarToT naSromSi wyaros
Sesaxeb miTiTeba da wyaros Sesaxeb ra informacia SeitanoT masSi.
15.2.1 rodis unda mivuTiToT wyaro
meSvide TavSi, kerZod, 7.9 punqtSi, detalurad aris ganxiluli,
rodis unda gaakeToT citireba
sxva wyaroebidan gamoyenebuli
masalebisTvis. mokled rom vTqvaT, citireba aucilebelia Semdeg
SemTxvevebSi:
- rodesac wyarodan citata sityvasityviT mogyavT (ix., agreTve, 25-e
Tavi citatebis Sesaxeb).
- rodesac akeTebT ideebis perifrazs, romlebic dakavSirebulia
konkretul wyarosTan, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu zustad wyaroSi
gamoyenebul sityvebs ar iyenebT.
- rodesac iyenebT nebismier ideas, monacems an meTods, romelic
SeiZleba, miekuTvnos nebismier wyaros, romelsac gaecaniT.

193

rogorc 15.1 punqtSi aRvniSneT, citireba SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT,

agreTve, imisaTvis, rom mkiTxvelis yuradReba miapyroT wyaroebs,
romlebic Seesabameba Tqveni argumentis konkretul nawils, magram
rodesac ar mogyavT citata an perifrazi am wyarodan. aseTi miTiTebebi
mianiSnebs imaze, rom icnobT am wyaroebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTSi
mocemulia debulebebi, romlebic ar emTxveva Tqvensas.
15.2.2 ra informacia unda CairTos citirebaSi
wyaroebis damowmebis xangrZlivi tradiciis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac
sxvadasxva sferoSi moRvawe mkvlevrebma daiwyes sxvadasxvanairad wera,
maT SeimuSaves, agreTve, wyaroebis miTiTebis da dokumentirebis
Taviseburi gzebi. mas Semdeg, rac moxda wyaros miTiTebis meTodebis
standartizacia,
mkvlevrebs
uwevT
ara
mxolod
erTi
an
ori
standartidan, aramed sxvadasxva standartebidan maTTvis Sesaferisi
meTodis amorCeva.
wyaros
damowmebis
stilebi
gansxvavdeba
maTSi
CarTuli
elementebiT da am elementebis formatiT. Tumca, maT erTi mizani
aerTianebs: mkiTxvelisTvis im informaciis miwodeba, romelic sWirdebaT
wyaros amosacnobad da mosaZieblad. wyaroebis udidesi nawilis, maT
Soris, wignebis, statiebis, gamouqveynebeli dokumentebis, internetSi
ganTavsebuli wyaroebis da sxva werilobiTi masalebis Sesaxeb
warmodgenili informacia unda Seicavdes pasuxebs Semdeg SekiTxvebze:
-

vin dawera Txzuleba, vin Cautara redaqtireba an Targmna teqsti

(zogjer, vin gaakeTa es yvelaferi)?
ra monacemebiT SeiZleba teqstis amocnoba? es moicavs Txzulebis
saTaurs da qvesaTaurs; Jurnalis, krebulis an im seriebis
saTaurs, sadac is aris Setanili, agreTve, tomis nomers, gamocemis
nomers an sxva informacias, romlis mixedviT SesaZlebelia misi
dadgena; aseve, gverdis nomrebs, internet misamarTs an sxva
informacias adgilis Sesaxeb, Tu miTiTeba keTdeba SedarebiT
vrceli teqstis konkretul nawilze.
vin da rodis gamoaqveyna teqsti? es moicavs gamomcemlobis
dasaxelebas, publikaciis adgilsa da TariRs an miTiTebas, rom
dokumenti ar aris gamoqveynebuli.

sxva wyaroebisTvis, rogorica audio da video Canawerebi,

gansxvavebuli detalebis miTiTebaa saWiro. Tumca, informacia maT
Sesaxebac unda gvaZlevdes pasuxs imave SekiTxvebze: vin dawera,
vin
Cautara redaqtireba, Targmna an Seadgina wyaro? ra monacemebiT
SeiZleba wyaros povna? vin gamoaqveyna da rodis?
mkiTxveli moelis, rom gamoiyenebT wyaros damowmebis im stils,
romelic Seesabameba maT konkretul sferos ara, ubralod, imitom, rom

194

maTTvis es stili nacnobia, aramed imis gamo, rom misi gamoyenebiT,

aCvenebT mkiTxvels, rom icnobT maT Rirebulebebs da wesebs. Tumca, unda
aRiniSnos, rom detalebi martivi ar aris: rodis unda gamoiyenoT
asomTavruli, wertilebi, mZime, rodis unda gamotovoT adgili. Tumca,
Tu am mcire elementebs sworad ar asaxavT, mkiTxvelTa did nawils
gauCndeba eWvi, ramdenad SeiZleba Tqveni ndoba ufro masStabur
sakiTxebSi. mkvlevrebis umravlesoba ar cdilobs am detalebis
dazepirebas. isini, ubralod, swavloben wyaros damowmebis im formas,
romelsac yvelaze xSirad iyeneben, raTa gamudmebiT ar mouwioT
Sesabamisi wesebis moZebna. xolo im wyaroebis miTiTebis dros, romlebic
nakleb gavrcelebulia an uCveulo elementebs Seicavs, xelmZRvaneloben
am wignis msgavsi saxelmZRvaneloTi.
15.3 wyaros miTiTebis ori stili
winamdebare wignSi ganxilulia wyaros miTiTebis ori yvelaze
gavrcelebuli forma. erT maTgans ewodeba sqolioSi miTiTebis stili
(romelic farTod gamoiyeneba humanitarul mecnierebebSi da zogjer
socialur mecnierebebSi) da
meores _ teqsturi miTiTebis stili
(romelic, ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba socialur da sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebSi). Tu darwmunebuli ar xarT, romeli stili gamoiyenoT
naSromSi, rCevisTvis mimarTeT instruqtors.
SesaZloa, sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, xelovnebis istoriis
kurssa da politikur mecnierebaTa kursSi) sxvadasxva stilis gamoyeneba
mogTxovon. Tumca, konkretul naSromSi Tanmimdevruloba daicaviT da
erTi stili gamoiyeneT.
Tu kvleviT sferoSi moRvaweoba axali dawyebuli gaqvT, gaecaniT
am nawils, sadac mokled aris aRwerili wyaros miTiTebis ori stilis
gamoyenebis principebi. Semdeg, Tu sqolioSi miTiTebis stils iyenebT,
gaecaniT me-16 Tavs, sadac ixilavT am stilis mimoxilvas da gaecaniT me17 Tavs, sadac ixilavT detalur saxelmZRvanelo principebsa da
magaliTebs, rogor gaakeToT wyaroebis umetesi saxeobebis citireba. Tu
sqolioSi miTiTebis stils iyenebT, am stilis mimoxilva da detaluri
ganxilva, Sesabamisad, warmodgenilia me-18 da me-19 TavebSi.
15.3.1 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili
rodesac sqolioSi miTiTebis stiliT akeTebT citirebas, wyaros
mianiSnebT
im
winadadebis
boloSi
indeqsis
dasmiT,
romelSic
moixseniebT wyaros:
is acxadebs, rom `gaurkvevlobebiT mocul samyaroSi nabeWdi masalebis mZlavri
instrumentis saxiT gamoyeneba SeiZleba.1

Semdeg saTanadod danomril SeniSvnaSi miuTiTebT am

wyaros. miTiTebaSi mocemulia informacia wyaros Sesaxeb

citatis
(avtori,
195

saTauri da informacia publikaciis Sesaxeb), agreTve, miuTiTebT

Sesabamisi gverdis nomrebs. SeniSvnebi ibeWdeba gverdis qveda nawilSi
(ewodeba sqolioebi) an naSromis boloSi, siis saxiT (ewodeba
SeniSvnebi). yvela SeniSvnas erTidaigive zogadi forma aqvs:

N: 1. Adrian Johns, The Nature of The book: Print and Knowledge in Making (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1998), 623.
N: 1. adrian jonsi, wignis buneba: gamomcemloba da codnis Seqmnis procesi (Cikago:
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998), 623.

Tu imave teqsts
SeamokloT:

isev

miuTiTebT,

SegiZliaT,

Semdgomi

SeniSvnebi

N: 5. Johns, Nature of The book, 384-385.

N: 5. jonsi, wignis buneba, 384-385
umetes SemTxvevebSi wyaroebs miuTiTebT, agreTve, naSromis
boloSi, bibliografiis nawilSi. es CamonaTvali, Cveulebriv, moicavs
TiToeul wyaros, romelic miTiTebuli gaqvT SeniSvnaSi da zogjer sxva
wyaroebs, romlebsac gaecaniT, magram ar miuTiTeT. bibliografiaSi
miTiTebuli TiToeuli erTeuli moicavs igive informacias, rasac sruli
SeniSvna, Tumca, is odnav gansxvavebuli formiT aris warmodgenili:
N: Johns, Adrian, The Nature of The book: Print and Knowledge in Making. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1988.
N: jonsi, Adrian, wignis buneba: gamomcemloba da codnis Seqmnis procesi. Cikago:
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998

15.3.2 teqsturi miTiTebis stili

teqtsturi miTiTebis stilis gamoyenebisas wyaros gamoyenebis Sesaxeb
miniSnebas akeTebT CarTuli citirebiT (avtori, TariRi da Sesabamisi
gverdis nomrebi). CarTul citirebas urTavT citatis Semdgom.
is acxadebs, rom `gaurkvevlobebiT mocul samyaroSi, nabeWdi
mZlavri instrumentis saxiT gamoyeneba SeiZleba. (Johns, 1998, 623).

masalebis

naSromis
bolos,
gamoyenebuli
literaturis
CamonaTvalSi
aRniSnavT yvela wyaros. es CamonaTvali, rogorc wesi, moicavs nebismier
wyaros, romelic miTiTebuli gaqvT frCxilebSi Casmul citirebaSi da
zogjer sxva wyaroebsac, romlebsac gaecaniT, magram citireba ar
mogixdeniaT. gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis TiToeuli statia
moicavs srul bibliografiul informacias wyaros Sesaxeb, vinaidan es

196

informacia ar aris CarTul citirebaSi. gamoyenebuli literaturis

CamonaTvlis yvela erTeuls erTi da igive zogadi forma aqvs:
N: Johns, Adrian. 1998. The Nature of The book: Print and Knowledge in Making. Chicago:
Univ. of Chicago Press.
N: jonsi, Adrian. 1998. wignis buneba: gamomcemloba da codnis Seqmnis procesi. Cikago:
Cikagos univ. gamomc.

15.4 eleqtronuli wyaroebis damowmeba

beWdviT epoqaSi ganviTarda citirebis standartuli formebi.
Tumca, mkvlevrebi axla sul ufro metad eyrdnobian wyaroebs, romlebic
internetSi an sxva eleqtrobul wyarozea ganTavsebuli. wyaroebis es
axali forma ukve sakmarisad didi xania arsebobs saimisod, rom
mkvlevrebs SeeqmnaT standartuli citirebis formebi, romlebic
misadagebulia maT specialur maxasiaTeblebze, gansakuTrebiT, maT
droebiT da cvalebad xasiaTze.
15.4.1 internetSi ganTavsebuli wyaroebi
wyaroebi,
romlebic
internetSia
naklebad mdgradia, vidre nabeWdi wyaroebi.
-

ganTavsebuli,

TavisTavad,

internetSi ganTavsebuli masalebis Secvla Zalian iolia, xSirad

arc imas miuTiTeben, rom masalaSi cvlilebebi Seitanes. zogierT
saitze miTiTebulia cvlilebis Setanis TariRi, Tumca, bevri amas
ar mianiSnebs. ar arsebobs standartebi imis gansasazRvrad, Tu ra
moculobis cvlileba iTvleba Sesworebad, amdenad, cvlilebebis
Setanis TariRi erT vebsaitze SeiZleba, gulisxmobdes marTlweris
Secdomis gasworebas, meoreSi ki, faqtobrivi monacemebis an
debulebebis cvlilebas.
mraval vebsaitze ar aris miTiTebuli avtori, gamomcemeli an
sponsori. amis gamo aseTi wyaroebi uTanabrdeba sxva anonimur
wyaroebs da seriozuli dakonkretebis gareSe nakleb savaraudoa,
seriozuli gamoyenebisTvis rom sando iyos (ix. 3.4.3).
internetSi
ganTavsebuli
masala
SeiZleba,
imavdroulad
xelmisawvdomi iyos erTze meti saitidan, zogi maTgani ufro
saimedoa, vidre sxva.
internetSi ganTavsebuli wyaroebis umetesoba ganTavsebulia URLze (resursis standartuli lokatori). Tumca URL-ebi cvalebadia.
ar arsebobs imis garantia, rom URL ar Seicvleba Tveebis, kvirebis
an, Tundac, dReebis Semdeg. es ki arTulebs an SeuZlebels xdis,
rom Tqven an mkiTxvelma moiZioT masala, romelsac Tavdapirvelad
gaecaniT.
197

kvlevaSi
gamosayeneblad
dakvirvebiT
SearCieT
internetSi
ganTavsebuli wyaroebi. rodesac informacia ganTavsebulia ramdenime
vebsaitze an onlain reJimSi, an kidev BbeWdur gamocemaSi, arCevani
gaakeTeT yvelaze mdgrad da sando variantze, romelzec migiwvdebaT
xeli da yovelTvis miuTiTeT, romeli versia gamoiyeneT.
wyaroebis ori kategoria. am wignSi ganxiluli citirebis orive
stilisTvis internetSi ganTavsebuli wyaroebi or kategoriad iyofa.
1. internetSi ganTavsebuli mravali wyaro arafriT gansxvavdeba nabeWdi
wyarosgan, garda gamoqveynebis adgilisa magaliTad, inernet-JurnalSi
gamoqveynebuli statia nabeWd JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statiisgan. am
saxis sxva wyaroebs Soris aris internetSi ganTavsebuli wignebi,
gazeTebi da saJurnalo statiebi da sajaro dokumentebi. internetSi
ganTavsebul wyaroze miTiTeba gaakeTeT am saxis nabeWdi wyaros msgavsad
_ Tavdapirvelad miuTiTeT standartuli monacemebi publikaciis Sesaxeb
(avtoris saxeli, saxelwodeba, TariRi da a.S.). miTiTebis bolos
daamateT URL misamarTi da TariRi, rodesac masalas gaecaniT (ix.
qvemoT). me-17 TavSi (sqolioSi miTiTebis stilisTvis) da me-19 TavSi
(teqsturi miTiTebis stilisTvis) SegiZliaT, ixiloT magaliTebi
Sesabamisi saxis wyarosTvis msgavsi detalebis miTiTebis Sesaxeb.
2. internetSi ganTavsebuli sxva saxis wyaroebi, organizaciis an kerZo
vebsaitebi da eleqtronuli fostis adresatebis siebi, mxolod am
matareblisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. imis gamo, rom am wyaroebis
Sesaxeb ar moipoveba publikaciis standartuli monacemebis umetesoba,
isini
miiCneva
`araoficialurad
gamoqveynebulad.
aseTi
wyaros
citirebisTvis unda warmoadginoT rac SeiZleba meti informacia wyaros
Sesaxeb, URL misamarTsa da wvdomis TariRTan erTad (ix. qvemoT). am
informaciis citirebis magaliTebi mocemulia 17.7 punqtSi (sqolioSi
miTiTebis stilisTvis) da 19.7 (teqsturi miTiTebis stilisTvis).
URL misamarTebi, wyaros mudmivi atributebi da wvdomis TariRebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom URL misamarTi ar gamoirCeva mdgradobiT, is
internetSi ganTavsebuli masalis ZiriTadi misamarTia. internetSi
ganTavsebuli TiToeuli wyaros citireba, romlis povna URL misamarTiT
SeiZleba, unda moicavdes URL misamarTs, mas Semdeg, rac mieTiTeba
informacia publikaciis Sesaxeb. Tu wyaroSi gamoyenebulia cifruli
obieqtis atributis (DOIs) an mudmivi atributis sxva sistema, nacvlad
URL misamarTisa, gamoiyeneT Sesabamisi misamarTi Tqvens citirebaSi. URL
misamarTebis an sxva atributebis miTiTebis Sesaxeb informaciis
mosapoveblad,
gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba
dauTmeT
17.1.7
punqts
(sqolioSi miTiTebis stilisTvis) an 19.1.8 (teqsturi miTiTebis
stilisaTvis) punqts.
198

garda amisa, TiToeuli miTiTeba internetSi ganTavsebuli wyaros

Sesaxeb unda moicavdes TariRs, rodesac bolos gaxseniT masala. Tu
wyaro Secvlili an amoRebulia internetidan, es TariRi ufro zustad
asaxavs im variants, romelic Tqven gamoiyeneT, vidre URL misamarTi an
mxolod sxva atributi. agreTve, SegiZliaT, internetSi ganTavsebuli
wyaro, romlis citirebasac apirebT, CaweroT myar diskze an kompaqtur
diskze, raTa gqondeT saimedo asli, romlic naxvac Tqven an Tqvens
mkiTxvels mogvianebiT SeeZleba. me-17 da me-19 TavebSi warmodgenilia
citirebebSi wvdomis TariRebis miTiTebis ara erTi magaliTi.
saitebi, romlebic saWiroebs xelmoweras an romlebze wvdomac
SezRudulia.
internetSi
ganTavsebul
mraval
monacemTa
bazaze,
Jurnalebsa da sxva periodul gamocemebze wvdoma mxolod xelmoweris
gziT aris SesaZlebeli. analogiurad, zogierT vebsaitze da veblogebze
wvdoma eZleva mxolod im momxmarebels, romelic daregistrirebulia an
sxvagvarad moipova wvdomis ufleba. aseTi wyaroebis citirebisas ar aris
saWiro, miuTiToT `saWiroebs xelmoweras an `SezRuduli wvdoma;
ubralod, miuTiTeT URL misamarTi da wvdomis TariRi, rogorc
nebismieri sxva internet wyaros SemTxvevaSi moiqceodiT.
15.4.2 sxva eleqtronuli matareblebi
sxva eleqtronul matarebelze, rogoricaa CD-ROM-ebi, Cawerili
wyaroebi internetSi ganTavsebul wyaroebze ufro mdgradia. im
wyaroebis
citireba,
romlebic
tiraJirdeba
da
vrceldeba,
gamoqveynebuli wignebis msgavsad unda moxdes, mxolod unda daematos
informacia matareblis Sesaxeb; ix. 17.5.8 (bibliografiis stilisTvis) an
19.5.8 (gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis stilisTvis).
Tu wyaro ganTavsebulia erTze met eleqtronul matarebelze (mag.,
internetSi da CD-ROM-ze) an arsebobs rogorc eleqtronuli, ise
nabeWdi saxiT, gamoiyeneT yvelaze mdgradi varianti da yovelTvis
gaakeTeT miTiTeba gamoyenebul variantze.

15.5 wyaros miTiTebis momzadeba

miTiTebis
momzadebis
da
Semowmebis
gaimartivoT, Tu gecodinebaT, ra dagWirdebaT.
-

procesi

SegiZliaT,

gamoiyeneT yvelaze sando wyaroebi, maTi yvelaze sando versia. Tu

ipoviT meore an mesame rigis informacias, moiZieT wyaros
originali.
Tu wyaros mravali varianti arebobs, yovelTvis miuTiTeT is,
romelic gamoiyeneT. variantebs Soris SeiZleba, iyos mcire, Tumca,

199

mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba, ramac SesaZloa, gavlena

moaxdinos
citatebis sizusteze an sxva miTiTebebze.
CainiSneT yvela bibliografiuli informacia, vidre Canawerebs
gaakeTebdeT. ix. suraTi 16.1 (sqolioSi miTiTebis stilisTvis) an
naxatSi 18.1 (teqsturi miTiTebis stilisTvis) warmodgenili
nimuSebi, sadac naCvenebia, ra informacia aris saWiro ramdenime
gavrcelebuli saxis wyaroebisTvis.
TiToeuli citatis an perifrazisTvis CaiwereT gverdebis nomrebi.
Savi naweris Seqmnisas garkveviT gamoyaviT TiToeuli adgili,
sadac SeiZleba, dagWirdeT wyarodan citireba. gacilebiT martivia
arasaWiro citatis amoSla Sesworebisas, vidre imis gaxseneba, sad
gamoiyeneT sxvisi azri.
rodesac Sav nawers saboloo saxiT CamoayalibebT, gadaxedeT me-17
da me-19 Tavebs, raTa uzrunvelyoT, rom TiToeuli citireba swori
formiT iyos warmodgenili. yuradReba miaqcieT punqtuacias da
intervalebs.
bibliografiis an gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis Sekreba
SegiZliaT an wyaroebis gamoyenebisas, an Savi naweris Seqmnis da
Sesworebis dros. aucileblad yuradRebiT SeamowmeT TiToeuli
detali.

TiToeuli citatis miTiTebis sworad Camoyalibeba SeiZleba,

mosawyeni samuSao iyos. Tumca, kvlevis yoveli sxva fazis msgavsad, Tu
iciT, ra gWirdebaT da Tavidanve marTavT process, SeZlebT kvlevis am
yvelaze nakleb saxaliso nawilis swrafad, martivad da saimedod
dasrulebas.
15.6 miTiTebis programebis Sesaxeb
kompiuteruli programebis mwarmoebeli kompaniebi gvTavazoben
sxvadasxva
programas,
romlebic
akabadonebs
bibliografiul
informacias wyaros miTiTebis konkretuli stilis mixedviT. maT Sorisaa
stilebi, romlebic momdevno TavebSia ganxiluli. Tu aseT programas
gamoiyenebT, SeiZleba, dro dazogoT, Tumca, es ar niSnavs imas, rom
stilis ZiriTadi principebi ar unda icodeT. amas garda, wyaroebis
miTiTebisa da bibliografiis marTvis programebi sxvadasxva xarisxisaa
da SesaZloa, ar Seicavdes im mcire cvlilebebs citirebis stilebSi,
romlebic
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
Semodis
(mag.,
gansxvavebuli
eleqtronuli wyaroebis damateba). Tu aseT programas iyenebT, yovelTvis
unda SeamowmoT programis mier dakabadonebuli citirebebis sizuste da
srulyofileba.

200

16 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili:

standartuli formati
16.1 standartuli sistema
16.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba
16.1.2 punqtuacia
16.1.3 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba
16.1.4 saTaurebis gaformeba
16.1.5 ricxvebi
16.1.6 abreviaturebi
16.1.7 abzacis Seweva
16.2 bibliografiebi
16.2.1 bibliografiebis saxeebi
16.2.2 muxlebis dalageba
16.2.3 wyaroebi, romelTa gamotoveba SeiZleba

16.3 SeniSvnebi
16.3.2 sqolioebi da teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi
16.3.3 SeniSvnebis danomvra
16.3.4 SeniSvnebis daformateba
16.3.5 kompleqsuri SeniSvnebi
16.4 SeniSvnebis Semoklebuli formebi
16.4.1 Semoklebuli SeniSvnebi
16.4.2 iqve (Ibid.)
16.4.3 frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi
humanitarul

da

zogierT

socialur

mecnierebaSi

gamoiyeneba

sqolioSi

miTiTebis stili. am TavSi mimoxilulia sqolioSi miTiTebis stilSi miTiTebis

standartuli sistema, maT Soris bibliografiis muxlebi, sruli SeniSvnebi,
Semoklebuli

SeniSvnebi

da

frCxilebSi

Casmuli

SeniSvnebi.

SeniSvnebis
201

magaliTebi aRniSnulia `S:-Ti; bibliografiis muxlebis magaliTebi aRniSnulia

`b-Ti.
sqolioSi miTiTebis stilis gamoyenebisas wyaros Sesaxeb miniSnebas akeTebT
zeda indeqsis dasmiT im winadadebis bolos, romelSic miTiTebuli gaqvT
aRniSnuli wyaro:
erTi mecnieris TqmiT, ,,rkinigzis gayvanis Sedegad, Cikago aRmosavlelebisa da
dasavlelebis Sexvedrebis umniSvnelovanesi adgili gaxda.4
Semdeg akeTebT miTiTebas Sesabamisi citatis wyaroze saTanadod danomrili
SeniSvnis meSveobiT, romelSic mocemulia informacia wyaros Sesaxeb (avtori,
saTauri da informacia publikaciaze), agreTve, Sesabamisi gverdis nomrebi.
SeniSvnebi ibeWdeba gverdis bolos (ewodeba sqolio) an CamonaTvalSi, romelic
Catanilia naSromis bolos (ewodeba teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi). yvela
SeniSvnas aqvs erTnairi zogadi forma:
S:

4. uiliam qrononi, bunebis megapolisi: Cikago da didi dasavleTi [niu-iorki:

gamomcemloba nortoni da kompania, 1991], 92-93

Tu kvlav akeTebT miTiTebas imave teqstze, SegiZliaT momdevno SeniSvnebis
Semokleba:
S: 8. qrononi, bunebis megapolisi, 383.
umetes SemTxvevaSi, naSromis bolos, bibliografiaSi warmoadgenT, agreTve,
wyaroebis CamonaTvals. es CamonaTvali, rogorc wesi, moicavs TiToeul wyaros,
romelic miTiTebuli gaqvT SeniSvnaSi, zogjer sxva wyaroebsac, romlebsac
gaecaniT, Tumca, miTiTebuli ar gaqvT. bibliografiis TiToeuli muxli moicavs
igive informacias, romelic CarTulia srul SeniSvnaSi, Tumca, warmodgenilia
odnav gansxvavebuli formiT:

202

S: qrononi, uiliam. bunebis megapolisi: Cikago da didi dasavleTi. niu-iorki:

gamomcemloba nortoni da kompania, 1991.
mkiTxveli elis, rom zedmiwevniT daicavT citirebis am wesebs. isini Seexeba
ara mxolod CasarTav informacias da am monacemebis Tanmimdevrobas, aramed,
agreTve,

punqtuacias,

mTavruli

asoebis

gamoyenebas,

daxrili

Sriftis

gamoyenebas da a.S. wyaros miTiTeba rom sworad gaaformoT, didi yuradReba

unda miaqcioT wvrilman detalebs, romlebic mkvlevarTa didi nawilisTvis
iolad dasamaxsovrebeli ar aris. momdevno TavSi mocemulia mza gzamkvlevi am
detalebTan dakavSirebiT.

16.1 standartuli sistemebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs wyaroebis da maTi miTiTebis uamravi forma,
savaraudod, mxolod ramdenime saxis gamoyeneba mogiwevT. uCveulo wyaroebis
citirebisas
moZieba.

Tumca,

gamoiyenebT,
SeZlebT

SeiZleba,

dagWirdeT

citirebis

iolad

im

saxeebisTvis,

SegiZliaT,

Sablonebis

Seqmnas,

miTiTebasTan

iswavloT
romelTa

dakavSirebuli

romlebsac

standartuli

daxmarebiTac

detalebis

yvelaze

xSirad

sistemebi.

Semdeg

moaxerxebT

kiTxvis

procesSi bibliografiuli monacemebis swrafad da saimedod Caweras.

am qveTavis danarCen nawilSi aRwerilia standartuli sistemebi. 16.1 naxatSi ki
warmodgenilia

nimuSebi

da

magaliTebi

farTod

gavrcelebuli

saxis

wyaroebisTvis. me-17 TavSi mocemulia mTeli rigi wyaroebis magaliTebisa, maT

Soris, gamonaklisebi aq ganxiluli sistemebidan.

naxati 16.1 SeniSvnebis da bibliografiis muxlebis nimuSebi

qvemoT warmodgenil nimuSebSi naCvenebia, romeli elementebi unda CairTos
SeniSvnebSi (S) da bibliografiebSi (b) wyaroebis ramdenime gavrcelebuli saxis
citirebisas; naCvenebia, agreTve, maTi Tanmimdevroba. aseve, naCvenebia punqtuacia
da

elementebis

gaformeba.

ruxi

feriT

daCrdiluli

teqsti

aRniSnavs

Semoklebas (an maT ganmartebas) da sxva terminebs. XX aRniSnavs citirebuli

203

teqstis

gverdis

nomrebs,

YY aRniSnavs

statiis

an

Tavis

gverdebis

srul

diapazons.
magaliTebi, ganmartebebi da variantebi damatebiT ix. me-17 TavSi. Semoklebuli
SeniSvnebis formebis nimuSebi ix. 16.2 naxatSi.
wignebi
1. erTi avtori an redaqtori
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris saxeli da gvari, wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri
(gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis dasaxeleba, gamocemis TariRi), XX-XX.
1. jared daiamondi, iaraRi, baqteriebi da foladi: adamianebis bediswera (niuiorki: gamomcemloba nortoni da kompania, 1997), 47-48.
b: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri. gamocemis
adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi.
daiamond, jared. iaraRi, baqteriebi, da foladi: adamianebis bediswera. niuiorki: gamomcemloba nortoni da kompania, 1997.
im wignis miTiTebisas, romelsac avtoris nacvlad redaqtori hyavs, sqema ase
SecvaleT:
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. redaqtoris saxeli da gvari, red. wignis saTauri...
7. mark e. noli, red., religia da amerikis politika...
b: redaqtoris gvari, redaqtoris saxeli, red. wignis saTauri...
noli, mark e., red., religia da amerikis politika...
2. ramdenime avtori
wignis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac ori avtori hyavs, gamoiyeneT Semdegi sqema:

204

S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli avtoris saxeli da gvari da meore avtoris saxeli

da gvari, wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri (gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis
saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi), XX-XX.
2. kai berdi, kai da martin j. Servini, amerikeli promeTe: j. robert
openhaimeris triumfi da tragedia (niu-iorki: alfred a. knopfi, 2005), 52.
b: pirveli avtoris gvari, pirveli avtoris saxeli, da meore avtoris saxeli
da gvari. wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis
saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi.
berdi, kai da martin j. Servini. amerikeli promeTe: j. robert openhaimeris
triumfi da tragedia. niu-iorki: alfred a. knopfi, 2005.
Tu wigns sami avtori hyavs, struqtura SecvaleT Semdegnairad:
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli avtoris saxeli da gvari, meore avtoris saxeli
da gvari da mesame avtoris saxeli da gvari, wignis saTauri...
5. jois efelbai, lin hanti da margaret jeiqobi. simarTle istoriis Sesaxeb...
naxati 16.1 SeniSvnebis da bibliografiis muxlebis nimuSebi
(gagreleba)
b: pirveli avtoris gvari, pirveli avtoris saxeli, meore avtoris saxeli da
gvari da mesame avtoris saxeli da gvari, wignis saTauri...
efelbai, joisi, lin hanti da margaret jeiqobi. simarTle istoriis Sesaxeb...
Tu wigns oTxi an meti avtori hyavs, SeniSvnis struqtura mxolod aseTi saxiT
SecvaleT:
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli avtoris saxeli da gvari da sxvebi, wignis

saTauri...
15. Jaklin daud holi da sxv., ojaxiviT...
3. avtor(eb)i, agreTve, redaqtori an mTargmneli
Tu wigns avtoris garda redaqtoric hyavs, gamoiyeneT Semdegi struqtura:
S:

SeniSvnis

nomeri.

avtoris

saxeli

da

gvari,

wignis

saTauri:

wignis

qvesaTauri, red. redaqtoris saxeli da gvari (gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis

saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi), XX-XX.

205

9. j.b. harli, rukebis axali saxeoba: eseebi kartografiis istoriaSi, red.

pol leqstoni (baltimori: jon hopkinsis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2002),

132-33.
b:

avtoris

avtoris

saxeli.

wignis

redaqtoris

saxeli

da

gvari,

redaqtirebulia

saTauri:

gvari

mier.

wignis

qvesaTauri.

gamocemis

adgili:

gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi.

harli,

j.b.,

rukebis

redaqtirebulia

axali

pol

saxeoba:

leqstonis

eseebi
mier.

kartografiis

baltimori:

istoriaSi.

jon

hopkinsis

universitetis gamomcemloba, 2002.

Tu

wigns

redaqtoris

nacvlad

mTargmneli

hyavs,

redaqtoris

Sesaxeb

informaciis nacvlad CasviT sityvebi Targm. da Targmnilia da mTargmnelis

saxeli da gvari mier.
4. gamocemis nomeri
S:

SeniSvnis

qvesaTauri,

nomeri.
gamocemis

avtoris

saxeli

da

gvari,

nomeri

gamoc.

(gamocemis

wignis
adgili:

saTauri:

wignis

gamomcemlobis

dasaxeleba, gamocemis TariRi), XX-XX.

11. rojer denielsi: amerikaSi Camosvla: imigraciis istoria da eTnikuri

faqtori amerikis cxovrebaSi, me-2 gamoc. (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba harper

pereniali, 2002), 84.
b: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli, wignis saTauri: wigni qvesaTauri. gamocemis
nomeri gamoc. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi.
denielsi, rojer. amerikaSi Camosvla: imigraciis istoria da eTnikuri faqtori

amerikis cxovrebaSi. me-2 gamoc. niu-iorki: gamomcemloba harper pereniali,

2002.
5. erTi Tavi redaqtirebul wignSi
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. Tavis avtoris saxeli da gvari, `Tavis saTauri: Tavis
qvesaTauri, wignSi wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri, red. redaqtoris

206

saxeli da gvari (gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba, gamocemis

TariRi), XX-XX.
15.

en

uinston

spirni,

`bunebis

ganaSenianeba:

frederik

lo

olmstedis

memkvidreoba, wignSi `uCveulo pozicia: bunebaSi adamianis adgilis xelaxla

gaazreba, red. uiliam qrononi (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba nortoni da kompania,

1996), 101.
b:

Tavis

avtoris

qvesaTauri.

gvari,

wignSi

Tavis

wignis

avtoris

saTauri:

saxeli.

wignis

`Tavis

saTauri:

Tavis

qvesaTauri, redaqtirebulia

redaqtoris saxeli da gvari mier, YY-YY. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis

saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi.
spirni,

en

uinston,

`bunebis

ganaSenianeba:

frederik

lo

olmstedis

memkvidreoba. wignSi `uCveulo pozicia: bunebaSi adamianis adgilis xelaxla

gaazreba,

redaqtirebulia

uiliam

qrononis

mier,

91-113,

Nniu-iorki:

gamomcemloba nortoni da kompania, 1996

saJurnalo statiebi
6. saJurnalo statiis beWduri varianti
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris saxeli da gvari, `statiis saTauri: statiis
qvesaTauri, Jurnalis saxelwodeba, gamocemis nomeri (gamocemis TariRi): XXXX.
4. Pfremod k, naiari, `saocari Tavgadasavlebi: ingliselTa saTavgadasavlo
wignebi da indoeTi, 1680-1727, britaneTmcodneobis Jurnali 44, #2 (2005 wlis
aprili): 213
b: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. `statiis saTauri: statiis qvesaTauri.

Jurnalis saxelwodeba gamocemis nomeri (gamocemis TariRi): YYYY-YY.

Nnaiari,

fremod

k.

`saocari

Tavgadasavlebi:

ingiselTa

saTavgadasavlo

wignebi da indoeTi, 1680-1727, britaneTmcodneobis Jurnali 44, #2 (2005 wlis

aprili): 213-38.
Tu

statias

ramdenime

avtori

hyavs,

ixelmZRvaneleT

meore

nimuSSi

warmodgenili avtorebis saxelebis Sesabamisi sqemiT.

207

7. internetSi gamoqveynebuli Jurnalis statiebi

S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris saxeli da gvari, `statiis saTauri: statiis
qvesaTauri,

Jurnalis

saxelwodeba

gamocemis

nomeri

(gamocemis

TariRi),

`mdebareoba-is qveS, URL-is misamarTi (wvdoma masalaze, wvdomis TariRi).

4.

deniel

a.

makfarlandi,

`winaaRmdegoba

rogorc

socialuri

drama:

cvlilebaze orientirebuli SemTxvevebis Seswavla, amerikis sociologiuri

Jurnali

109,

no.6

(2004

wlis

maisi),

ganyofilebaSi

Settings,

http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v109n6/050199/050199.html [bolos Sesvlis

TariRi: 2006 wlis 3 maisi].
B: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. `statiis saTauri: statiis qvesaTauri.

Jurnalis saxelwodeba gamocemis nomeri (gamocemis TariRi). URLis misamarTi

(wvdoma masalaze, wvdomis TariRi).
makfarlandi, deniel, e. `winaaRmdegoba, rogorc socialuri drama: cvlilebaze
orientirebuli SemTxvevebis Seswavla. amerikis sociologiuri Jurnali 109,

no.6

(2004

wlis

maisi),
[bolos

http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v109n6/050199/050199.html
Sesvlis TariRi: 2006 wlis 3 maisi].
16.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba

SeniSvnebSi da bibliografiis muxlebSi yvela saxis wyaroebisTvis elementebis

Tanmimdevrobis erTi da igive standartuli struqtura gamoiyeneba: avtori,
saTauri, informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb. Tumca, SeniSvnebSi avtorebis saxelebi
standartuli TanmimdevrobiT aris warmodgenili (pirvelad saxeli), xolo
bibliografiis
SeniSvnebi,

muxlebSi

romlebSic

--

piriqiT

konkretuli

(jer

gvari),

monakveTebia

anbanuri

TanmimdevrobiT.

citirebuli,

Cveulebriv,

moicavs gverdis nomrebs an sxva informacias adgilis Sesaxeb; bibliografiis

muxlebSi ase ar aris, Tumca, iq mieTiTeba gverdis nomrebis sruli diapazoni
iseTi wyarosTvis, romelic warmoadgens ufro didi nawilis Semadgenels, mag.,
statiis an Tavis.

208

16.1.2 punqtuacia
SeniSvnebSi elementebis umetesoba gamoyaviT mZimeebiT; bibliografiis muxlebSi
elementebis

gamosayofad

publikaciis

Sesaxeb

gaakeToT.

gamoiyeneba

wertilebi

CasviT

gamoiyeneT.

frCxilebSi;

gansxvavebuli

SeniSvnebSi

bibliografiis

stilebi,

informacia

muxlebSi

ase

vinaidan gansazRvrulia,

ar
rom

SeniSvna unda ikiTxebodes teqstis msgavsad, sadac wertilis dasma niSnavs

citatis

dasrulebas.

bibliografia

ki

Sedgenilia,

rogorc

CamonaTvali,

romelSic TiToeul wyaros aqvs calke muxli, amdenad, wertilebis gamoyeneba

Tavisuflad SeiZleba avtoris, saTauris da publikaciis Sesaxeb informaciis
gamosayofad.
16.1.3 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba
ucxoenovani wyaroebis miTiTebisas saTaurebis umetesoba daiwyeT mTavruli
asoebiT saTauris stilSi, Tumca, saTaurebi ucxo enebze daiwyeT mTavruli
asoebiT

winadadebis

stilSi.

(orive

stilis

Sesaxeb

ix.

22.3.1.)

mTavruli

asoebiT, Cveulebisamebr, dawereT sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebi (ix. 22-e Tavi).

16.1.4 saTaurebis gaformeba
SedarebiT moculobiTi nawarmoebebis (wignebis, Jurnalebis) saTaurebi ibeWdeba
daxrili SriftiT; SedarebiT mcire nawilebis (Tavebi, statiebi) saTaurebi
ibeWdeba swori SriftiT da Tavsdeba brWyalebSi. gamouqveynebuli naSromebis
(mag., disertaciebi) saTaurebi ibeWdeba swori SriftiT da Tavsdeba brWyalebSi,
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu isini wignis moculobisaa.
16.1.5 ricxvebi
saTaurebSi ricxvebi sityvierad gadmoicema an ricxvebiT iwereba zustad ise,
rogorc

originalSia.

gverdis

nomrebi,

romlebic

originalSi

romauli

cifrebiT aris gamoxatuli, mieTiTeba patara romauli cifrebiT. yvela sxva

ricxvi (Tavis nomrebi an naxatebis nomrebi) warmodgenilia arabuli cifrebiT,
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu originalSi isini romauli cifrebiT aris aRniSnuli an
sityvierad gadmocemuli.

209

16.1.6 abreviaturebi
SeniSvnebSi SeamokleT terminebi: redaqtori, mTargmneli da tomi (red., mTargm.,

t.). bibliografiis muxlebSi es terminebi xSirad gaSifrulia, rodesac isini

gamoiyeneba

informaciis

Semoklebuli

saxiT

warsadgenad

gamoiyeneba,

(redaqtirebulia

rodesac

...-is

informaciis

mier),

xolo

dasasruls

aris

warmodgenili (red.).
16.1.7 Seweuli abzaci
teqstSi SeniSvnebis Seweva sxva abzacebis msgavsad xdeba; yvela momdevno xazi
swordeba marcxniv. bibliografiis muxlebis Seweva piriqiT xdeba: pirveli xazi
swordeba marcxniv da yvela momdevno striqoni Seweulia abzacis zomis bijiT.

16.2 bibliografiebi
naSromebSi, romlebSic gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebisTvis gamoiyeneba
sqolioSi

miTiTebis stili,

Cveulebriv,

CarTulia

SeniSvnebi

da,

agreTve,

SeniSvnebSi miTiTebuli yvela wyaros bibliografiuli CamonaTvali. miuxedavad

imisa, rom SeniSvnebSi da bibliografiebSi irTveba erTi da igive informacia,
saWiroa mkiTxvelma es informacia orive adgilas naxos, vinaidan SeniSvnebi da
bibliografia gansxvavebulad gamoiyeneba. SeniSvnebis daxmarebiT mkiTxvels
SeuZlia,

swrafad

naxos

konkretuli

miTiTebis

Sesabamisi

wyaro,

kiTxvis

Sewyvetis gareSe, bibliografiaSi ki ixilos kvlevis masStabi da misi kavSiri

manamde momzadebul naSromebTan. bibliografiis daxmarebiT mkiTxvels, agreTve,
SeuZlia wyaroebis gamoyeneba sakuTar kvlevaSi. amdenad, naSromSi yovelTvis
gamoiyeneT

rogorc

SeniSvnebi,

ise,

bibliografia,

im

SemTxvevebis

garda,

rodesac wyaro bevria an Tu instruqtori gaZlevT sxvagvar miTiTebas. Tu

bibliografias ar CarTavT, darwmundiT, rom SeniSvnebSi srulyofilad aris
mocemuli informacia TiToeul wyaroze, pirvelad miTiTebisas mainc.
16.2.1 bibliografiis saxeebi
ZiriTadad

bibliografiaSi

unda

CairTos

TiToeuli

naSromi,

romelic

miTiTebuli gaqvT teqstSi (garda ramdenime gansakuTrebuli saxis wyarosa; ix.

16.2.3).

SegiZliaT,

CarToT

is

naSromebi,

romlebic

mniSvnelovani

iyo

msjelobisTvis, magram maTze teqstSi konkretuli miTiTeba ar gagikeTebiaT. am

210

saxis wyaroebi daasaTaureT ase: bibliografia an gamoyenebuli wyaroebi. ix.

danarTSi naxati A.15, sadac warmodgenilia bibliografiis nimuSi.
arebobs sxva variantebic:
-

SerCeuli bibliografia. zogierTi bibliografia ar moicavs SeniSvnebSi

miTiTebul yvela naSroms; es keTdeba sivrcis dazogvis
miTiTebebis

gamotovebis

mkiTxvelisTvis
bibliografia,

mizniT,

saintereso.
Tu

gaqvT

romlebic,

savaraudod,

SegiZliaT,

safuZvliani

an umniSvnelo

gamoiyenoT

mizezebi

saamisod

ar

iqneba

SerCeuli
da

Tqveni

instruqtori an mrCeveli gamarTlebulad miiCnevs amas. daasaTaureT es

masala

Semdegnairad:

SerCeuli

bibliografia

da

zemoT

daamateT

SeniSvna, sadac aRwerili iqneba SerCevis principi.

-

bibliografia erTi avtoris mixedviT. zogierTi avtori erTi avtoris

naSromebs calke Camowers standartul bibliografiasTan erTad. Tumca,
xandaxan, SeiZleba, mxolod aseTi saxiT warmoadginos bibliografia, erT
avtors exeba naSromi da iqve miuTiTos ramdenime sxva wyaro. aseTi
CamonaTvali Semdegnairad daasaTaureT: ..... is [avtoris saxeli da gvari]

Txzulebebi/naSromebi

an

(gamoqveynebuli

naSromebi,

qronologiuri

an

raime

saTanado

naSromebi,

anbanuri

da

aRwerilobiTi

a.S.).

TanmimdevrobiT

SegiZliaT,

saTauris

saTauri
daalagoT

mixedviT.

Tu

qronologiurad alagebT, erTsa da imave wels gamoqveynebuli naromebis

saTaurebi anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT CamowereT.
-

anotirebuli bibliografia. zogierTi mwerali bibliografiis TiToeul

muxls urTavs naSromis Sinaarsis mokle aRweras an informacias imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra kavSirSia masala kvlevasTan. ZiriTad SemTxvevebSi, Tu
erT muxls urTavT anotacias, unda daurToT yvelas. Tumca, mkvlevrebi
zogjer anotacias urTaven mxolod yvelaze mniSvnelovan naSromebs an im
naSromebs,
TvalsaCino.

romelTa
Tu

kvlevasTan

anotaciebi

mokle

Sesabamisoba
frazebia,

SeiZleba,
CasviT

ar

frCxilebSi

iyos
da

miuTiTeT publikaciis Sesaxeb informaciis Semdeg (gaiTvaliswineT, rom

frCxilebSi Casmul muxlSi an mis Semdeg wertili ar daismis):

211

b: Tulmini, stiven. argumentis gamoyeneba. kembriji: kembrijis universitetis

gamomcemloba,

(gardamtexi

1958.

teqsti,

struqturis

arasimboluri

eniT

aRwerili argumentiT).
SegiZliaT,

agreTve,

daamatoT

anotacia

sruli

winadadebis

saxiT

axal

striqonze Seweuli abzacis gamoyenebiT:

b: Tulmini, stiven. argumentis gamoyeneba. kembriji: kembrijis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1958.
es aris gardamtexi teqsti, romelSic argumenti aRwerilia struqturis
arasimboluri eniT.
16.2.2 muxlebis dalageba
anbanuri

TanmimdevrobiT

avtoris

mixedviT.

bibliografia,

rogorc

wesi,

warmoadgens yvela wyaros erTian CamonaTvals; wyaroebi dalagebulia anbanis

mixedviT

avtoris,

redaqtoris

an

TiToeul

muxlSi

pirvel

adgilze

miTiTebuli piris gvaris mixedviT. (ucxo saxelebis, Sedgenili saxelebis da

sxva gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisas anbanis mixedviT dalagebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.1.1)
teqstis

redaqtirebis

programebis

umravlesobas

aqvs

anbanis

mixedviT

dalagebis funqcia; Tu am funqcias iyenebT, TiToeul muxls unda mosdevdes

myari gadatana. Tu sakurso an sadisertacio naSromze muSaobT, SesaZloa,
fakultetma an universitetma migiTiToT, rom muxlebSi informacia anbanis
mixedviT unda daalagoT asoebis an sityvebis mixedviT; ix. `Cikagos stilis
saxelmZRvanelo, 18.56 -59, me-15 gamocema (2003 w.), sadac mocemulia am ori
sistemis ganmarteba.
Tu

bibliografia

moicavs

or

an

met

naSroms,

romlebic

dawerili,

redaqtirebuli an naTargmnia erTi da imave piris mier, daalageT muxlebi

anbanurad saTauris mixedviT (artiklebs yuradRebas nu miaqcevT). pirvelis
garda, yvela muxlSi SecvaleT piris saxeli grZeli tireTi, romelsac ewodeba
sami M-is sigrZis tire (ix. 21.7.3). redaqtirebis an Targmnis miTiTebisas (red.,

Targmn. da a.S.) tires Semdeg dasviT mZime da saTanado aRniSvna. CamowereT

212

yvela

aseTi

naSromi

im

naSromebamde,

romelTa

SemTxvevaSic

piri

iyo

Tanaavtori an Tanaredaqtori.
b: geiTs, henri luis umcr. amerika da feri: dialogi afroamerikelebTan. niuiorki: gamomcemloba uoren buqsi, 2004
-----------, red. monebis klasikuri monayoli. niu-iorki: gamomcemloba fengvin
petmani, 2002.
-----------. gamorCeuli maimuni: afroamerikuli literaturuli kritikis Teoria.
niu-iorki: oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1989.
geiTs, henri luis umcr., da kornel vesti. afroamerikuli saukune: rogor

Secvales Savkanianma amerikelebma Cveni qveyana.Nniu-iorki: gamomcemloba,

fri presi, 2000.
igive

principi

avtorebis

gamoiyeneba

erTi

jgufis

iseTi
mier,

naSromebisTvis,

romlebic

romlebic

miTiTebulia

dawerilia

erTi

da

igive

TanmimdevrobiT.
b: marti, martin e., da r. skoT eflbai, red.-ebi. fundamentalizmis Sesaxeb.
Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 2004.
--------.

dideba

da

Zalaufleba:

fundamentalisturi

gamowveva

Tanamedrove

msoflios. bostoni: gamomcemloba bikon presi , 1992.

marti, martin i., da mika marti. rodesac WeSmariti simartives vpoulobT:
rTul samyaroSi sulieri siwmindis povna. grand rapods, miCigani:
gamomcemloba uilian ermanis gamomcemloba, 1998.
Tu wyaroSi ar aris miTiTebuli avtori an redaqtori, anbanurad daalageT
miTiTebis

pirveli

elementi,

Cveulebriv,

saTauris

mixedviT.

nu

miaqcevT

yuradRebas artiklebs.
b: moxseneba indoeTis didi trigonometruli Sefasebis Sesaxeb. 22
tomi. dera dani: indoeTis kvleva, 1870-1910.
`indoeTis didi trigonometriuli Sefaseba. kalkuta riviu 38 [1863]: 26-62.
`saxelmwifo da aziis samomavlo perspeqtiva. quorterli riviu 63, no. 126 (1839
wlis marti): 369-402.
araanbanuri

TanmimdevrobiT

dalageba.

drodadro

mkiTxvelisTvis

ufro

mosaxerxebeli iqneba anbanuris garda, sxva Tanmimdevrobis gamoyeneba. rogorc

213

wesi,

ufro

mosaxerxebelia,

qronologiurad

dalagdes

erTi

avtoris

bibliografiebi, agreTve, informacia specialuri CamonaTvlebis _ sagazeTo

statiebis, saarqivo masalebis Sesaxeb da a.S. SeiZleba, agreTve, mosaxerxebeli
iyos

Tanmimdevrobis

Semobruneba

konkretuli

mizniT

magaliTad,

topografiuli rukebis CamonaTvlis dros, roca rukebi dalagebulia Statis an

regionis mixedviT. Tu anbanuris an qronologiuris garda sxva Tanmimdevrobas
iyenebT, dasawyisSi warmodgenil SeniSvnaSi ganmarteT, ratom gadawyviteT am
principis gamoyeneba.
kategoriebad

dalagebuli

CamonaTvlebi.

SedarebiT

vrceli

bibliografia

SegiZliaT, daalagoT kategoriebad, es mkiTxvels daexmareba, jgufis saxiT

dainaxos

dakavSirebuli

wyaroebi.

SedarebiT

vrceli

bibliografiebis

seqciebad kategorizaciis gavrcelebuli gzebi moicavs Semdegi principebs:

-

wyaroebis

dalageba

wyaros

formis

mixedviT.

SegiZliaT,

SeqmnaT

xelnawerebis, saarqivo koleqciebis, Canawerebis da a.S. calke siebi.

-

wyaroebis

dalageba

bibliografiis

rigis

msgavsad,

mixedviT.

cal-calke

SegiZliaT,
daalagoT

erTi

avtoris

pirvelxarisxovani,

meorexarisxovani da mesamexarisxovani wyaroebi.

-

wyaroebis dalageba sferos mixedviT. wyaroebis dajgufeba SegiZliaT

sferos mixedviT an mkiTxvelis interesebis mixedviT (rogorc am wignis
bibliografiaSia).
fsiqologiis
wyaroebis

magaliTad,

Sesaxeb

komediuri

gamoyenebuli

kategorizacia:

komediis

literaturis

naSromebis

Teoria,

Teoriis

da

miTiTebisas,

SeiZleba

fsiqologiuri

kvlevebi,

literaturuli kritika, komediuri Janris nawarmoebebi.

Tu axdenT wyaroebis kategorizacias, warmoadgineT isini calkeuli an erTiani
bibliografiiT, romelic seqciebad iqneba dayofili. calkeuli bibliografia
an seqcia warmoadgineT qvesaTauriT an, Tu saWiroa, dasawyisSi mocemuli
SeniSvniT. erTiani bibliografiis TiToeul seqciaSi gamoiyeneT Tanmimdevrobis
erTi da igive principi (Cveulebriv, anbanis mixedviT). nu miuTiTebT wyaros
erTze met seqciaSi, Tu misi garkveviT kategorizacia ar SeiZleba ori an
ramdenime sxva xerxiT. Tu Tanmimdevrobis gansxvavebul principebs iyenebT,

214

bibliografiebi

SeqmeniT

cal-calke

da

TiToeuls

daurTeT

sakuTari

ganmartebiTi saTauri.
16.2.3 wyaroebi, romelTa gamotoveba SeiZleba
rogorc wesi, SegiZliaT bibliografiaSi ar miuTiToT Semdegi saxis wyaroebi:
-

sagazeTo statiebi (ix. 17.4)

klasikuri,

Suasaukuneebis

da

arqauli

inglisuriT

dawerili

literaturuli nawarmoebebi (17.5.1) da (zogierT SemTxvevaSi) cnobili

inglisurenovani piesebi (17.8.7)
-

biblia da sxva wminda werilebi (17.5.2)

cnobili

sacnobaro

literatura,

rogoricaa

didi

leqsikonebi

da

enciklopediebi (17.5.3)
-

mokle gamoqveynebuli masala, rogoricaa gamoqveynebuli naSromebis an

warmodgenebis recenziebi (17.5.4), mokle mimoxilvebi (17.5.5), broSurebi da
angariSebi (17.5.6)

gamouqveynebeli

interviuebi

da

piradi

mimowera

(17.6.3),

veblogis

informacia da komentarebi (17.7.2) da eleqtronuli fostis adresatebis

siebi (17.7.3)
-

konkretuli

dokumentebi

gamouqveynebeli

xelnawerebis

krebulebidan

(17.6.4)
-

saxviTi

da

saSemsruleblo

xelovnebis

mravali

wyaro,

maT

Soris,

mxatvruli xelovnebis nimuSebi da sxva msgavsi wyaroebi (17.8.1), cocxali

Sesruleba (17.8.2), satelevizio da sxva samauwyeblo programebi (17.8.3)
-

aSS-is konstitucia (17.9.5), sasamarTlo saqmeebi (17.9.7) da zogierTi sxva

sajaro dokumenti (17.9)

SeiZleba,

bibliografiaSi

CarToT

konkretuli

naSromi

romelime

am

kategoriidan, romelic mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an xSirad gaqvT

miTiTebuli.
Tu erTi ufro didi nawilidan iyenebT mraval aseT wyaros -- magaliTad,
ramdenime dokuments xelnawerTa erTi krebulidan SegiZliaT, miuTiToT
ufro didi nawili, rogorc es me-17 Tavis Sesabamis punqtebSia ganxiluli.

215

16.3 SeniSvnebi
avtorebi SeniSvnis ramdenime sxvadasxva saxes iyeneben; SeniSvnis saxis arCeva
damokidebulia sferoze, mkiTxvelze da naSromis tipze. am nawilSi axsnilia
SeniSvnebis saxeebi da maTi SerCevis principi.
16.3.1 sqolioebi da teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi
Tqvens fakultetze SesaZloa, konkretulad iyos gansazRvruli, sqolioebi
unda

gamoiyenoT

Tu

teqstis

bolos

Catanili

SeniSvnebi,

gansakuTrebiT,

Tezisis an sadisertacio naSromisTvis. Tu konkretuli miTiTeba ar arsebobs,

Cveulebriv,

unda

arCioT

sqolioebi,

romlebic

ufro

advili

wasakiTxia.

teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebis gamoyenebisas mkiTxvels uwevs naSromis

bolomde

gadafurcvla

TiToeuli

citirebis

Sesamowmeblad.

Tu

Sinaarsobriv SeniSvnebs teqstis bolos Catanil SeniSvnebSi CarTavT (ix. 16.3.5),

mkiTxvelma SeiZleba, yuradReba ar miaqcios maT, vinaidan teqstis bolos
SeniSvnebis naxvis gareSe ver mixvdeba, romeli SeniSvnaa arsebiTi da romelSi
mxolod wyaroebia citirebuli.
meores mxriv, aarCieT teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi, rodesac sqolioebi
imdenad grZeli an bevria, rom gverdze Zalian did adgils ikavebs, naSromi
kargavs

vizualur

mimzidvelobas

da

rTuli

wasakiTxi

xdeba.

amasTanave,

teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebSi ufro mosaxerxebelia cxrilebis, poeturi

citatebis da sxva masalis CarTva, romelic specialur gaformebas moiTxovs.
teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebis gamoyenebisas, Tu wyaros miTiTebebisgan
gamoacalkevebT

Sinaarsobriv

SeniSvnebs,

SeZlebT,

SeamciroT

riski,

rom

mkiTxvels gamorCeba mniSvnelovani komentarebi. danomreT wyaros miTiTebebi da

moaTavseT isini teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebSi. arsebiTi SeniSvnebi
aRniSneT varskvlaviT da sxva simboloebiT (ix. 16.3.3) da dabeWdeT rogorc
sqolioebi. ase nu moiqceviT, Tu ramdenime an meti Sinaarsobrivi SeniSvna gaqvT
gamoyenebuli.

216

16.3.2 SeniSvnebis miTiTeba teqstSi

rodesac

miuTiTebT

an

sxvagvarad

iyenebT

wyaros

masalas,

teqstSi

unda

CarToT zeda indeqsiT nomeri, romelic miuTiTebs mkiTxvels im SeniSvnaze,

romelSic am wyaros Sesaxeb bibliografiuli informaciaa mocemuli. citatebis
umetesobisTvis, CasviT uSualod momdevno nomeri, ganurCevlad imisa, citata
teqstSia CarTuli Tu blokuri citatis saxiT aris gamoyofili (ix. 25.2).
zogierTi citatisTvis da standartuli citirebebisTvis, miTiTebis nomeri
moaTavseT winadadebis bolos, bolo sasveni niSnis, brWyalebis an frCxilis
daxurvis Semdeg.
kinahanis Sarms ZiriTadad magia ganapirobebda.1
,,ai, werda jorj Tempelton strongi, `amis gakeTeba SeuZliaT Cvens mkeravebs.
(manamde gamocemul wignSi man TiTqmis sapirispiro ram Tqva.)3
Tumca, Tu SeniSvna Seexeba tiremde arsebul teqsts, miTiTebis nomeri CasviT
tires win:
SoTuelis seriebSi gamoCnda mikerZoebulobis elementebi4

Tumca,

ara TvalSi

sacemad.
ar CasvaT erTdroulad erTze meti indeqsi (mag.,

5, 6).

amis nacvlad gamoiyeneT

erTi nomeri da CarTeT yvela miTiTeba an komentari erT SeniSvnaSi (ix. 16.3.5).
esTetikuri

mosazrebebidan

gamomdinare,

nu

CarTavT

SeniSvnebis

nomrebs

saTauris, qvesaTauris an qveTavis SigniT an bolos. Tu SeniSvna Seexeba mTlian

Tavs, gamotoveT nomeri da CasviT nomris gareSe sqolio pirveli gverdis
bolos, danomril SeniSvnebamde. Tu SeniSvna Seexeba nawils, romelic mosdevs
qveTavis

saTaurs,

CasviT

miTiTebis

nomeri

mocemuli

nawilis

pirveli

winadadebis Semdeg.

217

16.3.3 SeniSvnebis danomvra

SeniSvnebi danomreT Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT, daiwyeT 1-iT. Tu naSroms calke
Tavebi aqvs, TiToeul TavSi xelaxla daiwyeT danomvra pirveli SeniSvniT. nu
gamotovebT nomers da nu gamoiyenebT iseT nomrebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, 5a.
Tu

wyaros

citirebisTvis

gamoiyenebT

teqstis

bolos

Catanil

SeniSvnas,

Sinaarsobrivi SeniSvnebisTvis (ix. 16.3.1) ki sqolioebs, ar danomroT sqolioebi.

amis nacvlad, aRniSneT is pirveli sqolios gverdze varskvlaviT (*). Tu
gverdze erTze meti sqolio gaqvT gamoyenebuli, indeqsis simboloebi Semdegi
TanmimdevrobiT gamoiyeneT *
cxrilebisTvis gamoyenebuli SeniSvnebis Sesaxeb ix. 26.2.7.

16.3.4 SeniSvnebis daformateba

sqolioebi da teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi SewieT abzacis msgavsad.
TiToeuli

SeniSvnis

dasawyisSi

aRniSneT

miTiTebis

nomeri,

sasurvelia

daibeWdos ara rogorc zeda indeqsi, aramed rogorc Cveulebrivi teqsti.

ricxvs da SeniSvnis teqsts Soris dasviT wertili da gamotoveT intervali.
Tu

nebadarTulia

miTiTebebiT,
gamoiyenoT
wertilis

departamentis

SegiZliaT,
qveda

da

amis

indeqsi.

intervalis

an

universitetis

nacvlad

aseT

SeniSvnebSi

SemTxvevaSi,

gareSe

unda

mier

miTiTebis

TiToeuli

daiwyoT.

es

gansazRvruli
nomrebisTvis

SeniSvnis

meTodi

teqsti

gamoiyeneT

im

SeniSvnebisTvis, romlebic aRniSnulia simboloebiT (ix. 16.3.3.).

sqolioebi. TiToeuli sqolio daiwyeT gverdze, romelzec keTdeba sqolioze
miTiTeba. CasviT mokle xazi teqstis bolo striqonsa da pirvel sqolios
Soris TiToeul gverdze, maT Soris, im SeniSvnebs Sorisac, romlebic wina
gverdebidan

aris

gadmosuli,

im

SemTxvevaSic

ki,

Tu

Tqveni

teqsturi

damuSavebis programas amis avtomaturad damuSavebis funqcia ar aqvs. Tu

sqolio

momdevno

gverdze

gadadis,

gayaviT

is

Sua

winadadebaSi,

raTa

218

mkiTxvelma ar ifiqros, rom SeniSvna dasrulda da aRar waikiTxon momdevno

gverdze

moTavsebuli

nawili.

Tu

erTze

meti

sqolioa,

gverdze

daiwyeT

TiToeuli momdevno SeniSvna calke striqonidan, mis win datoveT carieli

striqoni.

ix.

naxati

A.10,

sadac

mocemulia

sanimuSo

gverdi

sqolioebis

teqstebiT.
teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi. teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi unda
Camoiweros erTad teqstis da danarTebis dasrulebis Semdeg, bibliografiis
CamonaTvlis dawyebamde. daiwyeT TiToeuli SeniSvna axal striqonze, gamotoveT
carieli striqoni SeniSvnebs Soris. CamonaTvals gaukeTeT saTauri SeniSvnebi.
Tu xelaxla iwyebT danomvras TiToeuli TavisTvis, daamateT qvesaTaurebi,
raTa gamijnoT SeniSvnebi Tavebis mixedviT: `Tavi 1 da a.S. ix. naxati 14, sadac
mocemulia teqstis bolos gamotanili SeniSvnebis gverdis nimuSi.
16.3.5 kompleqsuri SeniSvnebi
Tu

citirebebi.

gasamyareblad,
SeniSvnaSi

ramdenime
moerideT

dajgufebiT.

wyaros
teqstis

citirebas

axdenT

datvirTvas

CamoTvaleT

erTi

miTiTebis

citirebebi

imave

Tvalsazrisis
nomrebis

erT

TanmimdevrobiT,

rogoriTac miTiTeba Cndeba teqstSi; gamoyaviT citirebebi wertil-mZimeebiT.

uiTmanis formebis masStabi da damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi CvenTis gasagebi xdeba
mxolod ramdenime mecnieris naSromebis erTad gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi uolter
saTonis mier uiTmenis leqsebis ganmartebebi; pol faselis mier `akvanSi
struqturis saguldagulo Seswavla; s.q. qofmanis mier `bruklinis boraniT
mgzavrobisa da induri pasaJis garCeva.1
S: 1. saToni, `leqsis Tavisufali formis analizi, ilustrirebulia uaiTmanis
analiziT, esTeTikisa da xelovnebis kritikis Jurnali 18 (1959 wlis dekemberi):
241-54; faseli, `uiTmenis saintereso galoba: mogoneba da Sejereba, r.u.b.
liuisis

mier

`bruklinis
teqnikaze,

redaqtirebul

boraniT

naSromSi

mgzavrobisa:

Tanamedrove

filologia

`uiTmanis

,,SeniSvna
51

(1954

siaxlove,

uitmanis
wlis

28-51;

poeziaSi

maisi):

qofmani,

katalogis

225-32;

qofmani,

,,uitmanis induri pasaJis forma da Sinaarsi PMLA 70 (1995 wlis ivnisi): 337-49.

219

rodesac mTel rig damatebiT wyaroebs miuTiTebT, mosaxerxebelia, agreTve,

citirebebis dajgufeba da mas jaWvur citirebebs uwodeben.
S:

2.

fsiqologiuri,

TviTSegnebis

neorofsiqologiuri,

Tanamimdevrulobis

TviTSegnebis

SemecnebiTi

da

procesebis

Teoria

filosofiuri

Sesaxeb

(niu-iorki:

ix.

TvalsazrisiT

bernar

kembrijis

j.

baarsi,

universitetis

gamomcemloba, 1988); jerald edelmeni, msubuqi haeri, brwyinvale cecxli: azris

Sesaxeb

(niu-iorki:

gamomcemloba

beisqi

buqsi,

1992);

da

deniel

deneTi,

TviTSegnebis analizi (bostoni: gamomcemloba Little Brown, 1991).

citirebebi da komentarebi. Tu SeniSvna imavdroulad moicavs citirebas da
Sinaarsobriv komentars, pirvel rigSi, CasviT citireba, mis Semdeg dasviT
wertili, Semdeg ki calke winadadebaSi CasviT komentari.
parizSi stumroba, imavdroulad, iyo tkboba saukeTeso Tanamedrove da yvelaze
cocxali xelovnebis centriT.9
S:

2.

neTi,

amerikelma

`parizis

mxatvrebma

gansakuTrebiT

saxelovnebo
imogzaures

aRsaniSnavia

saswavleblebi,

evropuli

miunxeni,

Tumca

269.

xelovnebis
parizma

`oqros

xanis

sxva

centrebSi,

yvelas

gadaaWarba

masStabiTa da mniSvnelobiT.
rodesac SeniSvnaSi citatas rTavT, miTiTeba moaTavseT citatis bolo sasveni
niSnis Semdeg.
S: 33. `nafici msajulebi Seiswavlian wardgenil saCivrebs da braldebebs da
Statis mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze gamoscemen sabraldebo
daskvnas. qerm holi, magiurgi sarke: kanoni amerikis istoriaSi (niu-iorki:
oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1989), 172.
SeniSvnebSi

arsebiTi

komentarebi

zomierad

gamoiyeneT.

Tu

Tvalsazrisi

mniSvnelovania argumentisTvis, CarTeT teqstSi. Tu naklebad mniSvnelovania,

220

kargad moifiqreT, aris Tu ara imdenad mniSvnelovani, rom Caisvas calke

SeniSvnis saxiT.

16.4 mokle formebi SeniSvnebisTvis

zogierT sferoSi instruqtori SeiZleba, moelodes Tqvengan, rom TiToeul
SeniSvnaSi CarTavT srul bibliografiul monacemebs. Tumca, umetes sferoebSi
SegiZliaT, naSromis pirvelad miTiTebisas warmoadginoT sruli citireba,
Semdgom citirebebSi ki _ Semoklebuli. ramdenime sferoSi avtorebma daiwyes
Semoklebuli formebis gamoyeneba yvela citirebisTvis, srul monacemebs ki
mxolod bibliografiaSi miuTiTeben.
Tu ar iciT, Tqvens sferoSi rogori meTodia gavrcelebuli, gaecaniT Tqveni
departamentis an universitetis mier gansazRvrul miTiTebebs.
16.4.1 Semoklebuli SeniSvnebi
Semoklebuli SeniSvna unda moicavdes sakmaris informacias imisaTvis, rom
mkiTxvelma

moZebnos

sruli

citireba

bibliografiaSi

an

wina

SeniSvnaSi.

SeniSvnebis ori ZiriTadi variantia: mxolod avtori da avtori-saTauri. mTel

rig sferoebSi, yvela Semoklebuli SeniSvnisTvis, mwerlebi iyeneben SeniSvnis
formas

avtori-saTauri;

sxva

sferoebSi,

umetesad,

Semoklebuli

SeniSvnebisTvis avtorebi iyeneben formas _ mxolod avtori, xolo avtori-

saTauris formas, rodesac axdenen erTi da igive avtoris erTze meti naSromis
citirebas. Tu wyaros ar hyavs avtori (an redaqtori), SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT

mxolod saTauri SeniSvna. naxatSi 16.2 warmodgenilia nimuSebi TiToeuli saxis

Semoklebuli SeniSvnisTvis.
SeniSvna mxolod avtoris miTiTebiT Seicavs avtoris gvars da gverdis nomrebs
(an adgilis ganmsazRvrel sxva maxasiaTebels), gamoyofilia mZimiT da mis
Semdeg daismeba wertili. Tu naSroms avtoris garda hyavs redaqtori, miuTiTeT
redaqtoris

gvari,

Tumca,

ar

daurToT

red..

avtori-saTauris

SeniSvnis

SemTxvevaSi, emateba Semoklebuli saTauri, romelic Sedgeba sruli saTauridan

moyvanili oTxamde sityvisgan. avtori da Semoklebuli saTauri erTmaneTisgan

221

gamoyaviT

mZimiT,

xolo

saTauri

dabeWdeT

daxrili

SriftiT

an

CasviT

brWyalebSi, rogorc sruli SeniSvnis SemTxvevaSi moiqceodiT.

S: 1. filip boli, kaSkaSa dedamiwa: xelovneba da feri (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba

farari, strausi da Jiro, 2001), 140.
4. boli, 204.
an
4. boli, kaSkaSa dedamiwa, 204.
12. nensi l. grini, `gasvlis politika: imigraciis modelis Semobruneba,

Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali 77 (2005 wlis ivnisi): 275.

17. grini, 276.

an
17. grini, `gasvlis politika, 276.

20. jon demosi, `namdvili ambebi da sxva Txzulebebi: , naSromSi uaxlesi

istoria: istorikosebi da romanistebi upirispirdebian amerikis warsuls (da
erTmaneTs), red. mark s. karnsi (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba saimoni da Susteri,
2001), 135.

22. demosi, 138.

an
22. demosi, namdvili ambebi, 138.
rodesac naSroms mravali avtori an redaqtori hyavs, CamoTvaleT gvarebi igive
TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc srul SeniSvnaSia mocemuli.

222

S: 5. ian h. kalicki da devid l. goldvini, red.-ebi, energetika da usafrTxoeba:

sagareo politikis axali strategiis SemuSaveba (baltimori: jon hopkinsis
universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005), 195-96.
8. kalicki da goldvini, 204.

an
8. kalicki da goldvini, energetika da usafrTxoeba, 204.

16.4.2 Ibid.
iyo dro, rodesac avtorebi amoklebdnen citirebebs SeniSvnebSi laTinuri
terminebis da abreviaturebis gamoyenebiT: idem - ,,igive, op. cit., opere citato
- `citirebul naSromSi; da loc.cit. - `citirebul adgilas. es wesi aRar
miiCneva mizanSewonilad. amdenad, moerideT laTinuri citirebis terminebis
gamoyenebas. es ar exeba ibid., romelic momdinareobs sityvidan ibidem anu
`iqve. zogierTi avtori jer isev iyenebs ibid.-s citirebis SemoklebisTvis im
naSromis misaTiTeblad, romlis bibliografiuli monacemebi uSualod wina
SeniSvnaSia mocemuli.
S:

30. buxani, rCevebi dedebs, 71.

31. ibid., 95.
32. ibid.

naxati 16.2 Semoklebuli SeniSvnebis nimuSebi

qvemoT

warmodgenili

nimuSebi

gviCvenebs,

romeli

elementebi

da

ra

TanmimdevrobiT unda CairTos sami saxis Semoklebul SeniSvnebSi (ix. 16.4.1

imisaTvis, Tu rodis gamoiyenoT TiToeuli forma).

aq, agreTve, naCvenebia

punqtuacia, saTaurebis mTavruli asoebiT dawyeba ucxoenovan wyaroebSi da

elementebis gaformeba. ruxi daCrdilva miuTiTebs terminebze, rogorc isini
faqtobrivad aris citirebaSi. XX aRniSnavs citirebuli gverdebis nomrebs.

mxolod avtori SeniSvnebi

223

1. erTi avtori
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris gvari, XX-XX.
2. daiamondi, 85-90.
naSromisTvis, romlis citirebac xdeba redaqtoris an mTargmnelis mixedviT,
avtoris nacvlad (ix. 17.1.1) miuTiTeT redaqtori an mTargmneli. ar damatoT
red. an Targmn., rogorc sruli SeniSvnisas gaakeTebdiT.
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. redaqtoris an mTargmnelis gvari, XX-XX.
9. noli, 15.
Tu erTze met avtors aqvs erTi da igive gvari, gamoyaviT isini saxelebis
miTiTebiT.
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris saxeli da gvarebi, XX-XX.
12. filip smiTi, 212-13.
2. ori an sami avtori
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli avtoris gvari da meore avtoris gvari, XX-XX.
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli avtoris gvari, meore avtoris gvari da mesame
avtoris gvari, XX-XX.
15. eflbai, hanTi da jeiqobi, 140.
3. oTxi an meti avtori
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli avtoris gvari da sxvebi, XX-XX.
10. holi da sxv., 91-93.

avtori-saTauri SeniSvnebi
4. wignebi
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris gvari, Semoklebuli saTauri, XX-XX.
2. daiamondi, iaraRi, baqteriebi da foladi, 85-90.

224

im wignebis citirebisas, romlebsac erTze meti avtori hyavs, ixelmZRvaneleT

me-2 da me-3 nimuSebSi avtorebis saxelebisTvis mocemuli sqemiT.
naxati 16.2 Semoklebuli SeniSvnebis nimuSebi (gagrZeleba)
5. statiebi
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris gvari, `Semoklebuli saTauri, XX-XX.
8. naiari, `saocari Tavgadasavlebi, 225.
im statiebisTvis, romelsac erTze meti avtori hyavs, gamoiyeneT avtorebis
saxelebis sqema, romelic mocemulia me-2 da me-3 nimuSebSi.
SeniSvnebi mxolod saTauris miTiTebiT
6. wignebi avtoris gareSe
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. Semoklebuli saTauri, XX-XX.
11. angariSi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, 252
7. statiebi avtoris gareSe
S: SeniSvnis nomeri `Semoklebuli saTauri, XX-XX.
17. `didi trigonometriuli kvleva, 26-27.

SeniSvnebSi ibid ar unda daweroT daxrili SriftiT da mis Semdeg unda dasvaT
wertili. Tu citireba moicavs gverdis nomers, dausviT mZime iqve-s Semdeg. Tu
miTiTebis gverdis nomeri igivea, rogorc wina SeniSvnaSi, nu CarTavT gverdis
nomers ibid-is Semdeg. nu gamoiyenebT ibid-s SeniSvnis Semdeg, romelic Seicavs
erTze met citirebas, agreTve, moerideT ibid-is gamoyenebas im sqolioebze
miniSnebis gasakeTeblad, romlebic ar aris moTavsebuli imave gverdze.

225

6.4.3 frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi

frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi, sqolioebi da teqstis bolos Catanili
zogierT

SeniSvnebi.

SemTxvevaSi

wyaro,

frCxilebSi

Casmuli,

SeiZleba,

teqstSive miuTiToT da ara sqolioSi an teqstis bolos Catanil SeniSvnebSi.

frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvniT mkiTxvels sTavazobT ufro gasageb, advilad
wasakiTx teqsts, gansakuTrebiT, Tu bevria miTiTeba ramdenime wyaroze.
erTi mecnieris azriT, `rkinigzis gamo Cikago gaxda aRmosavlelebisa da
dasavlelebis

Sexvedris

umniSvnelovanesi

adgili

(qrononi,

bunebis

megapolisi, 92-93)
SegiZliaT, gamudmebiT gamoiyenoT frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi garkveuli
saxis wyaroebisTvis, romelTa moZieba mkiTxvels iolad SeuZlia mxolod
ramdenime elementiT. aseTi wyaroebia: sagazeTo statia (ix. 17.4), sasamarTlo
saqme (17.9.7), ufro adreuli literaturuli nawarmoebi (17.5.1), biblia an sxva
wminda

werili

(17.5.2),

an

wyaro

saxviTi

da

saSemsruleblo

xelovnebis

sferodan (17.8). maTi umetesobisTvis bibliografiaSi unda warmoadginoT sruli

informacia.
mraval sferoSi SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi, Tu
ganixilavT konkretul naSroms vrclad da gWirdebaT masze miTiTebis xSirad
gakeTeba. pirvelad, rodesac naSromze akeTebT miTiTebas, miuTiTeT sruli
bibliografiuli monacemebi sqolioSi an teqstis bolos Catanil SeniSvnaSi;
Semdgomi

miTiTebebisTvis,

Semoklebuli

SeniSvnebis

nacvlad

gamoiyeneT

frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi (ix. 16.4.1). imis gamo, rom es axali meTodia
zogierT sferoSi, gadaamowmeT instruqtorTan an mrCevelTan, vidre aseTi
meTodiT miuTiTebdeT wyaroebs.
enisa da literaturis Semswavlel sferoebSi frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebis
nacvlad, rogorc wesi, ukve gamoiyeneba sqolioebi an teqstis bolos Catanili
SeniSvnebi wyaroebis citirebis umetesobisTvis, maT Soris, TiToeul naSromze
pirvelad miTiTebisas.

226

frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnis formatireba. frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvna

dasviT

iq,

sadac

CasvamdiT

miTiTebis

nomers

winadadebis an winadadebis nawilis bolos.

SeniSvnisTvis:

SeniSvna

unda

citatis,

daisvas mZimis,

wertilis an sxva sasveni niSnis win da ara mis Semdeg, rodesac citata
teqstSia

CarTuli.

xolo

blokis

saxiT

gamoyofili

citatis

SemTxvevaSi,

SeniSvna mosdevs bolo punqtuaciis niSans (magaliTisTvis ix. 25.2.2).

yvelaze sruli frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvna Seicavs igive informacias, rasac
Semoklebuli SeniSvnis forma _ avtori-saTauri, sadac elementebi gamoyofilia
mZimeebiT.

(gaiTvaliswineT,

gansxvavebulia

rom

gamoyenebuli

elementebic

literaturis

da

punqtuaciac

CamonaTvlis

stilis

odnav
mixedviT

frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebis stilisgan, romelic aRwerilia me-18 da me-19

TavebSi; nu aurevT an nu gaaerTianebT am or stils.)
`is, rac introspeqciisas gveCveneba, rom moxdeba maSinve da Zalisxmevis gareSe,
xSirad

warmoadgens

procesebis

kompleqsur

erTobliobas,

romelTa

dasrulebasac dro sWirdeba (ledu, sineptikuri ujredi, 116).

eqspertis azriT, samuSao adgilze megobrobis gansxvavebuli normebi moqmedebs
(liTli, kolegialobis normebi, 330).
zogierT

sferoSi

avtorebisgan

moelian

sruli

formis

gamoyenebas

yvela

frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnisTvis; sxva sferoebSi maT SeuZliaT, Seamoklon

SeniSvnebi, vinaidan sruli SeniSvnebi arRvevs teqstis dinebas. Tu Tqvens
sferoSi dasaSvebia Semokleba, wyaroebis umetesobisTvis SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT
erT-erTi sami variantidan:
-

mxolod

gverdebis

nomrebi.

SegiZliaT,

frCxilebSi

CasvaT

mxolod

gverdis nomeri (nomrebi) an adgilis mimaniSnebeli sxva elementi, Tu

mkiTxvels SeuZlia, iolad teqstidan amoicnos konkretuli wyaro an Tu
is

aris

magaliTSi,

Tqveni
hariet

kvlevis
biCer

ZiriTadi
stous

sagani

(rogorc

qvemoT,

pirvel

biZia Tomas qoxis Sesaxeb), an Tu

aRniSnavT avtors an saTaurs teqstSi.

227

sawyali joni! mogviTxrobs stou. `es sakmaod bunebrivi iyo; da cremlebi,

romlebic gadmoscvivda laparakisas, iseve bunebrivad wamovida, TiTqos
is TeTrkanians ekuTvnoda (169).
ernst kasireris aRniSnavs amas ena da miTSi (59-60).
-

avtori da gverdis nomeri. unda miuTiToT avtori da gverdis nomeri

(nomrebi) an adgilis aRmniSvneli sxva monacemi, Tu mkiTxveli iolad ver
amoicnobs wyaros teqstidan da Tu mocemuli avtoris mxolod erT
naSroms miuTiTebT.
erTi

swavlebis

informaciis

mixedviT,

yvelaze

`materialuri

obieqturi

wyaro,

kultura
romelic

SeiZleba,

gagvaCnia

iyos

amerikis

warsulis Sesaxeb (diTzi, 259), sxvebi ar eTanxmebian am mosazrebas.

-

saTauri da

gverdis nomeri.

unda

CasvaT

Semoklebuli

saTauri

da

gverdis nomeri (nomrebi) an adgilis aRmniSvneli sxva monacemi, Tu

mkiTxvels iolad SeuZlia avtoris amocnoba teqstidan da Tu mocemuli
avtoris erTze met naSroms miuTiTebT.
fiures

azriT,

msoflio

omiT

`meore

msoflio

didi

omma

daasrula

politikuri

is,

rac

religiebis

daiwyo

pirveli

dominireba

evropis

sazogadoebriv azrze (pasingi, 360).

Tu

naSromi

xSirad

gaqvT

miTiTebuli,

saTauri

unda

SeamokloT.

Tu

abreviatura ar aris TvalsaCino, unda daakonkretoT is, SeniSvnaSi pirveli

citirebisTvis.

(Tu

iyenebT

xuTze

met

aseT

abreviaturas

citirebebSi,

CamoTvaleT isini Tqveni naSromis calke nawilSi; ix. A.2.1.)

S: 2. fransua fiure, iluziis gaqroba: komunizmis idea meoce saukuneSi, margmn.
debora

fiure

(Cikago:

Cikagos

universitetis

gamomcemloba,

19990,

368

(citirebulia teqstSi rogorc Pl).

228

fiures TqmiT, `meore msoflio omiT dasrulda is, riTac daiwyo pirveli -didi politikuri religiebis dominireba evropis sazogadoebriv azrze (Pl, 360).
sagazeTo

statiebisTvis

da

sxva

saxis

wyaroebisTvis,

romlebSic

avtori,

saTauri da gverdis nomeri ar aris ZiriTadi amosacnobi elementi (ix. me-17

Tavis Sesabamisi nawilebi), saWiroebisamebr SecvaleT frCxilebSi Casmuli
SeniSvnis stili.
niu iork Taimsis statiaSi uzenaes sasamarTloSi gardaqmnebis Sesaxeb (2005
wlis 30 seqtemberi) linda grinhauzi warmoadgens msjelobas am tendenciebis
garSemo.

229

17 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili: specifikuri saxis wyaroebis miTiTeba

17.1 wignebi
17.1.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
17.1.2 saTauri
17.1.3 gamocema
17.1.4 tomi
17.1.5 seria
17.1.6. monacemebi gamocemis Sesaxeb
17.1.7 gverdis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia
17.1.8 Tavebi da wignis sxva dasaTaurebuli nawilebi
17.1.9 werilebi da sxva korespondencia gamoqveynebul krebulebSi
17.1.10 internetSi ganTavsebuli da sxva eleqtronuli wignebi

17.2 saJurnalo statiebi

17.2.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
17.2.2 statiis saTauri
17.2.3 Jurnalis saxelwodeba
17.2.4 informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb
17.2.5 gverdis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia
17.2.6 specialuri gamocemebi da damatebebi
17.2.7 internetSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi

17.3 popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi

17.4 sagazeTo statiebi
17.4.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli sakiTxebi
17.4.2 specialuri tipis sagazeTo miTiTebebi

230

17.5 gamoqveynebuli wyaroebis damatebiTi saxeebi

17.5.1

klasikuri,

Suasaukuneebis

da

adreuli

periodis

inglisuri

literaturuli Txzulebebi
17.5.2 biblia da sxva wminda werilebi
17.5.3 sacnobaro literatura
17.5.4 recenziebi, kritikuli statiebi
17.5.5 reziumeebi, mimoxilvebi
17.5.6 bukletebi da angariSebi
17.5.7 mikroformis gamocemebi
17.5.8 CD-ROM-ebi an DVD-ROM-ebi
17.5.9 onlain monacemTa bazebi
17.6 gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi
17.6.1 sakurso da sadisertacio naSromebi
17.6.2 Sexvedrebze wakiTxuli leqciebi da moxsenebebi
17.6.3 interviuebi da piradi mimowerebi
17.6.4 xelnawerTa koleqciebi

17.7 araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi

17.7.1 vebgverdebi
17.7.2 veblogebze gamoqveynebuli Canawerebi da komentarebi
17.7.3 adresatTa eleqtronuli misamarTebis siebi

17.8 wyaroebi saxviT da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi

17.8.1 vizualuri wyaroebi
17.8.2 cocxali Sesruleba
17.8.3 satelevizio programebi da sxva samauwyeblo wyaroebi
17.8.4 audioCanawerebi
17.8.5 videoCanawerebi
17.8.6 onlainmultimediuri failebi

231

17.8.7 teqstebi vizualur da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi

17.9 sajaro dokumentebi

17.9.1 Sesatani elementebi, maTi Tanmimdevroba da daformatebis wesi
17.9.2 kongresis publikaciebi
17.9.3 saprezidento publikaciebi
17.9.4 saxelmwifo departamentebisa da saagentoebis publikaciebi
17.9.5 aSS-is konstitucia
17.9.6 SeTanxmebebi, konvenciebi
17.9.7 sasamarTlo saqmeebi
17.9.8 saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis dokumentebi
17.9.9 kanadis mTavrobis dokumentebi
17.9.10 britaneTis mTavrobis dokumentebi
17.9.11 saerTaSoriso organoebis publikaciebi
17.9.12 gamouqveynebeli saxelmwifo dokumentebi
17.9.13 onlain sajaro dokumentebi

17.10 erTi wyaro, miTiTebuli meoreSi

meTeqvsmete

TavSi

warmodgenilia

gamoyenebiT

SeniSvnebis

sqolioSi

miTiTebis

nimuSi;

miTiTebis

agreTve,

sitlis

bibliografiis

muxlebi, sruli SeniSvnebi, mokle SeniSvnebi da frCxilebSi Casmuli

SeniSvnebi. Tu TqvenTvis
sakiTxisadmi

miZRvnil

ucnobia

Tavs,

citirebis

vidre

es

stili, gaecaniT am

SeudgebodeT

winamdebare

Tavis

wakiTxvas.
am TavSiki detaluradaaganxiluli, rogor unda SeadginoT SeniSvnebi da
bibliografiis muxlebi mravali tipis wyarosTvis. Tavi organizebulia
wyaroTa tipebis mixedviT, iwyeba yvelaze gavrcelebuli wyaroebiT -wignebiT

da

saJurnalo

statiebiT,

xolo

Semdeg

ganixilulia

sxva

gamoqveynebuli, gamouqveynebeli da Cawerili wyaroebi. wignebisadmi (17.1)

232

da

saJurnalo

siRrmiseulad

statiebisadmi
ganixileba

(17.2)

miZRvnil

variaciebi

iseT

nawilebSi

elementebSi,

ufro

rogoricaa

avtoris saxeli da gvari, saTaurebi/saxelwodebebi da URL-misamarTebi,

vidre naklebad gavrcelebuli wyaroebis Semcvel nawilebSi.
onlain da sxva eleqtronuli wyaroebi, romlebic nabeWdi wyaroebis
(magaliTad,
Sesabamisi

onlain
tipis

saJurnalo

wyaros.

statiebi)

`araoficialurad

analogiuria,

miekuTvneba

gamoqveynebul

(ix.

15.4.1)

wyaroebad CaTvlili sxva onlain wyaroebi ganixileba 17.7-Si.

nawilebis umravlesobaSeicavs sruli SeniSvnebisTvis (aRiniSneba `S-Ti)
da

bibliografiis

miTiTebebs

da

muxlebisTvis
magaliTebs.

(b)

gankuTvnil

zogierT

saxelmZRvanelo

SemTxvevaSi

magaliTebSi

warmodgenilia erTi da imave naSromis miTiTeba orive formiT, raTa

warmoCindes msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi maT Soris; sxva SemTxvevebSi
naCvenebia

gansxvavebuli

naSromebi,

raTa

warmoCindes

variaciebi

elementebSi, konkretuli saxis wyaroSic ki.

im tipis wyaros miTiTebisTvis, romelic ar aris am TavSi ganxiluli,
ixileT`Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos me-15 gamocemis (2003) me-17 Tavi.
SegiZliaT,

SeqmnaT

misadagebuli

qvemoT

sakuTari

moyvanil

stili.

principebTan

pedagogebis,

da

magaliTebTan

ganyofilebebis

da

universitetebis umravlesoba eTanxmeba amgvar adaptaciebs, TumaT am

ukanasknelebTan SeTanxmebiT gamoiyenebT.

17.1 wignebi

wignebi asaxavselementebis ufro farTo diapazons, vidre sxva tipis

gamoqveynebuli
variacia,

wyaroebis

romelic

umetesoba.

winamdebare

elementebSi

nawilSia

arsebuli

ganxiluli,

sxva

mravali
tipis

wyaroebsac Seesabameba.

233

17.1.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari

TiToeuli avtoris saxeli da gvari zustad ise miuTiTeT, rogorc
satitulo furcelzea warmodgenili. Tu saxeli da gvari moicavs erTze
met inicials, datoveT maT Soris sivrceebi (ix. 24.2.1).
SeniSvnebSi avtorebis saxelebi da gvarebi CamoTvaleT standartuli
rigiTobiT (pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT saxeli):
S: 1.

filip

boli,

dedamiwa

xasxasa

ferebSi:

xelovneba

da

feris

gamogoneba(niu-iorki: farari, Strausi da Jiro, 2001), 140.

6. T. h. brini, revoluciis forumi: samomxmareblo politikisroli
amerikis
damoukideblobaSi
(niu-iorki:
oqsfordis
universitetis
gamomcemloba, 2004),48.
8. Eelizabet a., naSromebis krebuli, red. li s. markusi, jenel
miuleri, da meri beT rouzi (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba,
2000), 102-4.

bibliografiismuxlebSi

avtorebis

saxelebi

da

gvarebi

CamowereT

Sebrunebuli TanmimdevrobiT (pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT gvari), zogierTi

arainglisuri saxelebis da gvarebisa da sxva SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT,
romlebic

ganmartebulia

qvemoT

miTiTebul

paragrafSi

`specialuri

tipis saxelebi da gvarebi

b:boli, filip. dedamiwa xasxasa ferebSi: xelovneba da feris gamogoneba.
niu-iorki: farari, Strausi da Jiro, 2001.
brini, T. h. revoluciis forumi: samomxmareblo politikis roli

amerikis

damoukideblobaSi.niu-iorki:

oqsfordis

universitetis

gamomcemloba, 2004.
elizabet a.naSromebis krebuli.redaqtirebulia li s. markusis, jenel
miuleris,

da

meri

beT

rouzis

mier.

Cikago:

Cikagos

universitetis

gamomcemloba, 2000.

ramdenime avtori.Tu wigns erTze meti avtori hyavs,SeniSvnaSi miuTiTeT

yvela

saxeli

da

gvari

standartuli

TanmimdevrobiT.

sami

an

meti

avtoris SemTxvevaSi `da-s win dausviT mZime. Tu oTxi an meti avtoria,

234

miuTiTeT mxolod pirveli avtoris saxeli da gvari, Semdeg ki da

sxvebi.(mZimis wamZRvarebis gareSe).
S:

2.

kai

berdi

da

martin

j.

Servini,

amerikis

promeTe:

j.

robert

openhaimeris triumfi da tragedia(niu-iorki: alfred a. knofi, 2005). 52.

3. jois eflbai, lin hanti, da margaret jeiqobi,simarTle istoriis
Sesaxeb(niu-iorki: u. u. nortoni&kompania, 1994), 135-36.
8. Jaklin daud holi da sxvebi. ojaxis msgavsad: samxreTis bambis
samyaros Seqmna (Cefel hili: CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1987), 114-15.

bibliografiis

muxlSimiuTiTeT

pirveli

avtoris

saxeli

da

gvari

Sebrunebuli TanmimdevrobiT, daurTeT mZime da CamoTvaleT danarCeni

avtorebi standartuli TanmimdevrobiT. miuTiTeT yvela avtori, maTi
raodenobis miuxedavad; ar gamoiyenoTda sxvebi.
b: berdi, kai, da martin j. Servini.amerikis promeTe: j. robert openhaimeris

triumfi da tragedia.niu-iorki: alfred a. knofi, 2005.

eflbai, jois, lin hanti, da margaret jeiqobi. simarTle istoriis
Sesaxeb.niu-iorki: u. u. nortoni& kompania, 1994.
holi, Jaklin daudi, jeims leloudisi, robert korstadi, meri merfi, lu
en jounsi, da kristofer b. deili. ojaxis msgavsad: samxreTis

bambis samyaros Seqmna.Cefel hili: CrdiloeT karolinasuniversitetis

gamomcemloba, 1987.

redaqtori

an

mTrgmneli

avtorTan

erTad.

Tu

satitulo

gverdze,avtoris garda, miTiTebulia redaqtori an mTargmneli, miuTiTeT

avtoris saxeli da gvari ise, rogorc aRwerilia zemoT. redaqtoris an
mTargmnelis saxeli da gvari daumateT wignis saxelwodebis Semdeg. Tu
wigns mTargmnelic hyavs da redaqtoric, miuTiTeT maTi saxelebi da
gvarebi imave TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc originalis satitulo gverdzea.
SeniSvnebSi redaqtoris an mTargmnelis saxelis da gvaris win CasviT
abreviatura red. (da arasdros red-ebi., vinaidan am konteqstSi igi
aRniSnavs `redaqtirebulia ... Xis mier da ara `redaqtori) an mTarg.

235

S:

6. iv bonifoi, axali da rCeuli leqsebi,red. jon noToni da enToni

rudolfi (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1995), 35.
7. rigoberta menCu, sazRvris gadalaxva, mTarg. da red. en vraiTi(niuiorki: gamomcemlobaeerso, 1999), 50-51.
10. Teodor u. adorno da volter benjamini. sruli mimowera, 1928-1940,
red. henri lonici, mTarg. nikolas uoqeri (kembriji, masaCusetsi:
harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999), 212.

bibliografiis statiebSi redaqtoris an mTargmnelis saxelis da gvaris

win CasviT fraza redaqtirebulia ... mier an Targmnilia ... mier.
b:bonefoi, iv. axali da rCeuli leqsebi.redaqtirebulia jon noTonis da

enToni
rudolfis
gamomcemloba, 1995.
menCu,

mier.

Cikago:

Cikagos

universitetis

sazRvrebis
gadalaxva.
Targmnili
redaqtirebuliaen vraiTis mier. niu-iorki: verso. 1999.
rigoberta.

da

adorno, Teodor u., da uolter benjamini. sruli mimowera, 1928-1940

redaqtirebulia henri
uoqeris mier.kembriji,
gamomcemloba,1999.

lonicis mier. Targmnilia nikolas

masaCusetsi: harvardis universitetis

rodesac satitulo furcelze redaqtori an mTargmneli miTiTebulia

rTuli aRweriT, magaliTad, `redaqtirebulia, SesavliT da SeniSvnebiT,
... X-is mier an `Targmnilia, winasityvaobiT ...X-is mier, SegiZliaT am
frazis

gamartiveba

da

mxolod

`redaqtirebulia...X-is

mier

an

,,Targmnilia ...X-is mier gamoyeneba, Semdgom ki zemoT moyvanilinimuSebis

mixedviT dawera. sazogadod, Tu winasityvaoba an Sesavali dawerilia
ara avtoris, aramed sxva romelime piris mier, ar aris aucilebeli am
pirovnebis miTiTeba, Tu specialurad ar moixseniebT am nawils (ix. 17.1.8).
im SemTxvevebisTvis, rodesac avtoris saxeli da gvari miTiTebulia
wignis saxelwodebaSi,xolo redaqtoris saxeli da gvari satitulo
furcelze,

ixileT

qvemoT

mocemuli

,,avtorTan

dakavSirebuli

damatebiTi situaciebi.
236

redaqtori an mTrgmneli avtoris nacvlad. rodesac redaqtori an

mTargmneli miTiTebulia wignis satitulo furcelze avtoris nacvlad,
CawereT

am

pirovnebis

saxeli

da

gvari

avtorisTvis

gankuTvnil

adgilas.dawereT iseve, rogorc dawerdiT avtoris saxels da gvars (ix.

zemoT), Tumca, daumateT abreviatura red. ed. (mravlobiTSi red.-ebi) an
mTarg.(mravlobiTSi mTarg.-ebi) gvaris da saxelis Semdeg. Tu redaqtori
an

mTargmneli

ramdenimea,

ixelmZRvaneleT`ramdenime

avtorSi

Camoyalibebuli principebiT.
S:

3. Teodor silverStaini, mTargm., ser geveini da mwvane raindi(Cikago:

UCikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1974), 34.
4. timoTi e. fulopi da albert j. raboto, red.-ebi,afroamerikuli

religia: ganmartebiTi eseebi istoriisa da kulturis Temebze(niuiorki:gamomcemloba `ruTleji, 1997), 412-14.

b:silverStaini, Teodor, mTargm. ser geveini da mwvane raindi.Cikago: Cikagos

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1974.

fulop, timoTi, e., da albert j. raboto, red.-ebi. afroamerikuli

religia:

ganmartebiTi eseebi istoriisa da kulturis Temebze.niu-

iorki:

gamomcemloba `ruTleji,1997

avtorTan

dakavSirebuli

warmogidgenTwyaroebSi

damatebiTi

avtorebis

miTiTebis

situaciebi.
zogierT

qvemoT
damatebiT

saSualebas. Tu waawydebiT SemTxvevebs, romlebsac aq ar SevxebivarT,

mimarTeT models, romelic migaCniaT masTan yvelaze axlos.
-

avtoris saxeli da gvari saTaurSi. Tu avtoris saxeli da gvari

miTiTebulia iseTi wignis saTaurSi an qvesaTaurSi, rogoricaa
avtobiografia, SeniSvnaSi gamotoveT avtoris saxeli da gvari da
daiwyeT saTauriT. xolo bibliografiis muxlSi CasviT avtoris
saxeli da gvari,gameorebis miuxedavad. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mraval msgavs naSromebs redaqtorebic hyavs, nu miuTiTebT maT
saxelsa da gvars redaqtoris saxelis qveS, garda gansakuTrebuli
SemTxvevebisa (magaliTad, am pirovnebis mier redaqtirebuli
naSromebis Seswavlisas).

237

12. general u. T. Sermanis memuarebi, red. Carlz roisteri (niu-

S:

iorki: amerikis biblioTeka, 1990), 836.

15. sinaTle da Ramis elvareba: qarson makqulersis daumTavrebeli

avtobiografia,

red.

karlos

l.

diusi

(medisoni:

viskonsinis

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999), 54.

b:Sermani, u. T. general u. T. Sermanis memuarebi. redaqtirebulia Carlz

roisteris mier. niu-iorki: amerikis biblioTeka, 1990.

ganaTeba
da
Ramis
elvareba:
qarson
makulers,
karson.
makqulersisdaumTavrebeli
avtobiografia.
redaqtirebulia
karlos l. diusis mier. medisoni: viskonsinis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1999.

organizacia, rogorc avtori. Tu organizaciis, asociaciis,

komisiis an korporaciis mier gamoSvebuli publikaciis satitulo
furcelze ar aris miTiTebuli avtoris saxeli da gvari, avtorad
miuTiTeT sakuTriv organizacia, maSinac ki, rodesac igi
miTiTebulia, rogorc gamomcemeli.

S:9. jandacvis

msoflio

organizacia, fsiqikuri

janmrTelobis

dacvis

momsaxurebis organizacia(Jeneva: jandacvis msoflio organizacia, 2003),

50.

b:

SeerTebul

Statebze

teroristuli

Tavdasxmebis

erovnuli

komisia.11

seqtembris komisiis angariSi. niu-iorki: gamomcemloba u. u. nortoni

dakompania, 2004.

fsevdonimi.ixmareT farTod gamoyenebuli fsevdonimi, rogorc

avtoris namdvili saxeli da gvari. Tu namdvili saxeli da gvari
ucnobia,kvadratul frCxilebSi, fsevdonimis Semdeg daurTeT
fsevd.

S:16.mark tveni,ufliswuli da maTxovari: nawarmoebi nebismieri asakis

axalgazrdisaTvis(niu-iorki: gamomcemlobaharper en brazersi, 1899). 34.

238

b:sentineli

(fsevd.).

absoluturi

`werilebi.naSromSi

redaqtirebulia

herbert

j.

storingis

mier.

antifederalisti,
Cikago:

Cikagos

universitetis gamomcemloba. 1981.

anonimi avtori. Tu avtori cnobilia an xvdebian avtoris vinaobas,

magramigi ar moixsenieba wignis satitulo furcelze, daurTeT
saxeli da gvari frCxilebSi (kiTxvis niSniT, raTa aRniSnoT, rom
darwmunebuli ara xarT). Tu avtori an redaqtori ucnobia,
moerideT sityvis `anonimi xmarebas saxelis da gvaris adgilas da
SeniSvna an bibliografiis muxli saTauriT daiwyeT.

S: 22. [ebenezer kuki?],plantatoris sarke(anapolisi, 17301,5-6.

A virjiniaSi dawyebuli plantaciis miznebis da Sedegebis

namdvili da gulwrfeli gancxadeba, ra doneze iqna miRweuli da ra
saSualebebiT moxda maTi xelSewyoba (1610),17.
31.

b:[ebenezer kuki?], plantatoris sarke.anapolisi. 1730.virjiniaSi dawyebuli

plantaciis miznebis da Sedegebis namdvili da gulwrfeli

gancxadeba, ra doneze iqna miRweuli da ra saSualebebiT moxda
maTi xelSewyoba. 1610.
gansakuTrebuli tipis saxelebi.zogjer advili ar aris, gavarCioT,
romelia

avtoris

saxeli

da

romeli

gvari.

cnobili

istoriuli

avtorebis vinaoba daazusteT meriam vebsteris biografiul leqsikonSi

(Merriam-Websters Biographical Dictionary);

Tanamedrove

avtorebis

vinaobis

dasazusteblad CaixedeT Tqveni biblioTekis onlain katalogSi. qvemoT

mocemulia amgvari, rTulad amosacnobi saxelebis da gvarebis anbanis
mixedviT dawyobis zogadi principebi. Semoklebul an frCxilebSi Casmul
SeniSvnebSi CasviT gvari(last name) zustad Sebrunebuli formiT (rogorc
es qvemoTaa naCvenebi msxvili SriftiT).
-

Sedgenili
gvarebi.
Sedgenili
gvarebi,
defisiani
gvarebis
CaTvliT,daawyveT anbanuri wesiT, kompozitis pirveli nawilis
mixedviT. Tu gaTxovili qali iyenebs rogorc sakuTar, ise meuRlis
gvars, defisis gareSe daawyveT anbanuri wesiT meore gvaris
mixedviT. mraval ucxo enaSiadvili amosacnobia kompozituri

239

saxelebi (ix. qvemoT), Tumca aris iseTi enebi, magaliTad, franguli

da germanuli, sadac ase ar xdeba.
Kkesler-harisi, alis

mies van der rohe,ludvigi

Hhine, darlinklarki
-

teilar de Sardeni, pier

nawilakiani saxelebi. ama Tu im enidan gamomdinare, iseTi

nawilakebi, rogoricaa de, di, d da van, SeiZleba an ar SeiZleba,
CaiTvalos gvaris pirvel nawilad anbanuri wesiT dawyobisas.
CaixedeT zemoT miTiTebul erT-erT wyaroSi, Tu ar xarT
darwmunebuli, rogor unda moiqceT konkretuli saxelis daweris
dros. gaiTvaliswineT, rom nawilakebi SeiZleba,daweriliiyos
nusxuri an mTavruli asoebiT, zog maTgans ki mosdevdes
apostrofi.
de goli, Carlz

bovuari, simon de

di leonardo, Mmiqaela

kuningi, uilem de

van renseleri, stefan

MmediCi, lorenco de

-,,mak-iT, ,,sent-iT an ,,o-Ti dawyebuli gvarebi. ,,mak-iT, ,,sent-iT an ,,o-

Tidawyebul gvarebs SeiZleba. daalageT yvela es gvari anbanuri wesiT

faqtobrivad arsebuli asoebis safuZvelze; nu daajgufebT maT imis
gamo, rom isini msgavsia.
-

saxelebi
da
gvarebi
enebSi,
garda
inglisurisa.
mraval
enaSisaxelebis darqmevis pirobiTobebi gansxvavdeba inglisur enaSi
arsebulTagan. Tu Tqveni naSromi Seicavs romelime konkretuli
enis bevr saxelsa da gvars, SeiswavleT am enis pirobiTobebi.

mravali espanuri gvari Sedgenilia da Seicavs pirovnebis mamis da dedis

gvarebs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebulia kavSiriT ,,i. daalageT
aseTi gvarebi anbanuri wesiT pirveli nawilis mixedviT.
ortega i gaseti, xose

,,al-

an

anbanuri

,,el-

sanCez mendoza, xuana

nawilakebiT

wesiT,nawilakis

dawyebuli

momdevno

arabuli

elementis

gvarebi

daawyveT

mixedviT.

gvarebi,

romlebic iwyeba nawilakebiT ,,abu, ,,abd da ,,ibn msgavsia inglisuri

240

gvarebisa,

romlebic

iwyeba

,,mak-iT an ,,sent-iT

da

unda

daawyoT

anbanuri wesiT am elementebis mixedviT.

hakim, tavfiq al-

abu zafar nadvi, sied

Jamal, muhamed hamid al-

ibn saud, aziz

Tu avtori, romelic Cinur an iaponur gvars atarebs, xelmZRvanelobs

tradiciuli wesiT (gvari, romelsac mosdevs darqmeuli saxeli _family
name followed by given name),nu dasvamT saxels gvaris win an mZimes saxelsa
da gvars Soris. Tu avtori xelmZRvanelobs dasavluri wesiT (saxels
mosdevs gvari), dawereT, rogorc gvar-saxeli.

tradiciuli wesi

dasavluri wesi

Caovu-Ci

cou, Tang

ioSida Sigeru

kurosava, noriaki

17.1.2 saTauri
CamoTvaleT wignebis sruli saTaurebi da qvesaTaurebi. dawereT orive
daxrili SriftiT da gamoyaviT saTauri qvesaTaurisgan orwertiliT. Tu
ori

qvesaTauria,

pirveliswin

dasviT

orwertili,

meores

win

ki

wertilmZime.
S:5. ian

h.

kalicki

da

devid

l.

goldvini,

red.-ebi,energetika

da

usafrTxoeba: sagareo politikaSi axali strategiisken(baltimori:

joh hopkinsis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005), 195-96.
b:ahmed,leila. AsazRvargareT mogzauroba: kairodan amerikaSi: erTi
qalis mogzaurobis istoria. niu-iorki:fareri, strausi da Jiro,
1999.

datoveT
ganlageba

ucvlelad
da

originali

punqtuacia,

ori

saTaurisdamwerloba,

defisebis

gamonaklisis

SecvaleT

garda:

sityvebi,romlebic mTlianad mTavruli asoebiT aris dawerili (garda

inicialuri abreviaturebis an aqronimebisa; ix. Tavi 24) didi da patara
asoebiT da SecvaleT ampersandi (&) da-Ti. ricxvebi dawereT sityvierad

241

ancifrebiT, originalis Sesabamisad (meTormete saukune an me-12 saukune),

Tu umjobesi ar iqna maTi siis sxva saTaurebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana.
wignis Tavebis da sxva nawilebis saTaurebTan dakavSirebiT ix. 17.1.8.
saTaurebSi

arsebuli

specialuri

elementebi.

specialur

gaformebas

saWiroebs saTaurebSi arsebuli ramdenime elementi.

-

TariRebi. gamoiyeneT mZimesaTaurSi an qvesaTaurSi TariRebis

gamosayofad,
original
wyaroSi
punqtuaciis
ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSic. Tu wyaroSi miTiTebul TariRebs axlavs afiqsi (1920idan 1945-mde) an orwertili, ixelmZRvaneleT wyaroSi gamoyenebuli
wesiT.

S: 5. uolter a. makdugali, Tavisufleba Zalian axlos aris: amerikis

axali istoria, 1525-1828 (niu-iorki: gamomcemlobaharper kolinsi, 2004),

333-34.

landSafti: bunebis ganaSenianeba

preistoriuli xanidan Tanamedrove periodamde. me-3 gam. niu-

b:jeliko,

jefri,

da

siuzan

jeliko.

iorki: gamomcemloba Temsi da hudsoni, 1995.

saTaurebi da miTiTebebi saTaurebSi. rodesac erTi naSromis

saTauri,
romelic,
rogorc
wesi,
daxrili
SriftiT
iwereba,miTiTebulia sxva naSromis daxrili SriftiT warmodgenil
saTaurSi, CasviT miTiTebuli saTauri brWyalebSi. Tu is saTaurSi
Cveulebrivad brWyalebSia Casmuli, datoveT brWyalebi.

S: 22. celiaeflgeiTi, baxi berlinSi: qveyana da kultura mendelsonis "wm.

maTes vnebaSi " (Ithaca: kornelis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005), 25.

b: makhiu, roland. `fineganis samZimris SeniSvnebi. me-2 gam.baltimori: jon

hopkinsis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1991.

Tumca, rodesac miTiTeba gamoiyeneba wignis srul mTavar saTaurad,

nuRar CasvamT mas brWyalebSi.

242

8. sem svoufi. me var fanqari: maswavlebeli, moswavleebi da maTi

S:

istoriebi(niu-iorki: henri holti da kompania. 2004), 108-9.

b:Cernofi,jon m. TaRliToba ar aris qurdoba: afrikeli meZavi gogonas

Tavgadasavali.Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 2003.

-

daxrili SriftiT mocemuli terminebi. daxrili SriftiTdabeWdil

saTaurSi
SemavaliiseTiterminebi,
rogoricaa
saxeobebis
saxelwodebebi
an
gemebis
saxelebi,
romlebic
teqstSi
Cveulebrivad daxrili SriftiT aris mocemuli, warmoadgineT
swori SriftiT.

S: 7. T. hiupeningtoni, rodesac sakvebi sikvdils iwvevs: Zroxis cofi, e.

dakatastrofebis

koli,

raoba(niu-iorki:

oqsfordis

universitetis

gamomcemloba, 2003), 15.

b:lex, raimond b. SeerTebuli Statebis xomaldis -- indianapolisistragikuli

xvedri.SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvao flotis yvelaze cudi

katastrofa. niu-iorki: gamomcemloba kuper squearis gamomcemloba,
2001.

S:

kiTxvis da Zaxilis niSnebi. rodesac saTauri an qvesaTauri

mTavrdeba kiTxvis an Zaxilis niSniT, mas aranairi sxva sasveni
niSani ar mosdevs.
26. Tomas franki, ra xdeba kanzasSi? rogor moiges konservatorebma

amerikelebis guli(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba `Metropolitan Books, 2004), 250-51.

b:aaron,

ratom aris
ase rTuli daxmarebebis
reformis
ganxorcieleba? vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi: gamomcemloba bruqings
henri.

institusenis gamomcemloba, 1973.

Zveli

saTaurebi.meTvramete

saukuneSi

an

ufro

adrindel

periodSi

gamoqveynebuli naSromebis saTaurebSiSeinarCuneT originalSi arsebuli

punqtuacia da damwerloba. agreTve, SeinarCuneT originali nawarmoebis
mTavruli asoebiT damwerloba maSinac ki, Tu ar Seesabameba saTaurebis
stils. Tumca, sityvebi, romlebic mTlianad mTavruli asoebiT aris
243

dawerili,

unda

daiweros.

Tu

Seicvalos

saTauri

da

Zalian

mTavruliT
grZelia,

mxolod

SegiZliaT,

sawyisi

asoebi

SeamokloT

da,

imavdroulad, miawodoT mkiTxvelebs sakmarisi informacia, raTa maT

moZebnon

sruli

saTauri

biblioTekaSi

an

gamomcemlis

katalogSi.

mianiSneT saTaurebSi gamotovebuli adgilebi sami

wertilis CasmiT. Tu

gamotovebuli

saTauris

adgili

bibliografiis

muxlSi

boloSia,

gamoiyeneT oTxi wertili (samwertili da wertili; ix. 25.3.2).

S:

19.

topografiuli, zneobrivi da fiziologiuri

dakvirvebebi: beneluqsis qveynebis nawilSi, germaniaSi, italiasa da
safrangeTSi mogzaurobis Sedegad: im mcenareebis katalogiT,
romlebic inglisis adgilobriv saxeobebs ar miekuTvneba... rasac
erTvis `baton fransis uilugbis mokle monaTxrobi, misi mogzauroba
espaneTSi([londoni], 1673), 15.
jon

rei,

b:Eeskalante, bernardino. portugalielebis mier msoflios aRmosavleTSi

mdebare saxelmwifoebsa da provinciebSi mogzaurobis istoria.....

Targmnilia jon fremfTonis mier. londoni, 1579.

arainglisuri
ixelmZRvaneleT

arainglisuri

saTaurebi.
Sesabamis

enaSi

sakuTari

saTaurebis
arsebiTi

SemTxvevaSi
saxelebis

da

zedsarTavi saxelebis mTavruli asoebiT daweris arsebuli principebiT.

Tu ar icnobT am principebs, mimarTeT sando wyaros.
S:

3.

Jan-fransualamarSidaiv
seinT-amani,Les relationspubliques: Dans unesociete en mouvance(Sainte-Foy, QC: Presses de I'Universite de
Quebec, 1998), 15.
6. liliana piletiCstoianoviCi, red. Gutfreund i ceski kubizam (Belgrade: Muzej
daniel

maisonevi,

savremene umetnosti, 1971), 54-55.

b:kroun-Smalci, gebriel. nawarmoebSi:Wahrheitsind wir starker: Frauenalltag inder

Sowjetunion.Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1992.

244

Tu

saTaurs

qarTul

Targmans

daurTavT,

moaTavseT

igioriginalis

Semdeg. CasviT frCxilebSi, daxrili Sriftis an brWyalebis gareSe,

dawereT mTavruli asoebiT winadadebis stilis mixedviT.
S:

7. henrik verezicki, Koniec sojuszu trzech cesarzy [sami imperatoris ligis

dasasruli] (varSava: PWN, 1977), 5.

b:Zhongguo renkou tongji nianjian 1996 [CineTis mosaxleobis

weliwdeuli, 1996w.]. pekini: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1996.

statistikuri

Tu gesaWiroebaT rogorc originalis, ise, misi Targmanis miTiTeba,

gamoiyeneT erT-erTi qvemoT moyvanili forma, imis mixedviT, raze gsurT
mkiTxvelis yuradRebis gamaxvileba _ originalze Tu Targmanze.
b:fure, fransua. Le passe d'une illusion. parizi: gamomcemloba `Editions Robert
Laffont,1995. Targmnilia debora fures mier, rogorc iluziis gaqroba
(Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999).

an
fure, fransua. The Passing of an Illusion. Targmnilia debora fures mier.
Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999. Tavdapirvelad
gamoqveynebulia saTauriT Le passe d'une illusion (parizi: gamomcemloba
`Editions Robert Laffont, 1995).

17.1.3 gamocema
termin

gamocemas

aqvs

ramdenime

mniSvneloba

da

yvela

maTgani

gamomdinareobs im faqtidan, rom zogi naSromi araerTxel gamoicema, maT

SinaarsSi an/da formatSi Setanili cvlilebebiT. Tu miuTiTebT wigns,
romelic gamoqveynda araerTi gamocemis saxiT, yovelTvis miuTiTeT,
romeligamocemiT
gansxvavebuli

iyos.

isargebleT,
(Tu

qvemoT

vinaidan
aRwerili

gamocemebi
niSnebidan

arc

SeiZleba,
erTi

ar

miesadageba wigns, SegiZliaT,CaTvaloT, rom igi pirveli gamocemaa, ris

miTiTebac ar xdeba).
245

ganaxlebuli gamocemebi. rodesac wigni xelaxla gamoicema SinaarsSi

Sesuli

mniSvnelovani

`ganaxlebuli

an

cvlilebebiT,

`Semdgomigamocema.

mas
es

SeiZleba,vuwodoT

informacia,

rogorc

wesi,ganTavsebulia wignis satitulo furcelze da meordeba, gamocemis

TariRTan erTad, saavtoro uflebebis gverdze.
pirvelis garda sxva gamocemis miTiTebisas, saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT
gamocemis

rigiTi nomeri an aRwera. SeamokleT iseTi formulireba,

rogoricaa `meore gamocema, ganaxlebuli da gavrcobili, rogorc `me-2

gamoc.

SeamokleT

`ganaxlebuli

gamocema

rogorc

`ganax.

gamoc.;

aRweras daurTeT mxolod miTiTebuli gamocemis da ara sxva nebismieri

wina gamocemis gamoqveynebis TariRi (ix. 17.1.6).
S:

1. pol j. bolTi, deimonv. koleta, dakolinz j. Sekelfordi umcr.,

amerikis

Tavdacvis

politika,me-8

gam.

(baltimori:

jon

hopkinsis

universitetis gamomcemloba. 2005), 157-58.

b:deniels, rojer. amerikaSi Camosaxleba: amerikis cxovrebaSi imigraciis
da eTnikuri faqtoris istoria. me-2 gam.niu-iorki: gamomcemloba
harper pereniali, 2002.
babi, florenc. mindvridan samzareulomde: mewarme qalebis politikuri
ekonomika peruSi. ganax. gam.ostini: texasis universitetis gamomcemloba,
1989.

gadabeWdili

gamocemebi.

SesaZlebelia,

agreTve,

wignis

xelaxla

gamocema axal formatSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, rbilydini gamocema

(gamoqveynebuli Tavdapirveli an sxva gamomcemlis mier) an eleqtronuli
forma

(ix.

minimalurad

17.1.10).

maSinac

iyosSecvlili

ki,

roca

wignis

originalTan

Sinaarsi

SedarebiT,

SesaZloa,
miuTiTeT

gadabeWdili gamocema, Tu mas eyrdnobodiT. SeiZleba,isurvoT, miuTiToT,

rom

es

gadabeWdili

gamocemaa,

gansakuTrebiT,

Tu

igi

gamoqveynda

Tavdapirveli gamocemidan erT an orze meti wlis Semdeg an klasikuri

nawarmoebis

Tanamedrove

nabeWdi

gamocemaa.

am

SemTxvevaSi

miuTiTeT

246

rogorc originali gamocemis, ise, im gamocemis publikaciis TariRebi,

romelic Tqven gamoiyeneT (ix. 17.1.6).
piter vard fei. opiumis omi, 1840-1842 (1975; gadabeW.,
hili:CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba, 1997), 67-68.

S: 23.

Cefel

b:emerson, ralf valdo. buneba. 1836. gadabeW., bostoni: gamomcemloba

bikoni, 1985.
17.1.4 tomi
Tu

wigni

mravaltomiani

naSromis

nawilia,

CarTeT

es

informacia

miTiTebebSi.
konkretuli tomi. is, Tu rogor miuTiTebT mravaltomiani naSromis
konkretul

toms,

damokidebulia

imaze,

aqvs

Tu

ara

toms

mTeli

naSromisgan gansxvavebuli saTauri. Tu asea, miuTiTeT konkretuli tomis

saTauri, mis Semdeg ki rogorc tomis nomeri, ise, zogadi saTauri.
SeamokleT tomi (t.) da tomis nomrebisTvis gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi.
S:

10.

qristianuli doqtrina da Tanamedrove

kultura
(1700
wlidan),
qristianuli
tradicia:
doqtrinis
ganviTarebis istoria,t. 5(Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba,
iaroslav

pelikani.

1989). 16.

b:pelikani, iaroslav. qristianuli doqtrina da Tanamedrove kultura (1700

wlidan). qristianuli tradicia: doqtrinis ganviTarebis istoria,

t. 5.Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1989.
Tu

tomebs

ar

aqvs

individualuri

saTaurebi

da

Tqven

miuTiTebT

mxolod erT-erT maTgans, bibliografiis muxls daumateT tomis nomeri.

(ix. qvemoT, rogor unda miuTiToT mTlianad mravaltomiani naSromi).
SeniSvnaSi CasviT tomis nomeri (t.-s gareSe) uSualod gverdis nomris
win da ganacalkeveT isini orwertiliTSualeduri intervalis gareSe.

247

36. muriel

S:

sT.

kler

birni,

red.,lislis

werilebi

(Cikago:

Cikagos

Cikago:

Cikagos

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1981), 4:243.

b:birni,

muriel

sT.

kler,

red.

lislis

werilebi.

t.

4.

universitetis gamomcemloba,1981.

zogmravaltomeul naSroms hyavs rogorc saerTo redaqtori, ise yoveli

tomis redaqtori an avtori. aseTi naSromebis nawilebis miTiTebisas,
daurTeT

informacia

redaqtoris

an

avtoris

Sesaxeb

(ix.

17.1.1)

konkretuli tomis saTuris Semdeg da tomis nomris da saerTo saTauris

win. qvemoT warmodgenili pirveli magaliTi gviCvenebs,agreTve, rogor
unda mivuTiToT erTze met fizikur nawilad gamoqveynebuli tomi (t. 2,
w. 3).
S:

40.barbara

e.

mundi,

,,centraluri

amerikis

kartografia".naSromSikartografia

afrikis,
amerikis,
arqtikis,
avstraliis da wynari okeanis auzis tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, red.
devid vudvordi da j. malkolm luisi, `kartografiis istoria t. 2, w. 3,
red. j. braian harli da devid vudvordi (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1998), 233.
b:doni, jon. iubileebi"redaqtirebulia geri a. strinjeris da Ted lari
pebvorTis mier. jon donis poeziis gamocema sxvadasxva teqstiT, t. 6,
redaqtirebulia

geri

a.

sTrinjeris

mier.

blumingToni:

indianas

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1995.

mTliani

mravaltomeuli

naSromi.

Tu

SeniSvnebSi

miuTiTebT

mravaltomeuli naSromis erTze met toms, bibliografiaSi SegiZliaT

mTliani

naSromis

miTiTeba.

(Tu

naSromi

Seicavs

rogorc

mTliani

naSromis, aseve, konkretuli tomebis saTaurebs an redaqtorebs, rogorc

zemoT

iyo

aRwerili,

meti

sizustisTvissaWiroa

tomebis

saTiTaod

miTiTeba).miuTiTeT saTauri da tomebis saerTo raodenoba, xolo, Tu

tomebi gamoicemoda ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, miuTiTeTgamoqveynebis
TariRebis sruli periodi.

248

aristoteles naSromebis sruli krebuli: oqsfordis

ganaxlebuli Targmani. redaqtirebulia j. barnsis mier. 2 tomi.
prinstoni, niu-jersi: prinstonis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1983.

b:aristotele.

TiltiCi,

sistematuri

pol.

Teologia.

tomi.

Cikago:

Cikagos

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1951-63.

17.1.5 seria
Tu miTiTebuli wigni aris oficialuri seriis nawili, ar gevalebaT
seriis Sesaxeb informaciis miTiTeba, magram SegiZliaT amis Taobaze
garkveuli an sruli informaciis darTva, raTa daexmaroT mkiTxvelebs
wyaros adgilis an misi sandoobis dadgenaSi. moaTavseT es informacia
saTauris Semdeg (da, aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, gamocemis da tomis
Sesaxeb informaciis Semdeg) da publikaciis monacemebis win.
yvelaze sasargeblo informacias seriis Sesaxeb Seicavs misi saTauri.
warmoadgineT igi swori SriftiT, saTauris mTavruli asoebiT daweris
stilSi. Tu seriis tomebi danomrilia, SegiZliaT,daurToT miTiTebuli
naSromis nomeri seriis saTauris Semdeg. seriis redaqtoris saxeli da
gvari xSirad gamotovebulia, magram SegiZliaT misi miTiTeba seriis
saTauris Semdeg.
S:

7.gerSon devid hunderti, ebraelebi poloneTis qalaqSi: otapovis

istoria
meTvramete
saukuneSi,
jon
hopkinsis
universitetis
iudaistikis fakulteti (baltimori: jon hopkinsis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1992), 113.
b:markmani, Carlzu. Cikago winaistoriul periodSi: Tanamedrove qalaqebis

preistoriuli

periodis

kvlevebi

springfildi:

7.

arqeologia.

ilinoisis

arqeologiuri

ilinoisisistoriuli

memkvidreobis

dacvissaagento, 1991.
isenbergi,

nensi.

winadroindelamerikaSi.

sqesidamoqalaqeobasamoqalaqo
Ggenderi

da

amerikuli

omis
kultura,

redaqtirebulia linda qerberis da nel irvin feinTeris mier. Cafel

hili: CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998.

249

zogi danomrili seria imdeni xania arsebobs, rom danomvra Tavidan

iwyeba. axali seriiswignebi miTiTebuliaax. ser. (axali serioebi), me-2

ser. (me-2 seriebi) an sxva msgavsi aRniSvniT, romelic, rogorc wesi,

moTavsebulia

seriis

nomris

win

da

gamoyofilia

mZimeebiT.

Zveli

seriiswignebi ase aRiniSneba, Zv. ser. (Zveli seriebi), pir. ser. (pireli

seriebi) da a.S.
S:

3.

Carlzr.

boqseri,

red.

samxreT

CineTi

meTeqvsmete

saukuneSi,

Hhaklutis sazogadoebis gamomcemloba. me-2 ser. 106 (londoni, 1953), 44.

b:palmatari, elen s. braziliis kunZul maraios keramikis nawarmi. amerikis

filosofosTa sazogadoebis naSromebi, ax. ser. 39. naw. 3. filadelfia,
1950.

17.1.6 monacemebi gamocemis Sesaxeb

monacemebi gamocemis Sesaxeb, Cveulebriv, moicavs sam elements: gamocemis
adgils (qalaqi), gamomcemlis saxelwodebas da gamocemis TariRs (weli).
SeniSvnebSi

es

elementebi

Tavsdeba

frCxilebSi;

bibliografiis

statiebSi ara.
S:

1. jared daiamondi,iaraRi, baqteriebidafoladi: adamianTa xvedri(niuiorki: gamomcemloba nortoni da kompania, 1997), 47.

b: daiamondi, jared. iaraRi, baqteriebi da foladi: adamianTa xvedri.niuiorki: gamomcemloba nortoni da kompani, 1997.

iseT wignebis miTiTebisas, romlebic gamoqveynda meoce saukunemde an

romelTa Sesaxebac informacia sakuTriv naSromSi ar Cndeba, SegiZliaT
gamotovoT

da

ar

miuTiToTgamomcemlobis

saxelwodeba,

agreTve,

gamocemis adgilebi.
S: 32. Carlz lembi, Eelias eseebi(1823), 5-6.
b:

lembi, Carlz. elias eseebi. 1823.

250

gamoqveynebis

adgili

adgili.gamocemis

aris

qalaqi,

sadac

gamomcemlobis mTavari redaqcia mdebareobs; igi, rogorc wesi, mieTiTeba

satitulo gverdze, zogjer ki saavtoro uflebebis Semcvel gverdze. iq,
sadac ori an orze meti qalaqia miTiTebuli (magaliTad, `Cikago da
londoni), miuTiTeT mxolod pirveli qalaqi.
los-anJelesi: pol geTis fondis gamomcemloba
niu-iorki: kolumbiis universitetis gamomcemloba
mkiTxvelisTvis SesaZloa, ucnobi iyos gamocemis qalaqian aerios imave
saxelis matarebel sxva qalaqSi, amitom daumateT mas Statis (ix. 24.3.1),
mxaris

an

(Tu

saWiroa)

qveynis

abrevitura.

rodesac

gamomcemlobis

saxelwodeba Seicavs Statis (qveynis) saxels, aRar aris saWiro Statis

(qveynis) abreviaturis darTva.
CeSairi, koneqtikuti:grafiqs gamomcemloba
harmondsvorTi, gaerTianebuli samefo:penguin buqsis gamomcemloba
kembriji, masaCusetsi: em-ai-Ti presis gamomcemloba
Cefel hili: CrdiloeT karolinis universitetis gamomcemloba

gamoiyeneT ucxo qveynebis qalaqebis Tanamedrove, farTod xmarebuli

inglisuri saxelebi.
vaSingtoni da ara uoSingtoniCikago da ara Siqago
rodesac publikaciis adgili ucnobia, SegiZliaT,gamoiyenoT abreviatura

ucn. (ucnobi) gamomcemlis saxelis win. Tu iciT adgili, magram ar xarT

darwmunebuli

sizusteSi,

CasviT

is

kvadratul

frCxilebSi

kiTxvis

niSniT.
ucn.: uinZori.
[leiq blafi, ilinoisi?): vlieti da eduardsi.
gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba miuTiTeT zustad ise, rogorc mocemulia
wignis satitulo furcelze, maSinac, rodesac TqvenTvis cnobilia, rom

251

saxelwodeba Semdeg Seicvala an Tqvens bibliografiaSi Setanil sxva

wignebSi sxvadasxvagvarad

saxeldeba.

harkot breis end uoldi

harkot brei iovanoviCi
harkot, breisi
Tumca,

adgilis

gamotoveba,

dazogvis

rogoricaa

pasuxismgeblobis

mizniT,
korp.

SegiZliaT,iseTi

Sps

(korporacia),

sazogadoeba),

komp.

abreviaturebis

(kompania)

da

(SezRuduli
sagamomc.

komp.

(sagamomcemlo kompania).

Tu

hafton mifini

da ara

hafton mifinis korp.

litl, braun

da ara

litl, braun da komp.

gamomcemlobaucxouria,

nu

gadaTargmniT

an

nu

SeamoklebT

gamomcemlobis saxelwodebis raime nawils, miuTiTeT qalaqis saxeli

inglisurSi gavrcelebuli formiT (rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli). Tu
gamomcemeliucnobia,

daurTeT

mxolod

gamoqveynebis

adgili

(Tu

cnobilia) da gamocemis TariRi.

gamocemis TariRi.wignis gamocemis TariRi Seicavs mxolod wels, ara
Tves an dRes da,rogorc wesi, saavtoro uflebebis gancxadebis TariRis
identuria.

is,Cveulebriv,

mieTiTeba

saavtoro

uflebebis

Semcvel

gverdze zogjer ki satitulo furcelze.

ganaxlebul

da

gadabeWdil

gamocemebs

SeiZleba,hqondes

saavtoro

uflebebis gancxadebis erTze meti TariRi. aseT SemTxvevaSi yvelaze

uaxlesi miuTiTebs gamocemis TariRs. magaliTad: 1982, 1992, 2003, aq 2003
gamocemis TariRia.aseT naSromebSi

publikaciis TariRebis citirebis

Sesaxeb ix. 17.1.3.

Tu ver adgenT nabeWdi nawarmoebis gamocemis TariRs, CasviT abreviatura
ver

dadg.

(n.d),

wlis

nacvlad.

Tu

TariRi

ar

aris

miTiTebuli,

magrammigaCniaT, rom iciT, SegiZliaT, daumatoT frCxilebSi kiTxvis

niSniT, rac mianiSnebs, rom TariRis sisworeSi darwmunebuli ar xarT.
b: smiTi, jon. wigni Rirsebebis Sesaxeb. edinburgi, ver dadg.
mileri, samuel. kidev erTi wigni Rirsebebis Sesaxeb. bostoni, [1750?].
252

Tu

wignze

gamomcemlobaSi

dasaTaurebulia,
TariRisTvis

momavalSi.

Tumca,

gankuTvnil
Tu

wigni

muSaoba

gamocemis
adgilas

jer

ar

mimdinareobs

TariRi

jer

miuTiTeT

aris

ukve

aris

cnobili,

gamoqveyndeba

uaxloes

gadacemuli

ar

da

gamomcemlobisTvis

dasabeWdad, miuTiTeT is, rogorc gamouqveynebeli xelnaweri (ix. 17.6).

S:

91.

jein q. avtori, wignis saTauri (gamoqveynebis adgili:

gamomcemlobissaxelwodeba, gamoqveyndeba uaxloes momavalSi).

17.1.7 gverdis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia

gverdis nomrebi da is sxva informacia, romelic gamoiyeneba miTiTebuli
amonaridis

an

elementis

adgilmdebareobis

dasadgenad,

Cveulebriv,gvxvdeba SeniSvnebSi da ara bibliografiaSi.

nomrebis

diapazonis

saCveneblad

saWiro

saxelmZRvanelo

miTiTebebi

ixileT 23.2.4-Si.
gverdi,

Tavi

Cveulebriv,wignis

da

gamyofi

miTiTebis

nomrebi.SeniSvnebSi
bolo

elementia.

nu

gverdis

nomrebi,

daurTavT

sityvas

gverdi an abreviaturebs gv. an gv.-ebi; gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi, garda

im gverdebisa, romlebic originalSi romauli cifrebiT aris danomrili.
S:14. en s. rouzi, viqtorianuli epoqis amerika da samoqalaqo omi(niu-iorki:
kembrijis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1992), 145-46.

17. jerom kagani, `meaTe saiubileo gamocemis Sesavali. wignSi

`bavSvis buneba(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba `Basic Books, 1994),xxii-xxiv.
zogjer miTiTeba Seexeba mTlian Tavs (SemoklebiT T., nawils (naw.),
wigns (w.),an seqcias (seq.) da ara gverdis nomrebis diapazons.
S: 22. donald l. mileri. saukunis qalaqi: Cikagos epopea da amerikis

Seqmna(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba saimoni da Susteri, 1996), naw. 2.

253

mdebareobis
zogierT

maniSnebeli

nawils

aqvs

specialuri
specialuri

tipis

informacia.

tipismdebareobis

wignis

maniSnebeli

informacia, romlebic gamoiyeneba miTiTebebSi.

-

S:

45.entoni greftoni,sqolio: saintereso istoria(kembriji, masaCusetsi:

harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1997), 72Sen.
46. dvaiTbolingeri, ena: datenili iaraRi(londoni: gamomcemloba
longmeni, 1980), 192Sen.23,192Sen.30, 199Sen.14, 201Sen.-ebi16-17.

S:

SeniSvnebis
nomrebi.
SeniSvnebis
miTiTebisTvis
gamoiyeneT
abreviatura Sen. (SeniSvna), mravlobiTSi Sen.-ebi. Tu miTiTebuli
SeniSvna aris erTaderTi sqolio Tavis gverdze an daunomravi
sqolio, daumateT Sen. gverdis nomris Semdeg (Sualeduri
intervalis
an
sasveni
niSnis
gareSe).
Tu
miTiTebuli
SeniSvnisgverdze sxva SeniSvnebic aris, miuTiTeT gverdis nomeri
da Semdeg Sen., an (Tu TanmimdevrobiT miTiTebulia ori an meti
SeniSvna) Sen.-ebi da SeniSvnis nomeri (nomrebi).

ilustraciebisa da cxrilis nomrebi. gamoiyeneT abreviatura nax.

naxatis aRsaniSnad, magram srulad dawereT cxrili, ruka, dafa da
sxva tipis ilustraciebis dasaxelebebi. miuTiTeT gverdis nomeri
ilustraciis nomris win.
50. riCard sobeli. sazogadoebis azri SeerTebuli Statebis sagareo

politikaSi: azrTa sxvadasxvaoba daxmarebis winaaRmdeg arsebuli

poziciis garSemo(bostoni: gamomcemlebi roumen en liTlfildi. 1993), 87,
cxrili 5.3.

Tabaxis, furclebisa da formatebis nomrebi.zogierT wigns, romelic

daibeWda

1800

wlamde,

ara

Tabaxebad, Semdeg furclebad

aqvs

gverdebis

nomrebi

da

dayofilia

an formatebad,yovel maTgans aqvs wina

(recto anr) da ukana mxare (verso anv). am naSromebis lokatorebi unda

Sedgebodes

Sesabamisi

cifrebisa

da

identifikatorebis

jaWvisgan,

intervalebis an daxrili SriftiT dawerili niSnebis gareSe: magaliTad,

G6v, 176r, 232r-v an(Tu miuTiTebT mTlian formatebad) fol. 49.
URL-misamarTebi, mudmivi wyaros identifikatorebi, Sesvlis TariRebi, da
aRwerilobiTi maCveneblebi. internetSi gamoqveynebuli wigns

(ix. 17.1.10)
254

URL-i daurTeT SeniSvnaSic da bibliografiis muxlSic. yoveli URL-i

iwyeba

im

romelic

protokolis

nusxuri

asoebiT

gamoiyeneba

mkiTxvelebisTvis

Sedgenili

abreviaturiT,

eleqtronuli

masalis

misawodeblad, yvelaze xSirad http da ftp. am abreviaturas mudmivad

mosdevs

orwertili

da

ori

daxrili

xazi,

ris

Semdegac

modis

gamomcemlis domenis saxeli, mas mere ki _ resursis misamarTi. domenis

saxelis momdevno komponentebi gancalkevebulia misgan da erTmaneTisgan
erTi daxrili xaziT.
http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/pubs/MexAmHist/chapter14.html#six
mTavruli asoebis dasma URL-is Sida komponentebSi xdeba zustad ise,
rogorc isini warmogvidgeba ekranze. Tu URL-s `damasrulebeli daxrili
xazi~ aqvs boloSi, CarTeT igi. nu CasvamT URL-s kvadratul frCxilebSi,
sasurvelia, rom URL-is uwyvetoba ar dairRves striqonis bolos, magram
Tu amis gakeTeba saWiroa, saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebisTvis ixileT 20.4.2.
zog

internet

wyaros,URLmisamarTebis

identifikatorebic

aqvs.

identifikatorebsan

msgavs

Sedareba

SesaZlebeli

Tu

wyaro

sistemas,

iqneba

garda,
iyenebs

daurTeT

Tqvens

sxva

mudmivi

obieqtis

cifrul

informacia,

romlis

miTiTebaSi

arsebul

URL-

misamarTTan.
doi: 10. 1006/jeth.2000.2694
nebismieri internetwyaros miTiTebisas daurTeT am wyaroSi ukanasknelad
Sesvlis TariRi, Tu ise moxda, rom mas Semdeg Sinaarsi Seicvala an
amoRebulia internetidan (ix. 15.4.1). SeRwevis TariRi CasviT frCxilebSi
URLmisamarTis an mudmivi identifikatoris Semdeg.
(Sesvlis TariRi: 2006 wlis 17 maisi)
internetSi gamoqveynebuli wignebi SeiZleba, ar Seicavdes gverdebis
nomrebs, romlebic gvexmareba frCxilebSi Casmul miTiTebebSi naCvenebi
amonaridis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvraSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi SegiZliaT,
URLmisamarTis

da

Sesvlis

maCvenebeli, rogoricaa,

TariRis

magaliTad,

win

wina

daumatoT

qvesaTauri

aRwerilobiTi
(ix.,

magaliTad,
255

19.1.10). aucilebeli ar aris amgvari maCveneblis CarTva bibliografiis

muxlSi.
17.1.8 Tavebi da wignis sxva dasaTaurebuli nawilebi
umetes SemTxvevaSi, unda miuTiToT mTavari saTauri nebismieri wignisa,
romelSic warmodgeniliaerTi, uwyveti argumenti an Txroba, maSinac,
roca Tqven, faqtobrivad, mis mxolod erT romelime nawils iyenebT. Tu
xelmZRvanelobT im wignis mxolod erTi nawiliT, romelic erTi an
ramdenime

avtoris

mier

sxvadasxva

Temaze

dawerili

damoukidebeli

naSromebis krebulia, SegiZliaT, miuTiToT mxolod is erTi Tavi an

nawili,

romelic

yvelaze

metad

Seesabameba

Tqvens

kvlevas.

amiT

daexmarebiT mkiTxvels, dainaxos, ramdenad miesadageba wyaro Tqvens

proeqts.
b:demosi,

jon. `namdvili cxovreba da sxva fiqcia: uolis stegneris

wonasworobis kuTxis xelaxla gaazreba." wignSi`romanis istoria:

istorikosebi da novelistebi upirispirdebian amerikis warsuls

(da erTimeores), redaqtirebulia mark s. karnsis mier, 132-45. niuiorki: gamomcemloba saimoni da Susteri, 2001.

da ara
karnsi, mark s., red. `romanis istoria: istorikosebi da novelistebi

upirispirdebian amerikis warsuls (da erTimeores). niu-iorki:

gamomcemloba saimoni da Susteri, 2001.

erTi avtoris mier dawerili wignebis nawilebi. Tu miuTiTebT erTi

avtoris mier dawerili wignis dasaTaurebul nawils, pirvel rigSi
miuTiTeT am nawilis saTauri swori SriftiT, moaTavseT brWyalebSi.
aRniSvnis `wignSi ---... Semdeg miuTiTeT wignis saTauri. bibliografiis
muxlSi, wignis saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT am nawilis gverdebis sruli
intervali; SeniSvnaSi miuTiTeT gverdis nomeri (nomrebi) konkretuli
miTiTebisTvis, rogorc nebismieri sxva citatis SemTxvevaSi.

256

S: 1. jon Carlz Cestini, `neokolonializmi",wignSi ---`sisxlsa da cecxlSi

dabadebuli: laTinuri amerikis mokle istoria(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba

nortoni da kompania, 2001), 190-91.

b:Cestini, jon Carlz. `neokolonializmi.wignSi --- `sisxlsa da cecxlSi

dabadebuli: laTinuri amerikis mokle istoria, 179-206. niu-iorki:
gamomcemloba nortoni da kompania, 2001.

Tu

miuTiTebT

nawils

saerTo

saTauriT,

rogoricaa

Sesavali,

winasityvaoba an bolosityvaoba,CasviT es termini wignis saTauris win.

miuTiTeT saerTo saTauri swori SriftiT brWyalebis gareSe da pirveli
sityva mTavruli asoTi dawereT mxolod bibliografiis muxlSi. Tu es
nawili dawerilia sxva da ara wignis ZiriTadi avtoris mier, saTauris
Semdeg

Tavdapirvelad

miuTiTeT

nawilis

avtoris

saxeli da

gvari,

Semdegki --wignis avtoris saxeli da gvari.

S:

7.alfred

imperializmi:
evropis biologiuri eqspansia axali gamocemisTvis, 900-1900, axali
u.

qrosbi,

Sesavali

wignis

`ekologiuri

gamoc. (niu-iorki, kembrijis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2004), xv.

16. qreg qalhuni, winasityvaoba wignisa --`mravalkulturuli politika:
rasizmi, eTnikuroba da musulmanebi britaneTSi, winasityvaobis avtori
tariq modudi (mineapolisi: minesotas universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005),
xvi.
b:qrosbi,

alfred

u.

biologiuri

SesavaliwignisE`ekologiuri

eqspansia

imperializmi: evropis
gamocemisTvis, 900-1900. axali

axali

gamoc.niu-iorki, kembrijis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2004.

`mravalkulturuli politika:
rasizmi, eTnikuroba, da musulmanebi britaneTSi, winasityvaobis

qalhuni, qreg.

winasityvaoba

avtori

tariq
gamomcemloba, 2005.

redaqtirebuli

wignisa

modudi.

krebulebis

--

mineapolisi:

nawilebi.

Tu

minesotas

miuTiTebT

universitetis

redaqtirebuli

krebulis nawils, romelic moicavs mravali avtoris naSroms, pirvel

rigSi,

miuTiTeT

nawilis

avtori

da

saTauri

(swori

SriftiT,
257

brWyalebSi Casmuli). sityvis `wignSi ... Semdeg miuTiTeT wignis saTauri

da redaqtoris saxeli da gvari. bibliografiis muxlSi wignis saTauris
Semdeg

miuTiTeTam

miuTiTeT

gverdis

nawilis
nomeri

gverdebis
(nomrebi)

sruli

intervali;

konkretuli

SeniSvnaSi

literaturisTvis,

rogorc nebismieri sxva citatis SemTxvevaSi.

S:

3. en qari da daglas j. Surmani, `religia da feminizmi: reformistuli

qristianuli analizi, wignSi `religia, feminizmi, da ojaxi, red. an

qari da meri stiuart fon liueni (luisvili, kentuki: gamomcemloba

uestminster jon nox presi, 1996), 13-14.
b:qari, enda daglas Surmani. `religia da feminizmi: reformistuli qristianuli
analizi, wignSi `religia, feminizmi da ojaxi, redaqtirebulia en

qarisa da meri stiuart fon liuenis mier, 11-32. luisvili, kentuki:

gamomcemloba uestminster jon nox presi, 1996.

Tu miuTiTebT erTsa da imave redaqtirebul krebulSi Semaval or an met

naSroms,

SegiZliaT,miiCnioT

isini

calkeul

wyaroebad

an

sivrcis

dazogvis mizniT SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT Semoklebuli forma, romelic

ganxilulia 16.4.1-Si. rodesac SeniSvnaSi pirvelad miuTiTebT wignis
romelime nawils, CasviT sruli bibliografiuli informacia nawilis
Sesaxeb da,zogadad,wignis Sesaxeb. Semdeg, Tu miTiTebas akeTebT wignis
sxva nawilze, srulad miuTiTeT avtoris saxeli da gvari da nawilis
saTauri, wignis Sesaxeb informacia ki CawereT Semoklebuli formiT.
Semdgomi SeniSvnebi calkeuli nawilebisTvis standartuli Semoklebuli
SeniSvnebis formis mixedviT unda CairTos.
S:

4. uiliam h. kiTingi, `forti diarborni da Cikago,nawilSi`dablobebiani

Stati: ilinoisis Sesaxeb, 1673-1967, mogzaurebisa da sxva pirebis

monaTxrobis mixedviT, red. pol m. engli (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1967), 84.
12. sara klarklipinkoti, `Cikago, Angle-Si, 362.
14. kiTingi, 85.
15. lipinkoti, 365.
258

bibliografiaSi CarTeT sruli miTiTeba mTlian wignze da Semoklebuli

SeniSvnis erT-erTi varianti calkeuli nawilebis miTiTebisTvis.
b:engli. pol m., red. `dablobebiani Stati: ilinoisis Sesaxeb, 1673-1967,

mogzaurebisa da sxva pirebis monaTxrobis mixedviT. (Cikago: Cikagos

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1967).
kiTingi, uiliam h.`forti diarborni da Cikago. Angle-Si, 84-87.
lipinkoti, sara klark. `Cikago. englSi, 362-70.
anTologiebSi moTavsebuli naSromebi. miuTiTeT anTologiaSi dabeWdili
mokle moTxroba, leqsi, ese an sxva naSromi iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT
mravali

redaqtoris

anTologiebSi

mier

redaqtirebulkrebulSi

gamoqveynebuli

umetesi

Semaval

naSromebis

naSroms.
saTaurebi

dawereTswori SriftiT, moaTavseT brWyalebSi. gamonakliss warmoadgens

amonaridis

saTauri

didi

moculobis

mqone

poemidan

an

prozauli

nawarmoebidan, romelic unda daiweros daxrili SriftiT (ix. 22.3.2).

S:7. izabel alende, `sulebs ase surdaT,krebulSilaTinuri amerikis eseebis

oqsfordis

krebuli,

red.

lion

stavansi

(niu-iorki,

oqsfordis

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1997),463-64.

b:uiglesvorTi,
maikl.
anTologiaSiamerikis

amonaridiwignidan

dRe.

`gankiTxvis

poeziis axali anTologia: tradiciebi da

revoluciebi, dasawyisidan 1900 wlamde, redaqtirebulia stiven
gauld aqelrodis, kamil romanis da Tomas travisanos mier,68-74.
niu brunSviki, niu-jersi: rutgersis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2003.

Tu

nawarmoebis

naSromis
Semdeg

Tavdapirveli

publikaciis

TariRi

konteqstidan gamomdinare, miuTiTeT is

da

anTologiis

saTauris

win,

rogorc

mniSvnelovania

naSromis

saTauris

SeniSvnebSi,

ise,

bibliografiaSi.

259

S:

2. izabel

alende,

`sulebs

ase

surdaT

(1984),

krebulSioqsfordis

wigni...

b:uiglesvorTi,
maikl.
amonaridiwignidan
anTologiaSiaxali anTologia...

`gankiTxvis

dRe.

1662.

17.1.9 werilebi da sxva korespondencia gamoqveynebul krebulebSi

SegiZliaT,miuTiToT
Sesulia

werilebi,

im

wignebis

memorandumebi

konkretuli
da

sxva

nawilebi,

romlebSic

korespondencia,

vinaidan

konkretuli miTiTeba Seicavs informacias, romelic ar aris aRniSnuli

mTliani

wignis

miTiTebaSi,

magaliTad

TariRs

da

konkretuli

komunikaciis monawileebs. (gamouqveynebeli piradi komunikaciebisTvis ix.

17.6.3; gamouqveynebeli werilebis xelnawerebis krebulebisTvis ix. 17.6.4.)
aseTi masalis miTiTebisTvis aRniSneT gamgzavnis da mimRebis saxelebi
da gvarebi, Semdeg TariRi da (aseTis arsebobis da mizanSewonilobis
SemTxvevaSi) adgili, sadac komunikacia momzadda. sityva werili ar aris
aucilebeli, magram daasaTaureT sxva formebi, rogoricaa angariSi an
memorandumi. krebulis saTauri da sxva monacemebi miuTiTeT iseTive
formiT, rogorc redaqtirebuli wignis SemTxvevaSi. yuradReba miaqcieT
Semoklebuli SeniSvnis

formas, romelic

gansxvavebulia

elementebis

Cveuli sqemisgan.
S:1. adamsis werilebi Carlz milnes gaskels, londoni, 1896 wlis 30 marti,
werilebSi `henris werilebi adamsis misamarTiT, 1858-1891, red. vorTingTon

Consi fordi (bostoni: gamomcemloba hafton mifini, 1930), 141,

2. adamsis werilebi gaskels, 142.
5. i-bi-emisa da herold rossis memorandumi 1946 wlis 2 maisi, i. b. uaiTis
werilebSi, red. doroTi lobrano guTi (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba harperi da
ro, 1976), 273.

260

b:jeqsoni, paulina. paulina jeqsonis werilebi jon pepis umcrosis misamarTiT,

1676 w. 3 oqtomberi. naSromSi `semuel pepisis da misi ojaxis werilebi,
redaqtirebuli helen Trusdel hiTis mier, no. 42. oqsfordi:
gamomcemloba klarendon presi, 1955.

Tu SeniSvnebSi miuTiTebT erTi wignidan ramdenime werilze an sxva

komunikaciebze,

bibliografiaSi

aRniSneT

mxolod

wigni

da

ara

konkretuli nawilebi.
b:

da eizenhaueris
mimowera, 1953-1955,redaqtirebulia piter j. boilis mier.Cepel

CerCili,

uinston

da

dvaiT

eizenhaueri.CerCilis

d.

hili: CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba, 1990.

17.1.10 onlain da sxva eleqtronuli wignebi

internetSi

ganTavsebuli

wignebisTvis

arsebuli

wignebisTvis
miTebebiT.

ixelmZRvaneleT
standartuli

nabeWdi

elementebis

garda,miuTiTeT URL misamarTi da TariRi, rodesac gaxseniT masala (ix.

15.4.1,

17.1.7).

sakmarisi;

gaiTvaliswineT,
maqsimalurad

rom

unda

mxolod

miuTiToT

URL

misamarTi

sruli

faqtebi

ar

aris

gamocemis

Sesaxeb, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZebna im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu

URL

misamarTi

Seicvleba.

Tu

gverdis

nomrebi

ar

aris

aRniSnuli,SeniSvnaSi citirebuli monakveTis adgilmdebareoba miuTiTeT

aRwerilobiTi

lokatoris

damatebiT

Tavad

da

(rogoricaa

gamocemis

wamZRvarebuli

saxelwodebis

win

qvesaTauri)

sityva

,,wignSi

CamatebiT,URLmisamarTisa da gaxsnis TariRamde.

S:

1. Julian samora da patricia vandel simoni, meqsikeli da amerikeli

xalxis

istoria,

samoraskvleviTi

ganax.

instituti,

nawilSi`samoqalaqo

omi

red.

(isT

miCiganis

lansingi,
Statis

miCigani:

universiteti,

Julian
2000),

meqsikaSi,http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/

pubs/MexAmHist/chapterU.html#six (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 19 dekembers).

b: samora, Julian dapatricia vandel simoni.Hmeqsikeli da amerikeli

xalxebis istoria. ganax. red. isT lansingi, miCigani: Julian

261

samoras kvleviTi instituti, miCiganis Statis universiteti, 2000.

http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/pubs/MexAmHist/chapterU .html#six (gaxsnilia
2005 wlis 19 dekembers).
rodesac miuTiTebT wignebs, romlebic gamoqveynebulia sxva eleqtronul
formatSi,

rogoricaa

internetidan

CamosatvirTi

wignebian

wignebi,

romlebic wignis maRaziaSi an biblioTekaSi sxva tipis matarebelzea

xelmisawvdomi, miuTiTeT formati (CD-ROM, Microsoft Reader e-book).
1. Tomas h. devenporti da jon s. beki. sifxizle ekonomikaSi: biznesis

S:

axali valuta(kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis biznes-skolis gamomcemloba,

2001), TK3 `mkiTxvelis eleqtronuli wigni.

b:helmani, hel. didi antagonizmi teqnologiebis sferoSi: aTi yvelaze

aqtiuri dava. niu-iorki: jon uili. 2004. Rocket eleqtronuli wigni.

17.2 saJurnalo statiebi

perioduli gamocemebis umravlesoba, riTac ixelmZRvanelebT naSromis
momzadebisas,

klasificirdeba

rogorc

Jurnalebi

samecniero

an

profesiuli perioduli gamocemebi, romlebic xelmisawvdomia, upirveles

yovlisa, samecniero biblioTekebSi da gamoweriT. Jurnalebi xSirad,
Tumca, ara yovelTvis (mag.:sainsi), saTaurebSi Seicavs sityvas ,,Jurnali.
Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali,popularuliJurnalebi,rogorc wesi, ar
aris

samecniero

gamocemebi;

isini

ufro

xelmisawvdomia

mkiTxvelebisTvis, vidre samecniero Jurnalebi, rogorc Sinaarsobrivi

TvalsazrisiT, ise, maTi samecniero wreebs farglebs gareT gavrcelebis
gamo.

es

statiebisa
miTiTeba
periodul

gansxvaveba
da

mniSvnelovania,

masebze

gaTvlili

sxvadasxvanairad
gamocemasTan

xdeba.
gaqvT

vinaidan

samecniero

popularuli
Tu

saqme

ara
_

xarT

Jurnalebis

Jurnalebisstatiebis
darwmunebuli,

samecniero

Tu

ra

masobriv-

262

popularul

JurnalTan,

naxeT,

xom

ar

Seicavs

Jurnalis

statiebi

miTiTebebs; Tu pasuxi dadebiTia, miiCnieT igi samecnierod.

17.2.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
miuTiTeT avtoris saxeli da gvari zustad ise, rogorc statiebis
saTaurebSia.

ixelmZRvaneleT

17.1.1-Si

mocemuli

wignis

avtorebisTvis

gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT.

17.2.2 statiis saTauri

CamoTvaleT statiis sruli saTaurebi da qvesaTaurebi. gamoiyeneT swori
Srifti, gamoyaviT saTauri qvesaTaurisgan orwertiliT da saTaurebic
da

qvesaTaurebic

moaTavseT

brWyalebSi.

dasviT

mTavruli

asoebi

saTauris stilis dacviT (ix. 22.3.1).

S:1 2.

nensi

l.

grini,

`gasvlis

politika:

imigraciis

modelis

Semobruneba,Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali 77(2005 wlis ivnisi): 275.

b:grini,

nensi

l.

`gasvlis

politika:

imigraciis

modelis

Semobruneba.Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali77 (2005 wlis ivnisi): 263-89.

terminebi, rogoricaa saxeobebis saxelwodebebi da wignebis saTaurebi,

romlebic,

rogorc

wesi,

daxrili

SriftiT

iwereba

teqstSi,

kvlav

daxrili SriftiT daiwereba statiis saTaurSi; terminebi, romlebic,

Cveulebriv,

citirebulia

teqstSi,

kvlav

rCeba

erTmag

brWyalebSi,

vinaidan Tavad saTauria Casmuli ormag brWyalebSi. nu dasvamT mZimes an

wertils statiis im saTauris an qvesaTauris Semdeg, romelic sruldeba
kiTxvis an Zaxilis niSniT.
S:

23. judiT luisi, `Tis a Misfortune to Be a Great Ladie'MdedaTa sikvdilianoba

britaneTis

aristokratiaSi,

1558-1959,"

britaneTmcodneobis

Jurnali37

(1998): 26.

b:Llofteni, piter. `gamoZaxili sityvebis TamaSsa da xmlis trials

Soris hamletSi aelinuri kvleebi2 (1989): 12-29.
263

uiliamsoni, jorj s. `ram mokla avgus fon kocebiu? Rirsebis cduneba

da

germanuli nacionalizmis

politikuri Teologia, 1789-1819."

Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali1 2 (2000 wlis dekemberi): 890-943.

ucxoenovan saTaurebSi mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba saWiroa konkretuli
enis tradiciebis Sesabamisad ,,winadadebis stilis (ix. 22.3.1) dacviT. Tu
daurTavT

inglisur

Targmans,

CasviT

igi

kvadratul

frCxilebSi,

brWyalebis gareSe.

S:

22. Jerar buSari, "Un essai d'anthropologie regionale: L'histoire sociale du Saguenay
aux XIXe et XXe siecles," Annales: Economies, societes, civilisations 34 (1979 wlis
ianvari): 118.

b:kerni, u. "Waar verzamelde Pigafetta zijn Maleise woorden?" [sad Seagrova pigafeltam
malaiziuri

sityvebi?] Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land- en volkenkundo

78(19381:271-73.

17.2.3 samecnieroJurnalis saxelwodeba

statiis saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT Jurnalis saTauri daxrili SriftiT,
mTavruli
saTauri

asoebis
zustad

dasmiT
ise,

sarCevisdasawyisSia;
saTauri

aris

nu

,,saTauris

rogorc

Jurnalis

gamoiyenebT

abreviatura,

stilSi

(ix.

satitulo

abreviaturebs.

magaliTad,

22.3.1). miuTiTeT

smk,

nu

furcelze

Tu

an

oficialuri

gaSifravT

mas.

ucxoenovani JurnalebisTvis mTavruli asoebi SegiZliaT dasvaT rogorc

saTauris,

aseve,

winadadebis

stilSi,

Tumca,

unda

datovoT

yvela

artikli, romelic original teqstSia mocemuli(Der Spiegel).

17.2.4 informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb
samecniero Jurnalebis miTiTebebis didi nawiliSeicavs tomis nomers,
gamocemis nomers an Tves da wels. mkiTxvels SeiZleba, ar dasWirdes
yvela es elementi statiis mosaZebnad, Tumca yvela maTganis miTiTebiT
Tavidan vicilebT erT-erTSi Secdomis gaparvis risks.

264

tomis da nomris gamocemis nomrebi. tomis nomeri mosdevs Jurnalis

saTaurs

Sualeduri

sasveni

niSnis

gareSe

da

ar

iwereba

daxrili

SriftiT. gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi maSinac, roca Tavad Jurnali

iyenebs romauls. Tu gamocemas aqvs nomeri, is mosdevs tomis nomers,
gamoyofilia mZimiT da win uZRvis nom.
S:

2.kristofer

s.

makai,

`laktantiusidan

diokletianes

memkvidreobamde,klasikuri filologia94, nom.2 (1999): 205.

b:kumari,

rahul.

`gonivruli

mizezebi

kontraqtualistur

zneobriv

argumentSi.eTika114 (2003wlis oqtomberi): 6-37.

rodesac JurnalSi aRniSnulia mxolod gamocemis nomeri da ar aris

miTiTebuli tomis nomrebi, Jurnalis saxelwodebis Semdeg daismis mZime.
b:biTi, j. m. `danaSaulis modeli inglisSi, 1660-1800.warsuli da Tanamedrove

periodSi, nom. 62 (1974): 47-95.

gamoqveynebis TariRi. publikaciis TariRi brWyalebSi aris Casmuli
tomis nomris (an gamocemis nomris Semdeg, Tu miTiTebulia). TariRis
formatTan

dakavSirebiT

ixelmZRvaneleT

JurnalSi

gamoyenebuli

formatiT; is unda Seicavdes TariRs da SeiZleba, Seicavdes sezons, Tves

an zust dRes. Jurnalis miTiTebaSi sezonis saxelebi mTavruli asoTi
daiwyeT, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini teqstSi mTavruli asoebiT ar
iwyeba.
S:

27.

sara

avtoportretebi,

bernsi,

`mxatvris

amerikuli

sxeulis

xelovnebis

SekveTa:Tomas

ikinsis

Jurnali19, no. 1 (2005wlis

gazafxuli): 95.
b:jenkinsi,

j.

qregi,

SesaZleblobebi

devid
da

jeiqobsi

da

afroamerikuli

jon

agnone.

protesti,

`politikuri

1948-1997.amerikis

sociologiuri Jurnali109, nom. 2 (2003 wlis seqtemberi): 277-303.

265

Tu statia miRebulia gamosaqveyneblad, magram jer ar gamoqveynebula,

ixmareT

frCxilebSi

Casmuli

fraza:

gamoqveyndeba

axlo

momavalSi,

TariRis (da gverdebis nomrebis) nacvlad. nebismieri statia, romelic

jer ar aris miRebuli gamosacemad, CaTvaleT gamouqveynebel xelnawerad
(ix. 17.6).
4. margaret m. avtori, `statiis saTauri",Jurnalis saxelwodeba 98

S:

(gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi).

b:avtori,

margaret

m.

saTauri".Jurnalis

`statiis

saxelwodeba

98

(gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi)

17.2.5 gverdis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia

Tu

SeniSvnaSi

miuTiTebT

konkretul

monakveTs,

miuTiTeT

mxolod

konkretuli citirebuli gverd(eb)i. bibliografiis muxlis an SeniSvnis

SemTxvevaSi,

romelSic

mTliani

statia

aris

miTiTebuli,

CawereT

statiis gverdis nomrebis sruli intervali (ix. 23.2.4). rogorc wesi,

samecniero Jurnalebis statiebis gverdis nomrebi mieTiTeba orwertilis
dasmiT gverdebis win da ara mZimeebis gamoyenebiT.
S: 4.

Tim

hiCkoki,

`,maTxovroba

meTvramete

saukunis

londonis

quCebSi

britaneTmcodneobis Jurnali44 (2005 wlis ivlisi): 478.

b:Ggoldi, en groZinsi. `simarTlis marcvlebi: sakvebis da mowyalebis cvalebadi
ierarqia rajasTanis sam moTxrobaSi. religiebis istoria38, # 2
(1998): 150-71.

internetSi gamoqveynebuli samecniero Jurnalebis statiebis miTiTebisas

daurTeT

gverdebis

identifikatori)da,
magaliTebis

nomrebi
aseve,

gasacnobad

(Tu

aris)

da

statiis

mopovebis

ixileT

17.2.7.

URL-i

TariRi.

URL-ebSi

(an

mudmivi

detalebis

da

punqtuaciisa

da

mTavruli asoebis dasmis zogadi principebis gasacnobad ixileT 17.1.7.

266

17.2.6 specialuri gamocemebi da damatebebi

specialuri gamocema aris erTi Temisadmi miZRvnili Jurnalis gamocema.

mas

aqvs

tomis

gamocemas

da

aqvs

gamocemis

sakuTari

Cveulebrivi

saTauri

da

nomrebi.

hyavs

Tu

specialur

redaqtori,

miTiTebaSi

aRniSneT orive maTgani. saTauri mocemulia swori SriftiT da Casmulia

brWyalebSi.
S:

67. MmeTiu l. jounsi, `dekartes geometria, rogorc sulieri varjiSi,

JurnalSi "Things", red. bil brauni, specialuri gamocema, kritikuli Zieba28,
# 1 (2001 wlis Semodgoma): 43-44.

b:jouns, meTiu l. `dekartes geometria rogorc sulieri savarjiSoJurnalSi

"sagnebi," red. bil brauni. specialuri gamocema,Critical Inquiry 28, nom. 1
(2001 wlis Semodgoma): 40-71.

Tu

gesaWiroebaT

mTeli

gamocemis

miTiTeba,

gamotoveT

statiasTan

dakavSirebuli informacia.
b:brauni, bil, " sagnebis red. specialuri gamocema, kritikuli Zieba28, nom. 1
(2001wlis Semodgoma).

Jurnalis damatebas, aseve, SeiZleba, hqondes sakuTari saTauri da hyavdes

avtori

an

redaqtori.

Jurnalis

Cveulebrivi

gverdebis

nomrebis

specialuri
gamocemebisgan

nawilia

aso

gamocemisgan
calke

S. dasviT

gansxvavebiT,

inomreba,
mZime

xSirad

tomis

nomersa

igi
misi
da

damatebis nomers Soris.

S:

4.ivar ekelendi, jeims j. hekmani da lars neSaimi, `hedonisturimodelebis

gamovlena

da

gansazRvra

sapativsacemodpolitikuri

naSromSi

ekonomikis

`Sirvin

Jurnali112,

rouzenis
S1

(2004wlis

Tebervali): S72.
b:eklendi, ivar, jeims j. hekmeni da lars neSaimi. `hedonisturi modelebis
gamovlena
da
gansazRvra
damatebaSi`irvin
rouzenis
sapativsacemod,politikuri ekonomikis Jurnali112, S1 (2004wlis
Tebervali): S60-S109.

267

17.2.7 internetSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi

onlain JurnalebTan dakavSirebiT ixelmZRvaneleT beWdviTi Jurnalebis
statiebisTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa,
daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens bibliografiaSi Setanili masalis mopovebis
TariRi (ix. 15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi;
Tqven unda miuTiToT publikaciis yvela faqti, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia
maTi dadgena, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis
SemTxvevaSic. onlain JurnalebSi ganTavsebul statiebSi SeiZleba, ar
moipovebodes gverdebis nomrebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini ar qveyndeba
beWdviTi Jurnalebis paralelurad. Tu gverdebis nomrebi ar arsebobs,
frCxilebSi

Casmul

miTiTebebSi

mocemuli

nawyvetis

adgilis

identificireba SegiZliaT aRwerilobiTi maCveneblis (rogoricaa wina

qvesaTauri) Semdeg unda daematos sityva qveSURL misamarTis da masalis
gaxsnis TariRis win.
S:

4.

braian

uzi

da

jareT

SemoqmedebiToba:

mcire

Jurnali111,

2 (2005wlis

nom.

Spiro,

`urTierTTanamSromloba

sakiTxi.amerikis

samyaros

da

sociologiuri

seqtemberi),nawilis` m i l g r a m i s T e o r i a

patara

samyaros

S e s a x e b , q v e S http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/
issues/v111n2/090090/090090.html (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 19 dekembers).
b:uzi, braianda

jareT Spiro. `urTierTTanamSromloba da

SemoqmedebiToba:

mcire samyaros sakiTxi. amerikis sociologiuri Jurnali111, nom. 2

(2005

wlis

seqtemberi).http://www

.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v111n2/090090/090090.html(gaxsnil
ia 2005 wlis 19 dekembers).

statiebis onlain monacemTa bazebi zogadad Seicavs miTiTebebisTvis

saWiro yvela elementis CamonaTvals. daurTeT miTiTebuli mdgradiURLi,

romelic,

aseve,

aRniSnavs

im

monacemTa

bazas,

romliTac

ixelmZRvaneleT statiis miTiTebisas.

268

S:

6.lorens a. Sapiro`mravalmxrivi gaazreba.filosofiis Jurnali97. nom.12

(2000 wlis dekemberi): 642. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-362X%28200012%2997%
3A12%3C635%3AMR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 27 ivniss).

b:Sapiro,

lorens

(2000

a.

wlis

`mravalmxrivi

gaazreba,filosofiis

dekemberi):

635-54.

Jurnali97.nom.12

http://tinks.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-

362X%28200012%2997% 3A12%3C635%3AMR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 27

ivniss)).

17.3 popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi

samecniero

Jurnalebis

miTiTebisTvis

gansazRvruli

saxelmZRvanelo principi (ix. 17.2) Tanabrad

mravali

vrceldeba

popularuli

yovelTviuri

Jurnalebis

Jurnalebis miTiTebaze.
umetes

SemTxvevaSi,

miTiTebisas

miuTiTeT

yovelkvireuli
mxolod

an

TariRi,

miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

isini

danomrilia tomebisa da gamocemebis mixedviT. TariRi frCxilebSi ar

moaTavsoT.

Tu

SeniSvnaSi

miTiTebas

akeTebT

konkretul

nawyvetze,

daurTeT misi gverdis nomeri. bibliografiis muxlSi ki SegiZliaT,

gamotovoT statiis gverdis nomrebi, vinaidan pupularuli Jurnalebis
statiebi

xSirad

moicavs

mraval

gverds,

romlebzec

ganTavsebulia

gareSe masalebi. Tu daurTavT gverdis nomrebs, gamocemis TariRisgan

maT gamosayofad orwertilis nacvlad ixmareT mZime.
S:

11.mark Sapiro, `Zveli evropisaxali Zala,Jurnali eri, 2004

27dekemberi, 12-13

wlis

b:Sapiro, mark. `Zveli evropisaxaliZala, Jurnali eri,2004 wlis 27dekemberi.

Tu miuTiTebT ganyofilebas an svets, romelic regularuladgamodis,

dausviT mTavruli asoebi saTauris stilSi da nu CasvamT brWyalebSi.
Tu maT ar hyavT avtori,misi gvaris nacvlad bibliografiis muxlSi
CasviTJurnalis saxelwodeba.

269

S:

2.
barbara
valrafi,msoflio
mansli,2005 wlis ivnisi. 128.

sasamarTlo,

Jurnali

atlantik

b:Jurnali niu iorkeri. qalaqis aqtualuri Tema.2000 wlis aprili

popularuli

onlain

popularuli

beWdviTi

Jurnalebis

miTiTebisas

Jurnalebis

ixelmZRvaneleT

statiebisTvis

gankuTvnili

saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa, daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens

bibliografiaSi

Seyvanili

masalis

gaiTvaliswineT,

rom

gamoqveynebasTan

dakavSirebuli

mxolod

mopovebis

TariRi

URL-i

sakmarisi

yvela

faqti

ar

unda

(ix.

15.4.1).

aris;

Tqven

warmoadginoT

ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba im

SemTxvevaSic,

Tu

Seicvleba

URL-i.

popularul

onlain

JurnalebSi

ganTavsebul statiebSi SeiZleba, ar iyos miTiTebuli gverdebis nomrebi,

magram

miTiTebuli

frCxilebSi

Casmul

nawyvetis

adgilis

miTiTebebSi

sityvis

identificireba

qveSSemdeg

SegiZliaT

aRwerilobiTi

maCveneblis (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri) damatebiT, URL-misamarTis da

Sesvlis TariRis miTiTebiT.
S:7. Stefan farisi, JurnalSi `'Freedom': dokumenti ar iqna napovni." 5alon.com,
2005wlis 16 dekemberi,statiis qveS `CineTSi internets mexsiereba ar aqvs,
http://www.salon.com/tech/
feature/2005/12/16/censorship/index1.html
[bolo
Sesvla 2005 wlis 19 dekembers].

b:farisi, Stefan. Jurnali `'Freedom: dokumenti ar iqna napovni. Salon.com, 2005

wlis
16
dekemberi.http://www.salon.eom/tech/feature/2005/12/16/censorship/in'dex1.html
(bolo Sesvla 2005 wlis 19 dekembers).

270

17.4 sagazeTo statiebi

umetes

SemTxvevebSi

gazeTebSi

mxolod

gamoqveynebuli

SeniSvnebSi

statiebi

miuTiTeT

da

sxva

yoveldRiur

masala.

rogorc

wesi,aucilebeli ar aris maTi bibliografiaSi CarTva, Tumca,SeiZleba,

gadawyvitoT romelime konkretuli statiis miTiTeba, romelic Zalian
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an xSirad aris citirebuli.
ixelmZRvaneleT popularul JurnalebSi statiebis miTiTebis zogadi
modeliT (ix. 17.3). gamotoveT gverdis nomrebi, vinaidan gazeTs SeiZleba,
hqondes

ramdenime

sxvadasxva
romeli

gamocema,

gverdebze

gamocemiT

an

romelSic

amoiRon

masala

kidec.

ixelmZRvaneleT

da

SeiZleba

SegiZliaT,
daumatoT

gamoCndes

daakonkretoT,
frazebi

bolo

gamoSveba, Sua dasavleTis gamoSveba, an sxva msgavsi identifikatori.

4. saredaqcio statia, milvokis Jurnali, 1998 wlis 1 ivnisi.
6.
Jak
deridas
nekrologi.niu
iork
Taimsi,2004wlis
oqtomberi,erovnuli gamocema.

S:

Tu

statias

miuTiTebT

saTauris

mixedviT,

SegiZliaT

10

gamoiyenoT

saTauris stilis an winadadebis stilis mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebis

meTodi

(ix.

gamoiyenoT.

22.3.1),
gazeTebi

oRond

SerCeuli

iyeneben

stili

orivestils,

Tanmimdevrulad

amdenad,

yvela

unda

saTauri

SecvaleT im stilis Sesabamisad, romlis gamoyenebasac gadawyvetT.

S:

9.bler kamini, `vrigli marTlac istoriuli mniSvnelobis Senobas agebs.

gazeTi `Siqago tribuni, 2005 wlis 1 ivlisi.

an
9. bler kamini, `vrigli marTlac istoriuli mniSvnelobis Senobas agebs.
gazeTiSiqago tribuni, 2005 wlis 1 ivlisi.

SeniSvnis gamoyenebis nacvlad zog SemTxvevaSi SegiZliaT, statiebis

miTiTeba teqstSi ramdenime mniSvnelovani elementis CasmiT; sul mcire,

271

miuTiTeT gazeTis saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi da statiis avtoris

(aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) saxeli da gvari. am informaciidan zogi
elementi SeiZleba,moTavsdes frCxilebSi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ar
Seesabameba frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebis formas, romelic aRwerilia
16.4.3-Si.

niu iork Taimsis statiaSi uzenaes sasamarTloSi gardaqmnebis

Sesaxeb (2005 wlis 30 seqtemberi) linda grinhauzs ganxiluli aqvs es
tendenciebi.
an

2005 wlis 30 seqtembers niu iork TaimsSigamoqveynebul statiaSi

linda grinhauzi ganixilavs uzenaes sasamarTloSi mimdinare
gardaqmnebs.
17.4.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli sakiTxebi
inglisurenovani gazeTebis saxelwodebaSi gamotoveT artikliThe. Tu
gazeTis

saxelwodeba

ar

Seicavs

qalaqs,

daumateT

igi

oficialur

saTaurs, garda iseTi kargad cnobili erovnuli gazeTebisa, rogoricaa

the Wall Street Journal an the Christian Science Monitor. Tu aseTi saxelwodebis
gazeTi mraval qalaqSi gamodis an saxelwodeba bundovania, SegiZliaT,
frCxilebSi daumatoT Stati an mxare (Cveulebriv, Semoklebuli formiT;
ix.

24.3.1).

sxva

ucxouri

gazeTis

miTiTebis

SemTxvevaSi,

datoveT

Seucvlelad gazeTis saxelwodebaSi arsebuli artiklebi da saTaurebis

Semdeg daurTeT qalaqebis saxelebi.
Chicago Tribune

Le Monde

Saint Paul (Alberta or AB) Journal

Times (London)

inglisur enaze sainformacio saagentoebis saxelwodebebSi mTavruli

asoebi

unda

ganlagdes

saTauris

stilis

dacviT,

Tumca,

dauxreli

SriftiT, rodesac igi statiis avtoris magivrad aris miTiTebuli.

272

S:6. `Associated Press, `erayis konstitucia Tavdasxmebis fonze, gazeTSiLos

Angeles Times, 2005wlis 6 oqtomberi.
17.4.2 specialuri tipis sagazeTo miTiTebebi
gazeTebSi, garda calkeuli xelmowerili statiebisa, ganTavsebulia,
agreTve, mravali sxva tipis masala da zogierTi maTganis citirebisas
saWiroa specialuri wesebis dacva.
-

regularuli svetebi.mraval Cveulebriv svets axlavs hedlainebad

wodebuli

saTaurebi

da

svetis

saTaurebi.

Tqven

orives

gamoyeneba

SegiZliaT, sivrcis dazogvis mizniT ixmareT mxolod svetis saTauri

(swori SriftiT, ubrWyalebod).
S:

5.grethen
gaumjobesebuli

morgensoni,

`bazris

Semosavlebi, gazeTi

monitorini:

fasdakleba

da

`niu iork Taimsi, 2000 wlis 23

aprili.

an
5. grethen morgensoni, bazris monitoringi,gazeTi `niu iork Taimsi, 2000
wlis 23 aprili.

-werilebi redaqtors. miuTiTeT isini zogadad, saTaurebis gareSe.

S:

6. virjinia j. devisi, werili redaqtors, gazeTi `Sikago tribuni, 2005

wlis 29 ivlisi.

danarTebSi ganTavsebuli statiebi. statiebi sakvirao `Jurnalis

damatebebidan an sxva specialuri nawilebidan miuTiTeT popularuli
Jurnalis statiebis msgavsad (ix. 17.3).
onlain
reJimSi
gamoqveynebuli
statiebi.
onlain
gazeTebTan
dakavSirebiT
ixelmZRvaneleT
beWdviT
gazeTebSi
ganTavsebuli
statiebisTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa,
daurTeT URL-misamarTi da Tqvens mier masalis mopovebis TariRi (ix.
15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom marto URL-is miTiTeba sakmarisi ar aris;
Tqven unda warmoadginoT publikaciis yvela faqti, ramdenadac es
SesaZlebelia), raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is
Secvlis SemTxvevaSic. SegiZliaT SeniSvnaSi citirebuli nawyvetis

273

adgilmdebareobis miniSneba aRwerilobiTi maniSneblis

(rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri) qvesaTauris Semdeg.
12. deiv

S:

hoekstra,

`memkvidreobis

19

dekemberi,

2005wlis

gazeTiSiqago sun-Taimsi,

aRdgena,

qvesaTaurSi`saxli

Sors,http://www.suntimes.com/output/hurricane/

damatebiT

Sinidan

cst-ftr-nola19.html

(gaxsnilia

2005 wlis 19 dekembers).

17.5 damatebiTi tipis gamoqveynebuli wyaroebi

arsebobs ramdenime damatebiTi tipis gamoqveynebuli masala, romlebzec
vrceldeba miTiTebis specialuri moTxovnebi.
17.5.1

klasikuri,

Suasaukuneebisa

da

adreuli

periodis

inglisuri

literaturuli nawarmoebebi
Zvel saberZneTSi da romSi, Sua saukuneebis evropaSi da renesansis
periodis

inglisSi

Seqmnili

literaturuli

nawarmoebebis

miTiTeba

Tanamedrove literaturuli nawarmoebebis citirebisgan gansxvavebulad

xdeba. es wyaroebi xSirad dajgufebulia danomril seqciebad (wignebi,
striqonebi,

strofebi

da

a.S.),

romlebic,rogorc

wesi,

miTiTebulia

gverdebis nomrebis nacvlad. imis gamo, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

gamoqveynda am nawarmoebebis uamravi versia da Targmani, Tanamedrove
gamocemebisTvis maTi gamoqveynebis TariRi da sxva faqtebi, Cveulebriv,
naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre sxva tipis miTiTebebSi.
amis gamo klasikuri, Sua saukuneebis da adreuli periodis inglisuri
literaturuli nawarmoebebis citireba, rogorc wesi, unda xdebodes
sqolioebSi an Tundac frCxilebSi Casmuli miTiTebebis formiT. (ix.
16.4.3), rogorc qvemoT mocemul pirvel magaliTSia naCvenebi. miuTiTeT
avtoris saxeli da gvari, saxelwodeba da seqciis nomeri (arabuli
cifrebiT).

ixileT

qvemoT

sxvadasxva

tipis

nawarmoebebis

miTiTebis

principebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi punqtuaciaSi, SemoklebebSi da

nomrebSi.

274

tucidides mier gadmocemulipeloponeziis flotis umoqmedobis oTxmoci

dRe rodiSi(8.44.4), romelic dasrulda zamTris dasrulebamde(8.60.2-3),
mianiSnebs...
S:

3.ovid amoresi1.7.27.

8.beovulfi,

striqonebi 24017.

11. spenseri,dedoflis feria,w. 2, leqsi 8, st. 14.

Tu

Tqveni

sferos,

naSromi

romelic

exeba

literaturul

moicavs

teqstebis

gamokvlevebsan
detalur

sxva

analizs

raime

an

Tu

mniSvnelovani sxvaobaa Targmanebs Soris, miuTiTeT aseTi nawarmoebebi

Tqvens

bibliografiaSi.

ixelmZRvaneleT

17.1.1-Si

moyvanili

sxva

naTargmni da redaqtirebuli wignebisTvis gankuTvnili wesebiT.

S:35. propertiusi, elegiesi, red. da mTargm.j.f. goldi, loebis klasikuri
naSromebis biblioTeka 18 (kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1990), 45.
b:Aaristotele. aristoteles

naSromebis sruli krebuli: ganaxlebuli

oqsfordis Targmani. Eredaqtirebulia jeims j. barnis mier. 2 t.

prinstoni, niu-jersi: prinstonis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1983

klasikuri

nawarmoebebi.zemoT

damatebiT

warmogidgenT

moyvanil

wesebs,

zogad

romlebic

principebTan

vrceldeba

erTad

klasikuri

nawarmoebebis citirebaze.
avtorsa da nawarmoebis saTaurs an saTaursa da seqciis nomers Soris
ar

gamoiyenoT

wertilebiT

sasveni

niSnebi.

intervalebis

cifrobrivi

gareSe.

seqciebis

danayofebi

gamoyofilia

nomrebisTvis

ixmareT

arabuli cifrebi (da, sadac saWiroa, nusxuri asoebi). dasviT mZimeebi

erTi da imave wyaros or an met miTiTebas Soris, xolo wertil-mZime
sxvadasxva wyaros citirebebs Soris.

275

S:5. aristofanebayayebi1019-30.
6. ciceroniVerr. 1.3.21. 2.3.120;

tacitiusiCanasaxi. 10.2-3.
platonirespublika360e10aristotelemetafizika3.2.996b5-8;
361b.

SegiZliaT,

agreTve,

avtorebis,

nawarmoebebis,

krebulebis

da

a.S.

saxelebis Semokleba. yvelaze farTod aRiarebul abreviaturebs Seicavs

oqsfordis klasikuri leqsikoni. isargebleT am abreviaturebiT, nacvlad
sityvisa ibid. erTi da imave naSromis Tanmimdevrulad moxseniebis dros.
S:9. Tuk. 2.40.2-3.
14 . pindariistem.7.4-45.

Suasaukuneebis
Tanabrad

nawarmoebebi.

misaRebia

Sua

klasikuri
saukuneebis

naSromebis

miTiTebis

nawarmoebebisTvis,

forma

romlebic

dawerilia sxva enebze, garda inglisurisa.

S:27. avgustineDe civitate Dei 20.2.
31. abelardiEpistle 17 to Heloise (Migne PL 180.375c-378a).

adreuli

inglisuri

principebis

nawarmoebebi.zemoT

garda,adreuli

inglisuri

CamoTvlili

literaturuli

zogadi

nawarmoebebis

miTiTebebze Semdegi wesebi vrceldeba:

poemebis da piesebis miTiTebisas moixsenieT wigni, Tavi da strofi;
strofi da striqoni; moqmedeba, scena da striqoni an msgavsi danayofebi.
S:1. Coseri, `baTis meuRlis prologi, kenterberis moTxrobebi, striqonebi
105-14.
3. miltoni, dakarguli samoTxe,wigni 1, striqonebi 83-86.

SegiZliaT, SeamokloT danomrili danayofebi moqmedeba,

striqoni da

sxva msgavsi sityvebis gamotovebiT da klasikur miTiTebebSi arsebulis

msgavsi

sistemis

gamoyenebiT

(ix.

zemoT).

aucileblad

ganmarteT

SeniSvnaSi Tqveni sistema.

276

S:3. miltoni. dakarguli samoTxe. 1.83-86.

Tu

gamocemebi

gansxvavdeba

redaqciiT,

striqonebis

danomvriT

da

scenebad dayofiTac ki, gansakuTrebiT, es exeba Seqspiris nawarmoebebs,

CasviT es nawarmoebi bibliografiaSi da miuTiTeT konkretuli gamocema.
Tu bibliografia ar gaqvT, pirvel SeniSvnaSi daakonkreteT detalebi
gamocemis Sesaxeb.
b:

Seqspiri, uiliam. hamleti.

ardenis gamocema. redaqtirebulia herold

jenkinsis mier. londoni: gamomcemloba meTueni, 1982.

17.5.2 biblia da sxva wminda werilebi

miuTiTeT

biblia

da

sxva

religiuri

Sinaarsis

wminda

werilebi

sqolioebSi, teqstis bolos Catanil an frCxilebSi Casmul SeniSvnebSi

(ix. 16.4.3). ar aris saWiro maTi CarTva bibliografiaSi.
bibliidan

citirebis

SemTxvevaSi

daurTeT

wignis

Semoklebuli

saxelwodeba, Tavis nomeri da strofis nomeri gverdis nomris gareSe.

konteqstidan

gamomdinare,

SegiZliaT,

gamoiyenoT

wignebis

saxelwodebebis tradiciuli an ufro mokle abreviaturebi (ix. 24.6);

mimarTeT rCevisTvis Tqvens pedagogs, Tu ar xarT darwmunebuli, romeli
formaa

misaRebi.

gamoiyeneT

arabuli

cifrebi

Tavebis,

strofebis

nomrebisa (maT Soris, orwertiliT)da danomrili wignebis miTiTebisas.

vinaidan wignebi gansxvavebulia wminda werilebis versiebis mixedviT,
gansxvavebulia danomvrac, amitom Tqvens pirvel miTiTebaSi
DCawereT im versiis saxelwodeba, romliTac sargeblobT,

frCxilebSi
sityvierad an

miRebuli abreviaturiT (ix. 24.6.4).

S:

6.

Kings

11:8

(axali

ganaxlebuli

standartuli versia). 7. 1 Cor. 6:1-10 (NAB).

sxva religiis wminda werilebidan citirebis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisad

gamoiyeneT bibliidan citirebis zogadi principebi (ix. 24.6.5)

277

17.5.3 sacnobaro literatura

sayovelTaod
leqsikonebi

cnobili
da

sacnobaro

enciklopediebi,

literatura,

rogoricaa

Cveulebriv,

moixsenieba

mTavari
mxolod

SeniSvnebSi. rogorc wesi,ar aris saWiro maTi Casma bibliografiaSi,

Tumca, SegiZliaT

im

konkretuli

naSromis

CarTva,

romelic

mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentis dasabuTebisTvis an, romelic xSirad

aris

miTiTebuli.

SeniSvnaSi

SegiZliaT,

gamotovoT

informacia

publikaciis Sesaxeb, magram daakonkreteT gamocema (Tu es ar aris

pirveli

gamocema).

anbanuri

wesiT

awyobili

naSromis,

magaliTad,

enciklopediis, SemTxvevaSi miuTiTeT muxli (da ara tomi an gverdis

nomeri), romelsac win uswrebs ix. - ixileT (s.v.- sub verbo).
S:1. enciklopedia britanika, me-15 gam., ix. `xsna.
2. amerikis biografiuli leqsikoni, ix. `vadsvorTi, ieremia.

naklebad

cnobili

sacnobaro

literaturis

miTiTebisasSeniSvebSi

aRniSneTinformacia publikaciis Sesaxeb da naSromi bibliografiaSi

SeitaneT.
S:3. Jurnali Taimsis zamkvlevi inglisuri enis stilis da gamoyenebis

sakiTxebSi, ganax. gam. (londoni: gamomcemloba `Taimz buqsi, 1999), ix.

`policiis maRalCinosnebi, `safosto misamarTebi.
b:aulestia, gorka. baskur-inglisuri leqsikoni. reno: nevadas universitetis
gamomcemloba. 1989.

enciklopediebis onlain versiebi eqvemdebareba regularul ganaxlebas,

amitom CarTeT rogorc URL-misamarTi, ise, masalis mopovebis TariRi (ix.
15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT,

rom

zogierTi

sacnobaro

naSromi

miuTiTebs

konkretuli muxlis citirebisTvis Sesaferis URL-s; sasurvelia misi

gamoyeneba nacvlad saZiebo sistemebis mier gamotanili naklebad sando
URL-isa.

278

S:1.

Encyclopaedia

onlain

Britannica

varianti,

ix.

`sibeliusi,

jin,http://www.britannica .com/ebc/article?tocld=9378608 (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 1

ivniss).

17.5.4 recenziebi, kritikuli statiebi

wignebis, warmodgenebis da a.S. naSromebis recenzia SeiZleba, daibeWdos
sxvadasxva

periodul

gamocemebSi

da,

rogorc

wesi,

maTze

miTiTeba

mxolod SeniSvnaSi unda CairTos. Cveulebriv, aucilebeli ar aris maTi

bibliografiaSi

Casma,

Tumca,

SesaZloa,gadawyvitoT

konkretuli

recenziis miTiTeba, romelic mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an

xSirad aris naxsenebi.
miuTiTeT mimomxilvelis gvari da saxeli, sityva (recenzia), romelsac
mosdevs mimoxiluli naSromis saxelwodeba da avtori (an kompozitori,
reJisori

da

speqtaklze)

a.S.);
da

adgili

bolos

is

da

TariRi

perioduli

(im

SemTxvevaSi,

gamocema,

Tu

saubaria

romelSic

daibeWda

mimoxilva.
S:

7.riCard p. Taubi, Semdegi statiis recenziasazogadoebrivi sabinao

mSeneblobis dabruneba: naxevarsaukunovani brZola sam raionSi,

avtori lorens j. veili, amerikis sociologiuri Jurnali110. no. 3
(2004wlis noemberi): 797.
15. Carlz iServudi. Semdegi dadgmis recenzia cisferi Citi, avtori:
Seril vesti,reJisori seret skoti, Teatri seqong sTeiji, niu-iorki,
gazeTi `New York Times, 2005wlis 24 ivnisi.

b:kozini,

alan.

timoTi

feinis

(violino)

da

stiven

bekis

(fortepiano)

sakoncerto gamosvlis mimoxilva, 92nd Street Y, New York. New York Times,
2000wlis 21 aprili.

17.5.5 reziumeebi, mimoxilvebi

samecniero statiebis, sakonferencio naSromebis, disertaciebis da a.S.
reziumeebi

SeiZleba,

specialur

gamocemebSi

gamoqveyndes
(Cveulebriv,

sakuTriv

naSromTan

JurnalebSi),

erTad

romlebic

an

Sedgeba
279

mxolod da mxolod reziumeebisgan. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, reziumeebi,

Cveulebriv,

mxolod

bibliografiaSi

SeniSvniT

CarTva

ar

unda
aris

mieTiTos.

rogorc

aucilebeli,

wesi,

Tumca,

maTi

SesaZloa,

gadawyvitoT konkretuli recenziis miTiTeba, romelic mniSvnelovania

Tqveni argumentisTvis an xSirad aris miTiTebuli.
daurTeT

sakuTriv

naSromis

sruli

miTiTeba.

Tu

reziume

ibeWdeba

naSromTan erTad, miTiTebaSi sityva reziume CasviT saTauris Semdeg. Tu

reziume ibeWdeba sxva gamocemaSi, sityvebi reziume . . . SiCasviT sawyisi
miTiTebis Semdeg da miuTiTeT reziumes adgilmdebareoba.
13. jozef

S:

reagireba

ludersi,

samoqalaqo

`gadaadgilebis
uflebebis

ekonomikis

warmateba:

biznesis

mobilizaciaze,

reziume,

amerikis

sociologiuri Jurnali111, nom. A (2006wlis ianvari): 963.

18.

sesilia

albini,

TanamSromlobis

Taobaze:

`molaparakebebis
saerTaSoriso

warmoeba

saerTaSoriso

sazogadoebrivi

saqoneli

da

samarTlianoba, saerTaSiriso kvlevebis mimoxilva29 (2003wlis ivlisi):

365-85, reziume JurnalSimSvidobis kvlevis reziumeebiA2, publik. nomeri
236625 (2005wlis Tebervali): 6.

17.5.6 bukletebi da angariSebi

miuTiTeT

bukletebi,

korporaciuli

angariSebi,

broSurebi

da

sxva

damoukidebeli publikaciebi iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT wigns. Tu ar

gaqvT

sakmarisi

informacia

zogierTi

standartuli

elementis

CasarTavad, rogoricaa avtori da gamomcemeli, dokumentebis moZieba rom

gaadvildes,
wyaroebis
rogorc
SesaZloa,

miuTiTeT

miTiTeba,

sakmarisi

Cveulebriv,

wesi, ar aris
gadawyvitoT

saWiro

odenobis

mxolod

sxva

SeniSvnebSi

informacia.aseTi
unda

gakeTdes.

maTi bibliografiaSi CarTva, Tumca,

konkretuli

recenziis

miTiTeba,

romelic

mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an xSirad aris naxsenebi.

S:

34.heizel v. klarki, mesopotamia: or mdinares Sua(mesopotamia, ohaio:

gamomcemloba

general

sTori,

1957).35.

TIAA-CREF,2005

yovelwliuri

280

angariSi: kolejis sapensio fondi(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba: `Tiaa-krefi,

2005), 62.

17.5.7 mikroformis gamocemebi

mikroformis saxiT gamocemuli naSromebi, romliTac xelmZRvanelobdiT,
maT Soris

disertacia, miuTiTeT wignis msgavsad. (nabeWdi formiT an

internetSi moZiebuli disertaciebis misaTiTeblad (ix. 17.6.1.) daurTeT

publikaciis forma (mikrofiSa, mikrofilmi da a.S.), publikaciis Sesaxeb
monacemebis

Semdeg.

ganmsazRvreli
(romelic

SeniSvnaSi,

elementi.

sicxadisTvis

qvemoT,

Tu

SesaZlebelia,

pirvel

gamoyofilia

magaliTSi

abreviaturiT

CarTeT

adgilis

gverdis
gv.)

nomeri

mikrofiSaze

nabeWd teqstSi gvxvdeba; danarCenicifrebiaRniSnavenmikrofiSasda kadrs,

xolo aso aRniSnavs striqons.
S:5.beatris

safrangeTis popularuli liTografiuli

namuSevrebi, t. 12, liTografia xelovnebasa da vaWrobaSi(Cikago:
farveli,

Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1995), teqsti-fiSa, gv. 67, 3C12.

b:

Tauberi,

abraam.

damwerlobis

reforma

SeerTebul

StatebSi.

enAarbori. MI: universitetis mikrofilmebi. 1958. mikrofilmi.

17.5.8 CD-ROM-ebi an DVD-ROM-ebi

miuTiTeTCD-ROM-ze

an

DVD-ROM-ze

CawerilinaSromebi,

rogorc

miuTiTebdiT analogiur nabeWd naSromebs, ufro xSirad, wignebs.

jeografikis
Canawerebi:110
jeografikisdaarsebidan, CD-ROM (Mindscape, 2000).

S:11.

neiSenal

welineiSenal

b:oqsfordis inglisuri enis leqsikoni. me-2 gam. CD-ROM. versia 2.0. niuiorki: oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba. 1999.

17.5.9 onlain monacemTa bazebi

onlain

monacemTa

bazebSi

gamoqveynebuli

samecniero

Jurnalebis

statiebis citirebasTan dakavSirebiT, ixileT 17.2.7. sxva tipis onlain

281

monacemTa

bazebis

dokumentebs

an

Canawerebs

SeniSvnaSi

miTiTebisasdaurTeTdokumentis avtoris saxeli da gvari da dokumentis

saxelwodeba (Tu aqvs), monacemTa baza (swori SriftiT), URL misamarTi
da TariRi, rodesac masala moipoveT. gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod da
mxolod URL-i sakmarisi ar aris; unda warmoadginoT sruli informacia
publikaciis

Sesaxeb,

ramdenadac

es

SesaZlebelia,

raTa

mkiTxvels

SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis SemTxvevaSic. onlain monacemTa

bazebSi ganTavsebuli disertaciebis miTiTebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.6.1.
1. flini ufrosi,bunebrivi istoria, red. jon bostoki da h. T.

S:

rili, perseusis cifrul biblioTekaSi, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgibin/ptext?lookup = Plin.+ Nat.+1.dedication (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 31 marts).
b:perseusis cifruli biblioTeka, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/

17.6 gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi

wyaroebi, romlebic arasdros gamoqveynebula, SeiZleba, ufro rTuli
mosaZebni

iyos

mkiTxvelisTvis,

vidre

gamoqveynebuli,

vinaidan

isini

inaxeba mxolod erT adgilas da ar arsebobs oficialuri cnobebi maTi

publikaciis

Sesaxeb.

msgavsi

wyaroebis

miTiTebisas

gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba aqvs qvemoT CamoTvlili sruli informaciis darTvas, raTa

maqsimalurad srulyofili monacemebi mivawodoT mkiTxvels.
gamouqveynebeli

naSromebis

saTaurebi

mocemulia

swori

SriftiT,

ubrWyalebod. es gansxvavebuli formati gamoarCevs maT msgavsi, magram

gamoqveynebuli

naSromebisgan.

saTaurebi

mTavruli

asoebiT

dawereT

saTauris stilis mixedviT.

282

17.6.1 Tezisebi da disertaciebi

Tu

xelmZRvanelobT

CaTvaleT

igi

gamouqveynebeli

gamouqveynebel

disertaciis

xelnawerad.

avtoris

nabeWdi
da

formiT,

saxelwodebis

Semdeg miuTiTeT disertaciis tipi da samecniero dawesebuleba, Semdeg

TariRi.

wignis

publikaciis

monacemebis

msgavsad,

es

elementebi

SeniSvnaSi frCxilebSi Tavsdeba, bibliografiaSi ki ara. gamoiyeneT

disertaciis

Semoklebuli varianti dis.sityvis

gamouqveynebelixmareba

saWiro ar aris.
S: 1. karen lei Culkasi, `qurTistanis kartografiuli warmoCena beWdviT
mediaSi(Tezisi magistris xarisxis dasacavad, sirakusis universiteti,
2003), 15.
b:merfi, priscila qoiT. `ra SeuZlia wigns: Cumi wyarodasajaro debatebi
mediasaSualebebSi. sadoqtoro disertacia., CrdiloeT karolinas
universiteti, 2000.

imisaTvis,

rom

miuTiToT

disertacia,

romelsac

gaecaniT

onlain

monacemTa bazaSi,daurTeT monacemTa bazis saxeli, URL-i da monacemTa

bazaSi

Sesvlis

TariRi

organizaciis

Sesaxeb

informaciis

Semdeg

(mikroformis saxiT gamoSvebuli gamocemebis Sesaxeb ixileT 17.5.7.)

b: merfi, priscila, qoiTi. `ra SeuZlia wigns: Cumi wyaro da sajaro
debatebi mediasaSualebebSi.sad. dis.., CrdiloeT karolinas universiteti.
2000. ProQuest Dissertationsand Theses-Si, http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did =
727710781 &sid-2&Fmt^2& clientld=13392&RQT=309&VName=PQD (gaxsnilia

2006

wlis 1 aprils).

17.6.2 leqciebi da Sexvedrebze wakiTxuli moxsenebebi

gamosvlis an moxsenebis avtoris da saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT sponsori,
adgilmdebareoba da TaTbiris Catarebis konkretuli dRe. SeniSvnaSi es
informacia

frCxilebSi

moaTavseT,

bibliografiaSi

ara.

sityva

gamouqveynebeli saWiro ar aris.

283

S:2.jon

Trumani,`indielTa bluzi: amerikeli indielebi da musikis

politika,1890-1935" (leqcia, wakiTxuli biblioTekaSi `Newberry Library,

Cikago, ilinoisi, 2005wlis 2 Tebervali).

7. karen gradi, `rodesac maRali kultura popularuli kultura
iyo

(amerikis

istorikosTa

organizaciis

yovelwliur

Sexvedraze

warmodgenili moxseneba. 2004wlis 26 marti).

b:skokpoli, Teda. `xma da uTanasworoba: amerikis samoqalaqo demokratiis
gardaqmna.prezidentis mimarTva, amerikis politologTa asociaciis
yovelwliuri

Sexvedra,

filadelfia,

pensilvania,2003wlis

28

agvisto.

17.6.3 interviuebi da piradi urTierToba

gamouqveynebeli

interviu

(maT

Soris,

interviu,

romelic

Tavad

warmarTeT),rogorc wesi, mxolod SeniSvnaSi unda miuTiToT. Cveulebriv,

ar

aris

saWiro

gadawyvitoT
mniSvnelovania

maTi

calkeuli
Tqveni

bibliografiaSi
intervius

CarTva,

CarTva

argumentisTvis

an

Tumca,

SegiZliaT

bibliografiaSi,
xSirad

aris

Tu

is

miTiTebuli.

SeniSvna daiwyeT im piris gvariT da saxeliT, romelsac CamoerTva

interviu

da

interviueris

saxeliT

da

gvariT;

daurTeT,

agreTve,

intervius Catarebis adgili da TariRi (Tu cnobilia) da nebismieri

firisa Tu werilobiTi aslis (Tu aris xelmisawvdomi) adgilmdebareoba.
(radio- an telemauwyeblobiT gadacemuli interviuebis Sesaxeb ixileT
17.8.3)
S:7. endriu makmilani, avtoris interviu,san diego, kalifornia,2007 wlis 2
marti.
14. benjamin Spoki, j.e. senis interviu, 1974 wlis 20 noemberi, interviu
67a,

werilobiTi

asli,senis

zepiri

istoriis

koleqcia,

medicinis

erovnuli biblioTeka, beTezda, MD. 17.

makmilani,interviu; spoki, interviu.

Tu ar SegiZliaT im piris vinaobis gamJRavneba, romelsac interviu

CamoarTves, miuTiTeT is konteqstis Sesabamisi formiT. ganmarteT, ratom
284

ar aris miTiTebuli vinaoba (`yvela interviu iyo konfidencialuri; im

pirTa vinaobas, visac CamovarTviT interviuebi, ar vasaxelebT ormxrivi
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze) SeniSvnaSi an winasityvaobaSi.
S:10. interviu jandacvis sferos muSakTan 2006 wlis 10 agvisto.

miuTiTeT saubrebi, werilebi, eleqtronuli werilebi da a.S. mxolod

SeniSvnebSi. rogorc wesi, ar aris saWiro maTi miTiTeba bibliografiaSi,
magram SeiZleba, moisurvoT, miuTiToT konkretuli komunikacia, romelic
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentis gasamyareblad an romelic xSirad aris
citirebuli.

ZiriTadi

elementebia

sxva

adamianis

saxeli

da

gvari,

komunikaciis tipi da komunikaciis TariRi. bevr SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa,

moaxerxoT frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnis gamoyeneba (ix. 16.4.3) an am
informaciis

nawilobriv

an

srulad

CarTva

teqstSi.

gamotoveT

eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebi. eleqtronul misamarTebze gagzavnili

Setyobinebebis miTiTebis Sesaxeb ixileT ix. 17.7.3.
S:2. maqsin grini, eleqtronuli fostis gzavnili avtors, 2005 wlis 29
seqtemberi.

2006 wlis 12 oqtombers avtorTan satelefono saubrisas polkovnikma

uiliam riCim gaamJRavna, rom...

17.6.4 xelnawerTa koleqciebi

gamouqveynebel xelnawerTa koleqciebSi daculi dokumentebi Seicavs
gamoqveynebul wyaroebze ufro rTul da mravalferovan elementebs.
miTiTebaSi

CarTeT,

daaformateT

rac

elementebi

SeiZleba,
da

meti

informacia,

saWiroebisamebr

Tanmimdevrulad

miusadageTaq

moyvanili

zogadi modelebi.
Sesatani elementebi da maTi Tanmimdevroba. Tu SesaZlebelia, miuTiTeT
avtori

da

TiToeuli

elementis

saxelwodeba

an

tipi,

koleqciis

saxelwodeba da arqivis dasaxeleba. SeniSvnaSi, pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT

285

avtoris saxeli da gvari; Tu dokuments aqvs saxelwodeba, avtori ki

ara,

an

Tu

saxelwodeba

ufro

mniSvnelovania,

vidre

avtori,

Tavdapirvelad saxelwodeba miuTiTeT.

S:5. jorj qrilis werilebi polkovnik hauzis misamarTiT, 1918 wlis
seqtemberi, eduard m. hauzis dokumentebi, ielis universitetis
biblioTeka, niu-heiveni, koneqtikuti.
23. jeims ogleTorfis werilebi rwmunebulebs, 1733 wlis 13 ianvari,
egmontis
xelnawerebis
filipsis
koleqcia,
14200:13,
jorjiis
universitetis biblioTeka, aTeni (SemdgomSi miTiTebulia rogorc Egmont
MSS).
24. bartonis werilebi meriamis misamarTiT, telegrama, 1923 wlis 26
ianvari,
Carlz
i.
meriamis
dokumentebi,
Cikagos
universitetis
biblioTeka.
31. Tavisufal SavkanianTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis sakiTxebis
komitetis Sexvedris oqmi, pensilvaniis monobis gauqmebis sazogadoeba,
1790-1803, monobis gauqmebis pensilvaniis sazogadoebis dokumentebi,
pensilvaniis istoriuli sazogadoeba, filadelfia (Semdgom miTiTebebSi
pensilvaniis sazogadoebis oqmebi).
44. alvin jonsonis memorandumi, 1937, swrafCamkeri 36, horas kalenis
dokumentebi, instituti YIVO, niu-iorki
45. jozef furseli, `CrdiloeT amerikis samxreT indielTa olqis
ruka [ca. 1772]. MS 228, eiveris koleqcia, biblioTekaNewberry Library,
Cikago.

Semoklebuli SeniSvnebSiSecvaleT elementebis Cveuli sqema (ix. 16.4.1),

raTa asaxoT arsebuli informacia da mkafiod miuTiToT informacia
dokumentis Sesaxeb.
S:46. r.s. beikeris werili hauzs, 1919 wlis 1 noemberi,
hauzis dokumentebi.
47.

oqmebi.

1795

wlis

15

aprili,

pensilvaniis

sazogadoeba.

286

Tu koleqciidan mxolod erT dokuments uTiTebT da is mniSvnelovania

Tqveni

argumentis

dasabuTebisTvis

an

xSirad

gaqvT

naSromSi

miTiTebuli, SeiZleba, arCioT misi bibliografiaSi CarTva.muxlSi,pirvel

rigSi,

miuTiTeT

saxelwodeba,

avtoris

xolo

saxeli

avtori

ar

da

gvari;

hyavs

an

Tu

Tu

dokuments

saxelwodeba

aqvs
ufro

mniSvnelovania, vidre avtori, pirvelad miuTiTeT saxelwodeba.

b:Ddinkeli, jozef. luis agasis daxasiaTeba, dawerili elizabeT qeri agasis
TxovniT.

agasis

dokumentebi.

houTonis

biblioTeka,

harvardis

universiteti, kembriji, masaCusetsi.

Tu koleqciidan mravali dokumentis citirebas axdenT, bibliografiaSi

`koleqciis

saxeliT

dokumentebis

miuTiTeT

avtor(eb)i

masalisTvis, romelic

an

mTeli

arqivi.

arqivebSi ar

koleqcia,

msgavsi

masSi

tipis

Semavali

gamouqveynebeli

inaxeba, SecvaleT koleqciasTan

dakavSirebuli informacia frazebiT `avtoris mflobelobaSia~an `kerZo

koleqcia da nu axsenebT adgils.
b:egmontis

xelnawerebi.

filipsis

koleqcia.

jorjiis

universitetis

biblioTeka, aTeni.
hauzi,

edvard

m.,

dokumentebi.

ielis

universitetis

biblioTeka.

niu

heiveni, koneqtikuti.
pensilvaniis

monobis

gauqmebis

sazogadoeba.

dokumentebi.

pensilvaniis

istoriuli sazogadoeba, filadelfia.

stroTeri,

frenCi

da

edvard

lori.

dauTariRebeli

mimowera.

herbert

huveris saprezidento biblioTeka, vesT brenCi, aiova.

erovnuli mSrali kanonis reformis momxre qalTa organizaciis dokumentebi.
alis belin diuponis failebi. pier s. diuponis dokumentebi,eluterian milsis
istoriuli biblioTeka,uilmingtoni, deleveri.

elementebis daformatebis wesi. warmogidgenT ramdenime rekomendacias

xelnawerTa

koleqciebSi

arsebuli

dokumentebis

specialur

daformatebasTan dakavSirebiT.
konkretuli saTaurebi ganzogadebuli saTaurebis nacvlad.miuTiTeT
rogorc konkretuli, ise, ganzogadebuli saTaurebi, rogoricaa

287

angariSi an oqmi, swori SriftiT, ubrWyalebod.dasviT mTavruli asoebi

am tipis ganzogadebul saxelebSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini
xelnaweris oficialuri saTauris nawilia da ara maSin, roca maT
mxolod aRwerilobiTi funqcia akisria.
-informacia adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb. zogierTi xelnaweri SesaZloa,
Seicavdes gverdebis nomrebs, romlebic SeiZleba, moTavsdes SeniSvnebSi;
miuxedavad amisa, mraval xelnawers eqneba adgilmdebareobis maniSnebeli
sxva tipis elementi an saerTod ar eqneba is. ufro Zveli xelnawerebis
danomvra, rogorc wesi, xdeba mxolod TabaxiT an formatiT, nacvlad
gverdebisa. xelnawerebis zogierT koleqcias aqvs seriebi an failebis
nomrebi, romlebic SeiZleba, daurToT miTiTebas.
-naSromebi

da

xelnawerebi.

xelnawerTa

koleqciebis

saTaurebSi

terminebi naSromi da xelnawerebi sinonimebia. orive termini misaRebia,

iseve, rogorc abreviaturebi MS daMSS (mravlobiTi ricxvi).
-werilebi. SeniSvnebSi werilis citirebisas, pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT
werilis avtoris saxeli da gvari, Semdeg daurTeT adresati, Semdeg ki

werilis mimRebis gvari. SegiZliaT, ar miuTiToT saxelebi, Tu teqstidan

TvalsaCinoa gamgzavnis da adresatis vinaoba. gamotoveT sityva werili,
romelic igulisxmeba, Tumca, Tu sxva formis komunikacias uTiTebT,
daakonkreteT komunikaciis tipi (depeSa, memorandumi).

17.7 araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi

masalas, romelic araoficialurad qveyndeba internetSi, xSirad ar
eqneba publikaciis standartuli monacemebi, rogoricaa avtori, saTauri,
gamomcemeli an TariRi. maSinac ki, rodesac SegiZliaT publikaciis
Sesaxeb mxolod Zalian mwiri monacemebis mopoveba an saerTod ver
adgenT

maT,

mainc

unda

miuTiToT

ufro

meti

informacia,

vidreURLmisamarTia. Tu miuTiTebT mxolod URL-s da is Seicvleba an

moZveldeba,
miuTiTebs,

miTiTeba
sad

iyo

gamousadegari
ganTavsebuli

xdeba

masala,

mkiTxvelisTvis.
rodesac

Tqven

URL-i

gaecaniT

288

mas;sruli miTiTeba, aseve, unda uCvenebdes wyaros da Tqvens mier misi

ukanasknelad monaxulebis TariRs (ix. 15.4.1).

17.7.1 vebgverdebi
wignebisa da perioduli gamocemebis garda onlain wyaroebidan miRebul
sxva original masalasTan dakavSirebiT miuTiTeT, rac SeiZleba, meti
informacia

Semdegi

CamonaTvlidan:

avtori,

gverdis

saTauri

(swori

SriftiT, brWyalebSi), vebgverdis saxelwodeba an mflobeli (swori

SriftiT), URL-i da vebgverdze Sesvlis TariRi.
S:14. Eevanstonis sajaro biblioTekis sameurveo sabWo, `evanstonis sajaro
biblioTekis

strategiuli

gegma,

2000-2010:

saqmianobis

dekada,

evanstonis sajaro biblioTeka, http://www.epl .org/library/strategic-planOO.html (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 1 ivniss).

b:evanstonis sajaro biblioTekis sameurveo sabWo. `evanstonis sajaro
biblioTekis

strategiuli

gegma,

2000-2010:

saqmianobis

dekada.

evanstonis sajaro biblioTeka.http://www.epl.org/ library/strategic-planOO.html (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 1 ivniss).

Tu

avtori

ar

aris

dasaxelebuli,

miuTiTeTvebgverdis

mflobelis

saxeli.
S:19. bahaizmi

SeerTebul

StatebSi,

`ganaTleba,

bahaizmi, http://www

.bahai.us/content/section/7/6/ (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 28 marts).

25. Famerikis mecnierTa federacia, `rezoluciis Sedareba: sanomre
niSnebis

da

saTaurebis

kiTxvahttp://www.fas.org/irp/imint/resolve5.html

(gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 1 ivniss).

b:bahaizmi SeerTebul StatebSi, `ganaTleba, bahaizmi, http://www.bahai.us/

content/section/7/6/ (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 28 marts).

289

araoficialur

saitebze,

rogoricaa

mTavari

gverdebi

da

TayvanismcemelTa saitebi, romlebsac SeiZleba, arc hqondeT saTaurebi,

gamoqveynebuli masalebisTvis gamoiyeneT aRwerilobiTi frazebi.
S:1.

Taqonikis

banakis

1955

kursdamTavrebulebi,

fotogalerea,

http://www.taconicalumni.org/1955 .html (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 1 ivniss).

17.7.2 veblogze gamoqveynebuli Canawerebi da komentarebi

Tu miuTiTebT veblogze (an blogze) gamoqveynebul informacias saitis
avtoris mixedviT, ixelmZRvaneleT vebsaitebisTvis gansazRvruli zogadi
modeliT. miuTiTeT avtoris saxeli da gvari da ganTavsebis TariRi.
aseTi informacia, rogorc wesi, mxolod SeniSvnaSi unda mieTiTos.
Cveulebriv,
SeiZleba,

ar

aris

maTi

gadawyvitoT

mniSvnelovania

Tqveni

bibliografiaSi

konkretuli
argumentis

CarTva

informaciis

saWiro,

CarTva,

dasabuTebisTvis

an

Tumca,

romelic

xSirad

aris

miTiTebuli.
S:7.geri bekeri, `amerikis axali dilema: aralegaluri imigracia, bekerpozneris

vebJurnali,statia

ganTavsebulia

http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/

2006

wlis

marts

archives/2006/03/the_new_america.html

(gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 28 marts).

veblogze

saitis

komentaris

avtoris

misaTiTeblad

garda,

sxva

piris

ixelmZRvaneleT

mier

ganTavsebuli

veblogze

ganTavsebuli

informaciisTvis gansazRvruli zogadi principebiT. masala moixsenieT,

rogorc komentari da miuTiTeT komentaris ganTavsebis TariRi (da ara
Tavad komentari). Tu komentaris avtoris saxeli da gvari arasrulia an
fsevdonimia, kvadratul frCxilebSi, saxelis Semdeg daamateT fsevd.
S:8.

piter

piersoni,

aralegaluri
ganTavsda

komentari

imigracia,
2006

wlis

statiisa

beker-pozneris
6

`amerikis

axali

vebJurnali,

dilema:
komentari

marts,http://www.becker-posner-

290

blog.com/archives/2006/03/the_new_america.html#c080052

(gaxsnilia

2006

wlis 28 marts).

11. bili [fsevd.], komentari

statiisa

`amerikis

axali

dilema:

aralegaluri imigracia, beker-pozneris vebJurnali,komentari ganTavsda

2006

wlis

10

httpV/www.becker-posner-

marts,

blog.com/archives/2006/03/the_new_america.

html#c080U9

(gaxsnilia

2006

wlis 28 marts).

17.7.3 adresatTaeleqtronuli misamarTebis siebi

adresatTa

eleqtronuli

misamarTebis

siidan

masalis

citirebisas

daurTeT avtoris saxeli da gvari, siis saxelwodeba da gagzavnis

TariRi. gamotoveT eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebi. Tu statia unda
daarqivdes

miuTiTeT,

agreTve,URL

misamarTi

da

TariRi,

rodesac

internetSi gamoiyeneT masala. msgavsi informaciis citireba, rogorc

wesi, xdeba mxolod SeniSvnaSi. Cveulebriv, saWiro ar aris maTi CarTva
Tqvens

bibliografiaSi,

elementis

CarTva,

Tu

Tumca,
is

SeiZleba,

gadawyvitoT

mniSvnelovania

konkretuli

argumentis

gamyarebis

TvalsazrisiT an xSirad aris miTiTebuli.

S:17. jon paueli, elfostis werili Grapevine-adresatTa siis wevrebisTvis,
2004 wlis 30 oqtomberi,http://www .electriceditors.net/grapevine/issues/83.txt
(gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 12 oqtombers).

17.8 vizualuri da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis wyaroebi

vizualuri

da

saSemsruleblo

xelovneba

gvTavazobs

mravalferovan

wyaroebs: vizualur gamosaxulebebs, cocxal warmodgenebs, tele- da

radiogadacemebs,

Canawerebs

sxvadasxva

matarebelze

da

teqstebs.

zogierTi aseTi wyaros citireba SeiZleba, rTulic iyos, Tu maT ar

axlavs

gamoqveynebuli

wyaroebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli

mosaZiebeli

informacia. aseTi wyaroebis miTiTebas daurTeT, SeZlebisdagvarad, bevri

291

informacia,

Tanmimdevrulad

miTiTebebssaWiroebisamebr

daaformateT

miusadageT

elementebi

winamdebare

nawilSi

da

mocemuli

zogadi modelebi.
am nawilSi CamoTvlili wyaroebis umetesoba mxolod SeniSvnebSi unda
aRniSnoT an, sulac, teqstSi CarToT misi ZiriTadi elementebi. Tu
sxvagvari ram ar aris miTiTebuli, rogorc wesi, saWiro ar aris am
wyaroebis

bibliografiaSi

CarTva,

Tumca,

garkveul

SemTxvevebSi

SeiZleba, CarToT konkretuli elementi, romelic mniSvnelovania Tqveni

argumentis
miTiTebuli.

dasabuTebis
Tu

TvalsazrisiT

naSroms

iseTi

an

romelic

disciplinebisTvis

xSirad

werT,

aris

rogoricaa

xelovneba, mediis kvlevebi an sxva msgavsi sfero, rCevisTvis Tqvens

pedagogs mimarTeT.
17.8.1 vizualuri wyaroebi
ferweruli namuSevrebi, qandakebebi, fotoebi da xelovnebis sxva
nawarmoebebi.ferweruli
xelovnebis

sxva

naxatebi,

qandakebebi,

nawarmoebebi

SeniSvnebSi.daurTeT,agreTve,mxatvris

fotosuraTebi

aRiniSneba

saxeli

da

gvari,

da

mxolod
nawarmoebis

saxelwodeba da Seqmnis TariRi (romelsac win uswrebs ca. [circa],Tu

TariRi

miaxloebiTia),

aseve,

im

dawesebulebis

saxelwodeba

da

adgilmdebareoba (TuaseTi arsebobs), romelSic igi inaxeba. ferweruli

namuSevrebisa da qandakebebissaxelwodebebi daxrili SriftiT dawereT,
xolo

fotosuraTebis

saxelwodebebi

swori

SriftiT

miuTiTeT

da

brWyalebSi CasviT.
S:7. jorjia okifi, alburi buxrebi, 1938, milvokis xelovnebis muzeumi.
11. miqelanjelo, daviTi, 1501-4, samxatvro akademiis galerea, florencia.

SeniSvnis gamoyenebis nacvlad, zogjer xelovnebis nimuSebis miTiTeba

elementebis

teqstSi

CarTviTac

SegiZliaT.

am

elementebidan

zogi

SeiZleba, frCxilebSi Caisvas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu isini ar Seesabameba

frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebis formats, romelic aRwerilia 16.4.3-Si.
292

S:7. Gjorjia okifi, alpuri buxrebi, 1938, barbara buler linis, lesli
polin-kempesis da fridrix u. terneris naSromSi jorjia okifi da
niu-meqsiko: adgilis SegrZneba (prinstoni: prinstonis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 2004), 25.

Tu xelovnebis nawarmoebi gamoqveynebul wyaroSi naxeT da adgilobrivi

wesebiT gansazRvrulia Sesabamisi wyaros identifikacia, organizaciis
saxelwodebis

da

adgilmdebareobis

nacvlad,SeiyvaneT

informacia

publikaciis Sesaxeb. onlain suraTebis (online images)Sesaxeb ix.17.8.6.

S:12.ojaxis wignierebis erovnuli centri, `vinaidan me SemiZlia kiTxva,
reklama JurnalSi`atlantiq mansli, 2006 wlis aprili, 59.
sxva

grafikuli

dagWirdeT

wyaroebi.SeiZleba,

iseTi

grafikuli

wyaroebis citireba, rogoricaa sareklamo gancxadebebi presaSi, rukebi,

karikaturebi
miusadageT
modelebi

da
maT

da

a.S.

aRniSneT

xelovnebis

daurTeT

saxelwodebebi

swori

gamosaxulebis

tipi,

rac

aseTi

nimuSebisTvis
SeiZleba

SriftiT,
Tu

is

wyaroebi

meti

brWyalebSi

mxolod

SeniSvnebSi,

gankuTvnili

sabaziso

informacia.

miuTiTeT

CasmiT

saxelwodebidancxadi

ar

da
aris.

aRniSneT
onlain

grafikuli gamosaxulebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.8.6.

17.8.2 cocxali Sesruleba
Teatri, musika da cekva.aRniSneT cocxali Teatraluri, musikaluri an
sacekvao

Sesruleba

mxolod

SeniSvnebSi.

aRniSvnas

daurTeT

Sesrulebuli nawarmoebis saxelwodeba, yvela wamyvani Semsruleblis

saxeli da gvari da maT mier Sesrulebuli rolebi, romel TeatrSi,
darbazSi
mdebareoba

da
da

a.S

gaimarTa

TariRi.

warmodgena,

piesebis

da

didi

warmodgenis

geografiuli

musikaluri

kompoziciebis

saTaurebi dawereT daxrili SriftiT, xolo ufro mcire namuSevrebis

saTaurebi _ swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi.
konkretuli pirovnebis

Sesrulebas,

Tu citata xazs usvams

Semsruleblis

saxeli da gvari

miuTiTeT nawarmoebis saTauris win.

293

S:cisferi Citi,Semsrulebeli Seril l. vesti, reJisori sereT skoti,

Second Stage Theater, niu-iorki, 2005wlis 22 ivnisi.
16. iuja vangi, fortepiano, "La Valse," komp. moris raveli, saorkestro
darbazi, Cikago, 2006 wlis 26 marti.

SeniSvnis gamoyenebis nacvlad, zogjer, miTiTeba cocxali Sesrulebis

Sesaxeb elementebis teqstSi CarTviTac SegiZliaT. am elementebidan zogi
maTgani SeiZleba, frCxilebSi Caisvas, maSinac ki, Tu isini ar Seesabameba
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebisformats, romelic aRwerilia 16.4.3-Si.
iuja

vangma

(2006

wlis

moris
26

ravelis

marts,

,,la

Cikagos

valsis

SesrulebiT

saorkestro

darbazSi)

gviCvena, rom mas esmis...

Tu cocxali Sesruleba CanawerSi ixileT an moismineT, miuTiTeT es

Canaweri. audioCanaweris Sesaxeb ix. 17.8.4; videoCanawerTan dakavSirebiT _
17.8.5; onlain failebis (online files) Sesaxeb _ 17.8.6
kinofilmebi.Tu

filmi

kinoTeatrSi

naxeT,

cocxali

Sesrulebis

miTiTebis msgavsad, SeniSvnaSi aRniSneT an CarTeT elementebi teqstSi.

(videoCanawerebiT nanaxi filmebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.8.5; internetSi nanaxi
filmebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.8.6.).miuTiTeT kinofilmis saxelwodeba, reJisori,
mwarmoebeli

kompaniis

an

distributoris

saxelwodeba

da

filmis

gamoSvebis weli. Tu saWiroa, aRwereT Tqvens mier citirebuli epizodis

moqmedebis adgili.
S:3. Capote, reJisori benet mileri, Sony Pictures Classics, 2005,
sawyisi epizodi
17.8.3 satelevizio programebi da sxva samauwyeblo wyaroebi
programebi.miuTiTeT

teleprogramebi,

radioprogramebi

da

sxva

samauwyeblowyaroebi mxolod SeniSvnebSi. daurTeT programis saxeli da

TariRi,
aRniSnoT

rodesac

naxeT

epizodis

an

saTauri

moismineT
da

gadacema.

nomeri

(Tu

SegiZliaT,

agreTve,

xelmisawvdomia),

yvela

294

wamyvani

Semsruleblis

Seesabameba),

adgili,

saxeli

saidanac

da
xdeba

gvari

(Tu

Tqvens

mauwyebloba

da

msjelobas

Tavdapirveli

mauwyeblobis TariRi (Tu gansxvavdeba im TariRisgan, rodesac Tqven

naxeT an moismineT gadacema). programebis saxelebi dawereT daxrili
SriftiT, xolo epizodebis an segmentebis saTaurebi swori SriftiT,
brWyalebSi.
S:16.

zainfildi,`sapirispiro,epizodi

86,2005

wlis

22

seqtemberi

programebi

aRniSnoT

(Tavdapirvelad gadaica 1994 wlis 19 maiss)

xSirad,

SeniSvnis

nacvlad,SegiZliaT,

aseTi

ZiriTadi elementebis teqstSi CarTvis meSveobiT, gansakuTrebiT maSin,

rodesac zogierTi an yvela damatebiTi elementi ar aris xelmisawvdomi
an ar Seesabameba citirebas.

sainfildis epizodi saTauriT "sapiripiro"(eTerSi gadaica 2005 wlis 22

seqtembers) SesaniSnavad warmoaCens am nawarmoebis struqturas.

Tu

programa

CanawerSi

naxeT

an

moismineT,

miuTiTeT

Canaweri.

videoCanaweris Sesaxeb ix. 17.8.5; onlain failebis Sesaxebix. 17.8.6.

interviuebi.miuTiTeT mauwyeblis meSveobiT gadmocemuli interviuebi
mxolod

SeniSvnebSian

teqstSi,

masSiCarTuli

elementebiT.

miiCnieT

respondenti avtorad da citirebis konteqstSi miuTiTeT interviueris

vinaoba.

daurTeT,

agreTve,

mauwyeblobis

adgili

da

TariRi.

gamouqveynebeli interviuebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.6.3.

S:10. jim lereris interviu kondoliza raisTan. niuz auer, pi-bi-esi, 2005 wlis
28 ivlisi.

reklamebi.miuTiTeT mauwyeblobis saSualebebiT gadmocemuli reklamebi

mxolod SeniSvnebSian teqstSi, masSiCarTuli elementebiT. daurTeT, rac
SeiZleba, meti informacia.

295

S:18. federal eqspresi, "gamoqvabulis kacis" reklama, eTerSi gadaica 2006

wlis 5 Tebervals, superboloul iqs-elis msvlelobisas.
.

17.8.4 audioCanawerebi
Tu

audioCanawerSi

(spoken

performance),

moismineT
miuTiTeT

musikaluri
Canaweri.

Sesruleba

gamoqveynebuli

an

deklamacia

nawarmoebebis

msgavsad, aseT Canawerebs, rogorc wesi, ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi

saidentifikacio

monacemebi

aqvs

da

saWiro

iqneba

maTi

aRniSvna

bibliografiaSi.
aRniSneT

Canaweri

misi

saxelwodebis

qveS,

an

kompozitoris,

an

Semsruleblis saxelis qveS, imis mixedviT, Tu romeli ufro Seesabameba

Tqvens msjelobas. imisaTvis, rom sxva msgavsi Canawerebisgan ganasxvavoT,
daurTeT, SeZlebisdagvarad, meti informacia: Camweri kompaniis saxeli,
Canaweris saidentifikacio nomeri, Canaweris forma (firi, kompaqtdiski)
da saavtoro uflebis miniWebis an Canaweris damzadebis TariRi (an
orive). gamoiyeneT kompaqtdiskis (compact disc)Semoklebuli varianti: CD.
S:11. xalxuri simRerebis saganZuri, t. 1, orkestri da gundi, dir. miC
mileri,oqtros Canaweri A198:17A-B, 33 rpm, 1972.
14. ludvig van beThoveni, sonata fortepianosTvis # 29 "Hammerklavier,"
rudolf serkini, ProArte cifruli CDD 270, 1992.
b:Aandersoni, dag.Frostwork. OAR 1001, Dolby HX PRO. audiokaseta. 2001.
bernStaini, leonard, dir.me-5 simfonia, dimitri SostakoviCi. niuiorkis filarmonia. si-bi-es ai-em 35854. 1985.

musikaluri Canaweris msgavsad miuTiTeT dramatuli piesebis, prozisa da

poeziis, leqciebisa da amgvari sajarod wakiTxuli masalebis Canawerebi.
S:6.dilan Tomasi, rZis xis qveS,dilan Tomasis da sxvebis Sesruleba,
Caed-mon TC-2005 (audiokaseta), CDLS-2005 (CD), 1950.
b:odeni, u. h. leqsebi. kiTxulobs avtori. saubrebi xelovnebaze7137. CD.
1955.
296

17.8.5 videoCanawerebi
Tu cocxali Sesruleba, kinofilmi an satelevizio programa, an sxva
samauwyeblo

masala

videoCanawerSi

gamoqveynebuli

naSromebis

ucvleli

xelmisawvdomi

da

msgavsad,

naxeT,
aseT

miuTiTeT

Canawerebs,

saidentifikacio

Canaweri.

rogorc

monacemebi

wesi,

aqvs

da

bibliografiaSi unda miuTiToT.

videoCanawerebis

miTiTebisas,

Cveulebriv,unda

ixelmZRvaneloT

wignebisTvis gankuTvnili nimuSebiT, Canaweris formis damatebiT (VHS,

DVD). gaiTvaliswineT, rom meore magaliTSi miTiTebulia 2001 wlis
gamoSvebis

masala,

amitom

filmis

Tavdapirveli

gamosvlis

TariRi

gamotovebulia.
S:7. jorj fridrix hendeli, mesia, VHS, atlantas simfoniuri orkestri da
kameruli

gundi,

robert

Sos

diriJorobiT

(batavia,

ohaio:

Video

Treasures, 1988).
b:qlisi, jo, teri giliami, erik aidli, teri jounsi da maikl palini
`qronikebi.*'meore

Monty Python and the Holy Grail (wminda

diski.

graali),specialuri gam.. DVD. reJisorebi teri giliami da teri

jounsi.

qalver

siTi,

kalifornia:qalambia

traistar

houm

enterteimenti,2001.

17.8.6 onlain multimediuri failebi

Tu

onlain

naxeT

gamosaxuleba,

cocxali

Sesruleba, kinofilmi

an

satelevizio programa, an sxva samauwyeblo wyaro (podkastebis (podcasts)

CaTvliT),

miuTiTeT

onlain

faili.

iseve,

rogorc

gamoqveynebuli

naSromebs, onlain multimediur failebs, rogorc wesi, ucvleli da

xelmisawvdomi

saidentifikacio

monacemebi

aqvs

da

saWiroa

maTi

bibliografiaSi Seyvana.
citirebisas

ixelmZRvaneleT

zemoT

aRwerili

Sesabamisi

tipis

wyarosTvis gankuTvnili principebiT. zogierTi elementis gansazRvra,

297

rogoricaa failebis TariRebi, SeiZleba, rTuli iyos; mainc miuTiTeT

maqsimalurad
saxeli

da

vrceli

failis

informacia.

tipi

da

amasTan,

(SeniSvnebSi,

miuTiTeT
Tu

onlain

saitis

mizanSewonilia)

dro,

rodesac miTiTebuli masala Cndeba failSi. daurTeT URL-i da saitze

Sesvlis TariRi. gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi;
unda warmoadginoT damatebiTi informacia, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos
wyaros moZieba URLmisamarTis Secvlisgan damoukideblad. Tu fails ar
aqvs calkeURL-i (rogorc qvemoT moyvanil meore magaliTSi), miuTiTeT
mTeli saiti.
S:12. BBC,`bleri akeTebs gancxadebas afrikaze momuSave axali jgufis Seqmnis
Taobaze,BBC-is axali ambebis vebsaiti, Windows Media Player-is videofaili, 3:43,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolavconsole/ifs_news/hi/
newsid_5110000/newsid_5119200/nb_wm_5119262.stm (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 27 ivniss).
16. volfgang
amadeus
mocarti,
"Allegro
Moderato",sonata
#10

fortepianosTvis,

Major (1778), Kunst der Fuge, MIDI faili, 1:02,

http://www.kunstderfuge.com/mozart.htm (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 19 noembers).

b:BBC. `bleri akeTebs gancxadebas afrikaze momuSave axali jgufis Seqmnis

Taobaze.BBC-is axali ambebis vebsaiti. Windows Media Player is
videofaili.http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolavconsole/ifs_news/hi/newsid_5110000/
newsid_5119200/nb_wm_5119262.stm (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 27 ivniss).
mocarti, volfgang amadeus. "Allegro Moderato",sonata # 10 fortepianosTvis,

Major.
1778.
Kunst
der
Fuge.
MIDI
faili,
http://www.kunstderfuge.com/mozart.htm
(gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 19 noembers).

17.8.7 teqstebi vizualur da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi

gamofenebis

katalogebi.miuTiTeT

miuTiTebdiT

wigns.

monacemebis

Semdeg

mxolod

gamofenis

bibliografiis

CawereT

gamofenis

katalogi,
muxlSi

rogorc

publikaciis

saxelwodeba

da

adgilmdebareoba(ebi).
S:6. judiT a. barteri, red., meri kasati: Tanamedrove qali(Cikago: Cikagos
xelovnebis instituti, hari n. abramsTan TanamSromlobiT, 1998), 5.
298

b:barter, judiT, red.Mmeri kasati: Tanamedrove qali. Cikago: Cikagos

xelovnebis instituti, hari n. abramsTan TanamSromlobiT, 1998. gamoqveynebulia
Semdeg gamofenasTan kavSirSi `meri kasati: Tanamedrove qali, romelic
warmodgenili iyo bostonis saxviTi xelovnebis muzeumSi, vaSingtonis
kolumbiis olqis erovnul galereasa da Cikagos xelovnebis institutSi.

piesebi.zogierT

SemTxvevaSi

ganTqmuli

inglisurenovani

piesebi

SegiZliaT, aRniSnoT mxolod SeniSvnebSi. (ix., agreTve, 17.5.1.) gamotoveT

publikaciis Sesaxeb monacemebi da miuTiTeT nawyvetebi moqmedebisa da
scenis (an sxva dayofis) da ara gverdis nomris mixedviT.
S:22. eujin onili, xangrZlivi mogzauroba RamiT, moqm. 2, scena 1.
Tu Tqveni naSromi exeba

literaturul

kvlevas

an

teqstebis

Rrma

analizs, an Tu bundovani nawarmoebis Targmanis citirebas akeTebT,

yvela piesa miuTiTeT ise, rogorc miuTiTebdiT wigns da aRniSneT is
bibliografiaSi. nawyvetebi miuTiTeT danayofebis an gverdebis mixedviT,
adgilobrivi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.
S: 25. enid begnoldi, carcis baRi (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba `rendam houzi,
1953], 8-9.
b:anuili, jin. beketi anu RmerTis pativi. Targmnilia lusien hilis mier.niuiorki: gamomcemloba `riverheds buqsi, 1996.

partiturebi.

miuTiTeT

gamoqveynebuli

partitura

wignis

miTiTebis

analogiurad.
S:1. juzepe verdi,Ilcorsaro [melodramma tragico sam moqmedebad), libretos avtori
franCesko maria piavi, reJ. elizabeT hadsoni, 2 p., (2 vols.), juzepe verdis
nawarmoebebi, ser. 1, operebi (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba; q.
milani: `gamomcemloba `ji rikordi:, 1998).
b:mocarti,

volfgang

amadeus.sonatebi

da

fantaziebi

fortepianosTvis.

momzadebulia naTan broderis avtografebis da Zveli nabeWdi wyaroebis

gamoyenebiT. ganax. gam. red. brin mori, PA: Theodore Presser, 1960.

299

miuTiTeT

gamouqveynebeli

partitura

ise,

rogorc

miuTiTebdiT

gamouqveynebel masalas xelnawerTa koleqciebidan.

S:2. ralf

Seifi,

`partitura

violinosa

da

cameti

SemsruleblisTvis,

partitura, 1966, specialuri krebuli, jozef regenStainis sax. biblioTeka,

Cikagos universiteti.

17.9 sajaro dokumentebi

sajaro dokumentebi moicavs msoflios mTavrobebis yvela donis mier
gamoSvebuli

wyaroebis

warmodgenilia

erTobliobas.

gavrcelebuli

tipis

winamdebare
inglisurenovani

nawilSi
sajaro

dokumentebisTvis gankuTvnili zogadi principebi; Tu dagWirdebaT sxva

tipis

dokumentebis

miTiTeba,

ixelmZRvaneleT

yvelaze

miaxloebuli,

saWiroebisamebr adaptirebuli modeliT.

sajaro dokumentebi Seicavs ufro rTul da mravalferovan elementebs,
vidre gamoqveynebuli wyaroebi.
meti

saidentifikacio

elementebi da

miTiTebebSi daurTeT, SeZlebisdagvarad,

informacia,

saWiroebisamebr

Tanmimdevrulad

daaformateT

miusadageT miTiTebebs

aq ganxiluli

zogadi modelebi.
am nawilis umetesoba exeba dokumentebs, romlebic gamoaqveynes aSS-is
samTavrobo
samefos

organoebma

mTavrobebisa

gamoqveynebuli

da
da,

dokumentebis

saagentoebma.
aseve,
Sesaxeb

kanadisa

saerTaSoriso

da

gaerTianebuli

organoebis

mier

ix. 17.9.9-17.9.11. gamouqveynebeli

samTavrobo dokumentebis Sesaxeb ix.17.9.12.

17.9.1 Sesatani elementebi, maTi Tanmimdevroba da daformatebis wesi

miTiTebebSi SeitaneT, rac SeiZleba, meti qvemoT CamoTvlili elementi:
mTavrobis (qveynis, Statis, qalaqis, olqis an sxva erTeulis) da
xelisuflebis organos (sakanonmdeblo organos, aRmasrulebeli
departamentis, sasamarTlo biuros, sabWos, komisiis an komitetis)
saxelwodeba, romelmac gamosca dokumenti;

300

-dokumentis an krebulis saTauri, Tu aseTi arsebobs (rogorc wesi,

daxrili SriftiT).
avtoris, redaqtoris an Semdgenlis saxeli da gvari, Tu miTiTebulia;
-angariSis nomeri an sxva saidentifikacio informacia.
monacemebi publikaciis Sesaxeb: gamocemis adgili da gamomcemlis
saxelwodeba, Tu es ukanaskneli gansxvavdeba gamomcemeli organosgan
(17.9.2-17.9.4-Si
ganxiluli
aSS-is
federaluri
mTavrobis
mier
gamocemuli yvela publikaciisTvis, Sesabamisad,gamoiyeneT aRniSvnebi
Washington, DC, da Government Printing Office); gamoqveynebis TariRi.
gverdis nomrebi an adgilis dasadgeni sxva monacemebi, Tu saWiroa.
CamoTvaleT
zogierTi

Sesabamisi

tipis

elementebi

dokumentTan

zemoT

dakavSirebiT

naCvenebi

TanmimdevrobiT.

daSvebuli

gamonaklisebi

ganxilulia 17.9-is momdevno nawilebSi.

S:1. senatis sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti, 1956 wlis kanoni erToblivi
uSiSroebis Sesaxeb, 84-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses., 1956, sen. 2273, 9-10.
b:AaSS-is kongresi. senati. sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti. 1956 wlis kanoni
erToblivi uSiSroebis Sesaxeb. 84-e mowvevis kong. me-2 ses.,1956. sen. 2273.

19.9.2 kongresis publikaciebi

kongresis publikaciebis SemTxvevaSi bibliografiis muxlebi, Cveulebriv,
iwyeba aRniSvniT aSS-is kongresi (U.S. Congress), romelsac mosdevs senati
(Senate)

an

SegiZliaT,

warmomadgenelTa
gamoiyenoT,

palata

(House).

ubralod,aSS-issenati

(gamartivebis
(U.S.

Senate) an

mizniT,

aSS-is

warmomadgenelTa palata (U.S. House)). SeniSvnebSi, rogorc wesi, aSS ar

mieTiTeba.

sxva

gavrcelebuli

elementebia

komiteti

da

qvekomiteti;

gamoqveynebis TariRi; dokumentis saTauri; kongresisa da sxdomis nomeri

(aseTi

SemoklebiT:

kongr.

(Cong.) da

ses.

(sess)).publikaciis

TariRi;

dokumentis nomeri da aRwera (magaliTad, H. Doc. 487), Tu es informacia

xelmisawvdomia.

301

debatebi. 1873 wlidan kongresSi gamarTul debatebs mTavroba aqveynebda

kongresis oficialur gamocemaSi `Congressional Record(kongresis reestri).
yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia, miuTiTeT gamocemis tomebi, romlebSic
xSirad

cvlilebebireestris

aisaxeba

yoveldRiuri

gamoSvebebis

mixedviT.
S:16. kongresis reestri, 71-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses, 72. naw. 10: 10828-30.
b: a.S.S. kongresi. kongresis reestri. 71-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses. 1930. t. 72.
naw. 10.
zogjer

SeiZleba,

dagWirdeT

SeniSvnaSi

debatebSi

gamomsvlelis

vinaobis, Temis da TariRis miTiTeba.

S:4. masaCusetsis

Statis

senatori

kenedi,

gamosvla

birTvuli

iaraRis

Sewyvetisa da Semcirebis erToblivi rezoluciis Sesaxeb, 1982 wlis 10

marts, sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetis winaSe. S.J. Res. 163, 97-e mowvevis
kong., 1-li ses.. kong. reestr.128, naw. 3: 3832-34.

1874

wlamde

kongresSi

gamarTuli

debatebi

qveyndeboda

gamocemaSi

`SeerTebuli Statebis kongresis istoria~ (Annals of the Congress of the United

States) (romelic, aseve, cnobilia sxva saxelwodebebiT da moicavs 17891824 wlebis periods, Congressional Debates, (kogresis debatebi)(1824-37) da
Congressional Globe (kongresis samyaro)(1833-73)). miuTiTeT es dokumentebi
iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT Congressional Record-s.
angariSebi

da

dokumentebi.senatis

(SemoklebiT

sen.

(S.)),

aseve,

warmomadgenelTa palatis (SemoklebiT war. pal. (H.)) angariSebisa da

dokumentebis citirebisas daurTeT rogorc kongresis, aseve, sesiebis
nomrebi

da,

Tu

SesaZlebelia,

seriis

nomeric.gaiTvaliswineT

Semoklebuli SeniSvnis forma, romelic gansxvavdeba Cveuli modelisgan

(ix. 16.4.1).

302

S:9. senatis sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti, 1956 wlis kanoni ormxrivi

uSiSroebis Sesaxeb, 84-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses., 1956, sen. warm. pal.(Rep.)
2273, 9-10.
14. iaponiasTan,

germaniasa da italiasTan saomari mdgomareobis

gamocxadeba, 77-e mowvevis kong., 1-li sesia, 1941,sen. dok. 148, seriuli
10575, 2-5.
15. senatis komiteti, kanoni ormxrivi uSiSroebis Sesaxeb, 9.
22. federaluri sasamarTloebis reorganizacia, 75-emowvevis kong., 1-li

sesia, 1937. sen.warm. pal. (Rep.) 711.

b:SeerTebuli Statebis kongresi. warm. pal. (House). saerTaSoriso fuladi da

finansuri problemebis sakiTxebze erovnuli sakonsultacio sabWos 1947

wlis 31 martis angariSi.80-e mowv. kongr. 1-li ses. warm. pal. dok. 365.

sxdomebi.konkresis

komisiebisTvis

micemuli

Cvenebebis

Canawerebi,

Cveulebriv, qveyndeba saTaurebiT, romlebic unda aRiniSnos miTiTebebSi.

avtorad miuTiTeT Sesabamisi komiteti. gaiTvaliswineT Semoklebuli
SeniSvnis forma, romelic gansxvavdeba Cveuli modelisgan (ix. 16.4.1).
S:13. palatis sabanko da savaluto komiteti, `breTon vudsis xelSekrulebebis
aqti: warm. pal.(H.R.)sxdomebi 3314, 79-emowvevis kong., 1-li sesia, 1945, 12-14.
14. palatis komiteti, Bretton Woods, 13.
b:aSS-is kongresi. senati. sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti. SimSiloba afrikaSi:

sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetis mosmena.99-e mowveviskong., 1-li sesia, 1985

wlis 17 ianvari.
kongresis kanonproeqtebi (sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi) da rezoluciebi
qveyndeba

bukletis

formiT.

miTiTebebSi

warmomadgenelTa

palataSi

wardgenili kanonproeqtebis da rezoluciebis Semoklebad gamoiyeneba

war.

pal.

(HR),xolo

rezoluciebis

senatSi

Semoklebad

sen.

wardgenili
(S). daurTeT

kanonproeqtebisa

da

Congressional Record-Si

gamoqveynebuli publikaciis detalebi (Tu xelmisawvdomia).

303

S:16. 1985 wlis aqti sursaTisusafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, warmomadgenelTa palata

(HR) 2100, 99-e mowvevis kongr., 1-li ses., kongresis reestri131. no. 132,
yoveldRiuri gam.(1985 wlis 8 oqtomberi): H 8461
.
b:aSS-is

kongresi.

1985

palata.

warmomadgenelTa

aqti

sursaTisusafrTxoebisSesaxeb.

palata (HR) 2100. 99-e

mowvevis

kong.,

1-li

sesia.

kongresis reestri131, no. 132, yoveldRiuri gam.(1985 wlis 8 oqtomberi): H

8353-8486.

mier

kanonmdebloba.kongresis
rezoluciebijer

calke

damtkicebuli

ibeWdeba,

Semdeg

ki

kanonproeqtebi
ikribeba

da

an

ikinZeba

yovelwliur tomebad saxelwodebiT: `SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis

krebuli(the United States Statutes at Large). am krebulis gamoqveyneba daiwyo
1874

wels.

mogvianebiT,

am

tomebs

aerTianeben

SeerTebuli

Statebis

kodeqsSi (United States Code). miuTiTeT aSS-is sakanonmdeblo aqti, aSS-is

kodeqsi (U.S. Statutes,U.S. Code) an

orive;

gansakuTrebuli

debulebebi

miuTiTeT nawilis mixedviT (romelsac win uswrebs nawilis simbolo da

intervali), xolo aqtebi gverdebis mixedviT.
kanonmdeblobis
aucilebeli
Semoklebuli

dokumentebi mxolod

bibliografiaSi
SeniSvnis

maTi

formas,

SeniSvnebSi miuTiTeT; ar
CarTva.
romelic

yuradReba
gansxvavdeba

aris

miaqcieT
Cveuli

modelisgan. (16.4.1).
S:18. 1946 wlisaqti atomuri energiis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifo kanoni 585, 79-e
mowvevis kong., me-2 sesia (1946 wlis 1 agvisto), 12, 19.
19. 1996 wlis aqti telekomunikaciebis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifo kanoni 104-104.

SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebuli 110 (1996):56.

25. 1969 wlis aqti erovnuli garemosdacvis politikis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifo
kanoni 91-190. 102, SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebuli83 (1970): 853,
kodificirebulia rogorcU.S. Code 42 (2000), 4332.
27. aqti erovnuli garemosdacviTi politikis Sesaxeb, 103.

1874 wlamde kanonebi qveyndeboda Cvidmettomian `amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebis kanonebis krebulSi~ (Statutes at Large of the United States of America),
304

1789-1873. am

krebulis

miTiTebebi

Seicavs

tomis

nomers

da

misi

gamoqveynebis TariRs.
17.9.3 saprezidento gamocemebi
saprezidento

gamocemebi,

brZanebulebebi,

vetoebi,

mimarTvebi

da

a.S.

qveyndeba `saprezidento dokumentebis yovelkvireul krebulSi(the Weekly

Compilation of Presidential Documents) da `SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentebis
sajaro

dokumentebSi~

mowodebebi

da

(Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States).

brZanebulebebi

Tavsdeba,

agreTve,

yoveldRiur

`federalur reestrSi (Federal Register), Semdeg ki qveyndeba `federaluri

normatiuli aqtebis krebulis (the Code of Federal Regulations) me-3 tomSi.
saprezidento gamocemebi wyarod gamoiyeneT `krebulSi gamoqveynebis
Semdeg.
S:2. prezidenti,
Sesaxeb

brZanebuleba,`karibis

kanoni,

brZanebuleba

zRvis

5142,

auzis

cvlileba

ekonomikuri
5133

aRdgenis

brZanebulebaSi,

federaluri reestri49,nom. 2 (1984 wlis 4 ianvari): 341.

21. brZaneba nom.11,609, federaluri normatiuli aqtebis krebuli, tomi 3,
gv. 586 (1971-75).
b:aSS prezidenti. brZanebuleba. ,,kanoni karibis zRvis auzis ekonomikuri

aRdgenis
Sesaxeb,
brZanebuleba
5142,
cvlileba
brZanebulebaSi.federaluri reestri 49,nom.2 (4ianvari, 1984):341.

5133

aSS-is prezidentebis sajaro dokumentebi ikribeba or mravaltomeul

naSromSi:

`prezidentebis

mimarTvebis

da

dokumentebis

krebuli

(Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents), 1789-1897)da `SeerTebuli

Statebis prezidentebis sajaro dokumentebi~ (Public Papers of the Presidents of
the United States). yuradReba

miaqcieT

Semoklebuli

SeniSvnis

formas,

romelic gansxvavdeba Cveuli modelisgan (ix. 16.4.1).

S:27. palatis sxvadasxva dokumentinom. 210, 53-e mowvevis kong., me-2
ses.,prezidentebis mimarTvebis da dokumentebis krebulSi, 1789-1897, red. j.d.
riCardsoni (vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi: mTavrobis gamomcemloba, 1907).
4:16.
305

32. warm. pal. dok. nom.210, 17.

herbert.
SeerTebuli
Statebis
prezidentebis
sajaro
dokumentebi:herbert huveri, 1929-33.4 tomi. vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi:
mTavrobis gamomcemloba, 1974-77.
b:huveri,

17.9.4 saxelmwifo departamentebis da saagentoebisgamocemebi

saministroebi,

sammarTveloebi

da

saagentoebi

gamoscemen

angariSebs,

biuletenebs, cirkularebsa da sxva masalebs. saTauris Semdeg daurTeT

miTiTebuli avtoris saxeli da gvari.
S:SeerTebuli Statebis finansTa saministro, finansTa ministris angariSi
SeerTebuli Statebis xazinis vaWrobisa da navigaciis reestridan 1850
wlis 30 ivnisis mdgomareobiT,31-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses., warm. pal.
aRmasrulebeli dokumenti 8 (vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi, 1850-51).
b:SeerTebuli Statebis Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosmineralebis marTvis
samsaxuri.kaliforniis yureSi (1984 wlis aprili) da meqsikis dasavleT yureSi
(1984 wlis ivlisi)navTobis gaJonvis riskis analizi, avtori robert p.
labeli. Ria failis angariSi, SeerTebuli Statebis geologiuri kvleva.
denveri, 1984.
SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro.medianuri saerTo
qira SeerTebuli Statebis administraciuli erTeulebis (sagrafoebis)
mixedviT,
1970w.
momzadebulia
geografiuli
sammarTvelos
mier,
binaTmSeneblobis
sammarTvelosTan
TanamSromlobiT,
mosaxleobis
aRweris biuro. vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba,
1975w.
samTavrobo

komisiebis,

magaliTad,

kavSirgabmulobis

federaluri

komisiis an fasiani qaRaldebisa da birJebis komisiis mier gamocemuli

biuletenebis, cirkularebis, angariSebisa da kvlevebis citireba xdeba
zustad iseve, rogorc sakanonmdeblo angariSebisa (legislative reports). isini
xSirad klasificirdeba, rogorc warmomadgenelTa palatis (war. pal.)
(House (H)) an senatis (sen.) (Senate (S)) dokumentebi.

306

S:32. senati, komunaluri momsaxurebis korporaciebis Sesaxeb vaWrobis

federaluri komisiisadmi angariSi,70-e mowvevis kongr., 1-li sesia, 1935 , sen.
dok. 91, naw. 71 A.
b:SeerTebuli Statebis

fasiani qaRaldebis da birJis komisia.fasiani

qaRaldebis da birJis komisiis yovelwliuri angariSi fiskaluri
wlisTvis. vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi: mTavrobis gamomcemloba, 1983w.
17.9.5 aSS-is konstitucia
aSS-is

konstitucia

unda

mieTiTos

mxolod

SeniSvnebSi;

ar

aris

aucilebeli misi bibliografiaSi CarTva. daurTeT muxli an Sesworeba,

nawili

da,

Tu

saWiroa,

punqtic.

iseTi

terminebisTvis,

rogoricaa

cvlilebada nawili da, Tu saWiroa, muxli,gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi

da,

Tu

moisurvebT,

abreviaturebi

iseTi

terminebisTvis,

rogoricaa

cvlileba da nawili.
S:32. SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia, muxli 2, naw. 1, punqti 3.
33. SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia, cvlileba 14, seq.2.

xSir SemTxvevaSi, SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT frCxilebSi CarTuli SeniSvna

(parenthetical

(ix.

note)

informacia.

aseT

cvlilebebis

16.4.3)

dros

nomrebs

an

teqstSi

nawilebis

cifrebis

saxelebi

nacvlad

miuTiToT

damazustebeli

dawereT

sityvierad. Tu

sityvierad

werT,

sityvebis

pirveli asoebi mTavruliT dawereT.

SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis 1-li muxlis me-9 nawilis mixedviT
akrZalulia sasamarTlo brZanebis SeCereba im SemTxvevebis garda, rodesac
`ajanyebis an Semosevis SemTxvevaSi amas sazogadoebis usafrTxoebis miznebi
moiTxovs.
pirveli cvlileba icavs Tavisufali sityvis uflebas.

17.9.6 xelSekrulebebi
1949

wlamde

xelmowerili

xelSekrulebebis

teqstebi

qveyndeba

`SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebulSi~ (United States Statutes at Large);

307

araoficialur miTiTebaSi gamoiyeneba terminebi `xelSekrulebebis seria~

(the Treaty Series) an`saprezidento SeTanxmebebis seria~ (the Executive Agreement
Series).1949 wels an mas Semdeg xelmowerili xelSekrulebebi Tavmoyrilia
dokumentSi

`SeerTebuli

saerTaSoriso

Statebis

SeTanxmebebi~

xelSekrulebebi

da

sxva

(United States Treaties and Other International

Agreements)(UST, 1950-) an `xelSekrulebebi da sxva saerTaSoriso aqtebis

seriebi~

(Treaties and Other International Acts Series)(TIAS, 1946-). orze

saxelmwifos

monawileobiT

dadebuli

xelSekrulebebi

meti

SeiZleba,

moiZebnos dokumentSi `gaerTianebuli erebis xelSekrulebebis seria:

gaerTianebuli erebis samdivnoSi daregistrirebuli an daarqivebuli, an
aRricxvaSi gatarebuli xelSekrulebebi da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi~
(the United Nations Treaty Series: Treaties and International Agreements Registered or Filed or
Recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations). 1920-1946 wlebSi dadebuli
msgavsi

xelSekrulebebi

Tavmoyrilia

,,erTa

ligis

xelSekrulebebis

seriaSi~(the League of Nations Treaty Series).

miuTiTeT
brWyalebSi.

xelSekrulebebis
dawereT

saxelebi

daxrili

swori

SriftiT

SriftiT,

gamocemebis

moaTavseT

saxelebi,

im

SemTxvevaSic, Tu isini mravaltomeuli naSromebi an seriebia. zusti

TariRi aRniSnavs dokumentze xelmoweris TariRs, amdenad, umjobesia,
zusti

TariRis

gansxvavdebodes

miTiTeba,

vidre

xelSekrulebis

mxolod

wlis,

gamoqveynebis

romelic

SeiZleba

wlisgan.yuradReba

miaqcieT Semoklebuli SeniSvnis formas, romelic gansxvavdeba Cveuli

modelisgan (ix. 16.4.1.)
S:4.`birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis akrZalva, 1963wlis 5 agvisto, SeerTebuli
Statebis xelSekrulebebi da sxva saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi 14, naw. 2.
15. `dania da italia: samxedro samsaxuris Sesaxeb konvencia",1954 wlis 15
ivlisi, SeTanxmebebi da sxva saerTaSoriso aqtebi, seria250, nom.. 3516 (1956):
45.
39.`birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis akrZalva.

308

b:SeerTebuli

Statebi.

`sazRvao

SeiaraRebis
SezRudvis
Sesaxeb
SeTanxmeba. 1922 wlis 26 Tebervali. SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebuli
43, naw. 2(1922).

17.9.7 sasamarTlo saqmeebi

yvela

instanciis

sasamarTlos

saqmeebis

miTiTeba

erTnairad

xdeba.

SeniSvnebSi swori SriftiT miuTiTeT saqmis sruli saxeli. daurTeT

tomis

nomeri

(arabuli

cifrebiT),

sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebaTa

krebulissaxeli (SemoklebiT; ix. qvemoT), seriis rigiTi nomeri (Tu

saWiroa),

sasamarTlos

frCxilebSi)

da

Semoklebuli

sxva

Sesabamisi

saxeli

da

informacia,

samsaxuris (the publisher for a loose-leaf service),

TariRi

magaliTad,

(erTad,
amkinZavi

Statis, an adgilobrivi

sasamarTlos saxeli (Tu miTiTebuli ar aris seriis saxelwodebaSi).

gverdis

nomeriaRniSnavs

gadawyvetilebis

sawyis

gverds;

damatebiTi

nomeri aRniSnavs uSualod miTiTebuli gverdis nomers.

kanonebi

mxolod

SeniSvnebSi

miuTiTeT;

ar

aris

aucilebeli

maTi

bibliografiaSi CarTva.
S:18. United States v. Christmas. (SeerTebuli Statebi qristeSobis winaaRmdeg) 222

F.3d U1, 145 (4th Cir. 2000].

21. Profit Sharing Plan v. MBank Dallas. N.A. 683 F. Supp. 592 (N.D. Tex. 1988).

Semoklebuli

SeniSvna

SeiZleba

moicavdes

saqmis

saxelwodebas

da,

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, gverdis nomers.

S:35.SeerTebuli Statebi qristeSobis winaaRmdeg, 146.
42. jorjia brailsfordis winaaRmdeg, 2.

erTaderTi

gansxvavebuli

elementi

sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebaTa

miTiTebisas sxvadasxva sasamarTli instanciis saxelwodebebia. qvemoT

CamoTvlilia yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelebi.
aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlo. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis
citirebisas miuTiTeT `SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos
angariSebi~ (United States Supreme Court Reports)(SemoklebiT U.S.) an `aSS-s
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~ (Supreme Court
309

Reporter) (SemoklebiT S. Ct.), Tu is jer ar aris asaxuli pirvel

dokumentSi.
S:21. korporacia AT&T Iowa Utilities Bd.-is winaaRmdeg, 525 SeerTebuli
Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos angariSebi. 366 (1999).
39. Sps arTur anderseni SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg. aSS-s uzenaesi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli125 2129 (2005).

qveda instanciis federaluri sasamarTloebi. ufro qveda instanciis

federaluri sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebis citirebisas miuTiTeT
`federaluri sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~ (Federal
Reporter)(F.) an `aSS-s saolqo sasamarTloebisa da saapelacio
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~ (Federal Supplement)(F. Supp.).
S:3.SeerTebuli
Statebis
denisis
winaaRmdeg.
183
federaluri
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli. 201 (2d Cir. 1950).
15. iToni korporaciis ` IBM Corp winaaRmdeg,aSS-is 925 saolqo
sasamarTlosa da saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli
487 (S.D. Tex. 1996).

Statisa da adgilobrivi sasamarTloebi. Statis da adgilobrivi

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis citirebisas, sadac SesaZlebelia,
miuTiTeT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis oficialuri saxelmwifo
krebulebi. Tu kerZo krebuls iyenebT (commercial reporter), miuTiTeT igi,
rogorc es naCvenebia qvemoT moyvanil meore magaliTSi. Tu
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis
krebulSi ar
aris
miTiTebuli
sasamarTlos saxelwodeba, miuTiTeT is frCxilebSi, TariRis win.
S:6. uiliamsi deivisis winaaRmdeg, 27 Cal. 2d 746 (1946).
8. bivensi moblis winaaRmdeg, 724 So. 2d 458. 465 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).

17.9.8 Statis da adgilobrivi mTavrobis dokumentebi

Statis da adgilobrivi mTavrobis dokumentebis citireba gaakeTeT iseve,
rogorc federaluri dokumentebisa. ixmareT swori Srifti (brWyalebis
gareSe) Statis kanonebisa da municipaluri dadgenilebebisTvis; ixmareT
daxrili

Srifti

kodeqsebisTvis

(krebulebisTvis).

sadac

saWiroa,

daurTeT saxeli, raTa aRniSnoT kodeqsis romeli versiidanaa citata

moyvanili. Semdeg frCxilebSi miuTiTeT kodeqsis gamocemis TariRi.
310

S:39. ilinoisis generaluri asamblea, kanonSi cvlilebis Setanis komisia,

angariSi ilinoisis Statis 80-e mowvevis generaluri asambleis winaSe (Cikago,
1977w). 14-18.

41. niu meqsikos konstitucia, muxli 4, seq. 7.

44. ohaios Statis ganaxlebuli kodeqsi, anotaciebiT, seq.3599.01 (West
2000).
52. meTampetaminis kontrolis da sazogadoebis dacvis Sesaxeb aqti,
ilinoisis sakanonmdeblo dokumentebis krebuli, Tavi.720,naw. 646/10 (2005).
b:ilinoisis garemosdacviTi xarisxis instituti (IIEQ). gogirdis orJangis

da nawilakebis gamobolqvis mimoxilva da reziume, avtori sidni m.

marderi. ilinoisis garemosdacviTi xarisxis institutis dokumentisnom.
77/21. q, Cikago, 1977.
17.9.9 kanadis mTvrobis dokumentebi
kanadis mTavrobis dokumentebi miuTiTeT aSS-is sajaro dokumentebis
msgavsad. miTiTebebi daiwyeT sityviT kanadis, Tu igi calsaxad ar aris
gasagebi konteqstidan. SeamokleT sityvebi Tavi (T.) (chapter - c.) da nawili

(naw.)

(section - s)., magram

Tu

miuTiTebT

mxolod

ramdenime

kanadur

dokuments, ixmareT Semoklebebi chap. dasec.

kanadismTavrobis dokumentebs gamoscemen federaluri parlamentis orive
palata

(senati

da

TemTa

palata),

provinciebisa

da

teritoriebis

sakanonmdeblo dawesebulebebi da sxvadasxva aRmasrulebeli uwyebebi.

saparlamento

debatebi

gamoicema

calke

seriebad:

`TemTa

palatis

debatebi~ (House of Commons Debates) da `senatis debatebi~ (Senate Debates).

sadac saWiroa, daurTeT gamomsvlelis saxeli da gvari. provinciebisa
da teritoriebis sakanonmdeblo organoebi gamoscemen sakuTar debatebs.
S:2. kanada, TemTa palatis debatebi (2000 wlis 3 ivnisi), gv. 7904 (q-ni
lalondi, parlamentis wevri).

b:kanada. manitoba. sakanonmdeblo asamblea. debatebi da ganxilvebi. 2000

wlis 17 agvisto.
311

saparlamento
saTauri,

kanonproeqtebis

sesiis

nomeri,

miTiTebisas

parlamentis

daurTeT

nomeri

da,

misi

nomeri,

saWiroebisamebr,

damatebiTi informacia.
S:3. kanonproeqti C-40, eqstradiciis Sesaxeb aqti me-2 sesia, 36-e mowvevis
parlamenti,1998, cl. 1 (miRebulia 17 ivniss,1999). kanadis kanonmdebloba1999, c.
18.

kanadis kanonmdebloba pirvelad yovelwliur `kanadis kanonmdeblobaSi~

(Statues of Canada) gamoqveynda, 1985 wels ki is gaaerTianes dokumentSi
`kanadis gadamuSavebuli kanonmdebloba~ (the Revised Statutes of Canada). sadac
SesaZlebelia, gamoiyeneT bolo wyaro da daasaxeleT sakanonmdeblo
dokumentis saxelwodeba, krebuli, Sedgenis weli, Tavi da nawili.
S:

4. kanadis kanoni cocxali bunebis Sesaxeb, kanadis gadamuSavebuli

kanonmdebloba 1985, c. W-9, s.1.

5. kanoni adamianTa

reproduqciis xelSewyobis

Sesaxeb, kanadis

kanonmdebloba 2004, c. 2, s. 2.
17.9.10 britaneTis mTavrobis dokumentebi
britaneTis mTavrobis dokumentebi miuTiTeT aSS-is sajaro dokumentebis
msgavsad. citirebebi daiwyeT fraziT `gaerTianebuli
Kingdom), Tu

es

koteqstidan

calsaxad

cxadi

ar

samefo~ (United

aris.

britaneTis

saxelmwifo dokumentebis umetesobas misi udidebulesobis (mefis an

dedoflis) saxelmwifo

kancelaria(Her (of His) Majestys Stationery Office)

(HMSO) gamoscems londonSi.

saparlamento debatebi gamoicemoda ramdenime seriad, xolo 1909 wlidan
gamoicema calke-calke seriebad lordTa da TemTa palatebisTvis.
miTiTebebi Seicavs TariRs, serias, tomis nomers da (Tu saWiroa) svets
an, xandaxan, gverdis nomers. zog SemTxvevaSi SegiZliaT, miuTiToT tomis
konkretuli

dokumenti.yuradReba

miaqcieT

Semoklebuli

SeniSvnis

formas, romelic gansxvavdeba standartuli modelisgan (ix. 16.4.1).

312

S:1. saparlamento debatebis oficialuri angariSi, me-3 ser.,t. 249 (1879),

cols. 611-27.
5. saparlamento sxdomebis oficialuri angariSi,me-3 ser., t. 249, col. 628.
21. CerCili, gamosvla TemTa palatis winaSe, 1945 w. 18 ianvari,
saparlamento debatebi, TemTa palata,me-5 ser., t. 407 (1944-45), cols. 425-46.
gaerTianebuli
samefo. saparlamento
debatebis
oficialuri
angariSi, me-3 ser., t. 249
(1879).
CerCili, uinston. gamosvla TemTa palataSi, 1945 w. 18 ianvari.
saparlamento debatebi, TemTa palata, me-5 ser. t. 407 (1944-45),
cols. 425-46.
b:

kanonproeqtebi,

angariSebi

da

parlamentis

dokumentebi yoveli sesiis dasasruls

mier

erTad

calke

gamocemuli

gamoicema

tomebad. am

tomebs `sesiis dokumentebi~ (Sessional Papers) ewodeba. yoveli tomi Seicavs

nawilis saxels (a divisional title).
S:
8.
TemTa
palata,
`saerTo
saganmanaTleblo
samsaxuris
xelmZRvanelis TanaSemwis amJamindeli da momavali funqcia,sesiis
dokumentebi, 1982-83, patimarTa ganaTleba, 1983 wlis 25 aprili, t.2, par. 9.14.
gv. 102.
b:gaerTianebuli

samefo. TemTa palata. `saerTo saganmanaTleblo

samsaxuris xelmZRvanelis TanaSemwis amJamindeli da momavali
funqcia.sesiis dokumentebi, 1982-83, patimarTa ganaTleba, 1983 wlis 25
aprili,t. 2, par. 9.14. gv. 102.

parlamentis

aqtebi,

SeniSvnaSi.aucilebeli

ar

rogorc

wesi,

aris

bibliografiaSi

maTi

aRiniSneba

mxolod

CarTva, Tumca,

SegiZliaT miuTiToT naSromi, romelic mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentis

gasamyareblad
citirebisas
TariRi

da

an,

romelic

miuTiTeT
Tavis

xSirad

saxelwodeba

nomeri

gaqvT

(swori

(T.TavisTvis;

gamoyenebuli.
SriftiT,

arabuli

aqtebis

ubrWyalebod),

cifri

saxelmwifo

nomrisTvis, nusxuri romauli cifrebi adgilobrivi nomrisTvis). 1963

313

wlamde gamoSvebuli aqtebis aRniSvnisas miuTiTeT monarqis mefobis

weli, monarqis saxeli (SemoklebiT) da rigiToba (arabuli cifrebiT).
S:8. aqti gansaxlebis Sesaxeb, 1701,12 & 13 Will. 3, c. 2.
15. aqti erTiani fondis Sesaxeb, 1963, c. 1.
16. aqti manCesteris dafuZnebis Sesaxeb, 1967, c. xl.
britaneTis istoriuli Canawerebis mravali krebuli arsebobs, zogierTi
maTgani saxelmwifo arqivSi Senaxuli dokumentebis aslia. SeniSvnebSi
xSirad miTiTebuli masalebi Semoklebuli formiT miuTiTeT.
S:19. Rot. pari, t. 2 (1341) (n.p., n.d.).
b:gaerTianebuli samefo. inglisis saidumlo sabWos aqtebi.redaqtori j.r.
deisenTi. 32 tomi.londoni, 1890-1907.
gaerTianebuli samefo. Rotuliparliamentorum ... (1278-1504). 6 t. N.p., n.d.
gaerTianebuli

samefo.

kanonmdebloba.redaqtirebulia

samefos

a.

ludersis da sxvebis mier. 11 t. londoni, 1810-28.

17.9.11 saerTaSoriso organoebis gamocemebi

saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis,

magaliTad,

gaerTianebuli

erebis

dokumentebis citirebisas, miuTiTeT uflebamosili organo (da, sadac

saWiroa, avtori da redaqtori), TariRi da dokumentis Tema an saxeli.
daurTeT, agreTve, seriis da gamocemis nomrebi, gamocemis adgili da
gamomcemeli.

sayovelTaod

cnobili

mTavari

organoebis

citirebisas

SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT abreviaturebi (gaero _ gaerTianebuli erebi(UN United Nations), mso _ msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO

- World Trade

Organization) da a.S.).
S:1. erTa liga, Soreul aRmosavleTSi
mdgomareoba, ser. LoNP (Jeneva, 1935), IV.3.

rusuli

warmomavlobis

qalebis

3. gaeros generaluri asamblea, mecxre sesia, oficialuri dokumentebi.me-19

damateba,gaeros

specialuri
fondi
ekonomikuri
ganviTarebisTvis:
saboloo angariSi, momzadebulia reimond SCeivenis mier gaeros generaluri
asambleis 724 (VIII), A/2728,1954rezoluciis Sesabamisad.

314

b:generaluri xelSekruleba tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb. mravalmxrivi

savaWro molaparakebebis urugvais raundis Sedegebi: iuridiuli

teqstebi. Jeneva: tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb generaluri xelSekrulebis
(GATT) samdivno, 1994.
msoflio savaWro organizacia (mso).saerTaSoriso vaWroba: tendenciebi da
statistika. Jeneva: mso, 1995.

17.9.12 gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebi.

gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebis citirebisas ixelmZRvaneleT
17.6.4-Si aRwerili modelebiT.
aSS-is

mTavrobis

erovnul

gamouqveynebeli

arqivebSi

dokumentebis

umravlesoba

inaxeba

(the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA),

vaSingtonSi, kolumbiis olqSi an mis filialebSi. yvela am masalis, maT

Soris, filmebis, fotosuraTebis da audioCanawerebis, aseve, teqsturi
masalebis

citireba

xdeba

Canaweris

jgufis

record group (RG) nomris

mixedviT.
kanadis gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebi inaxeba kanadis erovnul
arqivSi (the National Archives of Canada) (NAC), ontarios provinciaSi, otavaSi.
gaerTianebul

samefoSi

gamouqveynebeli

samTavrobo

dokumentebis

ramdenime sacavia, kerZod, saxelmwifo arqivi (the Public Record Office) (PRO)
da britaneTis muzeumi (the British Library) (BL), orive maTgani mdebareobs
londonSi.
17.9.13 internetSi ganTavsebuli sajaro dokumentebi
internetSi

ganTavsebuli

sajaro

dokumentebis

citirebisas

ixelmZRvaneleT 17.9-Si warmodgenili Sesabamisi magaliTebiT. amasTan,

daurTeT

URL-is

misamarTi

da

masalis

gaxsnis

TariRi (ix.

15.4.1).

gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-misamarTis miTiTeba ar aris sakmarisi;

SeZlebisdagvarad,

unda

miuTiToT

wyaros

yvela

monacemi,

raTa

mkiTxvelma SeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis SemTxvevaSic. Tu

gverdebis

nomrebi

xelmisawvdomi

ar

aris,

miTiTebuli

nawyvetis

315

adgilmdebareobis

aRniSvna

SeniSvnaSi

aRwerilobiTi

informaciis

damatebiT SegiZliaT (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri).

S:39.

SeerTebuli

siRaribis

done

Statebis
da

mosaxleobis

janmrTelobis

2004,seqciaSi`Semosavlis

aRweris

dazRveva

siRaribis

biuro,

`Semosavlebi,

SeerTebuli

donesTan

StatebSi,

Sefardeba,http://www

.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 19 dekembers).

b:SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro. `Semosavlebi, siRaribis

done,

da

janmrTelobis

dazRveva

SeerTebuli

]http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf

StatebSi,

(gaxsnilia

2005

2004.

wlis

19

dekembers).

17.10 erTi wyaro, miTiTebuli meoreSi

pasuxismgeblobis
moyvanas,

grZnobis

romlebic

maT

mqone

mkvlevrebieridebian

originalSi

ar

unaxavT.

Tu

im

citatebis

erTi

wyaro

miuTiTebs sxva sasargeblo wyaroze, savaraudod, mkiTxveli amjobinebs,

rom moiZioT orginali, raTa gadaamowmoT rogorc miTiTebis sizuste,
ise, is, Tu ramdenad sworad gadmoscems citata originalis azrs.
amasTan, Tu pirvelwyaro xelmisawvdomi ar aris, SeniSvnaSi aRniSneT is
amgvarad: `miTiTebuli meorad wyaroSi~. bibliografiis muxlSiformati -,,miTiTebuli ...Si SecvaleT saWiroebisamebr.
S:8.luis Jukovski, `gulwrfeloba da obieqtivacia,poezia37 (1931 wlis
Tebervali): 269. citata moyvanilia boni kostelos naSromSimariana

muri:

warmosaxviTi

Tvisebebi(kembriji,

masaCusetsi:

harvardis

universitetis gamomcemloba,1981), 78.

b:Jukovski,

luis.

`gulwrfeloba

da

obieqtivacia.poezia37 (1931

wlis

Tebervali): 269. citata moyvanilia boni kostelos naSromSi mariana

muri: warmosaxviTi Tvisebebi. kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1981.

316

msgavsi situacia SeiZleba Seiqmnas, rodesac uTiTebT citatas, romelic

meorad wyaroSi ipoveT, xolo am meorad wyaroze ki pirvelwyaros
miTiTebiT

gadaxvediT.

pirvelwyaros,

(ix.

gansakuTrebiT,

3.1.1).
Tu

xSirad
is

ver

SeZlebT,

gamouqveynebeli

gaecnoT

xelnawerebis

krebulia. am SemTxvevaSi ixelmZRvaneleT zemoT mocemuli principebiT.

317

18 teqstobrivi miTiTebis stili:

standartuli formati
18.1 standartuli sistema
18.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba
18.1.2 punqtuacia
18.1.3 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba
18.1.4 saTaurebis gaformeba
18.1.5 ricxvebi
18.1.6 abreviaturebi
18.1.7 abzacis Seweva
18.2 bibliografia
18.2.1 muxlebis dalageba
18.2.3 wyaroebi, romlebic SegiZliaT, ar miuTiToT
18.3 teqstobrivi miTiTebebi
18.3.2 gansakuTrebuli elementebi da formatTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
18.3.3 gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi da teqstobrivi miTiTebebi
socialur da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi ZiriTadad teqstobrivi
miTiTebebis stili gamoiyeneba. es stili, agreTve, cnobilia avtori-TariRis
stilis saxeliT, vinaidan wyaroebis miTiTebisas avtoris saxeli, gvari da
gamocemis TariRi mniSvnelovani elementebia. winamdebare TavSi warmodgenilia
citirebis standartuli sistemis mimoxilva teqstobrivi miTiTebis stilis
gamoyenebiT, maT Sorisa, rogorc bibliografiis muxlebi, ise, teqstobrivi
miTiTebebi.
teqstobrivi
miTiTebebis
magaliTebi
aRniSnulia
`P-Ti;
gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis muxlebis magaliTebi aRniSnulia `RTi.
teqstobrivi miTiTebis stilis gamoyenebisas wyaros Sesaxeb miniSnebas
akeTebT am wyaros miTiTebis gaswvriv teqstobrivi miTiTebis moTavsebiT
(moicavs avtors, TariRs da Sesabamisi gverdis nomrebs):
erTi mecnieris TqmiT, rkinigzis gayvanis Sedegad, Cikago aRmosavlelebisa da
dasavlelebis Sexvedrebis umniSvnelovanesi wertili gaxda. [Cronon 1991, 92-93].
naSromis bolos yvela wyaros CamowerT bibliografiaSi. bibliografia,
rogorc wesi, moicavs teqstobriv miTiTebaSi aRniSnul TiToeul wyaros,
zogjer sxva wyaroebsac, romlebsac gaecaniT, magram ar migiTiTebiaT. vinaidan
teqstobrivi miTiTeba ar Seicavs srul bibliografiul informacias wyaros
Sesaxeb, es informacia unda miuTiToT bibliografiaSi. bibliografiis yvela
muxls unda hqondes erTi da igive zogadi forma:
R: Cronon, William. 1991. Natures metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W.W. Norton
& Company.

318

mkiTxveli Tqvengan sworad wyaros miTiTebis wesebis zedmiwevniT dacvas

moelis. es wesebi Seexeba ara mxolod CasarTav informacias da am monacemebis
Tanmimdevrobas, aramed. agreTve, punqtuacias, mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebas
(inglisur enaze werisas. mTarg. SeniSvna), daxrili Sriftis gamoyenebas da sxva.
wyaro rom sworad miuTiToT, didi yuradReba unda miaqcioT wvrilman
detalebs, romelic mkvlevarTa didi nawilisTvis advilad dasamaxsovrebeli
ar aris. momdevno TavSi mocemulia mza gzamkvlevi am detalebTan dakavSirebiT.

18.1 standartuli modelebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom wyaroebis da maTze miTiTebis uamravi forma
arsebobs, savaraudod, mxolod ramdenime saxis gamoyeneba mogiwevT. uCveulo
wyaroebis citirebisas SeiZleba, dagWirdeT miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli
detalebis moZieba, xolo citirebis im saxeebisTvis, romlebsac yvelaze xSirad
gamoiyenebT, iolad SegiZliaT standartuli sistemebis damaxsovreba. Semdeg
SeZlebT Sablonebis Seqmnas, romelTa daxmarebiTac moaxerxebT kiTxvis
procesSi bibliografiuli monacemebis swrafad da saimedod Caweras.
am qveTavis darCenil nawilSi aRwerilia standartuli sistemebi, 18.1
naxatze ki warmodgenilia Sablonebi da magaliTebi farTod gavrcelebuli
saxis wyaroebisTvis. me-19 TavSi mocemulia mTeli rigi wyaroebis magaliTebi,
maT Soris, gamonaklisebi aq ganxiluli sistemebidan.
18.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba
bibliografiis
muxlebSi
elementebis
Tanmimdevroba
yvela
saxis
wyarosTvis erTnairia: avtori, gamocemis TariRi (weli), saTauri, sxva
informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi am elementebidan
mxolod pirveli ori mieTiTeba. Tu isini konkretul nawyvetebs Seexeba,
SesaZloa, gverdis nomrebs an adgilis ganmsazRvrel sxva informaciasac
Seicavdes; bibliografiis muxlebis SemTxvevaSi ase ar aris. Tumca, iq
mieTiTeba gverdis nomrebis sruli diapazoni iseTi wyarosTvis, romelic
warmoadgens ufro didi nawilis, mag., statiis an Tavis Semadgenels.
18.1.2 punqtuacia
gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis muxlebSi elementebis umetesoba
gamoyaviT wertilebiT; teqstobriv miTiTebebSi avtors da TariRs Soris
sasveni niSani ar dasvaT, TariRi gverdis nomrisgan mZimiT gamoyaviT.
18.1.3 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba
saTaurebis umetesoba mTavruli asoebiT daiwyeT winadadebis stilis
mixedviT, xolo samecniero Jurnalebis, popularuli Jurnalebis da gazeTebis
saxelwodebebi saTauris stilis mixedviT dawereT mTavruli asoebiT. (orive
stilis Sesaxeb ix. 22.3.1.) (wesi exeba inglisur enaze wyaros miTiTebis
SemTxvevas. mTarg. SeniSvna).
naxati 18.1 bibliografiis muxlebisa da teqstobrivi miTiTebebis nimuSebi
qvemoT warmodgenil nimuSebSi giCvenebT, romeli elementebi unda CairTos
bibliografiaSi (R) da teqstobriv miTiTebebSi (P) wyaroebis ramdenime
319

gavrcelebuli saxis citirebisas. naCvenebia, agreTve, punqtuacia, saTaurebis

mTavruli asoebiT dawyeba da elementebis gaformeba. ruxi feriT daCrdiluli
teqsti aRniSnavs abreviaturebs da sxva terminebs, rogorc isini miTiTebaSi
daiwereboda. XX aRniSnavs citirebuli teqstis gverdis nomrebs, YY aRniSnavs
statiis an Tavis gverdebis srul diapazons.
magaliTebi, ganmartebebi, da variantebi damatebiT ix. me-19 TavSi.
wignebi
1. erTi avtori an redaqtori
R: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. wignis saTauri: wignis
qvesaTauri. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba.
Diamond, Jared. 1997. Guns, germs, and steel: The fates of human societies. New York: W. W. Norton
and Company.
Tu wigns avtoris nacvlad redaqtori hyavs, sqema ase SecvaleT:
R: redaqtoris gvari, redaqtoris saxeli, red. gamocemis TariRi ...
Noll, Mark A., red. 1990...
P: (redaqtoris gvari, gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)
2. ramdenime avtori
Tu wigns ori avtori hyavs, gamoiyeneT Semdegi sqema:
R: pirveli avtoris gvari, pirveli avtoris saxeli da meore avtoris saxeli da
gvari. gamocemis TariRi. wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri. gamocemis adgili:
gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba.
Bird, Kai & Martin J. Sherwin. 2005. American Prometheus: The triumph and tragedy of J. Robert
Oppenheimer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
P: (pirveli avtoris gvari da meore avtoris gvari. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)
[Bird & Sherwin 2005, 52]
Tu wigns sami avtori hyavs, struqtura SecvaleT ase:
R: pirveli avtoris gvari, pirveli avtoris saxeli, meore avtoris saxeli da
gvari, da mesame avtoris saxeli da gvari. gamocemis TariRi...
Appleby, Joyce, Lynn Hunt,& Margaret Jacob. 1994...
naxati 16.1 gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis da teqstobrivi miTiTebebis
nimuSebi
(gagreleba)
P: (pirveli avtoris gvari, meore avtoris gvari, da mesame avtoris gvari.
gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)
[Appleby, Hunt,& Jacob. 1994, 135-36]

320

Tu wigns oTxi an meti avtori hyavs, SeniSvnis struqtura mxolod aseTi saxiT
SecvaleT:
P: (pirveli avtoris saxeli da sxvebi. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)
[Hall da sxvebi. 1987, 114-15]
3. avtor(eb)i, agreTve, redaqtori an mTargmneli
Tu wigns avtoris garda, redaqtoric hyavs, gamoiyeneT Semdegi struqtura:
R: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. wignis saTauri: wignis
qvesaTauri, red. redaqtoris saxeli da gvari. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis
saxelwodeba.
Harley, J.B. 2002. The new nature of maps: Essays in the history of cartography. red. Paul Laxton.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
P: (avtoris gvari gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)
(Harley 2002, 132-33)
Tu wigns redaqtoris nacvlad mTargmneli hyavs, redaqtoris Sesaxeb
informaciis nacvlad, bibliografiis muxlSi CasviT sityvebi Targm. da
Targmnilia da miuTiTeT mTargmnelis saxeli da gvari.
4. gamocemis nomeri
R: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. wignis saTauri: wignis
qvesaTauri,
gamocemis
nomeri
gam.
gamocemis
adgili:
gamomcemlobis
saxelwodeba.
Daniels, Roger. 1002. Coming to America: A history of immigration and ethnicity in American life. me-2
gam. New York: Harper Perennial.
P: (avtoris gvari. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)
(Daniels 2002, 84)
5. erTi Tavi redaqtirebul wignSi
R: Tavis avtoris gvari, Tavis avtoris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. Tavis saTauri:
Tavis qvesaTauri. wignSi wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri, red. redaqtoris
saxeli da gvari, YY-YY. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba.
Spirn, Anne Whiston. 1996. Constructing nature: The legacy of Frederick Law Olmsted. wignSi
Uncommon ground: Rethinking the human place in nature, red. William Cronon, 91-113. New York:
W.W. Nortorn and Company.
P: (Tavis avtoris gvari. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)
bibliografia
saJurnalo statiebi
6. saJurnalo statiis beWduri gamocema
R: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. statiis saTauri: statiis
qvesaTauri. Jurnalis saxelwodeba tomis nomeri (TariRTan dakavSirebuli
damatebiTi informacia): YY-YY.
bibliografia

321

P: (avtoris gvari. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)

bibliografia
Tu statias ramdenime avtori hyavs, ixelmZRvaneleT
miTiTebis meore nimuSSi warmodgenili Sesabamisi sqemiT.

avtorebis

saxelebis

7. internetSi gamoqveynebuli saJurnalo statiebi

R: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. statiis saTauri: statiis
qvesaTauri. Jurnalis saxelwodeba tomis nomeri (TariRTan dakavSirebuli
damatebiTi informacia). URL-is misamarTi (gaxsnilia/monaxulebulia masalaze
wvdomis TariRi).
McFarland, Daniel A. 2004. Resistance as a social drama: A study of change-oriented encounters.
American
Journal
of
Sociology
109,
no.
6
(maisi).
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v109n6/050199/050199.html
[gaxsnilia/monaxulebulia 2006 wlis 3 maiss]
P: (avtoris gvari, gamocemis TariRi).
bibliografia
sakuTari saxelebi, Cveulebisamebr, mTavruli asoebiT dawereT (ix. 22-e Tavi).
zogierT dargSi bibliografiaSi SeiZleba, iTxovdnen mTavruli asoebis
saTauris stilSi dasmas; adgilobriv saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebSi gadaamowmeT,
romeli meTodis gamoyenebaa gansazRvruli.
18.1.4 saTaurebis gaformeba
SedarebiT moculobiTi nawarmoebebis (wignebis, Jurnalebis) saTaurebi ibeWdeba
daxrili SriftiT; ufro mcire nawilebis (Tavebi, statiebi) saTaurebi ibeWdeba
swori SriftiT da ar Tavsdeba brWyalebSi. gamouqveynebeli naSromebis (mag.,
disertaciebi) saTaurebi ibeWdeba swori SriftiT da ar Tavsdeba brWyalebSi,
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu isini wignis moculobisaa.
18.1.5 ricxvebi
saTaurebSi ricxvebi sityvierad gadmoicema an cifrebiT iwereba zustad ise,
rogorc wyaroSia. gverdis nomrebi, romlebic wyaroSi romauli cifrebiT aris
warmodgenili, mieTiTeba patara romauli cifrebiT. yvela sxva ricxvi
(rogoricaa Tavis nomrebi an naxatebis nomrebi) warmodgenilia arabuli
cifrebiT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu originalSi isini romauli cifrebiT aris
warmodgenili an sityvierad aris gadmocemuli.
18.1.6 abreviaturebi
SeniSvnebSi SeamokleT terminebi, rogoricaa redaqtori, mTargmneli, da tomi
(red., mTargm., da t.). mravlobiTi forma, Cveulebriv, iwarmoeba `ebi-s damatebiT
(red.-ebi). adgilobrivi saxelmZRvanelo principebiT SesaZloa, nebadarTuli
iyos damatebiTi abreviaturebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa univ. _ universitetis
Semokleba.

322

18.1.7 Seweuli abzaci

gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebis muxlebis Seweva Sebrunebulad xdeba;
pirveli xazi swordeba marcxniv, xolo yvela momdevno striqoni Seweulia
abzacis identuri intervaliT. teqstobrivi miTiTebebi teqstSi Tavsdeba da
maTi Seweva ar xdeba.

18.2 bibliografia
naSromebSi,
romlebSic
gamoyenebuli
literaturis
miTiTebisTvis
gamoiyeneba teqstobrivi miTiTebebis gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis
stili, bibliografiaSi warmodgenilia sruli bibliografiuli informacia
teqstobriv miTiTebebSi aRniSnul wyaroebze (ramdenime gansakuTrebuli tipis
wyaros garda; ix. 18.2.2). SegiZliaT, agreTve, miuTiToT naSromebi, romlebic
mniSvnelovni iyo Tqveni azrovnebis procesSi, magram teqstSi konkretulad ar
migiTiTebiaT. bibliografiuli informaciis warmodgenis garda, gamoyenebuli
literaturis CamonaTvlidan mkiTxveli xedavs Tqvens mier ganxorcielebuli
kvlevis masStabs da am kvlevis kavSirs manamde momzadebul naSromebTan.
gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis daxmarebiT mkiTxvels, agreTve,
SeuZlia wyaroebis sakuTar kvlevaSi gamoyeneba. Tu wyaros miTiTebis am stils
gamoiyenebT, naSromSi aucileblad unda CarToT bibliografia.
gamoyenebuli
CamonaTvali
daasaTaureT
ase:
bibliografia
(an
literatura). ix. naxati A.16 danarTSi, sadac mocemulia bibliografia.
18.2.1 muxlebis dalageba
anbanuri
TanmimdevrobiT
da
qronologiurad
avtoris
mixedviT.
bibliografia, rogorc wesi, warmoadgens yvela wyaros erTian CamonaTvals;
wyaroebi dalagebulia anbanis mixedviT avtoris, redaqtoris an TiToeul
muxlSi pirvel adgilze miTiTebuli piris gvaris mixedviT. (ucxo saxelebis,
Sedgenili saxelebis da sxva gansakuTrebuli saxelebis anbanis mixedviT
dalagebis Sesaxeb ix. 19.1.1) teqstis redaqtirebis programebis umravlesobas
aqvs CamonaTvlis anbanis mixedviT dalagebis funqcia; Tu am funqcias iyenebT,
TiToeul muxls unda mosdevdes myari gadatana. Tu sadiplomo an sadisertacio
naSromze muSaobT, SesaZloa, Tqvens kaTedraze an universitetSi mogcen
miTiTeba, rom informacia muxlebSi anbanis mixedviT unda daalagoT asoebis an
sityvebis mixedviT. ix. `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelo, 18.56 -59, me-15 gamocema
(2003 w.), sadac mocemulia am ori sistemis ganmarteba.
Tu bibliografia moicavs or an met naSroms, romlebic dawerili,
redaqtirebuli an naTargmnia erTi da igive piris mier, daalageT muxlebi
qronologiurad gamocemis TariRis mixedviT. pirvelis Semdeg yvela muxlSi
piris saxeli SecvaleT grZeli tireTi, romelsac ewodeba sami M-is sigrZis
tire (ix. 21.7.3). redaqtirebuli an Targmnili naSromebis SemTxvevaSi, dasviT
mZime da saTanado aRniSvna (red., mTargmn., da a.S.) tires Semdeg. CamowereT
yvela aseTi naSromi im naSromebamde, romelTa SemTxvevaSic piri iyo
Tanaavtori an Tanaredaqtori.
R: Gates, Henry Louis Jr. 1989. The signifying monkey: A theory of African-American Literary critisism.
New York: Oxford University Press.
-------------, red. 2002. The classic slave narratives. New York: Penguin Putnam.

323

------------. 2004. America behind the color line: Dialogues with African Americans. New York: Warner
Books.
Gates, Henry Louis Jr., da Cornel West. 2000. The African American century: How black Americans
have shaped our country. New York: Free Press.
igive principi gamoiyeneba
avtorTa erTi jgufis mier dawerili
naSromebisTvis, romlebic miTiTebulia erTi da imave TanmimdevrobiT.

iseTi

R: Marty, Martin E., da R. Scott Appleby. 1992. The glory and the power: The fundamentalist challenge
to the modern world. Boston: Beacon Press.
----------, red.-ebi. 2004. Accounting for fundamentalisms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Marty, Martin E., da Micah Marty. 1998 When true simplicity is gained: Finding spiritual clarity in a
complex world. Grand Rapids, Ml: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
Tu bibliografiaSi Sesulia erTze meti naSromi, romelic gamocemulia
erTsa da imave wels avtoris an avtorTa jgufis mier, romelTa gvarebic erTi
da igive TanmimdevrobiT aris dalagebuli, muxlebi daalageT anbanuri
TanmimdevrobiT saTauris mixedviT (inglisur enaze werisas. mTarg. SeniSvna).
wels daamateT asoebi a, b, g da a.S., swori SriftiT, intervalis gareSe. am
naSromebis miTiTebis Semcveli teqstobrivi miTiTebebi asoebs unda Seicavdes
(ix. 18.3.2).
R: Davis, Natalie Zemon. 1983a. Beyond the market: Books as gifts in the sixteenth-century France.
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 33: 69-88.
---------. 1983b. The return of Martin Guerre. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Tu wigns an saJurnalo statias avtori an redaqtori ar hyavs (an sxva
dasaxelebuli Semdgeneli, mag., mTargmneli), bibliografiaSi, pirvel rigSi,
miuTiTeT saTauri da saTauris mixedviT daalageT anbanurad, (inglisur enaze
werisas. mTarg. SeniSvna).
R: bibliografia
samecniero Jurnalebisa da sagazeTo statiebisTvis, romelTa avtoric ar aris
miTiTebuli, avtorisTvis gankuTvnil adgilze CasviT Jurnalis an gazeTis
saxelwodeba (ix. 19.3 da 19.4). sxva tipis wyaroebisTvis ix. me-19 Tavis Sesabamisi
nawili, sadac warmodgenilia saxelmZRvanelo principebi; Tu sxvagvari
miTiTeba ar aris mocemuli, saTauri am principis mixedviT miuTiTeT.
kategoriebad dalagebuli CamonaTvlebi. teqstobrivi miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi
mkiTxvels mxolod avtoris da TariRis Sesaxeb monacemebi aqvs bibliografiis
Sesabamisi muxlis mosaZieblad. amdenad, garda iSviaTi gamonaklisebisa,
CamonaTvali daalageT zemoT aRwerili nimuSis mixedviT. qvemoT moyvanilis
msgavs SemTxvevebSi SegiZliaT CamonaTvlis dayofa calkeul kategoriebad:
Tu specialuri tipis wyarosTvis, mag., xelnaweris, saarqivo koleqciebis,
Canawerebis da a.S. sam an oTx muxlze meti gaqvT, isini danarCeni muxlebisgan
gancalkevebiT miuTiTeT.

324

 Tu mniSvnelovania pirvelwyaroebis gamoyofa meoradi da mesamexarisxovani

wyaroebisgan, muxlebi calke nawilebSi CamowereT.
Tu axdenT wyaroebis kategorizacias, warmoadgineT
qvesaTauriT da, Tu aucilebelia, dasawyisSi ganTavsebuli
TiToeul seqciaSi daalageT zemoT aRwerili principebis
miuTiToT erTze met seqciaSi, Tu calsaxad ar SeiZleba
ori an meti saxiT.

TiToeuli nawili
SeniSvniT. muxlebi
mixedviT, wyaro ar
misi kategorizacia

18.2.3 wyaroebi, romlebic SegiZliaT, gamotovoT

rogorc wesi, SegiZliaT, bibliografiaSi ar miuTiToT Semdegi saxis wyaroebi:
- klasikuri, Sua saukuneebis da adreuli literaturuli nawarmoebebi
(19.5.1) da (zogierT SemTxvevaSi) cnobili piesebi (19.8.7)
- biblia da sxva wminda wignebi (19.5.2)
- farTod gavrcelebuli sacnobaro literatura, rogoricaa didi
leqsikonebi da enciklopediebi (19.5.3)
- anonimuri gamouqveynebeli interviuebi da piradi mimowera/komunikacia
(19.6.3), veblogis informacia da komentarebi (19.7.2) da eleqtronuli
fostis adresatebis siebi (19.7.3)
- saxviTi da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis mravali wyaro, maT Soris,
mxatvruli xelovnebis namuSevrebi da sxva vizualuri wyaroebi (19.8.1),
cocxali Sesruleba (19.8.2), satelevizio da sxva samauwyeblo programebi
(19.8.3)
- aSS-is konstitucia (19.9.5) da zogierTi sxva sajaro dokumenti (19.9)
SeiZleba, arCioT, rom bibliografiaSi miuTiToT am kategoriidan romelime
konkretuli naSromi, romelic mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an
romelic xSirad gaqvT miTiTebuli.

18.3 teqstobrivi miTiTebebi

teqstobrivi miTiTeba sakmaris informacias Seicavs imisaTvis, rom
mkiTxvelma ipovos sruli miTiTeba bibliografiaSi; Cveulebriv, es informacia
moicavs avtoris saxels da gvars, gamocemis TariRs da (Tu konkretul nawyvets
uTiTebT) gverdis nomers an adgilis amsaxvel sxva informacias. saxeli, gvari
da TariRi zustad unda Seesabamebodes bibliografiis muxlis Sesabamis
elementebs.
(gaiTvaliswineT,
rom
teqstobriv
miTiTebebSi
elementebis
dalagebasa da punqtuaciasTan dakavSirebuli modeli odnav gansxvavdeba im
meTodisgan, romelic gamoiyeneba sqolios stilis miTiTebebSi, romlebic 16.4.3Sia aRwerili; nu agerevaT an nu gaaerTianebT am or stils).
18.3.1 teqstSi ganTavseba
rodesac miuTiTebT an sxvagvarad iyenebT masalas wyarodan, teqstSi unda
moaTavsoT
teqstobrivi
miTiTeba
Sesabamisi
wyaros
Sesaxeb
ZiriTadi
informaciiT. citatis SemTxvevaSi, teqstobrivi miTiTeba uSualod citatis
Semdeg CasviT, ganurCevlad imisa, citata teqstSia CarTuli Tu blokis saxiT
aris gamoyofili (ix. 25.2.2). sxva SemTxvevaSi, teqstobrivi miTiTebebi
winadadebis an winadadebis nawilis boloSi moaTavseT. rodesac teqstSi

325

citatas rTavT, frCxili unda daxuroT mZimis, wertilis da sxva sasveni niSnis
win.
Tumca, blokuri citatis SemTxvevaSi teqstobrivi miTiTeba saboloo sasveni
niSnis Semdeg Tavsdeba.
ix. naxati A.11, sadac warmodgenilia teqstobrivi miTiTebebis magaliTi.
18.3.2 specialuri elementebi da formatTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
teqstobrivi miTiTebebis ZiriTadi modeli aRwerilia 18.1-Si, 18.1 naxatze
ki warmodgenilia nimuSebi wyaroebis ramdenime farTod gavrcelebuli
tipisTvis. am nawilSi ganxilulia specialuri elementebi, romelTa CarTvac
SesaZloa, saWiro iyos, agreTve, formatTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, romlebic
SeiZleba, wamoiWras yvela saxis teqstobriv miTiTebebTan dakavSirebiT.
Semdeg
SemTxvevebSi naSromis redaqtoris, mTargmnelis an sxva
Semdgenelis saxeli da gvari ganixileT, rogorc avtoris saxeli da gvari, Tu
sxvagvari miTiTeba ar arsebobs.
avtorebi erTi da igive gvariT. Tu uTiTebT naSromebs erTze meti avtoriT,
romlebsac erTi da igive gvari aqvT, TiToeul teqstobriv
miTiTebaSi
daumateT avtoris pirveli iniciali, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu TariRebi
gansxvavebulia. Tu inicialebi erTnairia, saxelebi sityvierad dawereT.
[J. Smith 2001, 140]
[Adele Gottfried 1988, 15]
[T. Smith 1998, 25-26]
[Allen Gottfried 1994, 270]
erTi da imave avtoris naSromebi da TariRi. Tu uTiTebT erTze met naSroms,
romelic erTsa da imave wels gamosca avtorma an avtorTa jgufma da isini
erTnairadaa miTiTebuli, bibliografiaSi muxlebi anbanurad daalageT
saTaurebis mixedviT, wels ki daurTeT asoebi a, b, g da a.S. (ix. 18.2.1). igive
principiT dawereT teqstobrivi miTiTebebic (asoebi iwereba swori SriftiT,
TariRis Semdeg intervali ar unda iyos).
[Davis 1983a, 74]
[Davis 1983b, 59-60]
avtori ar aris miTiTebuli. rodesac uTiTebT wigns an saJurnalo statias,
romelSic avtori ar aris miTiTebuli, bibliografiaSi avtoris nacvlad
saTauri miuTiTeT (ix. 18.2.1). teqstobriv miTiTebebSi gamoiyeneT Semoklebuli
saTauri, romelic unda Seicavdes sruli saTauris oTxamde amosacnob sityvas;
saTauri dabeWdeT daxrili an swori SriftiT, gamoyenebuli literaturis
CamonaTvlis analogiurad.
[Account of operations 1870-1910]
[Great Trigonometrical Survey 1863, 26]
samecniero Jurnalebis da sagazeTo statiebis SemTxvevaSi, romelTa avtorebic
ar aris miTiTebuli, orive adgilze avtoris nacvlad Jurnalis an gazeTis
saxelwodeba miuTiTeT (ix. 19.3 da 19.4). saxelmZRvanelo principebi sxva tipis
wyaroebis Sesaxeb ixileT me-19 Tavis Sesabamis nawilSi; Tu sxvagvari miTiTeba
ar aris warmodgenili, gamoiyeneT Semoklebuli saTauri.

326

TariRi ar aris miTiTebuli. Tu uTiTebT gamoqveynebul naSroms, romelzec

ar aris miTiTebuli TariRi, TariRis adgilas dasviT T.a.m. (`TariRi ar aris
miTiTebuli), rogorc bibliografiaSi, ise, teqstobriv miTiTebebSi. gamoiyeneT
swori Srifti da patara asoebi.
[Smith T.a.m., 5]
sxva tipis wyaroebis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvanelo principebi SegiZliaT, ixiloT me19 Tavis Sesabamis nawilSi.
teqstSi miTiTebulia avtori. Tu teqstSi avtoris saxelia miTiTebuli,
SegiZliaT, teqstobriv miTiTebaSi es elementi ar CarToT. Tu sicxadisTvis
aucilebelia, miTiTeba uSualod avtoris saxelis Semdeg moaTavseT, Tu is
mTeli winadadebis an misi nawilis boloSi ar aris.
amis Semdgom, Cangi sakmaod detalurad aRwers nankinis okupacias [1997, 159-67].
ariesis [1965] mier warmodgenili argumentebi Seicvala Semdgomi kvlevebis
Sedegad.
erTze meti naSromis miTiTeba. Tu erTi Tvalsazrisis dasabuTebisTvis
uTiTebT ramdenime wyaros, daajgufeT isini teqstobriv erT miTiTebaSi.
daalageT anbanis mixedviT, qronologiurad an mniSvnelovnebis mixedviT
(konteqstidan gamomdinare), wyaroebi erTmaneTisgan wertil-mZimiT gamoyaviT.
ramdenime Teoretikosi mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeboda am pozicias [Armstrong and
Malacinski 1989; Pickett and White 1995; Beigl 2004].
18.3.3 gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi da teqstobrivi miTiTebebi
Tu
gsurT,
teqsts
daurToT
mniSvnelovani
komentarebi,
teqstobrivi
miTiTebebis nacvlad mimarTeT gverdobliv SeniSvnebs. SeniSvnis ganTavsebis,
danomvris da daformatebis Sesaxeb ixileT 16.3.2-16.3.4. sqolioSi wyaros
miTiTebisTvis gamoiyeneT teqstobrivi miTiTebis Cveuli forma.
N: 10. jeims uilsoni aRniSnavs, rom `arc erT politikoss arasdros daukargavs
xmebi biurokratiis dagmobis gamo. [1989, 235].

327

19.

teqstobrivi miTitebis stili: specifikuri tipis

wyaroebis miTiTeba
19.1

wignebi
19.1.1

avtoris saxeli da gvari

19.1.2

gamocemis TariRi

19.1.3

saxelwodeba

19.1.4

gamocema

19.1.5

tomi

19.1.6

seriebi

19.1.7

monacemebi gamocemaze

19.1.8

gverdebis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia

19.1.9

Tavebi da wignis saxelwodebis mqone sxva nawilebi

19.1.10 onlain da sxva eleqtronuli wignebi

19.2

samecniero Jurnalebisstatiebi
19.2.1

avtoris saxeli da gvari

19.2.2

gamoqveynebis TariRi

19.2.3

statiis saTauri

19.2.4

samecniero Jurnalis saxelwodeba

19.2.5

informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb

19.2.6

gverdebis nomrebi da adgilTandakavSirebulisxva informacia

19.2.7

specialuri gamocemebi da damatebebi

19.2.8

internetSigamoqveynebuli statiebi

19.3

arasamecnieroJurnalebisstatiebi

19.4

sagazeTo statiebi
19.4.1

formatTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli sakiTxebi

19.4.2

specialuri tipis sagazeTo miTiTebebi

19.5gamoqveynebuli wyaroebisdamatebiTitipebi
19.5.1

klasikuri,

Suasaukuneebis

da

adreuli

periodis

inglisuri

literaturuli nawarmoebebi
19.5.2

biblia da sxva wminda werilebi

19.5.3

sacnobaro literatura
328

19.6

19.7

19.5.4

recenziebi, kritikuli statiebi

19.5.5

reziumeebi, mimoxilvebi

19.5.6

bukletebi da angariSebi

19.5.7

gamocemebi mikroformis saxiT

19.5.8

CD-ROM-ebi anDVD-ROM-ebi

19.5.9

internetSi ganTavsebulimonacemTa bazebi

gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi
19.6.1

sadiplomo Temebi da disertaciebi

19.6.2

Sexvedrebze wakiTxulileqciebi da moxsenebebi

19.6.3

interviuebi da piradi saubrebi

19.6.4

xelnawerTa koleqciebi

araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi

19.7.1

vebgverdebi

19.7.2 veblogebze gamoqveynebuli Canawerebi da komentarebi

19.7.3
19.8

19.9

adresatTa eleqtronuli misamarTebis siebi

wyaroebi saxviT da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi

19.8.1

vizualuri wyaroebi

19.8.2

cocxali Sesruleba

19.8.3

satelevizio programebi da sxva samauwyeblo wyaroebi

19.8.4

audio Canawerebi

19.8.5

videoCanawerebi

19.8.6

onlain multimediuri failebi

19.8.7

teqstebi vizualur da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi

sajaro dokumentebi
19.9.1

Sesatani elementebi, maTi rigi da daformatebis wesi

19.9.2

kongresis publikaciebi

19.9.3

saprezidento publikaciebi

19.9.4

saxelmwifo departamentebisa da saagentoebis publikaciebi

19.9.5

aSS-is konstitucia

19.9.6

SeTanxmebebi, konvenciebi

19.9.7

sasamarTlo saqmeebi

19.9.8

saxelmwifoda adgilobrivi mTavrobis dokumentebi

329

19.9.9

kanadis mTavrobis dokumentebi

19.9.10 britaneTis mTavrobis dokumentebi

19.9.11 saerTaSoriso organizaciebis publikaciebi
19.9.12 gamouqveynebeli saxelmwifo dokumentebi
19.9.13 onlain sajaro dokumentebi
19.10

erT wyaroSi, miTiTebuli meore wyaro

me-18

TavSi

warmodgenilia

teqsobtivi

miTiTebis

stilis

mixedviT

wyaroebis teqstsa da bibliografiaSi damowmebis ZiriTadi wesebi. Tu TqvenTvis

ucnobiamiTiTebis es stili,gaecaniT am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil Tavs, vidre
SeudgebodeT winamdebare Tavis wakiTxvas.
am

TavSi

detaluradaa

ganxiluli,

bibliografiismuxlebisxvadasxvatipis
ganxiluliteqstSi

miTiTebis

rogor

unda

SeadginoT

wyarosTvis.SedarebiT

wesebi.Tavi

organizebulia

naklebadaa

wyaroTa

tipebis

mixedviT,iwyeba yvelaze gavrcelebuli wyaroebiT wignebiT da Jurnalis

statiebiT, xolo Semdeg ganixilavs sxva gamoqveynebul, gamouqveynebel da
Caweril wyaroebs. wignebisadmi (19.1) da Jurnalis statiebisadmi (19.2) miZRvnil
nawilebSi

ufro

siRrmiseulad

ganixileba

variaciebi

iseT

elementebSi,

rogoricaa avtoris saxeli da gvari, saxelwodebebi da internetmisamarTebi,

vidre naklebad gavrcelebuli wyaroebis Semcvel nawilebSi.
internetda
(magaliTad,
tipis

sxva

eleqtronuli

onlain-Jurnalis

wyaros.

wyaroebi,

statiebi)

`araoficialurad

romlebic

nabeWdi

analogiuria,miekuTvneba

gamoqveynebul~

wyaroebad

wyaroebis
Sesaferisi

CaTvlili

sxva

onlain wyaroebi (ix. 15.4.1) ganixileba 19.7-Si.

am

Tavis

stilisTvis

nawilebis
(romlebic

umravlesoba

Seicavs

identificirebulia

teqstobrivi
aso

R-iT)

miTiTebis
gankuTvnil

saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebs da magaliTebs. vinaidan umravlesoba eqvemdebareba

me-18 TavSi moyvanil nimuSs, isini aq (P) ganixileba mxolod dazustebis mizniT
an im SemTxvevebisTvis, rodesac uCveulo elementebma SeiZleba, teqstobrivi
miTiTebis momzadebisas dabneuloba gamoiwvios (magaliTad, rodesac naSroms
hyavs rogorc avtori, ise redaqtori).
im tipis wyaros miTiTebisTvis, romelic ar aris naxsenebi am TavSi,
ixileT

,,Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelosme-15 gamocemis (2003) me-17 Tavi.

330

agreTve, SegiZliaT, SeqmnaT qvemoT moyvanil principebTan da magaliTebTan

misadagebuli sakuTari stili. pedagogebis, ganyofilebebis da universitetebis
umravlesoba

eTanxmeba

amgvar

adaptaciebs,

Tu

maT

am

ukanasknelebTan

SeTanxmebiT gamoiyenebT.

19.1

wignebi
wignebi asaxavs elementebis ufro farTo diapazons, vidre sxva tipis
gamoqveynebuli
variacia,

wyaroebis

romelic

umetesoba.

winamdebare

elementebSi

nawilSia

arsebuli

ganxiluli,

mravali

sxva

tipis

wyaroebsac Seesabameba.
19.1.1

avtoris saxeli da gvari

Tqvens bibliografiaSiyoveli avtoris saxeli da gvari warmoadgineT
zustad iseve, rogorc satitulo furcelzea warmodgenili. Tu saxeli
da gvari moicavs erTze met inicials, datoveT maT Soris sivrceebi (ix.
24.2.1).

CamowereT

avtorebis

saxelebi

da

gvarebi

Sebrunebuli

TanmimdevrobiT (pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT gvari), zogierTi ucxoenovani

saxelebis

da

gvarebisa

da

sxva

SemTxvevebis

gamoklebiT,

romlebic

ganmartebulia qvemoT miTiTebul paragrafSi `specialuri tipis saxelebi

da gvarebi~
R:

(gv. ___).

boli, filipi. 2001. brwyinvale dedamiwa: xelovneba da feris gamogoneba.

niu iorki: farari, Strausi da Jiru.
brini,

t.

revoluciis

g.

politikam

amerikis

bazari:

rogor

damoukidebloba.

Camoayaliba
niu

iuorki:

momxmarebelTa
oqsfordis

universitetis gamomcemloba.
elizabet i. 2000. namuSevrebis krebuli. gamomc. li s. markusi, jeneT
miuleri da meri beT rouzi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
teqstobriv miTiTebebSi CawereT mxolod avtoris gvari, zustad
ise, rogorc miTiTebulia bibliografiaSi. Tu cnobilia mxolod da
mxolod avtoris saxeli, gamoiyeneT igi gvaris nacvlad.
P:

(bol 2001, 140)

(brin 2004, 48)
(elizabet I 2000, 102-4)

331

mravali

iseTi

avtori.

wignis

bibliografiis

muxlSi

miTiTiebisas,romelSic erTze meti avtoria, miuTiTeT pirveli avtoris

saxeli

da

gvari

Sebrunebuli

TanmimdevrobiT,

daurTeT

mZime

da

CamoTvaleT danarCeni avtorebi standartuli TanmimdevrobiT. daurTeT

yvela avtori maTi raodenobis miuxedavad; nu gamoiyenebTsxvebi-s.
R:

berdi, kai da martin j. Servini. 2005. amerikeli promeTe: j. robert

opengeimeris triumfi da tragedia. niu iorki: alfred a. knopfi.

eplbi, joisi, lin hanti da margaret jeikobi. 1994. simarTle istoriis

Sesaxeb. niu iorki: u. u. nortoni da kompania.

holi, Jaklin daudi, jeims leludisi, robert korstedi, meri merfi, lu
en jounsi da kristofer b. deili. 1987. ojaxiviT: samxreTis bambis

sarTavi fabrikis samyaros Seqmna. Cepel hili: CrdiloeT karolinas

universitetis gamomcemloba.
teqstobriv

miTiTebebSi

CawereTavtorTa

gvarebi

zustad

iseve,

rogor mocemulia bibliografiaSi. oTxi an meti avtoris arsebobis

SemTxvevaSi,

miuTiTeT

mxolod

pirveli

avtoris

gvari,

Semdeg

ki

daurTeT sxvebi.
P:

(birdi da Servini 2005, 52)

(apleti, hanti da jakobi 1994, 135-36)
(hali da sxvebi 1987, 114-15)
redaqtori an mTargmneli avtorTan damatebiT. Tu satitulo gverdze
avtorTan

erTad

miTiTebulia

redaqtori

an

mTargmneli,

miuTiTeT

avtoris saxeli da gvari ise, rogorc aRwerilia zemoT.redaqtoris an

mTargmnelis saxeli da gvari daumateT wignis saxelwodebis Semdeg.
mTargmnelis

da

redaqtoris

arsebobis

SemTxvevaSi,

miuTiTeTmaTi

saxelebi da gvarebi imave TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc originalis satitulo

furcelzea.
bibliografiismuxlebSi redaqtoris an mTargmnelis saxelis da gvaris
win CasviT abreviatura red.an mTarg.
R:

bonefoi, ivi. 1995. axali da nakrebi poemebi (leqsebi). gamomc. joni notoni
da entoni rudolfi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.

332

menCu, rigoberta. 1999. sazRvrebis gadakveTisas. mTarg. da gamomc.

en

raiti. niu iorki: verso.

adorno, Teodori v. da uolter benjamini. 1999. korespondenciis sruli

krebuli. 1928-1940. gamomc. anri lonici. mTargm. nikolas uokeri. kembriji,

masaCusetsi: harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba.
rodesac
miTiTebulia

satitulo
rTuli

furcelze

aRwerilobiT,

redaqtori
magaliTad,

an

mTargmneli

`redaqtirebulia

SesavliT da SeniSvnebiTXis mier~ an `Targmnilia winasityvaobiTXis

mier~, SegiZliaT am frazis gamartiveba da mxolod abreviaturebis red.

da mTarg. gamoyeneba zemoT xsenebuli magaliTebis mixedviT. zogadad, Tu

winasityvaoba an Sesavali dawerilia ara avtoris, aramed sxva romelime
piris mier, ar aris aucilebeli am pirovnebis miTiTeba, Tu specialurad
ar moixseniebT am nawils (ix. 19.1.9). im SemTxvevebisTvis, rodesac avtoris
saxeli da gvari miTiTebulia wignis saxelwodebaSi, xolo redaqtoris
saxeli

da

gvari

satitulo

furcelze,

ixileT

qvemoT

mocemuli

`damatebiTi saavtoro situaciebi~.

Tu naSromi Tqvens bibliografiaSi Setanilia avtoris saxelisa da
gvaris miTiTebiT, teqstobriv miTiTebebSi ar unda Sevides redaqtoris an
mTargmnelis saxeli da gvari,
R:

(boneloi 1995, 35)

(menCu 1999, 50-51)
(adorno da nejamini 1999, 212)
redaqtori an mTargmneli avtoris nacvlad. rodesac redaqtori an
mTargmneli miTiTebulia wignis satitulo furcelze avtoris nacvlad,
CawereT am pirovnebis saxeli da gvari avtorisTvis gankuTvnil adgilas.
dawereT iseve,rogorc dawerdiT avtoris saxels da gvars (ix. zemoT),
xolo bibliografiaSi daumateT abreviatura red. (mravlobiTSired.-ebi)
an

mTarg.

(mravlobiTSimTarg.-ebi)

gvaris

da

saxelis

Semdeg.

Tu

redaqtori an mTargmneli ramdenimea, ixelmZRvaneleT `ramdenime avtorSi~

Camoyalibebuli principebiT (ix. gv. 230 zemoT).
R:

silversteini, Teodori, Targm. 1974. ser gaveini da mwvane raindi. Cikago:

Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.

333

fulopi, timoTi e. da albert j. raboto, gamomcemlebi 1997. afrikul-

amerikuli religia: ganmartebiTi eseebi istoriasa da kulturaSi. niu

iorki: rautleji.

P:

(silversteini 1974, 34)

(fulopi da raboto1997, 412-14)
damatebiTi
avtorebis

saavtoro

Tqvens

situaciebiwarmogidgenT

identificirebis

zogierT

damatebiT

wyaroebSi

saSualebas.

Tu

waawydebiT SemTxvevebs, romlebsac aq ar SevxebivarT, mimarTeT models,

romelic masTan yvelaze axlos mdgomi migaCniaT.

avtoris saxeli da gvari saTaurSi. Tu avtoris saxeli da

gvari
miTiTebulia iseTi wignis saTaurSi an qvesaTaurSi, rogoricaa
avtobiografia, CasviT igi bibliografiis muxlismisTvis gankuTvnil
adgilas (gameorebis miuxedavad) da aseve, teqstobriv miTiTebaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mraval msgavs naSroms redaqtorebic hyavs, nu
miuTiTebTmaT saxelsa da gvars garda gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisa
(magaliTad, am pirovnebis mier redaqtirebuli naSromebis Seswavlisas).
Sermani, u. t. 1990. general u. t. Sermanis memuarebi. gamomc. Carlz

R:

roisteri. niu iorki: amerikis biblioTeka.

makkalersi, karsoni, 1999. gabrwyineba da Ramis cieb-cxeleba: karson

makkalersis daumTavrebeli avtobiografia. gamomc. karlos l. diusi.

medisoni: viskonsinis universitetis gamomcemloba.

(Sermani 1990, 836)

P:

(maqkulersi 1999, 54)

organizacia, rogorc avtori. Tu organizaciis, asociaciis, komisiis an

korporaciis mier gamoSvebuli publikaciis satitulo furcelze ar
aris miTiTebuli individualuri avtoris saxeli da gvari, avtorad
miuTiTeT sakuTriv organizacia, maSinac ki, rodesac igi miTiTebulia,
rogorc gamomcemeli.

R:

janmrTelobis

samsaxurebis

dacvis

organizeba.

msoflio
Jenevis

organizacia.
janmrTelobis

2003.

fsiqiatriuli

dacvis

msoflio

organizacia.
P:

(janmrTelobis dacvis msoflio organizacia 2003, 50)

334

fsevdonimi. ixmareT farTod gamoyenebuli fsevdonimi, rogorc avtoris

namdvili saxeli da gvari. Tu namdvili saxeli da gvari ucnobia,
bibliografiis muxlSi, magramarateqstobriv miTiTebaSi, daurTeT fsevd.
kvadratul frCxilebSi.

tveni,

R:

marki.

1899.

ufliswuli

da

maTxovari:

istoria

yvela

asakis

axalgazrdisTvis. niu iorki: harperi da Zmebi.

sentineli [fsevd.]. 1981. werilebi. wignSi sruli antifederalisti, gamomc.
herbert j. storingi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
P:

(tveni 1899, 34)

(sentineli 1981, 2)

anonimuri avtori. Tu avtori cnobilia an xvdebian avtoris vinaobas,

magram igi ar moixsenieba wignis satitulo furcelze, daurTeT saxeli
frCxilebSi (kiTxvis niSniT, raTa aRniSnoT, rom darwmunebuli ar xarT).
Tu avtori an redaqtori ucnobia, moerideT saxelis da gvaris
nacvladsityvis ,,anonimuria xmarebas da daiwyeT bibliografiis muxli
saTauriT. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi ixmareT Semoklebuli saTauri
(ix.18.3.2).

R:

[kuki, ebenizeri?]. 1730. mcenare sotvid redivivusi anu plantatoris sarke.

virjiniaSi

anapolisi.

dawyebuli

mcenareebis

gaSenebis

(plantaciis

gaSenebis) miznisa da Sedegebis, mis mier miRebuli xarisxisa (miRweuli

donisa)

da

misi

winsvlis

saSualebebis

marTali

da

gulaxdili

aris,

gavarCioT,

gacxadeba,. 1610.
P:

([ebenizeri kuki?] 1730. 5-6)

(WeSmariti da gulwrfeli aRiareba1610, 17)
gansakuTrebulitipis
romelia

avtoris

saxelebi.zogjer

saxeli

da

romeli

advili
_

ar

gvari.cnobili

istoriuli

avtorebis vinaoba daazusteT meriam vebsteris biografiul leqsikonSi;

Tanamedrove

avtorebis

biblioTekis

onlain

vinaobis

katalogSi.

dasazusteblad,
qvemoT

mocemulia

CaixedeT
amgvari,

Tqveni
rTulad

amosacnobi saxelebis da gvarebis anbanis mixedviT dawyobis zogadi

principebi.

teqstobriv

miTiTebebSi

CasviT

saxeli

da

gvari

zustad

Sebrunebuli formiT (rogorc es qvemoTaa naCvenebi gamuqebuli SriftiT).

335

Sedgenili

saxelebi

da

gvarebi.Sedgenili

gvarebi,defisiani gvarebis
CaTvliT, daawyveT anbanuri wesiT,kompozitis pirveli nawilis mixedviT.
Tu gaTxovili qali xmarobs rogorc sakuTar, ise, qmris gvars defisis
gareSe, daawyveT anbanuri wesiTmeore gvaris mixedviT. mraval ucxo enaSi
advilad amosacnobia kompozituri saxelebi (naCvenebia qvemoT gamuqebuli
SriftiT), Tumca,aris iseTi enebi, magaliTad, franguli da germanuli,
sadac ase ar xdeba.

kesler-harisi elis

ludvig mis van der roni

haini darlin klark

pier tailhard Sardeni

nawilakiani

saxelebi.

ucxoenovani

wyaroebis

originalis

enaze

moyvanisas,ama Tu im enidan gamomdinare, iseTi nawilakebi, rogoricaa de,

di, d da van, SeiZleba an ar SeiZleba, CaiTvalos gvaris pirvel nawilad

anbanuri wesiT dawyobisas. CaixedeT zemoT miTiTebul erT-erT wyaroSi,
Tu ar xarT darwmunebuli, rogor unda moiqceT konkretuli saxelis
SemTxvevaSi.

de Gaulle, Charles

Beauvoir, Simone de

di Leonardo, Micaela

Kooning, Willem de

Van Rensselaer, Stephen

Medici, Lorenzo de

,,mak-iT,,,sent-iT an ,,o-Ti dawyebuli gvarebi. daawyveT yvela es gvari

anbanuri wesiT faqtiurad arsebuli asoebis safuZvelze; nu daajgufebT
maT imis gamo, rom isini erTnairia.

saxelebi da gvarebi sxva enebSi, garda inglisurisa. mraval enaSi

saxelebis
darqmevis
pirobiTobebi
gansxvavdeba
inglisur
enaSi
arsebulTagan. Tu Tqveni naSromi Seicavs romelime konkretuli enis bevr
saxelsa da gvars, SeiswavleT am enis pirobiTobebi.
mravali espanuri gvari Sedgeniliada Seicavs individis mamis da
dedis

gvarebs,

romlebic

rogorc

wesi,

dakavSirebulia

kavSiriT

y.daawyveT gvarebi anbanuri wesiT pirveli nawilis mixedviT.

Ortega y Gasset, Jos

,,al-

an

,,el-nawilakebiT

Sanchez Mendoza, Juana

dawyebuliarabuli

gvarebi

daawyveT

anbanuri wesiT,nawilakis momdevno elementis mixedviT. gvarebi, romlebic

iwyeba nawilakebiT ,,abu, ,,abd da ,,ibn msgavsia inglisuri gvarebisa,
romlebic iwyeba,,mak-iT an ,,sent-iT da unda daawyoT anbanuri wesiT am
elementebis mixedviT.
336

hakimi tofik al-

abu zafar, siedi

jamal, muhamed hamid al-

ibn Saudi, azizi

Tu avtori, romelic Cinur an iaponur gvars atarebs, xelmZRvanelobs

tradiciuli wesiT (gvari mosdevs saxels), nu dasvamT saxels gvaris win
an mZimes saxelsa da gvars Soris. Tu avtori xelmZRvanelobs dasavluri
wesiT (saxeli mosdevs gvars).

tradiciuli wesi

dasavluri wesi

Cao vu-Ci

cou, tangi

ioSida Sigero

kurosava, noriaki

19.1.2 gamocemis TariRi

wignis gamocemis TariRi Seicavs mxolod wels da ara Tvesa da dRes.is,
rogorc wesi, identuria saavtoro uflebis TariRisa, romelic, zogadad,
miTiTebulia

saavtoro

uflebis

gverdze

da

zogjer

satitulo

furcelze.
bibliografiis muxlSi gamoyaviT TariRi wertilebiT, rogorc calke
elementi. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi dasviT igi avtoris gvaris Semdeg
Sualeduri punqtuaciis gareSe.
R:

ginsborgi,

gakeTeba,

poli.

2005. yoveldRiuri

cxovrebis

Secvla.

niu

cxovrebis
heiveni:

politika:
ielis

arCevanis

universitetis

gamomcemloba.
P:

(ginsborgi 2005, 53)

gadamuSavebuli

gamocemebi

da

xelaxali

gamocemebi

SeiZleba,

Seicavdessaavtoro uflebis erTze met TariRs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, uaxlesi

TariRi miuTiTebs gamocemis TariRze magaliTad, 2003 1982, 1992, 2003.
ixileT 19.1.4 aseT naSromebSigamocemis TariRebis misaTiTeblad.
Tu ar SegiZliaT nabeWdi naSromis gamocemis TariRis gansazRvra, mis
nacvlad gamoiyeneT Semokleba daudg. (daudgeneli). Tu TariRi ar aris
mowodebuli, magram migaCniaT, rom iciT mis Sesaxeb, SegiZliaT, CasvaT
igikvadratul frCxilebSi da daurToT kiTxvis niSani imis saCveneblad,
rom ara xarT darwmunebuli).
R:

smiTi, joni. daudg. saTnoebaTa wigni. edinburgi..

mileri, semueli. [1750?]. kidev erTi saTnoebaTa wigni. bostoni.

337

P:

(smiTi daudg, 5)
(mileri[1750?], 5)
Tu

wignis

gamocemasTan

dakavSirebiT

dadebulia

kontraqti

gamomcemelTan da mas ukve aqvs saTauri, magram gamoqveynebis TariRi jer

cnobiliar aris, CasviT ,,gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSiTariRis nacvlad.
gaugebrobis

Tavidan

asacileblad,

am

tipis

teqstobriv

miTiTebaSi

dasviT mZime avtoris gvaris Semdeg. gamouqveynebel xelnawerad miiCnieT

nebismieri

wigni,

romlis

gamocemazec

kontraqti

jer

ar

aris

dadebuli(ix. 19.6).
R:

avtori,

jein

q.

gamoqveyndeba

axlo

wignis saxelwodeba.

momavalSi.

gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlis saxeli.

P:

(avtori,gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi, 16)

19.1.3 saTauri
bibliografiis

muxlebSi

CamoTvaleT

wignebis

sruli

saTaurebi

da

qvesaTaurebi. dawereT orive daxrili SriftiT da gamoyaviT saTauri

qvesaTaurisgan

ori

wertiliT.

ori

qvesaTauris

arsebobis

SemTxvevaSi,pirvelis win dasviT ori wertili, meoris win ki _ wertilmZime.

R:

kaliki,

iani

g.

da

devid

l.

goldvini,

gamomc.,

2005. energia

da

usafrTxoeba: sagareo politikis axali strategiisken. baltimori: jons

hopkinsis universitetis gamomcemloba.
ahmed, leila. 1999. sazRvris gadakveTis adgili: kairodan amerikaSi; qalis

mogzauroba. niu iorki: Strausi da Jiru.

datoveT

ucvlelad

originaluri

saTauris

damwerloba,

defisebis

ganlageba da punqtuacia, magram SegiZliaT, SecvaloT ampersandi (&) daTi.

cifrebi

dawereT

sityvierad

an

warmoadgineT

cifrebis

saxiT,

originalis Sesabamisad (meTormete saukune an me-12 saukune), Tu umjobesi

ar iqna maTi siis sxva saTaurebTanSesabamisobaSi moyvana.
wignis Tavebis da sxva nawilebis saTaurebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT 19.1.9.
saTaurebSi

arsebuli

specialuri

elementebi.specialur

gaformebas

saWiroebs saTaurebSi arsebuli ramdenime elementi.

338

TariRebi. ixmareT mZime saTaurSi da qvesaTaurSi TariRebis gamosayofad,

originalur wyaroSi punqtuaciis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic. Tu wyaroSi
miTiTebul TariRebs axlavs afiqsi(,,1920-dan 1945-mde)an ori wertili,
ixelmZRvaneleT wyaroSi gamoyenebuli wesiT.

R: makdugali, uolteri a. 2004. Tavisufleba sul axlosaa: amerikis axali

istoria, 1525-1828. niu iorki: harperkolinsi.

jeliko,

jefri

formireba

da

siuzen

winaistoriidan

jeliko.

dRemde.me-3

1995. adamianis
gamoc.

niu

peizaJi:

iorki:

garemos

teimzi

da

hadsoni.

saTaurebi da miTiTebebi saTaurebSi. rodesac erTi naSromis saTauri,

romelic, rogorc wesi, daxrili SriftiT iwereba, miTiTebulia sxva
naSromis daxrili SriftiT warmodgenil saTaurSi, CasviT miTiTebuli
saTauri brWyalebSi. Tu is saTaurSi Cveulebrivad brWyalebSia Casmuli,
datoveT brWyalebi. miTiTebul saTaurebSi ganalageT mTavruli asoebi
winadadebis stilis mixedviT (ix. zemoT).
aplgeiti, celia. 2005. baxi berlinSi:

R:

eri da kultura `wminda maTes

vnebaTa aRorZinebaSi mendelsonis mier. itaka: kornelis universitetis

gamomcemloba.
makhiu, rolandi. 1991. `fineganis gamofxizlebis~ komentarebi. me-2 gamoc.
baltimori: jons hopkinsis universitetis gamomcemloba.
amasTan, Tu miTiTeba gamoiyeneba wignis srul mTavar saTaurad, nuRar
CasvamT mas brWyalebSi.
svoupi, semi. 2004. me var fanqari: maswavlebeli, misi mowafeebi da maTi

R:

istoriebis samyaro. niu iorki: genri holti da kompania.

Cernovi, joni m. 2003. prostitucia ar aris qurdoba: afrikeli meZavis

istoriebi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.

R:

daxrili

SriftiT mocemuli terminebi. rodesac daxrili SriftiT

mocemuli
saTauri
Seicavs
iseT
terminebs,rogoricaa
saxeobebis
saxelwodebebi an gemebis saxelebi, romlebic teqstSi Cveulebrivad
daxrili SriftiT aris mocemuli, warmoadgineT terminebi swori
SriftiT.

peningroni, t. hiu. 2003. rodesac sakvebi klavs: saqonlis Rrublovani

encefaliti, baqteriebi E. coli da stiqiur ubedurebaTa mecniereba. niu

iorki: oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba.

339

leki, raimondi b. 2001. kreiser indianapolisis tragikuli bedi: aSS-s

sazRvao flotis udidesi ubedureba okeaneSi. niu iorki: koper skveris

gamomcemloba.

kiTxvis da Zaxilis niSnebi. rodesac saTauri an qvesaTauri mTavrdeba

kiTxvis an Zaxilis niSniT, mas aranairi sxva sasveni niSani ar mosdevs.

R:

frenki, tomasi. 2004. ra emarTeba kanzass?rogor daipyres konservatorebma

amerikis guli.. niu iorki: metropoliten buqs.

aaroni,

genri.

1973. ratom

aris

aseTi

keTildReobis

reformireba?

vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi: brukingsis institutis gamomcemloba.

Zveli saTaurebi. meTvramete an ufro adrindel saukuneebSi gamocemuli
naSromebis saTaurebis SemTxvevaSi, SeinarCuneT originaluri punqtuacia
da

damwerloba,

winadadebis

magram

stiliT

SecvaleT

(ix.

mTavruli

zemoT).

Tu

asoebis

saTauri

ganlageba

Zalian

grZelia,

SegiZliaT,SeamokloT da, imavdroulad, miawodoT mkiTxvelebs sakmarisi

informacia,

raTa

maT

gamomcemlis

katalogSi.

moZebnon

sruli

saTauri

mianiSneTsaTaurebSi

biblioTekaSi

gamotovebuli

an

adgilebi

sami wertilis CasmiT. Tu gamotovebuli adgili saTauris boloSia,

ixmareT oTxi wertili (samwertiliani elifsisi da wertili; ixileT
25.3.2).
R:rei,

joni.

1673.

topografiuli,

moraluri

da

fiziologiuri

dakvirvebebi:gakeTebuli niderlandebis, belgiis, luqsemburgis nawilSi,

germaniaSi, italiasa da safrangeTSi mogzaurobis dros; inglisisTvis
aradamaxasiaTebeli mcenareebis katalogiTurT ..., rasac erTvis frensis
uilegbis, eskvairis,

mokle

angariSi

espaneTis

did

nawilSi

misi

mogzaurobis Sesaxeb. (londoni).

eskalante, bernardino. 1579. traqtati im portugalielebis mogzaurobaze

msoflios aRmosavleTi nawilis saxelmwifoebsa da teritoriebze . . .

mTargm. jon fremptoni. londoni.
saTaurebi sxva enebze.sxva enebze mocemuli saTaurebis SemTxvevaSi,
ixelmZRvaneleT Sesabamis enaSi sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebisTvis da
zedsarTavi

saxelebisTvis

arsebuli

mTavruli

asoebis

ganlagebis

principebiT. Tu ar icnobT am principebs, mimarTeT sando wyaros.

340

R:

Maisonneuve, Danielle, Jean-Franois Lamarche, and Yves St-Amand. 1998.

Les relations

publiques: Dans une socit en mouvance. Sainte-Foy, QC: Presses de lUniversit de Qubec.
(franguli)
Stojanovic, Ljiljana Piletic, ed. 1971. Gutfreund i ceski kubizam. Belgrade: Muzej savremene
umetnosti. (serbuli?)
Krone-Schmalz, Gabriele. 1992. In Wahrheit sind wir strker: Frauenalltag in der Sowjetunion.
Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. (germanuli)
Tu saTaurs Targmans daurTavT, moaTavseT igi originalis Semdeg.
CasviT frCxilebSi, daxrili Sriftis an brWyalebis gareSe.
R:

Wereszycki, Henryk. 1977. Koniec sojuszu trzech cesarzy [The end of the Three Emperors
League]. Warsaw: PWN. (polonuri)
Zhongguo renkou tongji nianjian 1996 [China population statistics yearbook 1996 CineTis
mosaxleobis statistikis yovelwliuri angariSi 1996]. 1996. Beijing: Zhongguo
tongji chubanshe.
Tu gesaWiroebaT rogorc originalis, ise misi Targmanis miTiTeba,
ixmareT erT-erTi qvemoT moyvanili forma imisda mixedviT, razegsurT
mkiTxvelis yuradRebis gamaxvileba_ originalze Tu Targmanze.

R:

Furet, Franois. 1995. Le pass dune illusion. Paris: ditions Robert Laffont. (franguli)
Targm. debora fiures mier, rogorc iluziis gaqroba(Cikago: Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999).

an
fiure, fransua. 1999. iluziis gaqroba. mTargm. debora fiure. Cikago:
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba. Tavdapirvelad gamoica, rogorc Le
pass dune illusion (Paris: ditions Robert Laffont, 1995).
19.1.4 gamocema
termingamocemasaqvs

ramdenime

mniSvneloba

da

yvela

maTgani

gamomdinareobs im faqtidan, rom zogi naSromi araerTxel gamoicema maT

SinaarsSi da/an formatSi Setanili cvlilebebiT. Tu miuTiTebT wigns,
romelic gamoqveynda araerTi gamocemis saxiT, Tqvens bibliografiaSi
yovelTvis

mianiSneT,

SeiZleba,gamocemebi

romeli

gansxvavebuli

gamocemiT
iyos

isargebleT,
(Tu

qvemoT

vinaidan
aRwerili

markerebidan arcerTi ar miesadageba wigns, SegiZliaT CaTvloT, rom igi

pirveli gamocemaa faqti, romlis miTiTebac ar xdeba).
341

ganaxlebuligamocemebi. rodesac wigni xelaxla gamoicema SinaarsSi

SesulimniSvnelovani cvlilebebiT, mas SeiZleba, vuwodoT `ganaxlebuli~
an `Semdgomi~ gamocema. es informacia, rogorc wesi, ganTavsebulia wignis
satitulo furcelze da meordeba, gamocemis TariRTan erTad, saavtoro
uflebis gverdze.
pirvelis garda sxva gamocemis miTiTebisas, saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT
gamocemis

rigiTi

nomeri

an

aRwera.

SeamokleT

iseTi

formulireba,

rogoricaa `meore gamocema, ganaxlebuli da gavrcobili~, rogorc ,,me-2

gamoc..SeamokleT `ganaxlebuli gamocema~ rogorc,,ganax. gamoc.aRweras

daurTeT mxolod miTiTebuli gamocemis da ara sxva nebismieri wina
gamocemis gamoqveynebis TariRi (ix.19.1.2.).
R:

danielsi,

2002. amerikaSi

rojeri:

Casvla:

imigraciisa

da

eTnikuri

warmomavlobis istoria amerikis cxovrebaSi. me-2 gamoc. niu iorki: harper

pereniali.
bebi,

florensi.

1989.

yanas

da

qvabs

Soris:

gamyidveli

qalebis

politekonomika peruSi. gadaxed. gamoc. ostini: texasis universitetis

gamomcemloba.
gadabeWdili
gamocema

gamocemebi.

axal

formatSi,

SesaZlebelia,
rogoricaa,

agreTve,
magaliTad,

wignis

xelaxali

qaRaldis

ydiani

gamocema (gamoqveynebuli Tavdapirveli an sxva gamomcemlis mier) an

eleqtronuli forma (ix.19.1.10).maSinac, roca wignis Sinaarsi SesaZloa,
minimalurad

iyos

Secvlili

originalTan

SedarebiT,

miuTiTeT

gadabeWdili gamocema, Tu mas eyrdnobodiT. SeiZleba, isurvoT, miuTiToT

Tqvens bibliografiaSi, rom es gadabeWdili gamocemaa, gansakuTrebiT, Tu
igi gamoqveynda originaluri gamocemidan erTi an orze meti wlis Semdeg.
am SemTxvevaSi, miiCnieT xelaxali gamocemis TariRi gamocemis TariRad,
xolo bibliografiis muxlSi frCxilebSi daurTeT originalis TariRi
(ix.19.1.2).
R:

fei,

piter

vodi.

1997. opiumis

omi,

1840-1842. Cepel

hili:

Crdilo

karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba. (Tavdapir. gamoc. 1975 w.).

P:

(fei 1997, 67-68)

Tu gadabeWdili gamocema klasikuri naSromis Tanamedrove nabeWdi
gamocemaa, mainc unda miuTiToT, rom es aris gadabeWili gamocema; magram
342

Tu Tqveni naSromis konteqsti moiTxovs originaluri gamocemis TariRis

miTiTebas, daurTeT igi frCxilebSiaxali gamocemis TariRis win rogorc
bibliografiaSi, ise,teqstobriv miTiTebebSi.
R:

emersoni, ralf voldo. 1997. neiCe. bostoni: bikoni. (Tavdapir. gamoc. 1836 w.).

P:

(emersoni 1985, 10)

an
R:

emersoni, ralf voldo. [1836] 1985. neiCe. bostoni: bikoni.

P:

(emersoni [1836] 1985, 10)

19.1.5 tomi
Tu wigni mravaltomeuli naSromis nawilia, CarTeT es informacia Tqvens
miTiTebebSi.
konkretuli tomi. is, Tu rogor miuTiTebT mravaltomiani naSromis
konkretul

toms,

naSromisgan

damokidebulia

gansxvavebuli

imaze,

saTauri.

aqvs

Tu

dadebiTi

ara

pasuxis

toms

mTeli

SemTxvevaSi,

miuTiTeT konkretuli tomis saTauri, romelsac mosdevs rogorc tomis

nomeri,

aseve

zogadi

saTauri.

SeamokleT

tomi

(t.)

da

tomebis

nomrebisTvis ixmareT arabuli cifrebi.

R:

pelikani,

iaroslavi.

1989.

qristianuli

doqtrina

da

Tanamedrove

kultura (1700 wlidan). gamocemis qristianuli tradicia: doqtrinis

ganviTarebis istoria me-5 t. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
Tu tomebs ar aqvs individualuri saTaurebi da Tqven miuTiTebT
mxolod erT-erT maTgans, bibliografiis muxls daumateT tomis nomeri
(ix.

qvemoT,

rogor

unda

miuTiToT

mTlianad

mravaltomeuli

naSromi).teqstobriv miTiTebaSi CasviT tomis nomeri uSualod gverdis

nomris

win

da

ganacalkeveT

isini

ori

wertiliT

Sualeduri

intervalebis gareSe.
R:

birni, miuriel sent-kleri, gamomc. 1981. lailis werilebi. t. 4. Cikago:

Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.

P:

(birni 1981, 4:243)

zog mravaltomeul naSroms hyavs rogorc saerTo redaqtori, ise
yoveli tomis individualuri redaqtori an avtori. amgvari naSromebis
nawilebis miTiTebisas bibliografiis muxlSi daurTeT informacia tomis
individualuri gamomcemlis an avtoris Sesaxeb (ix. 19.1.1) individualuri
343

tomis saTauris Semdeg da tomis nomris da saerTo saTauris win. es

magaliTi gviCvenebs, agreTve, rogor unda mivuTiToT erTze met fizikur
nawilSi gamoqveynebuli tomi _t.2, w. 3. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi CawereT
mxolod miTiTebuli nawilis avtori.
R:

mundi,

barbara

e.

mezoamerikuli

1998.

kartografia.

gamocemaSi

kartografia tradiciul afrikul, amerikul, arqtikul, avstraliur da

wynari okeanes sazogadoebebSi. gamomc. devid vudvordi da j. malkolm
liuisi, gamocemis kartografiis istoria t. 2, w. 3,
harli

da

devid

vudvordi,

183-256.

Cikago:

gamomc. j. braian

Cikagos

universitetis

gamomcemloba.
P:

(mundi 1998, 233)

mTliani

mravaltomeuli

naSromi.

Tu

Tqvens

bibliografiaSi

miuTiTebT mravaltomeuli naSromis erTze met toms, bibliografiaSi

miuTiTeT

mTliani

naSromi

(Tu

naSromi

Seicavs

rogorc

mTliani

naSromis, aseve,konkretuli tomebis saTaurebs an redaqtorebs, rogorc

zemoT

iyo

aRwerili,

meti

sizustisTvis

saWiroa

tomebis

saTiTaod

miTiTeba). Tu tomebi gamoicemoda ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, miuTiTeT

saTauri

da

tomebis

saerTo

raodenoba.rogorc

bibliografiaSi,

aseve,teqstobriv miTiTebebSi daurTeT gamoqveynebis TariRebis sruli

periodi.
R:

aristotele. 1983. aristoteles sruli naSromebi: gadaxeduli oqsfordis

Targmani. gamomc. j. barnsi, 2 t. prinstoni, niu jersi: prinstonis

universitetis gamomcemloba.
tiliCi, poli. 1951-63. meTodikuri (sistematuri) Teologia. 3 t. Ckago:
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
P:

(tiliCi 1951-63, 2:41)

19.1.6 seria
Tu miTiTebuli wigni aris formaluri seriis nawili, ar gevalebaT,
daurToT informacia seriis Sesaxeb, magram SegiZliaT amis Taobaze
garkveuli an sruli informaciis darTva, raTa daexmaroT mkiTxvelebs
wyaros

adgilmdebareobis

an

misi

saimedoobis

dadgenaSi.

CasviT

es

informacia saTauris (da Tu aseTi arsebobs, gamocemis da tomis Sesaxeb

informaciis) Semdeg da publikaciaze monacemebiswin.
344

yvelaze

sasargeblo

informacias

seriis

Sesaxeb

Seicavs

misi

saTauri. warmoadgineT igi swori SriftiT (ix.22.3.1). Tu seriis tomebi

danomrilia, SegiZliaT daurToT miTiTebuli naSromis nomeri seriis
saTauris Semdeg.seriis redaqtoris gvari xSirad gamotovebulia, magram
SegiZliaT misi miTiTeba seriis saTauris Semdeg.
R:

markmeni, Carlzi v. 1991. istoriamdeli Cikago: Tanamedrove didi qalaqis

raionis

istoriamdeli

arqeologia.

ilinoisis

arqeologiuri

gamokvlevebi 7. springfildi: ilinoisis istoriis dacvis saagento.

aizenbergi, nensi. 1998. seqsi da moqalaqeobrioba omamdel amerikaSi. sqesi
da amerikuli kultura, gamomc. linda k. qerberi da nel irvin peinteri.
Cepel hili: Crdilo karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba.
zogi danomrili seria imdeni xania arsebobs, rom danomvra Tavidan
iwyeba. axali seriis wignebi miTiTebulia ax. ser. (axali seriebi), me-2
ser. (me-2 seriebi)an sxva msgavsi aRniSvniT, romelic, rogorc wesi,
gamoyofilia

mZimeebiT,

seriis

nomris

win.

Zveli

seriis

wignebis

identificireba xdeba aRniSvniT Zv. Ser (Zveli seriebi), pir. ser. (pirveli
seria)da a.S.
R:

boqseri, Carlzi r., gamomc. 1953. samxreTi CineTi meTeqvsmete saukuneSi.

hakluit sazogadoebis publikaciebi, me-2 ser., 106. londoni.
palmatari, elen k., 1950. maraJos kunZulis keramika, brazilia. amerikis
filosofiuri sazogadoebis Sromebi, ax. ser.,39, naw. 3. filadelfia.

19.1.7 monacemebi gamocemaze

monacemebigamocemaze,Cveulebriv, Seicavs or elements: gamocemis adgils
(qalaqs)

da

gamomcemlis

saxelwodebas.

(gamocemis

mesame

monacemi

TariRi miTiTebis am stilSi irTveba, rogorc calke elementi, avtoris

saxelis da gvaris Semdeg; ix.19.1.2.)
R:

daiamondi, jaredi. 1997. qvemexebi, baqteriebi da foladi:

adamianuri

sazogadoebebis bed-iRbali. niu iorki: v. v. nortoni da kompania.

wignebs, romlebic gamoqveynda meoce saukunemde an romelTa Sesaxebac
informacia

sakuTriv

naSromSiar

Cndeba,

SesaZloa,

ar

hqondes

zemoaRniSnuli monacemebi publikaciaze.

R:

lemi, Carlzi. 1823. elias eseebi.

345

gamoqveynebis

adgili.

gamoqveynebis

adgili

aris

qalaqi,

sadac

mdebareobs gamomcemlis mTavari redaqciebi; igi Cveulebrivad Tavsdeba

satitulo furcelze, zogjer ki saavtoro uflebis Semcvel gverdze. iq,
sadac ori an meti qalaqia miTiTebuli (magaliTad, `Cikago da londoni~),
miuTiTeT mxolod pirveli qalaqi.
los anJelesi: j. pol geti trastis publikaciebi
niu iorki: kolumbiis universitetis gamomcemloba
mkiTxvelma SesaZloa, ar icodes gamocemis qalaqi an aerios imave
saxelis matarebel sxva qalaqSi, amitomdaumateT mas (Statis) (ix. 24.3.1),
provinciis

an

(saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi)

qveynis

abreviatura.

rodesac

gamomcemlis saxelwodeba Seicavs Statis (qveynis) saxels, aRar aris

saWiro Statis (qveynis) abreviaturis darTva.
CeSiri, koneqtikuti: grafiks presi
harmondsvorTi, gaerTianebuli samefo: pengvin buqs
kembriji,

masaCusetsi:

masaCusetsis

teqnologiuri

institutis

gamomcemloba
Capel hili: CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba
gamoiyeneT

ucxo

qveynebis

qalaqebis

Tanamedrove,

farTodxmarebulisaxelebi.
vaSingtoni da ara uoSingtoni

pekini da ara beijini

Tu gamoqveynebis adgili ar aris cnobili, SegiZliaT ixmaroT

abreviatura ucn. (ucnobi)gamomcemlis saxelwodebis win.Tu iciT adgili,
magram ar xarT darwmunebuli sizusteSi, CasviT frCxilebSi kiTxvis
niSniT.
ucn.: vindzori..
[leik blafi, ilinoisi?): vlieti da edvardsi
gamomcemlis saxelwodeba. yoveli wignisTvis miuTiTeT gamomcemlis
saxelwodeba,
maSinac,

zustad

rodesac

ise,

TqvenTvis

rogorc

mocemulia

cnobilia,

rom

satitulo

saxelwodeba

furcelze,
mas

Semdeg

Seicvala an Tqvens bibliografiaSi mocemul wignebSisxvadasxvagvarad

ibeWdeba.
arkur breisi da veldi
arkur breisi iovanoviCi

346

arkur, breisi
ucxo

qveynebis

gamomcemlebis

SemTxvevaSi,

nu

gadaTargmniT

an

SeamoklebT gamomcemlis saxelwodebis nebismier nawils. Tu gamomcemeli

ucnobia,

daurTeT

mxolod

gamoqveynebis

adgili

(Tu

cnobilia)

da

TariRi.
19.1.8 gverdebis nomrebi da adgilmdebareobis dasadgeni sxva informacia
gverdebis

nomrebi

miTiTebuli

da

is

amonaridis

an

sxva

informacia,

elementis

romelic

gamoiyeneba

adgilmdebareobis

dasadgenad,

Cveulebriv, gvxvdeba teqstobriv miTiTebebSi da ara bibliografiaSi.

nomrebis

diapazonis

saCveneblad

saWiro

saxelmZRvanelo

miTiTebebi ixileT 23.2.4.

gverdi, Tavi da gamyofi nomrebi. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi gverdebis
nomrebi, rogorc wesi, wignis miTiTebis bolo elementia. nu daurTavT
sityvas gverdian abreviaturebs gv. an gv.-ebi;ixmareT arabuli cifrebi,
garda originalSi romauli cifrebiT danomrili gverdebisa.
(rouzi 1992, 145-46)

P:

(keigani1994, xxii-xxiv)
zogjer miTiTeba Seexeba mTlian Tavs (SemoklebiT T.), nawils
(naw.),wigns (w.)an seqcias (seq.) gverdebis nomrebis diapazonis sanacvlod.
(mileri 1996, naw. 2)

P:

sepecialuri

tipis

lokatorebi.

wignis

zogierT

nawils

aqvs

specialuri tipis lokatorebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba miTiTebebSi.

SeniSvnebis nomrebi. SeniSvnebis miTiTebisTvis gamoiyeneT abreviatura

Sen. (SeniSvna), mravlobiTSi Sen.-ebi.Tu miTiTebuli SeniSvna aris
erTaderTi sqolio Tavis gverdze an daunomravi sqolio, daumateT
Sen.gverdis nomris Semdeg (Sualeduri intervalis an punqtuaciis gareSe).
Tu miTiTebuli SeniSvnis gverdze sxva SeniSvnebic aris, miuTiTeT
gverdis nomeri da Semdeg Sen.an (Tu TanmimdevrobiT miTiTebulia ori an
meti SeniSvna) - Sen.-ebida SeniSvnis nomeri (nomrebi).

P: (graftoni 1997, 72 Sen.)

(bolingeri 1980, 192 Sen.23, 192Sen.30, 199Sen.14, 201Sen.-ebi16-17)

ilustraciebisa
da
cxrilebis
nomrebi.
ixmareT
abreviaturanax.naxatisTvis, magram srulad dawereT cxrili,ruka,dafada
sxva tipis ilustraciebis
ilustraciis nomris win.

dasaxelebebi.miuTiTeT

gverdis

nomeri

347

P: (sobeli 1993, 87, cxrili 5.3)

striqonebis nomrebi. striqonebis nomrebiT identificirebuli poeturi

da sxva naSromebisTvis morideT abreviaturebisstr.(striqoni)da str.ebigamoyenebas; isini Zalze advilad SeiZleba agverios cifrebSi 1 da 11.
ixmareT str. an str-ebi, an ixmareT mxolod cifrebi iq, sadac naTlad
aRniSneT, rom mxedvelobaSi gaqvT striqonebi.

P: (neSi 1945, striqonebi 1-4)

Tabaxis, furclebisa da formatebis nomrebi. zogierT wigns, romelic

daibeWda 1800 wlamde, ara aqvs gverdebis nomrebi da dayofilia
Tabaxebad, Semdeg furclebadan formatebad.yovel maTgans aqvs wina mxare
(recto an r) da ukana mxare (verso an v). am naSromebis lokatorebi unda
Sedgebodes Sesabamisi cifrebisa da identifikatorebis jaWvisgan,
intervalebis an daxrili SriftiT dawerili niSnebis gareSe: magaliTad,
G6v, 176r, 232r-v.
URL-ebi, mudmivi
aRwerilobiTi

wyaros

identifikatorebi, Sesvlis

TariRebi

maCveneblebi. internetSi gamoqveynebuli wigns

da

(ix.19.10)

URL-i daurTeT mxolod bibliografiis muxlSi. yoveli URL-i iwyeba im

protokolis
gamoiyeneba

nusxuri

asoebiT

mkiTxvelebisTvis

Sedgenili

abreviaturiT,

eleqtronuli

masalis

romelic

misawodeblad,

yvelaze xSirad http da ftp. am abreviaturas mudmivad mosdevs ori wertili

da

ori

saxeli,

daxrili
romelsac

xazi,

ris

mosdevs

Semdegac
resursis

modis

gamomcemlis

misamarTi.

domeinuri

domenuri

saxelis

momdevno komponentebi gancalkevebulia misgan da erTmaneTisgan erTi

daxrili xaziT.
http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/pubs/MexAmHist/chapter14.html#six
mTavruli asoebis dasma URL-is Sida komponentebSi xdeba zustad
ise, rogorc isini warmogvidgeba ekranze. Tu URL-s `damasrulebeli
daxrili

xazi~

aqvs

boloSi,

CarTeT

igi.

Tu

CasvamT

URL-s

frCxilebSi,sasurvelia, rom URL-i ar dairRves striqonis bolos, magram

Tu

amis

gakeTebasaWiroa,

ixileT

20.4.2 saxelmZRvanelo

miTiTebebis

mosapoveblad.
zog

internet

identifikatorebic

aqvs.

wyaros
Tu

URL-ebis
wyaro

garda

iyenebs

sxva

mudmivi

cifruli

obieqtis

348

identifikatorebsan

msgavs

sistemas,

daurTeT

informacia,

romlis

Sedareba SesaZlebeli iqneba Tqvens miTiTebaSi arsebul URL-Tan.

doi: 10. 1006/jeth.2000.2694
nebismieri

internet

wyaros

miTiTebisas

daurTeT

am

wyaroSi

ukanasknelad Sesvlis TariRi, Tu ise moxda, rom mas Semdeg Sinaarsi

Seicvala an amoRebulia internetidan (ix.15.4.1). SeRwevis TariRi CasviT
frCxilebSi URL-is an mudmivi identifikatoris Semdeg.
(boloSesvlis TariRi: 17 maisi, 2006)
internetSi

gamoqveynebuli

wignebi

SeiZleba,

ar

Seicavdes

gverdebis nomrebs, romlebic gvexmarebateqstobriv miTiTebebSi naCvenebi

amonaridis

adgilmdebareobis

SegiZliaT,URL-is

da

identificirebaSi.

SesvlisTariRis

maCvenebeli,rogoricaa,

magaliTad,

win

wina

aseT

daumatoT

qvesaTauri

SemTxvevaSi,
aRwerilobiTi

(ix.,

magaliTad,

19.1.10). aucilebeli ar aris amgvari maCveneblis CarTva bibliografiis

muxlSi.
19.1.9 Tavebi da wignis sxva dasaTaurebuli nawilebi
umetes SemTxvevaSi,unda miuTiToT nebismieri im wignis mTavari saTauri,
romelSic SemoTavazebulia calkeuli, uwyveti argumenti an Txroba,
maSinac,

roca

Tqven,

faqtobrivad,mis

mxolod

erT

romelime

nawilsiyenebT. Tu xelmZRvanelobT im wignis mxolod erTi nawiliT,

romelic warmoadgens erTi an ramdenime avtoris mier sxvadasxva Temaze
dawerili

damoukidebeli

naSromebis

krebuls,

SegiZliaT,

miuTiToT

mxolod is erTi Tavi an nawili, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba

Tqvens

gamokvlevas.

amiTdaexmarebiT

mkiTxvels,dainaxos,

ramdenad

miesadageba wyaro Tqvens proeqts.

R:

demosi,

joni.

2001.

realuri

cxovrebis

istoriebi

da

sxva

mokle

moTxrobebi (novelebi): uolas stegneris `saukuno gansvenebis angelozis~

xelaxali

ganxilva.

gamocemaSi

romanis

istoria: istorikosebi

da

romanistebi upirispirdebian amerikis warsuls (da erTmaneTs), gamomc.

mark k. karnesi, 132-45. niu iorki: saimoni da Susteri
P:

(demos 2001, 137)

nacvlad Semdegisa:

349

R:

karnesi,

marki

k.,

gamomc.

2001.

romanis

istoria: istorikosebi

da

romanistebi upirispirdebian amerikis warsuls (da erTmaneTs). niu iorki:

saimoni da Susteri.
P:

(karnesi 2001, 131)

erTi avtoris mier dawerili wignebis nawilebi. Tu miuTiTebT erTi
avtoris mier dawerili wignis dasaTaurebul nawils, bibliografiaSi
unda

Sevides,

pirvel

rigSi,

am

nawilis

saTauri,

swori

SriftiT,

brWyalebis gareSe, Semdeg wertili. aRniSvnis,,wignSi Semdeg miuTiTeT

wignis saTauri, Semdeg am nawilis gverdebis nomrebi sruli intervaliT.
R:

Cestini, joni Carlzi. 2001. neokolonializmi. gamocemaSi sisxlSi da

cecxlSi dabadebulni: laTinuri amerikis mokle istoria, 179-206. niu

iorki: v. v. nortoni da kompania
Tu

miuTiTebT

nawils

saerTo

rogoricaa,Sesavali,

saTauriT,

winasityvaoba an bolosityvaoba, CasviT es termini wignis saTauris win.

miuTiTeT saerTo saTauri swori SriftiT brWyalebis gareSe da daiwyeT
mTavruli asoTi mxolod pirveli sityva.
Tu es nawili dawerilia sxva da ara wignis ZiriTadi avtoris mier,
miuTiTeT misida wignis avtoris gvari saTauris Semdeg; teqstobriv
miTiTebebSi moxseniebulia mxolod nawilis avtoris gvari.
R:

krosbi,

alfredi

v.

2004.

wignis

ekologiuri

imperializmi:

evropis

biologiuri eqspansia, 900-1900 axali gamocemiswinasityvaoba. axali gamoc.

niu iorki: kembrijis universitetis gamomcemloba.
kalxuni,

kreigi.

2005.

wignis

mravalkulturuli

politika:

rasizmi,

eTnikuri kuTvnileba da musulmanebi britaneTSi winasityvaoba, avtori

tarik modudi. mineapolisi: minesotas universitetis gamomcemloba.
P:

(kalxuni 2005, xv)

redaqtirebuli krebulebis nawilebi. Tu bibliografiaSi miuTiTebT
redaqtirebuli krebulis nawils, romelic moicavs mravali avtoris
naSroms, pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT nawilis avtori, TariRi da nawilis
saTauri (swori SriftiT, brWyalebis gareSe). Sityvis,,wignSi Semdeg
miuTiTeT wignis saTauri, redaqtoris gvari da am nawilis gverdebis
nomrebi sruli intervaliT. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi moixsenieba mxolod
nawilis avtoris gvari.
350

R;

kari, eni da duglas j. Suurmani. 1996. religia da feminizmi: reformisti

qristianis analizi. gamocemaSi: religia, feminizmi da ojaxi, gamomc. en
qari da meri stiuart van leve, 11-32. luisvili, kentuki: vestminsteris
jon noqsis gamomcemloba.

P:

(karida Suurmani 1996, 13-14)

Tu miuTiTebT erTsa da imave redaqtirebul krebulSi Semaval or
an met naSroms, SegiZliaT miiCnioT isini calkeul wyaroebad an, sivrcis
dazogvis

mizniT,

SegiZliaT,

gamoiyenoT

Semoklebuli

forma.

bibliografiaSisrulad miuTiTeT mTliani wigni da SemoklebiT _ yoveli

individualuri nawili. Amukanasknels daurTeT avtoris saxeli da gvari,
gamoqveynebis TariRi da nawilis sruli saTauri; sityvis,,wignSi Semdeg
daurTeT

wignis

gamoqveynebis

redaqtoris

TariRi

da

am

arasrulisaxeli
nawilis

(mxolod

gvari),

nomrebi

sruli

gverdebis

intervaliT.
R:

engli,

poli

m.,

gamomc.

1967.

preriebis

Stati:

STabeWdilebebi

ilinoisidan, 1673-1967, Sedgenili mogzaurebis da sxva damkvirveblebis

mier. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
kitingi, viliami h. 1967. forti dieborni da Cikago. Jurnali engli 1967,
84-87.
lipinkoti, sara klarki. 1967. Cikago. Jurnali engli 1967, 362-70.
am

formis

gamoyenebis

SemTxvevaSi,teqstobrivi

miTiTebebi

unda

exebodes mxolod nawilebs da ara mTlianad wigns.

P:

(kitingi 1967, 84), arasworia (engli 1967, 84)

(lipinkoti 1967, 362), arasworia (engli 1967, 362)
anTologiebSi moqceuli naSromebi. miuTiTeT anTologiaSi dabeWdili
mokle moTxroba, poema, leqsi an nakvevi, ese an sxva naSromi iseve,
rogorc miuTiTebdiT mravali avtoris mier redaqtirebul krebulSi
Semaval

naSroms.

anTologiebSi

gamoqveynebuli

umetesi

naSromebis

saTaurebi dawereT swori SriftiT. Gamonaklisiaamonaridis saTaurididi

moculobis

poemidan

an

prozauli

nawarmoebidan,

romelic

unda

daiweros daxrili SriftiT (ix.22.3.2).

351

R:

alende,

izabeli.

1997. sulebs

laTinur-amerikuli

surdaT.

eseebis

oqsfordis wignSi, gamomc. ilan stavansi, 461-67. niu iorki: oqsfordis

universitetis gamomcemloba.
viglsvorTi,

amerikuli

maikli,

poeziis

2003.

axali

amonaridi

bedisweris

anTologia:

dRidan.

tradiciebi

da

gamocemaSi

revoluciebi,

sawyisebi daTariRebuli 1900 wliT, gamomc. stiven guld aqselrodi,

kamil

romeni

da

Tomas

travisano,68-74. niu

bransuiki,

niu

jersi:

ratjersis universitetis gamomcemloba.

P:

(alende 1997, 463-64)

(viglsvorTi 2003, 68)
Tu
Tqveni

nawarmoebis

naSromis

anTologiis

originaluri

konteqstidan

gamoqveynebis

gamocemis

gamomdinare,

TariRis

win

TariRi

mniSvnelovania

daurTeT

igi frCxilebSi

rogorc

bibliografiaSi,

ise,teqstobriv miTiTebebSi.
R:

viglsvorTi, maikli. [1662] 2003. amonaridi ... dan

P:

(viglsvorTi [1662] 2003, 68)

19.1.10onlain da sxva eleqtronuli wignebi

onlain

wignebis

gaTvaliswinebuli

SemTxvevaSi,

ixelmZRvaneleT

saxelmZRvanelo

miTiTebebiT.

nabeWdi

wignebisTvis

garda

Cveulebrivi

elementebisa, daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens mier masalis bibliografiaSi

Setanis TariRi (ix, 15.4.1, 19.1.8). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i
sakmarisi ar aris; unda warmoadginoT gamoqveynebasTan dakavSirebuli
yvela

faqti,

ramdenadac

SesaZlebeli

iqneba

maTi

dadgena,

raTa

mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros migneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Seicvleba URL-i.

Tu ar aris gverdebis nomrebi, miTiTebuli amonaridis adgilmdebareobis
identificireba

SegiZliaT

teqstobriv

miTiTebebSi

aRwerilobiTi

maCveneblis damatebiT (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri) sityvisqveSSemdeg.

R:

samora, juliani da patricia vandel saimoni. 2000. meqsikel-amerikeli

xalxis istoria. gadaxed. gamoc. ist lansingi, miCigani: julian samoras

kvleviTi

instituti,

miCiganis

Statis

universiteti.http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/pubs/MexAmHist/chapter14.html#six
(bolos Sesvlis TariRi: 2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).
P:

(samora da vandel saimoni 2000, gamocemaSi `samoqalaqo omi meqsikaSi~)

352

an
(samora da vandel saimoni 2000)
rodesacmiuTiTebT sxva eleqtronul formatebSi gamocemul iseT
wignebs, romlebic xelmisawvdomia CamosatvirTad wignebis gamyidvelisgan
an biblioTekidan, miuTiTeT formati (CD-ROM, maikrosoftis el-wignebis
wamkiTxveli).
R:

davenporti, Tomasi

jon beki, 2001.

sasignalo ekonomika: biznesSi fulis

mimoqcevis axali saSualebebis gageba (biznesis axali gavrcobilobis

gageba) kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis biznesis skolis gamomcemloba.
programis TK3 rideris eleqtronuli wigni.
helmani, heli. 2004. didi SinabrZolebi teqnologiaSi: aTi dava yvelaze

gacxovelebuli davebidan.niu iorki: jon uaili. eleqtronuli wigni.

19.2

samecniero Jurnalebis statiebi

perioduli

gamocemebis

momzadebisas,

umravlesoba,

klasificirdeba

riTacixelmZRvanelebT

rogorc

Jurnalebi

naSromis

samecniero

an

profesiuli perioduli gamocemebi, romlebic xelmisawvdomia, upirveles

yovlisa, akademiur biblioTekebSi da gamoweriT. Jurnalebi xSirad,Tumca,
ara

(mag.:Signs),saTaurebSi

yovelTvis

Seicavs

sityvas,,Jurnali

(Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali).popularuliJurnalebi, rogorc wesi, ar

aris samecniero gamocemebi; isini ufro xelmisawvdomia mkiTxvelebisTvis,
vidre samecniero Jurnalebi rogorc Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT, ise
maTi

akademiuri

garemos

farglebs

gareT

gavrcelebis

gamo.

es

gansxvaveba mniSvnelovania, vinaidan samecniero Jurnalebis statiebisa da

masebze

gaTvlili

sxvadasxvanairad
gamocemasTan

popularuli

xdeba.

gaqvT

Tu

saqme

ara
_

Jurnalebis
xarT

statiebis

darwmunebuli,

samecniero

Tu

ra

miTiTeba
periodul

masobriv-popularul

JurnalTan - naxeT, xom ar Seicavs Jurnalis statiebi miTiTebebs; Tu

pasuxi dadebiTia, miiCnieT igi samecnierod.

353

19.2.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari

miuTiTeT avtorebis saxeli da gvari zustad ise, rogorc esstatiebis
saTaurebSia

gakeTebuli.

ixelmZRvaneleT19.1.1-Si

mocemuli

wignebis

avtorebisTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT.

19.2.2 gamoqveynebis TariRi
samecniero Jurnalisstatiis gamoqveynebis ZiriTadi TariRi
welia.

bibliografiis

muxlSi

gamoyaviT

is,

rogorc

misi

mxolod
sakuTari

elementi, xolo avtoris saxelis da gvaris Semdeg dasviT wertili.

teqstobriv miTiTebebSi dasviT igi avtoris gvaris Semdeg Sualeduli
punqtuaciis gareSe.
R:

bernsi,

sara.

2005.

avtoportretebis

mxatvris

Seqmnis

sxeulis

SekveTa:

Tomas

amerikuli

mcdelobebi.

ikinsis

mier

xelovneba. 19, # 1

(gazafxuli): 82-107.
jenkinsi, j. kreigi, devid jekobsi da joun anioni. 2003. politikuri
SesaZleblobebi

da

afrikul-amerikuli

protesti,

1948-1997. amerikis

sociologiuri Jurnali109, #. 2 (seqtemberi): 277-303.

P:

(bernsi 2005, 95)

(jenkinsi, jekobsi, daanioni2003, 298-99)
miaqcieT

yuradReba,

rom

damatebiTi

informacia

TariRis

Sesaxeb,SesaZlebelia, mogvianebiT gamoCndes frCxilebSi bibliografiis

muxlSi, tomis nomris Semdeg (an gamoSvebis nomris Semdeg, Tu iqneba; ix.
19.2.5)
Tu

statia

gamoqveynebula,

miRebulia

ixmareT

gamosaqveyneblad,

fraza(gamova

axlo

magram

momavalSi)

jer

ar

TariRis

(da

gverdebis nomrebis) sanacvlod. gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad, am

tipis

teqstobriv

miTiTebebSi

dasviT

mZime

avtoris

gvaris

Semdeg.

nebismieri statia, romelic jer ar aris miRebuli gamosacemad, CaTvaleT

gamouqveynebel xelnawerad (ix. 19.6).
R:

avtori, margaret m. gamova axlo momavalSi. statiis saTauri. Jurnalis

saxelwodeba 98.
P:

(avtori, gamodis axlo momavalSi)

354

19.2.3 statiis saTauri

CamoTvaleT statiis sruli saTaurebi da qvesaTaurebi.gamoiyeneT swori
Srifti, gamoyaviT saTauri qvesaTaurisgan ori wertiliT da nu ixmarT
brWyalebs. dasviT mTavruli asoebi winadadebis stilis dacviT (ix. 22.3.1).
R:

grini, nensi l. 2005. gamosvlis politika: imigraciis paradigmis mkveTri

Secvla. Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali77 (ivnisi): 263-89.
iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa saxeobebis saxelwodebebi da wignebis
saTaurebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, daxrili SriftiT iwereba teqstSi,
kvlav

daxrili

romlebic,

SriftiT

Cveulebriv,

daiwereba

statiis

saTaurSi;

citirebulia

teqstSi,

kvlav

terminebi,

rCeba

ormag

brWyalebSi. nu dasvamT mZimes an wertils statiis im saTauris an

qvesaTauris Semdeg, romelic sruldeba kiTxvis an Zaxilis niSniT.
R:

liuisi,

judiTi.

1998.

`ubedurebaa

didgvarovan

mandilosnad

yofna~:

dedaTa sikvdilianoba britaneTis aristokratiaSi, 1558-1959. britanuli

gamokvlevebis Jurnali 37:26-40.

lofteni, piteri.eqo (gamoxmaurebebi) kalambursa da maxvilgonierebas
(farikaobas) Soris halmetSi.aelianuri kvlevebi. 2:12-29.
viliamsoni, jorji s. ram mokla avgust fon kocebu? saTnoebis cdunebebi
da

germanuli

nacionalizmis

politikuri

Teologia,

1789-1819.

Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali 72 (dekemberi): 890-943.

ucxoenovan

saTaurebSi

mTavruli

asoebis

gamoyeneba

saWiroa

konkretuli enis tradiciebis Sesabamisad ,,winadadebis stilis dacviT.

nu daurTavT Targmans, CasviT igi frCxilebSi, brWyalebis gareSe.
R:

Bouchard, Grard. 1979. Un essair danthropologie rgionale: Lhistoire sociale du Saguenay aux
XIXe et XXe sicles. Annales: conomies, socits, civilisations 34 (ianvari): 118-34.
(franguli)
Kern, W. 1938.Waar verzamelde Pigafetta zijn Maleise woorden? [sad Seagrova pigaferam
misi malaziuri sityvebi?] Tijdschrift voor indische taal-, land- en volkenkunde 78:27173. (holandiuri?)

19.2.4 samecniero Jurnalis saxelwodeba

statiis saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT Jurnalis saTauri daxrili SriftiT,
,,saTauris stilSi (ix. 22.3.1). miuTiTeT saTauri zustad ise, rogorc
Jurnalis

satitulo

furcelze

an

Sinaarsis

Tavzea;

nu

ixmarT
355

abreviaturebs.Tu oficialuri saTauri aris abreviatura, nu gaSifravT

mas.ucxoenovani

JurnalebisTvis

mTavruli

asoebi

SegiZliaT

dasvaT

rogorc saTauris, aseve, winadadebis stilSi.Tumca, unda datovoT yvela

sawyisi artikli (Der Spiegel).
19.2.5 informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb
garda

publikaciis

TariRisa,

bibliografiis

muxlebis

umravlesoba

Seicavs tomis nomers da gamocemis nomers. mkiTxvelebs SeiZleba, ar

dasWirdeT yvela es elementi statiis mosaZebnad, magram yvela maTganis
miTiTebiT

Tavidan

vicilebT

erT-erT

maTganSi

Secdomis

gaparvis

SesaZleblobas.
tomis nomeri mosdevs Jurnalis saTaurs Sualeduri sasveni niSnis
gareSe da

ar iwereba daxrili SriftiT.

ixmareT arabuli cifrebi

maSinac, roca Tavad Jurnali iyenebs romaul cifrebs. gamocemis nomris

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, igi mosdevs tomis nomers, gamoyofilia mZimiT da
mas

win

uswrebs

dakavSirebiT
daurTeT

nom.

nebismieri

igi

Tu

garda

sxva

damatebiTi

frCxilebSi

informaciasTan

tomis

dakavSirebiT

gamoqveynebis

da

wlisa,

informacia

gamocemis

ixelmZRvaneleT

TariRTan

gaqvT

(ix.19.2.2),

nomrebis

Semdeg.am

Jurnalis

wesebiT;

informaciam SeiZleba, moicvas weliwadis dro, Tve an zusti dRe. daiwyeT

JurnalebSi miTiTebuli weliwadis droebis saxelebi mTavruli asoTi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini teqstSi ar weria mTavruliT.
R:

mekai, kristoferi, s. 1999. laqtanciusi da diokletianes taxtis memkvidre.

klasikuri filologia 94, # 2:198-209.

kumar, rahuli. 2003. gonivruli safuZvlebi kontraqtualistur moralur
argumentSi.eTika 114 (oqtomberi): 6-37.
rodesac Jurnali iyenebs mxolod gamocemebis nomrebs tomebis
nomrebis gareSe, Jurnalis saTaurs mosdevs mZime.
R:

biti, j. m. 1974. danaSaulis xasiaTi (suraTi, modeli, sqema) inglisSi,

1660-1800. warsuli da awmyo, # 62:47-95.

19.2.6 gverdebis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia

bibliografiis muxlebSi miuTiTeT statiis gverdebis nomrebi sruli
intervaliT

(ix.23.2.4).

tradiciisamebr,

bibliografiebSi

Jurnalis

statiebis gverdebis nomrebi mosdevs or wertils da ara mZimes. rodesac

356

frCxilebSi moqceuli damatebiTi informacia TariRze uSualod win

uswrebs or wertils, datoveT intervali ori wertilis Semdeg; rodesac
tomis

an

gamocemis nomeri uSualod

win

uswrebs

or wertils,

nu

datovebT intervals ori wertilis Semdeg.

R:

hiCkoki, timi. 2005. maTxovroba meTvramete saukunis londonis quCebSi.

Jurnali britanuli gamokvlevebi 44, # 3 (ivlisi): 478-98.

gouldi, ana groZinsi. 1998. simarTlis marcvlebi: purisa da mowyalebis
cvalebadi ierarqiebi sam rajastanul zRaparSi. gamocema religiebis

istoria 38, # 2:150-71.

Tu

teqstobriv

daurTeT

mxolod

miTiTebebSi
miTiTebuli

miuTiTebT

konkretul

konkretuli

gverdi

nawyvets,
(gverdebi),

romelsac(romlebsac) win uswrebs mZime (da ara ori wertili).

P:

(hiCkoki 2005, 478)

(gouldi 1998, 152-53)
internetSi

gamoqveynebuli

Jurnalis

statiebis

miTiTebisas,

daurTeT gverdebis nomrebi (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) da URL-i (an

mudmivi identifikatori)da, aseve, statiis mopovebis TariRi. detalebis
da magaliTebis gasacnobad, ixileT 19.2.8. URL-ebSi punqtuacis gamoyenebis
zogadi principebis gasacnobad, ixileT 19.1.8.
19.2.7 specialuri gamocemebi da damatebebi

specialuri gamocema aris erTi Temisadmi miZRvnili Jurnalis gamocema.

igi atarebs tomis da gamocemis Cveulebriv nomrebs. Tu specialur
gamocemas aqvs sakuTari saTauri da hyavs redaqtori, daurTeT orive
bibliografiis muxls.saTauri mocemulia swori SriftiT da Casmulia
brWyalebSi.

teqstobriv

miTiTebebSi

daurTeT

mxolod

miTiTebuli

nawilis avtori.
R:

jounsi,
(swavleba,

meTiu

l.

momzadeba)

dekartis

geometria,

2001. naSromSi

rogorc

`sagnebi~,

sulieri

gamomc.

bil

varjiSi
brauni.

specialuri gamocema, kritikuli Ziebebis Jurnali28, # 1 (Semodgoma): 40-71.

P:

(jounsi 2001, 43-44)

Tu

gesaWiroebaT

mTlianad

gamocemis

miTiTeba,

gamotoveT

statiasTan dakavSirebuli informacia.

357

R:

brauni, bili, gamoc. 2001. `sagnebi~. specialuri gamoSveba, kritikuli

Ziebebis Jurnali28, # 1 (Semodgoma).

Jurnalis damatebas,aseve, SeiZleba,hqondes sakuTari saTauri da
hyavdes avtori an redaqtori. specialuri gamocemisgan gansxvavebiT, igi
Jurnalis

Cveulebrivi

gverdebis

nomrebis

gamocemebisgancalke

nawilia

aso

S. dasviT

inomreba;
mZime

xSirad

tomis

misi

nomersa

da

damatebis nomers Soris.

R:

iklendi, ivari, jeims j. hekmani da larsi neSeimi. 2004. hedonisturi

modelebis gamovlena da Sefaseba. statiaSi `gamokvlevebi Servin rozenis
pativsacemad~, politikuri ekonomikis Jurnali112, S1 (Tebervali): S60-S109.

19.2.8 internetSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi

onlain JurnalebTan dakavSirebiT ixelmZRvaneleT beWdviTi Jurnalebis
statiebisTvis

gankuTvnili

saxelmZRvanelo

miTiTebebiT.

garda

amisa,

daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens bibliografiaSi Seyvanili masalis mopovebis

TariRi (ix. 15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi;
Tqven unda miuTiToT publikaciis yvela faqti, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia
maTi dadgena, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis
SemTxvevaSic. onlain JurnalebSi ganTavsebul statiebSi SeiZleba, ar
moipovebodes gverdebis nomrebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini ar qveyndeba
beWdviTi Jurnalebis paralelurad. Tu gverdebis nomrebi ararsebobs,
teqstobriv

miTiTebebSi

mocemuli

SegiZliaT

aRwerilobiTi

nawyvetis

maCveneblis

adgilis

(rogoricaa

identificireba

wina

qvesaTauri)

damatebiTsityvisqveS Semdeg.
R:

uzi, braiani da jaret spairo. 2005. TanamSromloba da Semoqmedeba: patara

samyaros

problema.

Jurnali

American

Journal

of

Sociology

111,

#2

(seqtemberi).http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v111n2/090090/090090.htm
l (bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).
P:

(uzi da spairo 2005, saTauris `milgremis patara samyaros Teoria~ qveS)

an
(uzi da spairo 2005)
statiebis

onlain

miTiTebebisTvis

saWiro

monacemTa
yvela

bazebi,

elementis

rogorc

wesi,

CamonaTvals.

Seicavs
daurTeT

358

miTiTebuli stabiluri URL-i, romelic, aseve, axdens im monacemTa bazis

identificirebas, romliTac Tqven ixelmZRvaneleT statiis miTiTebisas.
R:

Sapiro,

lorensi

Jurnali

a.

97,

2000. mravaljeradi

12

(dekemberi):

filosofiis

realizaciebi.

635-54.

http://links,jstor.org/sici?sici=0022Sesvlis

362X%28200012%2997%3A12%3C635%3AMR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q(bolo
TariRi 27, 2006).
P:

(Sapiro 2000, 642)

19.3

popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi

samecniero

Jurnalebis

miTiTebisTvis

saWiro

yvela

saxelmZRvanelo

miTiTeba (ix.19.2) Tanabrad vrceldeba popularul Jurnalebze. dawereT

statiebis saTaurebi swori SriftiT, brWyalebis gareSe da mTavruli
asoebis

dasmiT

winadadebis

stilSi;

dawereT

Jurnalis

saTaurebi

daxrili SriftiT, xolo mTavruli asoebi dasviT saTauris stilSi

(ix.22.3.1).
umetes

SemTxvevaSi,

miuTiTeT

yovelTviuri

Jurnalebis

TariRi,

mxolod
miuxedavad

yovelkvireuli
imisa,

rom

an
isini

danomriliatomebisa da gamocemebis mixedviT. bibliografiis muxlebSi

daurTeT

weli

Tavis

Cveul

adgilze,

xolo

nebismieri

damatebiTi

informacia TariRTan dakavSirebiT (rogoricaa Tve an zusti dRe)

Jurnalis

saTauris

miTiTebebSi

Semdeg,

miuTiTebT

nomeri.bibliografiis

Tumca

konkretul
muxlSi

ki

ara

frCxilebSi.

nawyvets,

Tu

daurTeT

SegiZliaT,

teqstobriv

misi

gamotovoT

gverdis
statiis

gverdebis nomrebi, vinaidan popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi moicavs

mraval

gverds,

romlebzec

ganTavsebulia

gareSe

masalebi.

Tu

bibliografiis muxls daurTavT gverdebis nomrebs, ixmareT mZime ori

wertilis nacvlad, raTa gamoyoT isini gamocemis TariRisgan.
R:

Sapiro, marki. 2004. axali Zalaufleba `Zveli evropisTvis~. neiSen, 27

dekemberi.

P:

(Sapiro2004, 12-13)
Tu

miuTiTebT

ganyofilebas

an

svets,

romelic

regularulad

gamodis, dausviT mTavruli asoebi saTauris stilSi da nu CasvamT

359

brWyalebSi. dasaxelebuli avtoris armqone ganyofilebis SemTxvevaSi,

avtoris nacvlad, gamoiyeneT Jurnalis saxelwodeba.
R:

uolrefi,

barbara.

2005.

sityvis

sasamarTlo,

atlanTiq

Jurnali

mansli,ivnisi, 128.
niu iorkeri. 2000. yvela cnobili adamiani. 10 aprili.
P:

(uolrefi 2005, 128)

(niu iorkeri2000, 15)
popularuli onlain Jurnalebis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, ixelmZRvaneleT
popularuli

beWdviTi

Jurnalebis

statiebisTvis

gankuTvnili

saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa, daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens

bibliografiaSi

Seyvanili

gaiTvaliswineT,

rom

masalis

mxolod

mopovebis

TariRi

sakmarisi

URL-i

ar

(ix.

15.4.1).

aris;

Tqven

gamoqveynebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela faqtiundawarmoadginoT srulad,

raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba im SemTxvevaSic, Tu Seicvleba
URL-i. popularul onlain JurnalebSi ganTavsebul statiebSi SeiZleba,
ar iyos miTiTebuli gverdebis nomrebi, magram miTiTebuli nawyvetis
adgilis

identificireba

SegiZliaT

qveSSemdegaRwerilobiTi

teqstobriv

maCveneblis

miTiTebebSi

sityvis

(rogoricaa

wina

qvesaTauri)damatebiT.
R:

ferisi,

stefani,

dokumenti.

2005.

`Tavisufleba~:

onlain

ar

aris

Jurnali

aRmoCenili

arcerTi

Salon.com,

16

dekemberi.http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2005/12/16/censorship/index1.html

(bolos

Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).

P:

(ferisi 2005, saTauris `internets ar gaaCnia mexsiereba CineTSi~ qveS)

an
(ferisi2005)

19.4

sagazeTo statiebi
zogadad,

Tqvens

gamoqveynebuli

bibliografiaSi

statiebi

da

sxva

miuTiTeT
masala

ise,

yoveldRiurgazeTebSi
rogorc

miuTiTebdiT

popularul JurnalebSi ganTavsebul statiebs (ix.19.3). xelmouwereli

statiis SemTxvevaSi, avtoris nacvlad gamoiyeneT gazeTis saxelwodeba.
360

vinaidan

gazeTs

Sinaarsis

SeiZleba

gamocema,

gaaCndes

SegiZliaT,

ramdenime

odnav

daazustoT,

gansxvavebuli

romeli

gamocemiT

ixelmZRvaneleT da daumatoT frazebi bolo gamocema, Sua dasavleTis

gamoSvebaan sxva msgavsi identifikatori.

R:

kamini, bleri. 2005. riglis Senoba aSkara RirsSesaniSnaoba.

Cikago

tribuni. 1 ivlisi.
miluoki jornal-sentineli. 1998. mowinave. 1 ivnisi.
niu iork Taimsi, erovnuli gamocema.2004. Jak deridas nekrologi. 10
oqtomberi.
teqstobriv

miTiTebebSi

gamotoveT

gverdebis

nomrebi,

vinaidan

statia SeiZleba, gamoCndes sxvadasxva gverdze an amoRebulic ki iyos

gazeTis

sxvadasxva

gamoSvebaSi.

amasTan,

gazeTis

saxelwodebaSi

gamotoveT gamoSvebis aRweriloba, Tu avtoris nacvlad gazeTs uTiTebT.

P:

(kamini 2005)
(miluoki jornal-sentineli1998)
(niu iork Taimsi2004)
teqstobrivi miTiTebis gamoyenebis nacvlad, SegiZliaT miTiTebis
zogi elementis Tqvens teqstSi Casma. Tumca, bibliografiaSi saWiroa
statiis srulad miTiTeba.
gazeT

niu

iork

taimsSi

uzenaes

sasamarTloSi

mimdinare

gadaadgilebebisadmi miZRvenil statiaSi (2005) grinhausi ganixilavs am

tendenciebs.

an
2005 wlis 30 seqtembers gamoqveynebul statiaSi, gazeTi niu iork taimsi,
linda

grinhausi

ganixilavsuzenaes

sasamarTloSi

mimdinare

gadaadgilebebs.
19.4.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli sakiTxebi
amerikuli

gazeTebis

miTiTebisas,

saxelwodebaSi

gamotoveT

sawyisi

artikli The. Tu gazeTis saxelwodeba ar Seicavs qalaqs, daumateT igi

oficialur saTaurs, garda iseTi kargad cnobili erovnuli gazeTebisa,
rogoricaa the Wall Street Journal an the Christian Science Monitor. Tu aseTi
saxelwodebis

gazeTiqalaqSia

an

saxeli

bundovania,

SegiZliaT,

frCxilebSi daumatoT Stati an provincia (Cveulebriv, Semoklebuli

361

formiT; ix. 24.3.1). sxva ucxouri gazeTis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, datoveT

Seucvlelad sawyisi artiklebi da saTaurebis Semdeg daurTeT qalaqebis
saxelebi.
Chicago Tribune

Le Monde

Saint Paul (Alberta or AB) Journal

Times (London)

19.4.2 specialuri tipis sagazeTo miTiTebebi

gazeTebSi,

garda

calkeuli

xelmowerili

statiebisa,

ganTavsebulia,

agreTve, mravali sxva tipis masala da zogierTi maTganis citirebisas

saWiroa specialuri wesebis dacva.

regularuli

svetebi.

MravalCveulebriv svets axlavs hedlainebad

wodebuli saTaurebi da svetis saTaurebi.Tqven orives gamoyeneba
SegiZliaT an sivrcis dazogvis mizniT, ixmareT mxolod svetis saTauri
(swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi Casmis gareSe da mTavruli asoebis dasmiT
saTauris stilSi).
morgensoni, gretheni. 2000. fasdaklebis siaxleebze kargi mogebis Sesaxeb.

R:

Sou marqeT uotCi. niu iork Taimsi. 23 aprili.

an
morgensoni, gretheni. 2000. Sou Sou marqeT uotCi. niu iork Taimsi. 23
aprili.

werilebi redaqtors. miuTiTeT isini zogadad, hedlainebis gareSe.

R: devisi, virjinia j. 2005. werili redaqtors. Siqago tribuni. 29 ivlisi.

an
sxva specialuri nawilebidanmiuTiTeT popularuli Jurnalis statiebis
msgavsad (ix.19.3).

internet

danarTebSi

ganTavsebuli

statiebi.StatiebiJurnalebisdamatebebidan

statiebi.onlain

gazeTebTan dakavSirebiT, ixelmZRvaneleT

beWdviT
gazeTebSi
ganTavsebuli
statiebisTvis
gankuTvnili
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa, daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens mier
masalis mopovebis TariRi (ix.15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom marto URL-i
sakmarisi ar aris; Tqven unda warmoadginoT publikaciis yvela faqti
srulad, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis
SemTxvevaSic.

362

R: heqstra,

deivi.

2005.

memkvidreobis

aRdgena.

gazeTi

Chicago Sun-Times. 19

dekemberi. http://www.suntimes.com/output/hurricane/cst-ftr-nola 19.html (bolo Sesvlis

TariRi 2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).

19.5 arsebobs ramdenime damatebiTi tipis gamoqveynebuli masala,

romelic iTvaliswinebs specialur moTxovnebs maTi miTiTebisas.
19.5.1 klasikuri,

Suasaukuneebisa

da

adreuli

periodis

literaturuli

nawarmoebebi
klasikur saberZneTSi da romSi, Suasaukuneebis evropaSi da renesansis
periodisSeqmnili

literaturuli

nawarmoebebis

miTiTeba

Tanamedrove

literaturuli nawarmoebebis citirebisgan gansxvavebuladxdeba. es wyaroebi

xSirad dajgufebulia danomril seqciebad (wignebi, striqonebi, strofebi
da a.S.), romlebic, zogadad, miTiTebulia gverdebis nomrebis nacvlad. imis
gamo, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gamoqveynda am nawarmoebebis uamravi
versia da Targmani, Tanamedrove gamocemebisTvis maTi gamoqveynebis TariRi
da

sxva

faqtebi,

zogadad,

naklebad

mniSvnelovania,

vidre

saukuneebis

da

sxva

tipis

miTiTebebSi.
amis

gamo,

klasikuri,

periodisliteraturuli

Sua

nawarmoebebis

citireba,

adrindeli

rogorc

wesi,

unda

xdebodes mxolod teqstobrivi miTiTebebis formiT. Tu avtoris gvari da

saTauri

ukve

ar

aris

naxsenebi

teqstSi,

pirvelad

moxseniebisTanave

daurTeT isini seqciis nomerTan erTad.Tu Semdgomi miTiTebebi calsaxad

Seexeba imave nawarmoebs, daurTeT mxolod seqciis nomeri.ixileT qvemoT
sxvadasxva

tipis

nawarmoebebs

Soris

arsebuli

sxvaobebi

punqtuaciaSi,

SemoklebebSi da nomrebSi.
peloponesis

flotis

oTxmocdRiani

umoqmedoba

rodosTan

(fukidide,

peloponesis omis istoria8.44.4), Sewyvetili zamTris dasrulebamde (8.60.2-3),

varaudobs (gulisxmobs) ...

an

363

rodosTan

peloponesis

flotis

oTxmocdRiani

umoqmedoba,

romlis

Sesaxebac iuwyeba tucidide (peloponesis omis istoria8.44.4), Sewyvetili

zamTris dasrulebamde (8.60.2-3), varaudobs (gulisxmobs) ...
Tu

Tqveni

naSromi exeba

literaturul

gamokvlevebs

an sxva

raime

sferos, romelic moicavs teqstebis detalur analizs an Tu mniSvnelovania

sxvaobebi

Targmanebs

bibliografiaSi.

Soris,

miuTiTeT

aseTi

19.1.1-Si

moyvanili

ixelmZRvaneleT

nawarmoebebi
sxva

Tqvens

naTargmni

da

redaqtirebuli wignebisTvis gankuTvnili wesebiT.

R: properciusi. 1990. elegiebi. gamomc. da mTargn. j. p. guldi. lebis klasikuri
biblioTeka 18. kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba.

aristoteles naSromebis sruli krebuli:

aristotele.

1983.

gadaxeduli

Targmani.

gamomc.

j.

barnesi.

t.

oqsfordis

prinstoni,

niu

jersi:

prinstonis universitetis gamomcemloba.

klasikuri

moyvanil

nawarmoebebi.zemoT

erTaddamatebiT

warmogidgenT

wesebs,

zogad

romlebic

principebTan

vrceldeba

klasikuri

nawarmoebebis citirebaze.
avtorsa da nawarmoebis saTaurs an saTaursa da seqciis nomers Soris
gamoiyeneT sasveni niSani, cifrobrivi danayofebi gamoyofilia wertilebiT
intervalebis

gareSe.

seqciebis

nomrebisTvis

ixmareT

arabuli

cifrebi.

dasviT mZimeebi erTi da igive wyaros citirebebs Soris da wertil-mZime

sxvadasxva wyaros citirebebs Soris.
P: (aristofane bayayebi 1019-30)
(ciceroni ver. 1.3.21, 2.3.120; tacitusi germ. 10.2-3)
(aristotele metafizika3.2.996b5-8; platoni respublika 360e-361b)
SegiZliaT,

agreTve,

avtorebis,

nawarmoebebis,

krebulebis

da

a.S.

saxelebis Semokleba. yvelaze farTod aRiarebul abreviaturebs Seicavs

oqsfordis klasikuri leqsikoni. isargebleT am abreviaturebiT, nacvlad
sityvisa ibid. erTi da igive naSromis Tanmimdevruli moxseniebis dros.
P: (Thuc. 2.40.2-3)
(Pindar Isthm. 7.43-45)
Sua

saukuneebis

nawarmoebebi.klasikuri

naSromebis

miTiTebis

forma

Tanabrad misaRebia Sua saukuneebis nawarmoebebisTvis, romlebic dawerilia

364

ucxo enebze. Tu seqciis nomers win uswrebs aRwerilobiTi termini, meti

sicxadisTvis gamoyaviT igi mZimiT naSromis saTaurisgan.
P: (avgustini RvTis qalaqi20.2) (laTinuri)
(abelari epistole 17 eloizas, mini Pl180 375c - 378a)
zemoT

adrindelinawarmoebebi.
adrindeli

literaturuli

CamoTvlili

nawarmoebebis

zogadi

principebis

miTiTebebze

Semdegi

garda,
wesebi

vrceldeba:
poemebis da piesebis miTiTebisas moixsenieT wigni, Tavi da strofi; strofi
da

striqoni;

aqti,

scena

da

striqoni

an

msgavsi

danayofebi.

meti

sicxadisTvis, elementebi gamoyaviT mZimeebiT.

P: (Coseri, baTis peiqris colis moTxrobis prologi, kenterberis moTxrobebi,
striqonebi 105-14)
(miltoni, dakarguli samoTxe, wigni 1, striqonebi83-86)
SegiZliaT, SeamokloT danomrili danayofebi aqti, striqonida sxva msgavsi
sityvebis

gamotovebiT

da

klasikur

bibliografiebSi

arsebulismsgavsi

sistemis gamoyenebiT (ix. zemoT). aucileblad ganmarteT sqolioSi Tqveni

sistema.
P: (miltoni, dakarguli samoTxe, 1.83-86)
Tu

gamocemebi

gansxvavdeba

redaqciiT,

striqonebis

danomvriT

da

scenebad dayofiTac ki, CasviT es nawarmoebi Tqvens bibliografiaSi da

miuTiTeT konkretuli gamocema.
P: Seqspiri, uiliami. 1982. hamleti. ardenis gamocema. gamomc. harold jenkinsi.
londoni: meTueni.
19.5.2 biblia da sxva wminda werilebi
miuTiTeT biblia da sxva religiuri Sinaarsis wminda werilebi teqstobriv
miTiTebebSi. ar aris saWiro maTi CarTva Tqvens bibliografiaSi.
bibliidan

citirebis

SemTxvevaSi,

daurTeT

wignis

Semoklebuli

saxelwodeba, Tavis nomeri da strofis nomeri gverdis nomris gareSe.

konteqstidan gamomdinare, SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT wignebis saxelwodebebis
tradiciuli an ufro mokle abreviaturebi (ix.24.6); mimarTeT rCevisTvis
Tqvens

pedagogs,

Tu

ar

xarT

darwmunebuli,

romeli

formaa

misaRebi.

isargebleT arabuli cifrebiT Tavebis, strofebis nomrebisa (maT Sorisori

wertiliT) da wignebis nomrebis

bibliografiaSi miTiTebisas..
365

tradiciuli abreviaturebi:
P: (1Ts. 4:11, 5:2-5, 5:14)
ufro mokle abreviaturebi:
P: (2sm. 11:1-17, 11:26-27; 1mt. 10:13-14)
vinaidan wignebi da danomvra gansxvavdeba wminda werilebis versiebis
mixedviT,

Tqvens

pirvel

miTiTebaSi

miuTiTeT

frCxilebSi

is

versia,

romliTac sargeblobT, saxelwodebis sityvierad an miRebuli abreviaturis

saxiT warmodgenis meSveobiT (ix.24.6.4).
P: (2 mefeebi 11:8 [axali gasworebuli standartuli versia])
(1kr. 6:1-10 [axali amerikuli biblia NAB])
sxvareligiis

wminda

werilebidan

citirebis

SemTxvevaSi,

Sesabamisad

gamoiyeneT bibliidan citirebis zogadi principebi (ix. 24.6.5)

19.5.3

sacnobaro literatura

sayovelTaod
leqsikonebi

cnobili
da

sacnobaro

enciklopediebi,

literatura,

Cveulebriv,

rogoricaa,

moxseniebuli

mTavari

unda

iqnes

mxolod teqstobriv miTiTebebSi. zogadad, ar aris saWiro maTi Casma Tqvens

bibliografiaSi, magram SegiZliaT
romelsac

gadamwyveti

im

mniSvneloba

konkretuli
aqvs

naSromis

Tqveni

CarTva,

argumentaciis

dasabuTebisTvis an romelsac xSirad citireben. gamotoveT TariRi, magram

daakonkreteT gamocema (Tu es ar aris pirveli gamocema). anbanuri wesiT
awyobili naSromis, magaliTad, enciklopediis, SemTxvevaSi, miuTiTeT muxli
(da ara tomi an gverdis nomeri), romelsac win uswrebs ix.ixileT. .
P: (enciklopedia britanika

me-15 gamoc., ix. `xsna~)

(amerikuli biografiuli leqsikoni, (ix. `uodsuorti, jeremaia~)

naklebad cnobili sacnobaro literaturis wyarod gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi,
miuTiTeT igi wignis msgavsad (ix.19.1).
R: taimsis inglisuri enis stilisa da gamoyenebis saxelmZRvanelo. 1999. gadax.
(Seswor.) gamoc. londoni: Taims buqsi.
aulescia,

gorka.

1989.

baskur-inglisuri

leqsikoni.

reno:

nevadas

universitetis gamomcemloba.
P: (taimsis

saxelmZRvanelo

1999,

ix.

`plociis

wodebebi~,

`safosto

misamarTebi~)
366

(aulescia1989, 509)
enciklopediebis

onlain

versiebi

eqvemdebareba

regularul

ganaxlebas.amitom CarTeT rogorc URL-i, ise masalis mopovebis TariRi

(ix.15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT,
konkretuli

muxlis

rom

zogierTi

citirebisTvis

sacnobaro

Sesaferis

naSromi

URL-s;

miuTiTebs

sasurvelia

misi

gamoyeneba nacvlad saZiebo sistemebis mier generirebuli naklebad sando

URL-isa.
P: (onlainenciklopedia

britanika,

ix.`sibeliusi,

jini~,

http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article?tocld=9378608 [bolo Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 1

ivnisi])
19.5.4 recenziebi, kritikuli statiebi
wignebis, speqtaklebis da a.S. naSromebis recenzia SeiZleba, daibeWdos
sxvadasxva

periodul

mimomxilvelis

gvari

gamocemebSi.
da

Tqvens

bibliografiaSi

sityva(recenzia),

saxeli,

romelsac

CasviT
mosdevs

mimoxiluli naSromis saxelwodeba da avtori (an kompozitori, reJisori da

a.S.); adgili da TariRi (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saubaria speqtaklze) da bolos
is perioduli gamocema, romelSic daibeWda mimoxilva.
R: taubi, riCardi p. 2004. naSromis sazogadoebrivi (saxelmwifo) sacxovrebeli

binebis aRdgena: naxevarsaukunovani brZola sam sazogadoebriv raionSi

mimoxilva

lorens

j.

veilis

avtorobiT.

sociologiis

amerikuli

Jurnali110, # 3 (noemberi): 797-99.

iSevudi, Carlzi. 2005. cisferi Citunas mimoxilva, avtori - Ceril l. vesti,
reJisori seret skoti. seqand sTeijis Teatri, niu iorki. niu iork Taimsi.
24 ivnisi.
kozini, aleni. 2000. timoTi feinis (violino) da stiven bekis (fortepiano)
mier Sesrulebuli koncertis mimoxilva. niu iuorki, 92-e quCa Y, niu iorki.

niu iork Taimsi. 21 aprili.

19.5.5 reziumeebi, mimoxilvebi
samecniero

statiebis,

sakonferencio

naSromebis,

disertaciebis

da

a.S.

reziumeebi SeiZleba, gamoqveyndes sakuTriv naSromTan erTad an specialur

gamocemebSi (Cveulebriv, JurnalebSi), romlebic Sedgeba mxolod da mxolod
reziumeebisgan.

367

daurTeT
naSromTan

sakuTriv
erTad,

naSromis

miTiTebaSi

sruli

sityva

miTiTeba.

Tu

reziumeCasviT

reziume

saTauris

ibeWdeba
Semdeg.Tu

reziume ibeWdeba sxva gamocemaSi, sityvebi reziume . . . SiCasviT sawyisi

miTiTebis Semdeg da miuTiTeT reziumes adgilmdebareoba.dasviT sakuTriv
naSromis TariRi, nacvlad reziumes TariRisa, avtoris gvarisa da saxelis
Semdeg.
R: ludersi, jozefi. 2006. moZraobis warmatebis ekonomika: biznesis reagireba
samoqalaqo

uflebebis

mobilizaciaze.

reziume.

amerikuli sociologiis

Jurnali111, # 4 (ianvari): 963.

albini,

sesilia.

sakiTxebze:

2003.

molaparakebebi

globaluri

saerTaSoriso

sazogadoebrivi

saqoneli

TanamSromlobis

da

samarTlianoba.

saerTaSoriso gamokvlevebis mimoxilva29 (ivlisi): 365-85. reziume mSvidobis

kvlevis referatebis JurnalSi 42, publik. nom. 236625 (2005 wlis Tebervali):
6.
19.5.6 bukletebi da angariSebi
miuTiTeT

bukletebi,

korporaciuli

angariSebi,

broSurebi

da

sxva

avtonomiuri publikaciebi iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT wigns. Tu gakliaT

informacia zogierTi standartuli elementisTvis, rogoricaa avtori da
gamomcemeli,

dokumentebis

identificirebis

mizniT,

miuTiTeT

sakmarisi

odenobis sxva informacia.

R: klarki, heizeli v. 1957. mesopotamia: or mdinares Soris. mesopotamia, ohaio:
moqalaqeebis universaluri maRaziis dasasruli.
TIAA-CREF. 2005. 2005 wlis wliuri angariSi: kolejis pedagogebis sapensio

aqciebis fondi. niu iorki TIAA-CREF.

19.5.7 gamocemebi mikroformis saxiT
mikroformis saxiT gamocemuli naSromebi, romlebiTac xelmZRvanelobdiT,
maT

Soris

disertaciebi,

msgavsad.nabeWdi

formiT

Tqvens
an

bibliografiaSi

internetiT

miuTiTeT

wignis

nasargeblevidisertaciebis

misaTiTeblad(ix.19.6.1.),daurTeT publikaciis forma (mikrofiSa, mikrofilmi

da a.S.) publikaciis faqtebis Semdeg.
R: farveli,

beatrisa,

gamosaxulebebis

1995.

miRebis

franguli

xerxebi.

t.

12,

popularuli

liTografia

liTografiuli

xelovnebasa

da

vaWrobaSi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba. mikrofiSa.

368

tauberi,

abrahami.

1958.

damwerlobis

reforma

SeerTebul

StatebSi.

en

arbori, miCigani: universitetis mikrofilmebi. mikrofilmi.

Tu SesaZlebelia, teqstobriv miTiTebebSi CasviT adgilis ganmsazRvreli
elementi. Semdeg magaliTSi gverdis nomeri,romelic TvalsaCinoebisTvis
identificirebulia abreviaturiT gv. gvxvdeba nabeWd teqstSi mikrofiSaze;
danarCeni cifrebi aRniSnaven mikrofiSas da kadrs, xolo aso aRniSnavs
rigs.
P: (farveli 1995, gv. 67, 3C12)
19.5.8 CD-ROM-ebi an DVD-ROM-ebi
miuTiTeTCD-

an DVD-ROM-ze

Cawerili

naSromebi,

rogorc

miuTiTebdiT

analogiur nabeWd naSromebs, ufro xSirad, wignebs.

R: neiSenal

jeografiki

nomrebis

sruli

krebuli:

Jurnalis

`National

Geographic~ 110 weli. 2000. CD-ROM. kompiuteruli programuli uzrunvelyofis

gamomcemeli kompania mainsqeipi.

oqsfordis inglisuri leqsikoni. 1999. me-2 gamoc. CD-ROM, versia 2.0. niu
iorki: oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba.
19.5.9 onlain monacemTa bazebi
onlainmonacemTa bazebSi gamoqveynebuli samecniero Jurnalebis statiebis
citirebasTan
bazebis
baza,

dakavSirebiT,

SemTxvevaSi,

Tu

axdenT

(miuTiTeT
gverdisTvis

da

Tqvens

misgan

monacemTa

ixileT

Tqvens

mier

tipis

onlain

monacemTa

miuTiTeT

monacemTa

Canawerebis

citirebas.

bibliografiaSisrulad

mravali

bazis

19.2.8. sxva
dokumentis

saxeli,

(swori

masalis

an

SriftiT),

mopovebis

TariRi

URL-i
(an

mTavari

TariRebis

diapazoni). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod da mxolod URL-i sakmarisi ar

aris; unda warmoadginoT sruli informaciapublikaciis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac
es SesaZlebelia, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis
SemTxvevaSic.
R: perseusis

cifruli

biblioTeka. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ (bolos

Sesvlis

TariRi 1 Tebervali-31 marti, 2006)

Tu miuTiTebT msgavsi monacemTa bazidan mxolod erT dokuments an
Canawers,

Tqvens

bibliografiaSi

igi

CawereT

cal-calke.

daurTeT

dokumentis avtori da saTauri (Tu xelmisawvdomia), monacemTa bazis saxeli

(swori SriftiT), URL-i konkretuli gverdisTvis da Tqvens mier masalis
369

mopovebis

TariRi.

onlain

monacemTa

bazebSi

arsebul

disertaciebTan

dakavSirebiT ixileT 19.6.1.

R: plini ufrosi. bunebrivi istoria, gamomc. jon bostoki da g. t. raili.
perseusis

cifrul

biblioTekaSi,

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-

bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+1.dedication (bolo Sesvlis TariRi 2006 wlis 31 marti).

Tqvens

teqstSi

SeZlebisdagvarad
muxlSi

moyvanil

teqstobriv

dokumentis
amomwuravi

Tu

informacia,

informaciasTan

miTiTebebSi

Canaweris
raTa

daakavSiroT.

(romlis

elementebi

damowmebisTvis,miuTiTeT
citata

bibliografiis

CasviT

es

informacia

gamijnulia

mZimeebiT)an

teqstSi.
P: (plini ufrosi, perseusis cifruli biblioTeka)
. . . rogorc miTiTebulia plini ufrosis samecniero naSromSi bunebrivi

istoria (perseusis cifruli biblioTeka).

19.6

gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi

wyaroebi,

romlebic

arasdros

gamoqveynebula,

SeiZleba,

ufro

rTuli

mosaZebni iyos mkiTxvelisTvis, vidre gamoqveynebuli, vinaidan isini inaxeba

mxolod erT adgilas da ar arsebobs oficialuri faqtebi maTi gamocemis
Sesaxeb.

Tqvens

bibliografiaSi

msgavsi

wyaroebis

miTiTebis

dros

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs qvemoT CamoTvlili sruli informaciis

darTvas, raTa maqsimalurad davexmaroT mkiTxvels.
gamouqveynebeli

naSromebis

saTaurebi

mocemulia

swori

SriftiT,

brWyalebSi Causmeladda dauxrelad. es gansxvavebuli formati gamoarCevs

maT msgavsi, magram gamoqveynebuli naSromebisagan.
19.6.1 sadiplomo Temebi da disertaciebi
Tu xelmZRvanelobT gamouqveynebeli disertaciis nabeWdi formiT,CaTvaleT
igi gamouqveynebel xelnawerad.avtoris, TariRis (Tu aris xelmisawvdomi) da
saTauris Semdeg daurTeT disertaciis tipi da samecniero dawesebuleba.
gamoiyeneTdisertaciisSemoklebuli
variantidis.Sityvisgamouqveynebelixmareba saWiroar aris.

370

R: merfi, priscila koiti. 2000. risi gakeTeba SeuZlia wigns: Cumi gazafxuli da
media-saSualebebSi mowyobili sajaro diskusia. dis. filosofiis doqtoris
samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, CrdiloeT karolinas universiteti.
kulkesi,

karen

lei.

2003.

kurdistanis

kartografiuli

gamosaxulebebi

beWdviT mediaSi. disertacia magistris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad,

sirakiusis universiteti.
imisaTvis,

rom

miuTiToT

disertacia,

romelsac

gaecaniT

onlain

monacemTa bazaSi, daurTeT monacemTa bazis saxeli, URL-i da monacemTa

bazaSi

SeRwevis

TariRibibliografiis

sawyisi

informaciis

Semdeg

(mikroformis saxiT gamoSvebuli gamocemebis Sesaxeb ixileT 19.5.7.)

R: merfi, priscila koiti. 2000. risi gakeTeba SeuZlia wigns: Cumi gazafxuli da
media-saSualebebSi mowyobili sajaro diskusia. dis. filosofiis doqtoris
samecniero

xarisxis

linkze:

mosapoveblad,

ProQuest

CrdiloeT

karolinas

Disserations

universiteti.

and

Theses,

http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=727710781&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=13392&RQT=
309&VName=PQD (bolo Sesvlis TariRi 2006 wlis 1 aprili).
19.6.2 Sexvedrebze wakiTxuli leqciebi da moxsenebebi. gamosvlis an moxsenebis
avtoris, TariRis da saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT sponsori, adgilmdebareoba
da

(Tu

aris

xelmisawvdomi)

TaTbiris

Catarebis

konkretuli

dRe.

Sityvagamouqveynebeli saWiro ar aris.

R: trautmeni,
politika,

joni.

2005.

induri

1890-1935. leqcia,

bluzi:

niuberis

amerikeli

indielebi

biblioTeka,

Cikago,

da

musikis

ilinoisi.

Tebervali.
gredi, kareni. 2004. rodesac maRali kultura iyo popularuli kultura.
amerikel istorikosTa organizaciis yovelwliur sxdomaze warmodgenili
moxseneba, bostoni, masaCusetsi. 26 marti.
skoqpoli,

Teda.

2003.

xma

da

uTanasworoba:

amerikuli

samoqalaqo

demokratiis transformacia. saprezidento mimarTva, politikuri mecnierebis

amerikuli asociaciis yovelwliuri sxdoma, filadelfia, pensilvania. 28
agvisto.
19.6.3 interviuebi da piradi urTierTobebi
imisaTvis, rom mivuTiToT gamouqveynebeli interviu (maT Soris, interviu,
romelic Tavad CaiwereT),daiwyeT bibliografiis muxli im piris gvariT da
371

saxeliT, romelsac CamoerTva interviu, da interviueris saxeliT da gvariT;

daurTeT, agreTve, intervius Catarebis adgili da TariRi (Tu cnobilia) da
nebismieri

firisa

Tu

transkriptis

(Tu

aris

xelmisawvdomi)

adgilmdebareoba. (radio- an telemauwyeblobiT gadacemuli interviuebis

Sesaxeb ixileT 19.8.3)
R: makmilani, endriu. 2007. avtoris mier CamorTmeuli interviu. san diego,
kalifornia. 2 marti.
spoki, benjameni. 1974. milton j. e. senis mier CamorTmeuli interviu. 20
noemberi. interviu 67A, Canaweri, senis zepiri istoriis koleqcia, medicinis
erovnuli biblioTeka, betesda, merilendi.
teqstobriv miTiTebebSi miuTiTeT respodnetis da ara interviueris saxeli.
P: (makmilani 2007)
(spoki 1974)
Tu ar SegiZliaT im piris vinaobis gamJRavneba, romelsac interviu
CamoarTves,

gamoiyeneT

mxolod

teqstobrivi

miTiTebebi

konteqstisTvis

Sesaferisi informaciiT. Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT am informaciis zogierTi

nawilis an sruli informaciis teqstSi CarTva, magram ar aris saWiro
intervius

miTiTeba

bibliografiaSi.

ganmarteT

vinaobis

ardasaxelebis

faqti sqolioSi an winasityvaobaSi (`yvela interviu iyo konfidencialuri;

im pirTa vinaobas, visac CamovarTviT interviuebi, ar vasaxelebT erToblivi
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze~
P: (interviu jandacvis sferos muSakTan, 2006 wlis 10 agvisto)
miuTiTeT

saubrebi,

werilebi,

eleqtronuli

werilebi

da

a.S.

mxolodteqstobriv miTiTebebSi. zogadad ar aris saWiro maTi miTiTeba

Tqvens bibliografiaSi, magram SeiZleba, moisurvoT, uCvenoT konkretuli
komunikaciis

faqti,

romelsac

kritikuli

mniSvneloba

aqvs

Tqveni

argumentaciis gasamyareblad an, romelsac xSirad citireben. is ZiriTadi

elementebi, romlebic mZimeebiTunda gamoiyos, arissxvaadamianis saxeli da
gvari,

TariRi

da

komunikaciis

tipi.

bevr

SemTxvevaSi,

SeiZleba,

es

informacia teqstSi nawilobriv an sruladCarToT. gamotoveT eleqtronuli

fostis

misamarTebi.

EleqtronulmisamarTebze

gagzavnili

Setyobinebebis

miTiTebis Sesaxeb ixileT 19.7.3-Si.

372

P: (maqsin grini, 2005 wlis 29 seqtemberi, avtoris misamarTze gagzavnili

eleqtronuli werili)
2006

wlis

12

oqtombers

avtorTan

gamarTul

satelefono

saubarSi

polkovnikma viliam riCma gamoaSkarava, rom . . .

19.6.4 xelnawerTa koleqciebi

gamouqveynebel

xelnawerTa

koleqciebSi

daculi

dokumentebi

Seicavs

gamoqveynebul wyaroebze ufro rTul da mravalferovan elementebs. Tqvens

miTiTebas

daurTeT

Sesabamisad

rac

daaformateT

SeiZleba

meti

elementebi

da

saidentifikacio
moargeTaq

informacia,

moyvanili

zogadi

modelebi saWiroebis mixedviT.

Sesatani

elementebi

da

maTi

Tanmimdevroba.Tu

koleqciidanmravali

dokumentis citirebas axdenT, Tqvens bibliografiaSi `koleqciis~ saxeliT

miuTiTeT mTeli koleqcia, masSi Semavali dokumentebis avtor(eb)i an arqivi.
iseTitipis

gamouqveynebeli

SecvaleT

masalisTvis,

koleqciasTandakavSirebuli

romelic

informacia

arqivebSiar
frazebiT

inaxeba,
`avtoris

mflobelobaSia~ an `kerZo koleqcia~ da nu axsenebT adgils. nu daurTavT

TariRs,

vinaidan

koleqciaTaumravlesoba

Seicavs

sxvadasxva

TariRiT

daTariRebul dokumentebs.
R: egmontis

xelnawerebi.

filifsis

koleqcia.

jorjias

universitetis

biblioTeka, atensi.
hausi, edvardi m., dokumentebi. ielis universitetis biblioTeka, niu heiveni,
koneqtikuti.
monobis

gauqmebis

pensilvaniis

sazogadoeba.

dokumentebi.

pensilvaniis

historiuli sazogadoeba, filadelfia.

stroteri,

frenCi

da

edvard

louri.

dauTariRebeli

korespondencia.

herbert huveris saprezidento biblioTeka, dasavleTis filiali, aiova.

`mSrali kanonis~ Sesaxeb erovnuli reformis momxre qalTa organizaciis
dokumentebi. elis belin diuponis failebi, pier s. diuponis dokumentebi.
istoriuli

biblioTeka

elefterian

milz

historikal

laibreri,

vilmingtoni, delaveri.
imisaTvis, rom moaxdinoT amgvari koleqciidan Tqvens teqstSi calkeuli
dokumentis citireba, gamoyenebuli bibliografiis muxlSi miuTiTeT avtori

373

da

TariRi,

dokumentis

saxeli.gamoyaviT

saTauri

elementebi

an

mZimeebiT.

tipi

da

bevr

koleqciis

SemTxvevaSi,

an

arqivis

SeiZleba,

es

informacia nawilobriv an srulad CarToT teqstSi.

P: (jeims oglTorpi ndobiT aRWurvil pirebs, 1733 wlis 13 ianvari, egmontis
xelnawerebi)
ndobiT aRWurvili pirebis misamarTiT 1733 wlis 13 ianvars gagzavnil
werilSi (egmontis xelnawerebi) jaims oglTorpma ganacxada . . .
Tu

axdenT

koleqciidan

calkeCasviT

mxolod

bibliografiaSi

erTi

da

dokumentis

ixelmZRvaneleT

citirebas,

igi

teqstobrivi

miTiTebebisTvis gankuTvnili Cveulebrivi modeliT.

R: dinkeli, jozefi. 1869. elisabed keri agasis TxovniT dawerili lui agasis
aRwera. agasis dokumentebi. houtonis biblioTeka, harvardis universiteti,
kembriji, masaCusetsi.
elementebis

daformatebis

xelnawerTa

koleqciebSi

ramdenime

rekomendacias

dokumentebis

specialur

wesi.warmogidgenT
arsebuli

daformatebasTan dakavSirebiT.

individualuri saTaurebi - ganzogadebuli saTaurebi. miuTiTeT rogorc

individualuri, ise, ganzogadebuli saTaurebi, rogoricaa angariSian
oqmi, swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi Casmis an daxrili Sriftis gareSe.

informaciis

zogierTi xelnaweri SesaZloa, Seicavdes

gverdebis
nomrebs,
romlebic
SeiZleba,
moTavsdes
teqstobriv
miTiTebebSi.mraval xelnawers eqneba sxva tipis lokatori an saerTod ar
eqneba is. ufro Zveli formatiT nacvlad gverdebisa. zogierT
xelnawerebis koleqcias gaaCnia saidentifikacio seriebi an failebis
nomrebi, romlebic SeiZleba daurToT miTiTebas.

dokumentebi da xelnawerebi. xelnawerTa koleqciebis saTaurebSi

terminebi dokumenti da xelnawerebi sinonimebia. orive termini misaRebia,

lokalizeba.

iseve, rogorc maTi abreviaturebi.

werilebi.. imisaTvis,

rom moaxdinoT werilis citireba teqstobriv

miTiTebebSi, daiwyeT werilis avtoris gvariT, Semdeg
ki miuTiTeT
werilis mimRebis gvari. gamotoveT sityva werili,romelic igulisxmeba.
magram sxva formis komunikaciis SemTxvevaSi, daakonkreteT komunikaciis
tipi (depeSa, memorandumi).

374

19.7

araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi

masalas,
eqneba

romelic

araoficialurad

publikaciis

saTauri,

iseTi

gamomcemeli

publikaciis

Sesaxeb

an

qveyndeba

internetSi,

standartulimonacemebi,
TariRi.

mxolod

maSinac

Zalian

ki,

xSirad

rogoricaa
rodesac

mwirimonacemebis

ar

avtori,

SegiZliaT,
mopoveba

an

saerTod ver adgenT maT, mainc unda miuTiToT bibliografiaSi URL-ze

meti

informacia.

Tu

miuTiTebT

mxolod

da

URL-s

isSeicvleba

an

moZveldeba, Tqveni miTiTeba gamousadegari xdeba mkiTxvelebisTvis. URL-i

miuTiTebs,

sad

ido

masala,

rodesac

Tqven

mas

ecnobodiT;sruli

miTiTeba,aseve,unda uCvenebdes wyaros da Tqvens mier misi ukanasknelad

monaxulebis TariRs (ix.15.4.1).
19.7.1 vebgverdebi
wignebisa da perioduli gamocemebis garda, onlain wyaroebidan miRebul
sxva originalur masalasTan dakavSirebiT bibliografiaSi SeitaneT rac
SeiZleba

meti

saTauri

(swori

mflobeli,

informacia
SriftiT,

URL-i

da

Semdegi

CamonaTvlidan:

brWyalebis

saitze

Sesvlis

gareSe),
TariRi

avtori,

saitis
(an

gverdis

saxeli

saitze

an

Sesvlis

TariRebis diapazoni).
R:

evanstonis sajaro biblioTekis mzrunvelTa sabWo. evanstonis sajaro

biblioTekis

strategiuli

urTierTobebis

aTwleuli.

gegma,

2000-2010:

evanstonis

sazogadoebasTan

sajaro

biblioTeka.

http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 1

ivnisi-15 agvisto).
Tu avtori dasaxelebuli ar aris, miuTiTeT saitis mflobelis
saxeli.
R:

amerikel mecnierTa federacia. rezoluciis Sedareba: sanomre niSnebisa

da

saTaurebis

(hedlainebis)

wakiTxva. http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/resolve5.html

(bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 1 ivnisi).

araoficialur
gasarTobi

saitebze,

saitebi,romlebsac

rogoricaa
SeiZleba,

personaluri
arc

gverdebi

hqondeT

da

saTaurebi,

gamoqveynebuli masalebisTvis ixmareT aRwerilobiTi frazebi

375

R:

kemp

takonikis

gamoSveba.

wlis

1955

fotogalerea.

http://www.taconicalumni.org/1955.html (bolo Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 1 ivnisi).

imisaTvis, rom Tqvens teqstSi miuTiToT vebsaiti oficialuri
publikaciis

TariRis

gareSe,

CasviT

avtoris

an

saitis

mflobelis

saxeli an bibliografiis muxlSi gamoyenebuli aRwerilobiTi fraza.

CasviT es informacia frCilebSi an teqstSi.
rogorc iyo miTiTebuli amerikel mecnierTa federaciis vebsaitze . . .
19.7.2 veblogze gamoqveynebuli Canawerebi da komentarebi
Tu

miuTiTebT

komentarebs,

veblogze

daurTeT

ixelmZRvaneloT

(an

blogze) gamoqveynebul

veblogi

vebsaitebis

Tqvens

informacias da

bibliografias.amisaTvisunda

sabazo

modeliT.

saitis

mTavari

(bolos

Sesvlis

gverdisTvismiuTiTeT URL-i.
R:

beker-pozneris

blogi.

http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/

TariRi 2006 wlis 28 marti).

veblogzegamoqveynebuli calkeuli infoirmaciisa da komentarebis
citireba xdeba mxolod teqstobriv miTiTebebSi. is ZiriTadi elementebi,
romlebic gamoiyofa mZimeebiT, aris avtoris saxeli da gvari, veblogis
saxeli

da

miniSneba

mier)gamoqveynebuli

imaze,

Tu

romelia

Canaweri

da

romeli

veblogze
_

(saitis

avtoris

komentari,(dawerili

sxva

adamianis mier) da gamoqveynebis TariRi. Tu avtoris saxeli arasrulia an

fsevdonimia,

miuTiTeT

igi,

rogorc

saxeli.xSirad

SeiZleba,

es

informacia teqstSi srulad an nawilobriv CarToT.

P:

(piter pirsoni, beker-pozneris blogi, komentari, gagzavnili 2006 wlis 6

marts)
. . . geri bekeris Tanaxmad (komentari, gagzavnili 2006 wlis 6 marts, bekerpozneris blogze). sapasuxo komentarebi ekuTvnis piter pirsons (gagzavna
6 marts) da bils (gagzavna 10 marts) . . .

19.7.3 adresatTa eleqtronuli misamarTebis siebi

adresatTa eleqtronuli misamarTebis siidanmasalis citirebis mizniT
daurTeT avtoris saxeli da gvari, gagzavnis TariRi da siis saxeli.
gamotoveT

eleqtronuli

fostis

misamarTebi.

msgavsi

informaciis

citireba, rogorc wesi, xdeba mxolod teqstobriv miTiTebebSi, sadac

elementebi gamoyofilia mZimeebiT. zogadad saWiro ar aris maTi CarTva
376

Tqvens

bibliografiaSi,

argumentaciis

magram

gamyarebisTvis

SeiZleba,

moisurvoT,

kritikulad

CarToT

mniSvnelovani

an

Tqveni
xSirad

miTiTebuli specialuri informacia. xSirad SeiZleba, es informacia

teqstSi srulad an nawilobriv CarToT.
P:

(jon paueli, 2004 wlis 30 oqtomberi, eleqtronuli werili greipvainis

eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebze)
greipvainis eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebze 2004 wlis 30 oqtombers
gagzavnil eleqtronul werilSi jon paueli acxadebs ..

19.8

vizualuri da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis wyaroebi

vizualuri

da

saSemsruleblo

xelovneba

gvaZlevs

mravalgvar

wyaros: vizualur gamosaxulebebs, cocxal warmodgenebs, tele da

radiogadacemebs, teqstur da sxvadasxva mediaCanawerebs. zogierTi
aseTi wyaros citireba SeiZleba, rTulic iyos, Tu maT Tan ar
axlavs

gamoqveynebuli

wyaroebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli

saidentifikacio informacia. aseTi wyaroebis miTiTebas daurTeT

SeZlebisdagvarad bevri saidentifikacio monacemi, Tanmimdevrulad
daaformateT elementebi da miTiTebebs saWiroebisamebr miusadageT
winamdebare nawilSi mocemuli zogadi modelebi.
am nawilSi CamoTvlili wyaroebis
miTiTebebSi
ZiriTadi

unda

aRniSnoT

elementebi.

an

zogadad,

miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi

umetesoba mxolod teqstur

sulac,
saWiro

teqstSi
ar

aris

CarToT
am

misi

wyaroebis

CarTva, magram garkveul SemTxvevebSi

SeiZleba, amis gakeTeba mogiwioT. SeiZleba, moisurvoT, miTiTebebis

CamonaTvalSi CarToT konkretuli wyaro, romelic kritikulad
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentaciis dasabuTebisTvis, an romelic
xSiradaa citirebuli. Tu naSroms iseTi disciplinisTvis werT,
rogoricaa

xelovneba,

mediakvlevebi

an

sxva

msgavsi

sagani,

rCevisTvis Tqvens pedagogs mimarTeT.

19.8.1 vizualuri wyaroebi
377

ferweruli

namuSevrebi,

qandakebebi,

fotosuraTebi

da

xelovnebis sxva nawarmoebebi. ferweruli naxatebi, skulpturebi,

fotosuraTebi da xelovnebis sxva nawarmoebebi aRiniSneba mxolod
teqstur miTiTebebSi. miTiTebas daurTeT mxatvris saxeli da gvari,
nawarmoebis saxelwodeba da Seqmnis TariRi (romelsac win uswrebs
ca.

Tu

[circa],

TariRi

miaxloebiTia),

aseve

im

dawesebulebis

saxelwodeba da adgilmdebareoba, romelSic igi inaxeba (aseTis

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi). ferweruli namuSevrebisa da skulpturebis
saxelwodebebi daxrili SriftiT dawereT, xolo fotosuraTebis
saxelwodebebi swori SriftiT miuTiTeT da brWyalebSi CasviT.
gamoyaviT elementebi mZimeebiT.
P:

(jorjia

okifi,

kldis sakvamurebi, 1938, miluokis xelovnebis

muzeumi)
(mikelanjelo, daviTi, 1501-4, akademiis galerea, florencia)
(anseli,

adamsi,

`CrdiloeTi

gumbaTi,

kalaTisebri

gumbaTi,

hofmanis mTa, iosemiti~, ca. 1935, smiTsonis amerikuli xelovnebis

muzeumi, vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi)
teqsturi
xelovnebis

miTiTebebis

nimuSebis

gamoyenebis

citireba

elementebis

nacvlad,
teqstSi

zogjer
CarTviTac

SegiZliaT,
okifma

pirvelad

warmoadgina

es

teqnika

suraTSi

kldis

sakvamurebi (1938; miluokis xelovnebis muzeumi).

Tu xelovnebis nawarmoebi gamoqveynebul wyaroSi naxeT da
adgilobrivi wesebi Tqvengan am wyaros identificirebas moiTxovs,
SeiyvaneT gamoqveynebuli wyaro miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi . teqstur
miTiTebebSi

aRniSneT avtori da TariRi nacvlad dawesebulebis

saxelisa da adgilmdebareobisa. onlain suraTebTan

dakavSirebiT

ix. 19.8.6.

378

R:

linsi, barbara

buleri, lesli poling-kempesi da frederik v.

terneri. 2004. jorjia okifi da niu meqsiko: adgilis SegrZneba.

prinstoni: prinstonis universitetis gamomcemloba.
P:

(jorjia okifi, kldis sakvamurebi, 1938, linsis, poling-kempesisa

da terneris naSromSi 2004, 25)
sxva grafikuli wyaroebi. SeiZleba, dagWirdeT iseTi grafikuli
wyaroebis citireba, rogoricaa sareklamo gancxadebebi presaSi,
rukebi, karikaturebi da a.S. aRniSneT aseTi wyaroebi mxolod
teqstur

miTiTebebSi, miusadageT

maT

xelovnebis

nimuSebisTvis

gankuTvnili sabaziso modelebi da daurTeT rac SeiZleba meti

informacia. miuTiTeT saxelwodebebi swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi
CasmiT

da aRniSneT grafikis tipi, Tu is saxelwodebidan cxadi ar

aris. onlain grafikis Sesaxeb ix. 19.8.6.

P:

wera-kiTxvis

(ojaxSi

codnis

erovnuli

centri,

`imitom,

rom

SemiZlia kiTxva~, reklama (gancxadeba), Jurnali atralntik mansli,

2006 wlis aprili, 59)
19.8.2 cocxali Sesruleba
Teatri,

musika

da

aRniSneT

cekva.

cocxali

Teatraluri,

musikaluri an sacekvao Sesruleba mxolod frCilebSi Casmul

miTiTebebSi.

aRniSvnas

daurTeT

Sesrulebuli

nawarmoebis

saxelwodeba, yvela wamyvani Semsruleblis saxeli da gvari da maT

mier

Sesrulebuli

gaimarTa

rolebi,

warmodgena,

romel

warmodgenis

TeatrSi,

darbazSi

geografiuli

da

a.S

mdebareoba

da

TariRi. piesebis da didi musikaluri kompoziciebis saTaurebi

dawereT

daxrili

saTaurebi

miuTiTeT

saTaurebisTvis
stili.

Tu

SriftiT,

xolo

swori

SriftiT,

gamoiyeneT mTavruli
citata

xazs

ufro

usvams

mcire

namuSevrebis

brWyalebSi

asoebiT

saTaurebis

individis

CasmiT.
weris

Sesrulebas,

Semsruleblis saxeli da gvari miuTiTeT nawarmoebis saTauris win.

gaacalkeveT elementebi mZimeebiT.
379

P:

(cisferi Cituna, avtori Ceril l. vesti, reJisori sirit skoti,

seqond sTeijis Teatri, niu iorki, 2005 wlis 22 ivnisi)
(iuja

vangi,

pianisti,

`valsi~,

kompozitori

moris

raveli,

simfoniuri centri, Cikago, 2006 wlis 26 marti)

teqsturi miTiTebebis gamoyenebis nacvlad, xandaxan, citireba
cocxali

Sesrulebis

Sesaxeb

elementebis

teqstSi

CasmiTac

SegiZliaT.
iuja vangis mier Sesrulebulma moris ravelis `valsma~ (2006 wlis
26 marti, simfoniuri centri, Cikago) warmoaCina mis mier . . . gageba
. . .
Tu

cocxali

Sesruleba

CanawerSi

ixileT

an

moismineT,

miuTiTeT es Canaweri. audio Canaweris Sesaxeb ix. 19.8.4; video

CanawerTan dakavSirebiT _ 19.8.5; inlain failebis Sesaxeb _ 19.8.6.
kinosuraTebi. Tu filmi kinoTeatrSi naxeT, cocxali Sesrulebis
miTiTebis

msgavsad,

teqstur

miTiTebebSi

aRniSneT

an

CarTeT

elementebi teqstSi. (videoCanawerebSi nanaxi filmebis Sesaxeb ix.

19.8.5; onlain
kinosuraTis

nanaxi

kinofilmebis

saxelwodeba,

reJisori,

Sesaxeb

ix.

19.8.6.) miuTiTeT

mwarmoebeli

kompaniisa

an

distributoris saxelwodeba da filmis gamoSvebis weli (daxrili

SriftiT). saTaurebisTvis gamoiyeneT mTavruli asoebiT saTaurebis
weris

stili.

gaacalkeveT

elementebi

mZimeebiT.

Tu

saWiroa,

aRwereT Tqvens mier citirebuli epizodis moqmedebis adgili.

P:
(kapote, reJisori benet mileri, kinostudia soni fiqCerz klasiqsi,
2005, Sesavali scena)
19.8.3 satelevizio programebi da sxva samauwyeblo wyaroebi
programebi. miuTiTeT teleprogramebi, radioprogramebi da sxva
samauwyeblo

wyaroebi

mxolod

teqstur

miTiTebebSi.

daurTeT

programis saxeli da TariRi, rodesac naxeT an moismineT gadacema.

SegiZliaT, agreTve, aRniSnoT epizodis saTauri da nomeri (Tu
380

xelmisawvdomia), yvela wamyvani Semsruleblis saxeli da gvari (Tu

Tqvens diskusias Seesabameba), adgili, saidanac xdeba mauwyebloba
da

Tavdapirveli

mauwyeblobis

TariRi

(Tu

gansxvavdeba

im

TariRisgan, rodesac Tqven naxeT an moismineT gadacema). dawereT

daxrili

SriftiT

segmentebis

programebis

saTaurebi

saxelebi,

swori

xolo

SriftiT,

epizodebis

brWyalebSi

an

CasmiT.

gaacalkeveT elementebi mZimeebiT.

P:

(sainfeldi, `sapirispiro~, epizodi 86, 2005 wlis 22 seqtemberi

[Tavdapirvelad gavida eTerSi 1994 wlis 19 maisi])
(mTavari

sainformacio

programa

yvelafris

gaTvaliswinebiT,

erovnuli sazogadoebrivi radio NPR, 2006 wlis 20 aprili)

xSirad,

teqsturi

programebi

miTiTebebis

aRniSnoT

gansakuTrebiT

maSin,

nacvlad,

ZiriTadi
rodesac

elementebis
zogierTi

an

SegiZliaT,
teqstSi
yvela

amgvari
CarTviT,

damatebiTi

elementi ar aris xelmisawvdomi an ar Seesabameba citirebas.

sainfeldis epizodi saTauriT `sapirispiro~ (eTerSi gavida 2005

wlis

22

seqtembers)

SesaniSnavad

gadmoscems

am

Txrobis

struqturas.
Tu programa CanawerSi naxeT an moismineT, miuTiTeT Canaweri.
videoCanaweris Sesaxeb ix. 19.8.5; onlain failebis Sesaxeb - 19.8.6.
interviuebi.

miuTiTeT

mauwyeblis

meSveobiT

gadmocemuli

interviuebi mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi an teqstSi elementebis

CarTviT. miiCnieT respodenti avtorad da citirebis konteqstSi
miuTiTeT interviueris vinaoba. daurTeT, agreTve, mauwyeblobis
forumi da TariRi. saTaurebisTvis gamoiyeneT mTavruli asoebiT
saTaurebis

weris

stili.

gaacalkeveT

elementebi

mZimeebiT.

gamouqveynebeli interviuebis Sesaxeb ix. 19.6.3.

P:

(kondolisa

raisi,

jim

lereris

mier

CamorTmeuli

interviu,

satelevizio sianformacio programa niu auerz, sazogadoebrivi

samauwyeblo samsaxuri, 2005 wlis 28 ivlisi)
381

miuTiTeT

reklamebi.

mauwyeblobis

saSualebebiT

gadmocemuli

reklamebi mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi an teqstSi elementebis

CasmiT. daurTeT rac SeiZleba meti informacia.
P:

(federal eqspresi, `mRvimis kacis~ reklama, eTerSi gavida super

boulis me-40 matCis dros, 2006 wlis 5 Tebervali)

19.8.4 audio Canawerebi

Tu

audio

CanawerSi

moismineT

musikaluri

Sesruleba

an

deklamacia, miuTiTeT Canaweri. gamoqveynebuli naSromebis msgavsad,

aseT

Canawerebs,

zogadad,

ucvleli

da

xelmisawvdomi

saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da saWiro iqneba maTi aRniSvna

miTiTebebis

CamonaTvalSi. teqstur

miTiTebebSi

unda

aRniSnoT

mxolod avtori da TariRi.

miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi

Canawerebi aRniSneT kompozitoris

an Semsruleblis saxelis qveS imis mixedviT, Tu romeli ufro

Seesabameba

Tqvens

Canawerebisgan

msjelobas.

ganasxvavoT,

imisaTvis,

daurTeT

rom

sxva

msgavsi

SeZlebisdagvarad

meti

informacia: kompaniis saxeli, Canaweris saidentifikacio nomeri,

Canaweris

forma

(kaseta,

kompaqtdiski)

da

saavtoro

uflebis

miniWebis an Canaweris gakeTebis TariRi (an orTave). SeamokleT

kompaqtdiski, rogorc CD.
R:

beTxoveni,

ludvig

van.

1992.

sonata

29

fortepianosTvis

hemmerklavier. rudolf serkini. ProArte Digital CDD 270.

andersoni, dugi. 2001. vokalur-instrumentaluri jgufi Frostwork.
OAR 1001, Dolby HX PRO. audiokaseta.
bernstaini,

leonardi,

diriJ.

1985.

simfonia # 5, kompozitori

dimitri SostakoviCi. niu iorkis filarmoniuri orkestri. CBS IM

35854.
musikaluri Canaweris msgavsad, miuTiTeT dramatuli piesebis,
prozisa da poeziis, leqciebisa da amgvari sajarod wakiTxuli
masalebis Canawerebi.
382

R:

tomasi, dilani. 1950. radio piesa rZis xis qveS. Semsruleblebi

dilan tomasi da sxvebi. Caedmon TC-2005 (audiokaseta), CDLS-2005 (CD).
imisTvis, rom teqstSi miuTiToT masala, romelsac ar aqvs
Caweris oficialuri TariRi, aRniSneT is miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi
da nawarmoebis saTaurSi miuTiTeT kompozitoris an Semsruleblis
gvari da saxeli. CasviT es informacia frCxilebSi an teqstSi.

19.8.5 videoCanawerebi
Tu cocxali Sesruleba, kinofilmi, satelevizio programa, an sxva
samauwyeblo

wyaro

videoCanawerSi

naxeT,

miuTiTeT

Canaweri.

gamoqveynebuli naSromebis msgavsad, amgvar Canawerebs, zogadad,

ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da
isini

miTiTebebis

CamonaTvalSi

unda

ganTavsdes. teqstobriv

miTiTebebSi aRniSneT mxolod avtori da TariRi.

videoCanawerebis

miTiTebisas,

zogadad,

vxelmZRvanelobT

wignebisTvis gankuTvnili nimuSebiT, Canaweris formis damatebiT

(VHS, DVD). gaiTvaliswineT, rom meore magaliTSi miTiTebulia 2001
wlis gamoSvebis masala, amitom filmis Tavdapirveli gamosvlis
TariRi gamotovebulia.
R:

hendeli, georgi fridrixi. 1988. mesia. VHS. atlantas simfoniuri

orkestri da kameruli gundi, diriJori robert Sou. batavia, ohaio:
video saunje.
klizi, joni, teri jiliami, erik aidli, teri jonsi da maikl
palini. 2001. komentarebi. dosko 2. monti piToni da wminda graali,
spec. gamoc. DVD. diriJori teri jiliami da teri jonsi. kalversiti, kalifornia: kompania kolamvia tristar houm enterteimenti.

19.8.6 onlain multimediuri failebi

Tu onlain naxeT gamosaxuleba, cocxali Sesruleba, kinofilmi,
satelevizio programa, an sxva samauwyeblo wyaro (podkastebis
CaTvliT), miuTiTeT onlain faili. iseve, rogorc gamoqveynebuli
naSromebi, onlain multimediur failebs, zogadad, ucvleli da
383

xelmisawvdomi saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da saWiroa maTi

miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi Seyvana.
citirebisas

ixelmZRvaneleT

zemoT

aRwerili

Sesabamisi

tipis

wyarosTvis gankuTvnili principebiT. Tu rTulia failis TariRis

gansazRvra, ixmareT aRniSvna TariRis gareSe an miuTiTeT sxva
mxriv

Sesaferisi TariRi. amasTan,

failis

tipi.

daurTeT

gaiTvaliswineT,
warmoadginoT

rom

URL-i

mxolod

damatebiTi

miuTiTeT
da

URL-i

informacia,

saitis

saitze
ar

Sesvlis

aris

raTa

saxeli da
TariRi.

sakmarisi;

mkiTxvels

unda

SeeZlos

wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis SemTxvevaSic. Tu fails ar aqvs

individualuri URL-i (rogorc qvemoT moyvanil meore magaliTSi),
miuTiTeT mTeli saiti.
R:

bi-bi-si. TariRis gareSe. `bleri akeTebs gancxadebas axali

afrikuli komisiis Sesaxeb~. bi-bi-sis sainformacio vebsaiti bi-bisis axali ambebis veb gverdi. vindousis mediapleeris videofaili.
http://news.bbc.uk/nolavconsole/ifs_news/hi/newsid_5110000/newsid_5119200/nb_wm_
5119262.stm (bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2006 wlis 27 ivnisi).
mocarti, volfgang amadeusi. 1778. `alegro moderato~, sonata # 10

fortepianosTvis

do

maJorSi.

kusnt

de

fugi.

MIDI

faili.

http://www.kunstderfuge.com/mozart.htm (bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis

19 noemberi).
oficialuri TariRis armqone failis citirebisas, aRniSneT
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi avtoris saxeli da gvari da saTauri.
daurTeT

es

informacia

frCxilebSi

an

teqstSi.

Tu

saWiroa,

miuTiTeT, agreTve, citirebuli masalis failSi gamoCenis dro.

P:

(BBC TariRis gareSe, 3:43)

19.8.7 teqstebi vizualur da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi

vizualur

da

saSemsruleblo

xelovnebaSi

teqstebs,

zogadad,

ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da

384

isini

miTiTebebis

CamonaTvalSi

unda

SeiyvanoT.

teqstobriv

miTiTebebSi aRniSneT mxolod avtori da TariRi.

gamofenebis
rogorc

miuTiTeT

katalogebi.

wigns

miuTiTebdiT.

gamofenis

katalogi

miTiTebebis

iseve,

CamonaTvalSi,

gamoqveynebis monacemebis Semdeg, CawereT gamofenis saxelwodeba da

adgilmdebareoba(ebi).
R:

barteri, judiTi a., red. 1998. meri keseti: Tanamedrove qali. Cikago:
Cikagos xelovnebis instituti, gari n. abramsTan TanamSromlobiT.
gamoqveynda erTdroulad gamofenasTan `meri keseti: Tanamedrove
qali~,

romelic

vaSingtonis,

moewyo

kolumbiis

bostonis
olqi,

natifi

xelovnebis

erovnul

galereaSi

ganTqmuli

piesebi

muzeumSi,

da

Cikagos

xelovnebis institutSi.
piesebi. zogierT
aRniSnoT

mxolod

saTaurebisTvis
stili.

SemTxvevaSi
teqstur

miTiTebebSi.

gamoiyeneT mTavruli

(ix.,

asoebiT

SegiZliaT,

agreTve,
saTaurebis

19.5.1.)
weris

daaSoreT elementebi mZimeebiT. gamotoveT publikaciis

monacemebi

da

miuTiTeT

nawyvetebi

aqtisa

da

scenis

(an

sxva

dayofis) da ara gverdis nomris mixedviT.

P:

(iujin oneili, grZeli mogzauroba RameSi, aqti 2, scena 1)

Tu Tqveni naSromi exeba literaturul kvlevas an teqstebis Rrma
analizs, an Tu bundovani nawarmoebis citirebas akeTebT, yvela
piesa miuTiTeT ise, rogorc miuTiTebdiT wigns da aRniSneT is
miTiTebebis

CamonaTvalSi.

pasaJebi

miuTiTeT

gverdebiT

an

danayofebiT adgilobrivi moTxovnebis mixedviT.

R:

bagnoldi, inidi. 1953. carcis baRi. niu iorki: gamomcemloba rendom

hausi Random House.
anui, Jani. 1996. Tomas beketi. mTargm. lusien hili. niu iorki:
gamomcemloba riverhed buqsi Riverhead Books.

P:

(bagnoldi 1953, 8-9)

(anui 1996, moqm. 1, sc. 1)
385

partiturebi. miuTiTeT

gamoqveynebuli

partituta

ise,

rogorc

miuTiTebdiT wigns.
R:

verdi, juzepe. 1998. korsari (tragikuli melodrama sam moqmedebad).

libretos avtori franCesko maria piave. gamomc. elisabed hadsoni.
2 t. juzepe verdis naSromebi, ser. 1, operebi. Cikago: Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba; milani: gamomcemloba j. rikordi G.
Ricordi.
mocarti,

volfgang

fortepianosTvis.

amadeusi.

1960.

momzadebuli

sonatebi

da

originalebidan

fantaziebi
da

yvelaze

adrindeli beWdviTi wyaroebidan naTan broderis mier. gadaxed.

gamoc. brin mari, pensilvania: gamomcemloba Theodore Presser.
miuTiTeT

gamouqveynebeli

partitura

ise,

rogorc

miuTiTebdiT gamouqveynebel masalas xelnawerTa koleqciebidan.

R:

Seipi,

ralfi.

1966.

SemsruleblisTvis.

partita

partitura.

violinosTvis
specialuri

da

cameti

koleqcia,

jozef

regenSteinis biblioTeka. Cikagos universiteti.

19.9

sajaro dokumentebi
sajaro dokumentebi moicavs msoflios yvela donis mTavrobebis
mier

gamoSvebuli

warmodgenilia

wyaroebis

erTobliobas. winamdebare nawilSi

gavrcelebuli

tipis

inglisurenovani

sajaro

dokumentebisTvis gankuTvnili zogadi principebi; Tu dagWirdebaT

sxva

tipis

dokumentebis

miTiTeba,

ixelmZRvaneleT

yvelaze

miaxloebuli, saWiroebisamebr adaptirebuli modeliT.

sajaro dokumentebi Seicavs ufro rTul da mravalferovan
elementebs, vidre gamoqveynebuli wyaroebi.
SeZlebisdagvarad
Tanmimdevrulad

miTiTebebSi daurTeT

meti

saidentifikacio

daaformateT

elementebi

informacia,
da,

saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi, miTiTebebs miusadageT zogadi modelebi.

am

nawilis

umetesi

nawili

exeba

dokumentebs,

romlebic

gamoaqveynes aSS-s samTavrobo organoebma da saagentoebma. kanadisa

386

da gaerTianebuli samefos mTavrobebisa da, aseve, saerTaSoriso

organoebis mier gamoqveynebuli dokumentebis Sesaxeb ix. 19.9.919.9.11. zogadad, gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebis Sesaxeb
ix. 19.9.12.
19.9.1 Sesatani elementebi, maTi Tanmimdevroba da daformatebis wesi
miTiTebebis

CamonaTvalSi

SeitaneT

rac

SeiZleba

meti

qvemoT

CamoTvlili elementi:

mTavrobis (qveynis, Statis, qalaqis, olqis an sxva qvedanayofis) da

saxelisuflo organos (sakanonmdeblo organos, aRmasrulebeli
departamentis, sasamarTlo biuros, sabWos, komisiis an komitetis)
saxeli, romelmac gamosca dokumenti;

gamoqveynebis TariRi;

individualuri avtoris, redaqtoris

gvari, Tu miTiTebulia;

angariSis nomeri an sxva saidentifikacio informacia;

monacemebi gamocemis Sesaxeb: gamocemis adgili da gamomcemlis

gvari da saxeli, Tu es ukanaskneli gansxvavdeba gamomcemeli
organosgan (19.9.2-19.9.4-Si ganxiluli aSS-s federaluri mTavrobis
mier gamocemuli yvela publikaciisTvis Sesabamisad gamoiyeneT
aRniSvnebi;

gverdis nomrebi an sxva lokalizatorebi, Tu saWiroa;

CamoTvaleT
TanmimdevrobiT.

Sesabamisi
zogierTi

an Semdgenlis

elementebi
tipis

saxeli da

zemoT

dakumentTan

naCvenebi

dakavSirebiT

daSvebuli gamonaklisebi ganxilulia 19.9-is momdevno nawilebSi.

R:

aSS-is kongresi. senati. sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti. 1956. 1956

wlis erToblivi usafrTxoebis aqti. 84-e kongr., me-2 ses. sen. ang.
2273.
teqstur

miTiTebebSi

avtoris

adgilze

informacia, romelic miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi

CawereT

is

TariRis win aris

moyvanili. Tu es informacia grZelia, miTiTebebSi SegiZliaT, is

387

logikurad

da

teqsturi

Tanmimdevrulad

miTiTebebis

SeamokloT.

nacvlad,

bevr

SeiZleba,

SemTxvevaSi

moaxerxoT

am

informaciis teqstSi srulad an nawilobriv CarTva.

P:

(aSS-is senati 1956, 9-10)

. . . rogorc daadgina senatis sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetma
Tavis

angariSSi,

romelic

Tan

axlavs

1956

erToblivi

wlis

usafrTxoebis aqts (9-10).

19.9.2 kongresis publikaciebi
kongresis

publikaciebis

SemTxvevaSi,

miTiTebebis

CamonaTvlis

muxlebi, Cveulebriv, iwyeba aRniSvniT aSS-is kongresi, romelsac

mosdevs senati an warmomadgenelTa palata. (gamartivebis mizniT,
SegiZliaT,

gamoiyenoT,

ubralod,

aSS-is

senati

aSS-is

an

warmomadgenelTa palata. sxva gavrcelebuli elementebia komiteti

da

qvekomiteti;

gamoqveynebis

TariRi;

dokumentis

saTauri;

kongresisa da sxdomis nomeri (aseTi SemoklebiT: kongr. da ses.)

da dokumentis nomeri da aRwera (magaliTad, H. Doc. 487), Tu es
informacia xelmisawvdomia.

debatebi.

1873 wlidan kongresSi gamarTul debatebs mTavroba

aqveynebda aSS-is kongresis oficialur gamocemaSi `kongreSenal

rekord~

(kongresis

miuTiTeT
cvlilebebi.

reestri).

gamocemis

tomebi,

daiwyeT

teqsturi

yvelgan,

sadac

romlebSic
miTiTebebi

SesaZlebelia,

xSirad
abreviaturiT

aisaxeba

kongr.

reest. da daurTeT tomis da nawilis nomrebi, aseve gverdebis

nomrebi.
R:

aSS-is kongresi. kongresis reestri. 1930. 71-e kongr., me-2 ses. t. 72,
naw. 10.

P:

(kongr. reest. 1930, 72, naw. 10: 10828-30)

388

Tu

gesaWiroebaT

momxseneblis

da

gansaxilveli

sakiTxis

miTiTeba, CasviT es monacemebi teqstSi, xolo teqstur miTiTebebSi

warmoadgineT mxolod monacemebi publikaciis Sesaxeb.
masaCusetsis senatorma kenedim Tavis gamosvlaSi isaubra erTobliv
rezoluciaze birTvuli iaraRis gayinvis da SezRudvis Sesaxeb
(kongr. reest. 1982, 128, naw. 3: 3832-34).
1874

wlamde

kongresSi

gamarTuli

debatebi

qveyndeboda

gamocemaSi `SeerTebuli Statebis kongresis istoria~ (romelic,

aseve

cnobilia

sxva

saxelebiT)

da

moicavs

1789-1824 wlebis

periods, `kongreSenal dibeits~ (kongresis debatebi) (1824-37) da

`kongreSenal gloub~ (kongresis samyaro) (1833-73). miuTiTeT es
dokumentebi iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT ,,kongreSenal rekords.
angariSebi

da

dokumentebi.

senatis

(SemoklebiT

sen.),

aseve

warmomadgenelTa palatis (SemoklebiT war. pal.) angariSebisa da

dokumentebis

citirebisas

daurTeT

rogorc

kongresis,

aseve

sesiebis nomrebi da, Tu SesaZlebelia, seriis nomeric.

R:

aSS-is

kongresi.

savaluto

da

warmomadgenelTa

finansuri

palata.

sakiTxebis

1947. saerTaSoriso

erovnuli

sakonsultacio

sabWos saqmianobis 1947 wlis 31 martis angariSi. 80-e kongr., 1-li

ses. war. pal. dok. 365.
P:

(aSS-is war. pal. 1947, 4)

mosmenebi. konkresis komisiebisTvis micemuli Cvenebebis Canawerebi,
Cveulebriv,

qveyndeba

saTaurebiT,

romlebsac

aRniSnaven

miTiTebebSi. avtorad miuTiTeT Sesabamisi komiteti.

R:

aSS-is

kongresi.

senati.

sagareo

urTierTobaTa

komiteti.

1985.

SimSili afrikaSi: mosmenebi sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetSi. 99-e

kongr., 1-li ses., 17 ianvari.
P:

(aSS-is senati 1985, 53)

389

kanonproeqtebi

da

kongresis

rezoluciebi.

kanonproeqtebi

(sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi) da rezoluciebi qveyndeba bukletis

formiT.

miTiTebebSi

warmomadgenelTa

palataSi

wardgenili

kanonproeqtebis da rezoluciebis Semoklebad gamoiyeneba war. pal.

(HR), xolo senatSi wardgenili kanonproeqtebisa da rezoluciebis
Semoklebad - sen. daurTeT ,,kongreSenal rekordSi gamoqveynebuli
publikaciis detalebi (Tu xelmisawvdomia).
R:

aSS-is kongresi. warmomadgenelTa palata. 1985. 1985 wlis sakvebis

usafrTxoebis aqti. war. pal. 2100. 99-e kongr., 1-li ses., kongresis
reestri 131, # 132, yoveldRiuri gamoc. (8 oqtomberi): war. pal. 83538486.
P:

(aSS-is warmomadgenelTa palata 1985, war. pal. (H) 8461)

sakanonmdeblo aqtebi. kanonproeqtebi an rezoluciebi, romlebic
kanonad damtkicda jer calke ibeWdeba, Semdeg ki ikribeba da
ikinZeba yovelwliur tomebad saxelwodebiT: `SeerTebuli Statebis
kanonebis krebuli~. am krebulis gamoqveyneba daiwyo 1874 wels.
mogvianebiT am tomebs aerTianeben SeerTebuli Statebis kodeqsSi.
miuTiTeT

aSS-is sakanonmdeblo aqti, aSS-is kodeqsi an orive;

gansakuTrebuli debulebebi miuTiTeT nawilis mixedviT (romelsac

win uswrebs nawilis simbolo da intervali), xolo aqtebi

gverdebis mixedviT.
teqstur
miTiTebebis

miTiTebebSi

CamonaTvalSi

daurTeT
SeitaneT

aqtis

agreTve

miRebis
aqtebis

weli;

krebulis

gamoqveynebis TariRi. is SeiZleba, gansxvavdebodes kanonis miRebis

wlisgan.
R:

1946 wlis

aqti atomuri energiis Sesaxeb. sajaro kanoni 585. 79-e

kongr., me-2 ses. 1 agvisto.

aqti kreditebis zusti angariSgebis Sesaxeb. 1970. aSS-is kodeqsi 15

(2000), 1681 da Semdgomi.

390

1969

wlis

aqti

erovnuli

garemosdacviTi

kanoni 91-190. aSS-is

sajaro

kanonebis

politikis

krebuli

Sesaxeb.

83 (1970): 852.

kodificirebulia aSS-is kodeqsiT 42 (2000), 4321 da Semdgomi.

P:

(1946 wlis aqti atomuri energiis Sesaxeb)

(aqti kreditebis zusti angariSgebis Sesaxeb 1970)
(1969 wlis aqti erovnuli garemosdacviTi politikis Sesaxeb., par.
102)
1874

wlamde

kanonebi

qveyndeboda

Cvidmettomian

`amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebis sakanonmdeblo aqtebis krebulSi~, 1789-1873. am

krebulis miTiTebebi Seicavs tomis nomers da misi gamoqveynebis
TariRs.
19.9.3 saprezidento gamocemebi
saprezidento gamocemebi, brZanebulebebi, vetoebi, mimarTvebi da a.S.
qveyndeba `saprezidento dokumentebis yovelkvireul krebulSi~ da
`SeerTebuli
mowodebebi

Statebis
da

prezidentebis

brZanebulebebi

`federalur

reestrSi~,

normatiuli

aqtebis

Tavsdeba,

Semdeg

krebulis~

sajaro

ki
me-3

dokumentebSi~.

agreTve,

yoveldRiur

qveyndeba

`federaluri

titulSi.

saprezidento

gamocemebi wyarod gamoiyeneT `krebulSi~ gamoqveynebis Semdeg.

R:

aSS-is prezidenti. 1984. proklamacia. aqti karibis zRvis auzis

ekonomikuri

aRdgenis

Sesaxeb,

proklamacia

5142,

proklamacia

Sesworebis Setanis Sesaxeb 5133. federaluri reestri 49, # 2, gv. 341

(4 ianvari).
aSS-is

prezidenti.

1971.

prezidentis

brZanebuleba

11,609.

federaluri normatiuli aqtebis krebuli, saTauri 3, gv. 586 (197175).

P:

(aSS-is prezidenti 1984, 341)

(aSS-is prezidenti 1971)

391

aSS-s

prezidentebis

mravaltomeul
dakumentebis

sajaro

naSromSi:
krebuli,

dokumentebi

`prezidentebis

1789-1897,

da

ikribeba

or

mimarTvebis

`SeerTebuli

da

Statebis

prezidentebis sajaro dokumentebi~. es ukanaskneli gankuTvnilia

momavali mTavrobebisTvis.
R:

huveri, gerberti. 1977. SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentebis sajaro

dokumentebi: gerbert huveri, 1929-33. t. 4, vaSingtoni, kolumbiis

olqi: samTavrobo beWdvis sammarTvelo.
P:

(huveri 1977, 178-83)

19.9.4 samTavrobo dawesebulebebisa da saagentoebis gamocemebi

saministroebi,

sammarTveloebi

da

saagentoebi

gamoscemen

angariSebs, biuletenebs, cirkularebsa da sxva masalebs. saTauris

Semdeg daurTeT miTiTebuli avtoris saxeli da gvari.
R:

aSS-is Sinagan saqmeTa saministro. sasargeblo wiaRiseulis marTvis

samsaxuri. 1984. navTobis daRvris riskis analizi meqsikis yures

centraluri

(1984

aprili)

da

dasavleTi

nawilebisTvis

(1984

ivlisi), moamzada robert p. labelma. sajaro angariSi, aSS-is

geologiuri samsaxuri. denveri.
aSS-is

mosaxleobis

aRweris

biuro.

1975.

mTliani

binis

qiris

mediana SeerTebuli Statebis olqebis mixedviT, 1970. moamzada

geografiis

ganyofilebam

sabinao

mSeneblobis

ganyofilebasTan

erTad, mosaxleobis aRweris biuro. vaSingroni, kolumbiis olqi:

samTavrobo beWdvis sammarTvelo.
P:

(aSS-is Sinagan saqmeTa saministro 1984, 3)

(aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro 1975, 15-16)
samTavrobo

komisiebis,

magaliTad,

kavSirgabmulobis

federaluri komisiis an fasiani qaRaldebisa da birJebis komisiis

mier

gamocemuli

biuletenebis,

cirkularebis,

angariSebisa

da

kvlevebis citireba xdeba zustad iseve, rogorc sakanonmdeblo

392

angariSebisa.

isini

xSirad

klasificirdeba,

rogorc

warmomadgenelTa palatis (war. pal.) an senatis (sen.) dokumentebi.

R:

aSS-is

kongresi.

senati.

1935. federaluri

vaWrobis

komisiis

angariSi sazogadoebrivi sargeblobis (komunaluri) korporaciebis

Sesaxeb. 70-e kongr., 1-li ses., sen. dok. 91, naw. 71A.
aSS-is fasiani qaRaldebisa da sabirJo operaciebis komisia. 1983.

fasiani qaRaldebisa da sabirJo operaciebis komisiis wliuri

angariSi

finansuri

wlisTvis.

vaSingtoni,

kolumbiis

olqi:

samTavrobo beWdvis sammarTvelo.

P:

(aSS-is senati 1935, 1)

(aSS-is fasiani qaRaldebisa da sabirJo operaciebis komisia 1983,
42)

19.9.5 aSS-s konstitucia

aSS-s konstitucia aRiniSneba mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi; ar aris
aucilebeli misi CarTva miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi. daurTeT muxli
an Sesworeba, nawili da, Tu saWiroa, punqtic. iseTi terminebisTvis,
rogoricaa Sesworeba da nawili, gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi da,
Tu moisurvebT, abreviaturebi.
P:

(aSS-is konstitucia, mux. 2, naw. 1, punq. 3)

(aSS-is konstitucia, Seswor. 14, naw. 2)
xSir

SemTxvevaSi,

saidentifikacio

monacemebi.

SegiZliaT,
aseT

dros

teqstSi
nawilebis

CarToT
saxelebi

dawereT sityvierad. Tu Sesworebebis nomrebs cifrebis nacvlad

sityvierad werT, sityvebis pirveli asoebi mTavruliT dawereT.
aSS-is

konstitucia,

1-l

muxlSi,

me-9

nawilSi,

krZalavs

sasamarTlo brZanebis SeCerebas (gadavadebas), `garda SemTxvevebisa,

rodesac ajanyebis an samxedro Semosevis SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba,
saWiro iyos sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad~.
pirveli SesworebiT daculia azris Tavisuflad gamoTqmis ufleba.

393

19.9.6 xelSekrulebebi
1949

wlamde

xelmowerili

`SeerTebuli
miTiTebaSi

Statebis

kanonebis

gamoiyeneba

`saprezidento

xelSekrulebebis

terminebi

SeTanxmebebis

xelmowerili

krebulSi~;

seria~. 1949

wels

qveyndeba

araoficialur

`xelSekrulebebis

xelSekrulebebi

`SeerTebuli

teqstebi

an

Tavmoyrilia

seria~
mas

an

Semdeg

dokumentSi

Statebis

xelSekrulebebi

da

sxva

saerTaSoriso

SeTanxmebebi~, 1950- an

`xelSekrulebebi

da

sxva

saerTaSoriso

saxelmwifos

monawileobiT

aqtebis

seriebi~, 1946-). orze

dadebuli

xelSekrulebebi

`gaerTianebuli
erebis

erebis

samdivnoSi

aRricxvaSi

meti

SeiZleba,

moiZebnos

xelSekrulebebis

daregistrirebuli

gatarebuli

seria:
an

xelSekrulebebi

dokumentSi

gaerTianebuli

daarqivebuli,
da

an

saerTaSoriso

SeTanxmebebi~. 1920-1946 wlebSi dadebuli amgvari xelSekrulebebi

Tavmoyrilia ,,erTa ligis xelSekrulebebis seriaSi".
miuTiTeT
brWyalebis

xelSekrulebebis

gareSe.

dawereT

saxelebi

daxrili

swori

SriftiT

SriftiT,
gamocemebis

saxelebi, im SemTxvevaSic, Tu isini mravaltomeuli naSromebia da

ara

seriebi.

zusti

TariRi

aRniSnavs

dokumentze

xelmoweris

TariRs da misi miTiTeba SeiZleba xelSekrulebis gamoqveynebis

welTan erTad.
R:

aSS-is saxelmwifo departamenti. 1963. birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis

akrZalva, 5 agvisto, 1963. SeerTebuli Statebis xelSekrulebebi da

sxva saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi 14, naw. 2.

SeerTebuli
SeiaraRebebis

Statebi.

1922.

SezRudvis

xelSekruleba

Sesaxeb.

1922

wlis

samxedro-sazRvao
26

Tebervali.

SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebuli 43, naw. 2.

P:

(aSS-is saxelmwifo departamenti 1963)

(SeerTebuli Statebi 1922)

394

19.9.7 sasamarTlo saqmeebi

yvela instanciis sasamarTlos saqmeebis miTiTeba erTnairad xdeba.
miTiTebebis

CamonaTvalSi

daxrili

SriftiT

miuTiTeT

saqmis

sruli saxeli (v _ laT., winaaRmdeg, mTarg. SeniSvna) abreviaturis

CaTvliT). daurTeT tomis nomeri (arabuli cifrebiT), sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebaTa krebulis saxeli (SemoklebiT; ix. qvemoT), seriis
rigiTi

nomeri

(Tu

nomeri,

sasamarTlos

saWiroa), gadawyvetilebis sawyisi

Semoklebuli

saxeli

da

gverdis

TariRi,

sxva

Sesabamisi informacia, magaliTad, amkinZavi samsaxuri, an Statis, an

adgilobrivi

sasamarTlos

saxeli

(Tu

miTiTebuli

ar

aris

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis krebulis Semdgenis saxelSi).

SeerTebuli Statebi qrismasis winaaRmdeg. 222 F.3d 141 (4th Cir. 2000).

R:

mogebaSi monawileobis gegma embank dalasis winaaRmdeg, N.A. 683 fed.

dam. 592 (N.D. Tex. 1988).
erTaderTi
instanciis

elementi,

mixedviT,

romelic

sasamarTlo

gansxvavdeba

sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebebis

krebulis

saxelia. qvemoT CamoTvlilia yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelebi.

aSS-s

uzenaesi

sasamarTlo.

uzenaesi
sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebebis moyvanisas, miuTiTeT `SeerTebuli Statebis
uzenaesi sasamarTlos moxsenebebi~ (SemoklebiT `aSS-s uzenaesi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~, Tu is jer ar aris
asaxuli pirvel dokumentSi.

korporacia ei-ti end ti korp. Aiova iutilitizis winaaRmdeg 525

R:

a.S.S. 366 (1999).

S.p.p. artur Andersen i SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg. 125 S. Ct. 2129
(2005).

ufro dabali instanciis federaluri sasamarTloebi. ufro dabali

instanciis
federaluri
sasamarTloebis
gadawyvetilebebis
moyvanisas,
miuTiTeT
`federaluri
sasamarTloebis
gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~ an `aSS-s saolqo sasamarTloebisa da
saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~.

395

SeerTebuli Statebi dennisis winaaRmdeg. 183 F. 201 (2d Cir. 1950).

R:

itoni ai-bi-em korp.-is winaaRmdeg 925 fed. dan. 487 (S.D. Tex. 1996).

Statisa da adgilobrivi sasamarTloebi. Statis da adgilobrivi

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis citirebisas, sadac SesaZlebelia,
miuTiTeT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis krebulis oficialuri
saxelmwifo Semdgenebi. Tu komerciul krebuls iyenebT, miuTiTeT
igi, rogorc es naCvenebia qvemoT moyvanil meore magaliTSi. Tu
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis krebuli ar asaxelebs sasamarTlos,
miuTiTeT is frCxilebSi TariRis win.

R:

viliamsi devisis winaaRmdeg. 27 kalif. kal. 2d 746 (1946).

bivens moblis winaaRmdeg. 724 So. 2d 458. (misisipis saapel. sas. 1998).
sasamarTlo
saxeli

da

daurTeT,

saqmis

TariRi

aseve,

citirebisas

(Tu

gverdis

konkretul
nomeric).

teqstSi

miuTiTeT

formulirebas

xSir

SemTxvevaSi

saqmis

uTiTebT,
SeiZleba,

teqstSi erT-erTi an orive elementi SeitanoT.

P:

(SeerTebuli Statebi qrismasis winaaRmdeg 2000)

. . . misi principis saukeTeso magaliTi iyo saqme SeerTebuli

Statebi qrismasis winaaRmdeg (2000).

19.9.8 Statis da adgilobrivi mTavrobis dokumentebi
Statis da adgilobrivi mTavrobis dokumentebis citireba gaakeTeT
iseve, rogorc federaluri dokumentebisa. ixmareT swori Srifti
(brWyalebis

gareSe)

dadgenilebebisTvis;

Statis
ixmareT

kanonebisa
daxrili

da

municipaluri

Srifti

kodeqsebisTvis

(krebulebisTvis). sadac saWiroa, daurTeT saxeli, raTa aRniSnoT

kodeqsis romeli versiidanaa citata moyvanili. Semdeg frCxilebSi
miuTiTeT kodeqsis gamocemis TariRi.
R:

kanoni

metamfetaminis

moxmarebis

kontrolis

da

sazogadoebis

dacvis Sesaxeb. 2005. ilinoisis sakanonmdeblo aqtebis krebuli,

Tavi 720, naw. 646/10 (2005).
ilinoisis garemos xarisxis dacvis instituti (igxi). 1977. gogirdis

dioqsidis da aerozolebis da myari nawilakebis emisiis winaaRmdeg

396

brZolaSi sazogadoebis CarTvis mimoxilva da reziume. moamzada

sidnei m. marderma. igxdi-s dokuemnti # 77/21. Cikago.
P:

(niu meqsikos konstitucia, mux. 4, naw. 7)

(kanoni

metamfetaminis

moxmarebis

kontrolis

da

sazogadoebis

dacvis Sesaxeb 2005)

19.9.9 kanadis samTavrobo dokumentebi
kanadis

samTavrobo

dokumentebi

miuTiTeT

aSS-s

sajaro

dokumentebis msgavsad. miTiTebebi daiwyeT sityviT kanadis, Tu igi

calsaxad ar aris gasagebi konteqstidan. SeamokleT sityvebi Tavi

(T.) da nawili (naw),

saparlamento

debatebi

gamoicema

calke

seriebad:

`TemTa

palatis debatebi~ da `senatis debatebi~. sadac saWiroa, daurTeT

gamomsvlelis saxeli da gvari. provinciebisa da teritoriebis
sakanonmdeblo organoebi gamoscemen sakuTar debatebs.
R:

kanada.

manitoba.

sakanonmdeblo

asamblea.

2000.

debatebi

da

protokolebi. 17 agvisto.
P:

(kanada 2000, 5326)

saparlamento sakanonmdeblo aqtebis miTiTebisas daurTeT
sakanonmdeblo aqtis nomeri, saxeli, miRebis weli, sadac saWiroa,
sesiis nomeri, parlamentis nomeri da, saWiroebisamebr, damatebiTi
informacia.

R:

kanonproeqti C-40. kanoni eqstradiciis Sesaxeb. 1999. me-2 ses., 36-e

parlamenti, 1998, punq. 1. kanadis statutebi, T. 18.

P:

(kanonproeqti C-40, kanoni eqstradiciis Sesaxeb 1999)

kanadis aqtebi pirvelad yovelwliur `kanadis statutebSi~
gamoqveynda,

1985

gadamuSavebuli

wels

ki

is

aqtebi~. sadac

gaaerTianes

dokumentSi

SesaZlebelia,

`kanadis

gamoiyeneT

bolo

wyaro da daasaxeleT aqtis saxeli, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis

krebulis Semdgeni, Sedgenis weli, Tavi da nawili.

397

R:

kanoni kanadis cocxali bunebis Sesaxeb, kanadis gadamuSavebuli

aqtebi 1985, T. W-9, naw. 1.
kanoni

adamianis

reproduqciis

damxmare

saSualebebis

Sesaxeb,

kanadis statutebi 2004, c.2, s. 2.

P:

(kanoni kanadis cocxali bunebis Sesaxeb 1985)

19.9.10 britanuli samTavrobo dokumentebi

britaneTis

samTavrobo

dokumentebi

miuTiTeT

aSS-is

sajaro

dokumentebis msgavsad. citirebebi daiwyeT fraziT `gaerTianebuli

samefo~, Tu es koteqstidan calsaxad cxadi ar aris. britanuli
saxelmwifo dokumentebis umetesobas misi udidebulesobis (mefis
an dedoflis) saxelmwifo kancelaria gamoscems londonSi.
saparlamento debatebi gamoicemoda ramdenime seriad, xolo
1909 wlidan gamoicema calke-calke seriebad lordTa da TemTa
palatebisTvis. miTiTebebi Seicavs TariRs, serias, tomis nomers da
(Tu saWiroa) svets an xandaxan gverdis nomers. zog SemTxvevaSi
SegiZliaT, miuTiToT tomis konkretuli dokumenti.
R:

gaerTianebuli samefo. 1879. saparlamento debatebis oficialuri

angariSi. me-3 ser., t. 249.

CerCili, uinstoni. 1945. TemTa palataSi warmoTqmuli sityva, 18
ianvari. saparlamento debatebi, TemTa palata, me-5 ser., t. 407 (194445), svetebi 425-46.
P:

(gaerTianebuli samefo, svetebi 611-27)

(CerCili 1945, svetebi 425-46)
parlamentis mier calke gamocemuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi,
moxsenebebi

da

dokumentebi

yoveli

sesiis

dasasruls

erTad

gamoicema tomebad. am tomebs `sesiis dokumentebi~ (Sessional Papers)

ewodeba. yoveli tomi Seicavs nawilis saxels.
R:

gaerTianebuli samefo. TemTa palata. 1983. saxalxo ganaTlebis

adgilobrivi

organoebis

mTavari

administratoris

TanaSemwis

398

amJamindeli

da

momavali

roli.

sesiis

dokumentebi,

1982-83.

patimrebisTvis profesiis swavleba cixeebSi. 25 aprili. t. 2.

P:

(gaerTianebuli samefo 1983, t. 2, par. 9.14, gv. 102)

parlamentis

aqtebi,

rogorc

wesi,

aRiniSneba

mxolod

teqstur miTiTebebSi an teqstSi. aucilebeli ar aris maTi CarTva

miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi. Tumca, SegiZliaT, CamonaTvalSi CarToT
is naSromi, romelic kritikulad mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentis
gasamyareblad an romelic xSirad gaqvT gamoyenebuli. aqtebis
citirebisas miuTiTeT saxeli (swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi Casmis
gareSe), TariRi da Tavis nomeri (T. TavisTvis;

arabuli cifri

saxelmwifo nomrisTvis, nusxuri romauli cifrebi adgilobrivi

nomrisTvis). 1963 wlamde gamoSvebuli aqtebis aRniSvnisas miuTiTeT
monarqis mefobis weli, monarqis saxeli (SemoklebiT) da rigiToba
(arabulad).
P:

(1701 wlis aqti taxtis memkvidreobis Sesaxeb, 12 da 13 uil. 3, T. 2)

(1963 wlis qti konsolidirebuli fondis Sesaxeb, T. 1)
(1967 aqti manCesteris korporaciis Sesaxeb, T. xl)
britanuli istoriuli Canawerebis mravali krebuli arsebobs.
zogierTi

maTgani

saxelmwifo

arqivSi

Senaxuli

dokumentebis

aslia.
R:

gaerTianebuli samefo. 1890-1907. inglisis saidumlo sabWos aqtebi.

gamomc. j. r. deisenti. 32 tomi. londoni.
gaerTianebuli

parlamentis

samefo.

dauTariRebeli.

oficialuri

gaerTianebuli

samefos

dokumentebi . . . (1278-1504). 6 tomi.

paginaciis gareSe
gaerTianebuli samefo. 1810-28. samefo aqtebi. gamomc. e. ludersi da
sxvebi. 11 tomi. londoni.
P:

(gaerTianebuli samefo, 1810-28)

399

19.9.11 saerTaSoriso organoebis gamocemebi

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, magaliTad, gaerTianebuli erebis,
dokumentebis citirebisas, miuTiTeT sanqciis gamcemi organo (da,
sadac saWiroa, avtori da redaqtori), TariRi da dokumentis Tema
an

saxeli.

daurTeT,

agreTve,

seriis

da

gamocemis

nomrebi,

gamocemis adgili da gamomcemeli. sayovelTaod cnobili mTavari

organoebis

citirebisas

SegiZliaT,

gamoiyenoT

abreviaturebi

(gaero _ gaerTianebuli erebi, mso _ msoflio savaWro organizacia

da a.S.).
R:

erTa liga. 1935. rusuli warmoSobis qalebis mdgomareoba Soreul

aRmosavleTSi. ser. LoNP, IV.3. Jeneva: erTa liga.

generaluri SeTanxmeba tarifebis da vaWrobis Sesaxeb (gStv). 1994.

mravalmxrivi savaWro molaparakebebis urugvais raundis Sedegebi:

normatiuli aqtebis teqstebi. Jeneva: gStv-is samdivno.
P:

(erTa liga 1935)

(gStv 1994)

19.9.12 gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebi

gamouqveynebeli

samTavrobo

dokumentebis

citirebisas

ixelmZRvaneleT 19.6.4-Si aRwerili modelebiT.

aSS-is mTavrobis gamouqveynebeli dokumentebis umravlesoba
inaxeba erovnul arqivebSi, vaSingtonSi, kolumbiis olqSi an mis
filialebSi.

yvela

am

masalis,

maT

Soris,

filmebis,

fotosuraTebis da audio Canawerebis, aseve, teqsturi masalebis

citireba xdeba Canaweris jgufis nomris mixedviT.
kanadis
dawesebulebaa
gaerTianebul
dokumentebis

gamouqveynebeli
kanadis
samefos
ramdenime

samTavrobo

erovnuli
aqvs
sacavi,

dokumentebis

arqivebi

otavaSi,

gamouqveynebeli
kerZod,

saxelmwifo

Sesanaxi
ontario.

samTavrobo
arqivi da

britaneTis muzeumi, orive maTgani mdebareobs londonSi.

400

19.9.13 sajaro dokumentebi onlain reJimSi

sajaro

dokumentebis

citirebisas

ixelmZRvaneleT

19.9-Si

warmodgenili Sesabamisi magaliTebiT. amasTan, daurTeT URL-i da

masalis internetiT gacnobis TariRi (ix. 15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT,
rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi; SeZlebisdagvarad unda
miuTiToT wyaros yvela monacemi, raTa mkiTxvelma SeZlos wyaros
moZieba

Secvlis

URL-is

SemTxvevaSic.

Tu

gverdebis

nomrebi

xelmisawvdomi ar aris, miTiTebuli nawyvetis adgilmdebareobis

aRniSvna

teqstur

miTiTebebSi

aRwerilobiTi

lokalizatoris

damatebiT SegiZliaT (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri).

R:

aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro. 2004. Semosavali, siRaribe da

dafarva

janmrTelobis

dazRveviT

SeerTebul

http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf

(bolos

StatebSi,
Sesvlis

2004.

TariRi

2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).

P:

(aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro 2004, saTauris `Semosavlis da

siRaribis donis fardoba~ qveS)

an
(aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro 2004)

19.10 erT wyaroSi miTiTebuli meore wyaro

pasuxismgeblobis

grZnobis

mqone

mkvlevrebi Tavs

arideben

im

citatebis moyvanas, romlebic maT originalSi ar unaxavT. Tu erTi

wyaro miuTiTebs sxva sasargeblo wyaroze, savaraudod, Tqveni
mkiTxvelebi amjobineben, rom moiZioT orginali, raTa gadaamowmoT
rogorc miTiTebis sizuste, ise is, Tu ramdenad sworad gadmoscems
citata originalis azrs.
amasTan,
miTiTebebis

Tu

originaluri

CamonaTvalSi

wyaro

aRniSneT

is

xelmisawvdomi
amgvarad:

ar

aris,

`miTiTebuli

401

meorad

wyaroSi~.

teqstur

miTiTebebSi

SeitaneT

mxolod

originaluri wyaros avtoris gvari.

R:

Jukofski, lui. 1931. gulwrfeloba da xorcis Sesxma. Jurnali

poezia 37 (Tebervali): 269. citirebulia naSromSi boni kostelo,

mariana

muri:

warmosaxviTi

simdidreebi

(kembriji,

masaCusetsi:

harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1981).

P:

(Jukofski 1931, 269)

msgavsi

situacia

SeiZleba

Seiqmnas,

rodesac

uTiTebT

citatas, romelic meorad wyaroSi ipoveT, xolo am meorad wyaroze

ki

pirvelwyaros

SeZlebT,

miTiTebiT

gaecnoT

gamouqveynebeli

gadaxvediT.

pirvelwyaros,

xelnawerebis

(ix. 3.1.1). xSirad

gansakuTrebiT,

krebulia.

am

Tu

ver
is

SemTxvevaSi,

ixelmZRvaneleT zemoT mocemuli principebiT.

402

nawili III

stili

20

orTografia (marTlwera)

20.1

mravlobiTi ricxvi
20.1.1 zogadi wesi
20.1.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi

20.2

kuTvnilebiTi brunva
20.2.1 zogadi wesi
20.2.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi

20.3

Sedgenili da prefiqsebiT warmoebuli sityvebi

20.3.1Sedgenili sityvebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba, rogorc zedsarTavi
saxelebi
20.3.2 Sedgenili sityvebi, romelic gamoiyeneba rogorc arsebiTi da
zedsarTavi saxelebi
20.3.3 prefiqsebiT warmoebuli sityvebi

20.4

striqonis gadatana
20.4.1 sityvebis gadatana
20.4.2 intervalebis gadatana da punqtuacia

werisas

misdieT

amerikul

wesebs

da

iyaviT

Tanmimdevrulni,

citirebebis SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, sadac Cveulebrivad

unda

misdioT

originalur

damwerlobas

gagiCndaT eWvi, mimarTeT leqsikons.

(ix.

25-e

Tumca, unda

zustad

Tavi).

Tu

icodeT, rom

leqsikonebSi xSirad gansxvavebulad aris mocemuli erTi da imave

sityvis damwerloba da zogi leqsikoni sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro
zusti da Tanamedrovea.

403

orTografiis

TvalsazrisiT,

avtoritetuli leqsikonia
leqsikoni~

(Websters

Semoklebuli

yvelaze

sando

da

`vebsteris mesame axali saerTaSoriso

Third

New

International

`meriem-vebsteris

varianti

an

Dictionary)

misi

sauniversiteto

leqsikonis~ (Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary)meTerTmete gamocema.

Semoklebuli

varianti

vebformatis

saxiT.

xelmisawvdomia
adamianebis

adgilebis dasaxelebebi
`meriem-vebsteris

wignis,

saxelebi

CD-ROM-isa

da

da

geografiuli

ixileT,,vebsteris leqsikonis bolos an

biografiuli

leqsikonisa~

(Merriam-Websters

Biographical Dictionary)da `meriem-vebsteris geografiuli leqsikonis~

(Merriam-Websters Geographical Dictionary) calke gamocemebSi.
Tu ,,vebsteris leqsikonSi erTi da imave sityvis sxvadasxva
dawerilobaa

mocemulivariantis

amosarCevad

ixelmZRvaneleT

Semdegi principebiT: sadac variantebi gamoyofilia sityviT `an~

(or), airCieT erT-erTi varianti da mudmivad isgamoiyeneT; sadac
variantebi

gamoyofilia

,,vebsteris

sityviT

`aseve~, ixmareT

leqsikonSi

dawerilobagansxvavdeba
variantisgan,
sxvadasxva

moyvanili

Tqvens

ixelmZRvaneleT

pirveli.

sasurveli

disciplinaSi

Tqveni

disciplinisTvis

Tu

disciplinis

miRebuli
dawerilobiT.

damaxasiaTebeli

stilis

saxelmZRvaneloebi ixileT bibliografiaSi.

umetesi
funqcias

teqsturi

SeuZlia

orTografiuli
gamoicnobs

zogi,

Secdomis

imas,

procesorisorTografiis

rom

magram

ara

dafiqsireba.
Tqven

dabeWdeT

Semowmebis

uklebliv

magaliTad,
sityva

yvela,
igi

and,

ver
magram

gulisxmobdiT sityvas an-s, an dawereT sityva quite sityvis quiet-

isnacvlad. is, savaraudod, ver dagexmarebaT sakuTari saxelebis an

ucxouri

sityvebis

beWdvisas

da

SeiZleba,

ise

masStaburad

SegacvlevinoT damwerloba, rom orTografia araswori gamovides.

404

damwerlobis Semowmebis funqcia ver Secvlis karg leqsikons an

saguldagulo koreqturas.
winamdebare
miTiTebebs

Tavi

damwerlobis

leqsikonebis

gTavazobT
im

umravlesobaSiver

zogad

SemTxvevebis
naxavT.

Tu

saxelmZRvanelo

Sesaxeb,

romlebsac

muSaobT

sadiplomo

naSromze an disertaciaze, Tqvens ganyofilebas an universitets

SeiZleba,damwerlobis specialuri moTxovnebi hqondes (specifikuri
leqsikonebis gamoyenebis CaTvliT). es moTxovnebi, rogorc wesi,
disertaciebis
naSromze,

ganyofilebaSi

Tqvenma

moipoveba.

pedagogma

Tu

SeiZleba,

muSaobT
aseve,

sakurso

mogTxovoT,

ixelmZRvaneloT damwerlobis garkveuli principebiT. gaerkvieT am

moTxovnebSi,

sanam

Tqvens

naSromsmoamzadebT.

isini

winamdebare

TavSi SemoTavazebul saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebze upiratesia.

20.1

mravlobiTi ricxvi

20.1.1 zogadi wesi

sazogado arsebiTi saxelebisTvis mravlobiTi ricxvi awarmoeT aso
s-isdamatebiT (an es-is damatebiT sityvebisTvis, romlebic mTavrdeba
daboloebiT ch, j, s, sh, x, an z). leqsikonebis umravlesoba iZleva
mravlobiT

formebs

mxolod

im

sityvebisTvis,

romlebic

ar

emorCileba zogad wess.

zogadi wesi vrceldeba
arsebiT

saxelebze,

maT

adamianebis
Soris,

gvarebze da

ZirZveli

sxva

sakuTar

amerikuli

tomebis

saxelebze. Tu aseTi arsebiTi saxeli mTavrdeba y-ze, nu SecvliT ysie-iT, rogorc moiTxoveba sazogado arsebiTi saxelebisTvis. (nu
agerevaT

mravlobiTi

ricxvis

formebi

kuTvnilebiTi

brunvis

formebSi, romlebic aRwerilia 20.2-Si).

the Costellos

the two Germanys

the Frys (not the Fries)

the Hopis of Arizona (not the Hopi)

the Rodriguezes

405

20.1.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi

Sedgenili sityvebi. ori arsebiTi saxelisgan Semdgari Sedgenili
sityvebis SemTxvevaSi bolo arsebiT saxels daumateTs-i daes-i.
bookkeepers

district attorneys

Tu

arsebiT

saxels

actor-singers

mohyveba

windebuliani

frazaan

zedsarTavi saxeli, mTavar arsebiT saxelsdaurTeT s-i anes-i.

sisters-in-law
asoebi

attorneys general

da

asoebisa

ricxviTi

da

saxelebi.

ricxviTi

saxelebis

men-of-war
umetes

SemTxvevebSi,

mravlobiTi

mTavruli

ricxvi

awarmoeT

mxolod s-is (da ara s-is) darTviT.

The three Rs

the 1950s

767s

amasTan, nusxuri asoebis da zogierTi calkeuli mTavruli asos

SemTxvevaSi,s-s

apostrofis

gareSe

sxva

sityvis

(is,

As)

an

abreviaturis (ms) STabeWdilebis SeqmnaSeuZlia. Tukis-igaugebrobas

iwvevs, daurTeT apostrofi. apostrofi da s-i swori SriftiT
iwereba maSinac, roca aso daxrili StifriT aris dawerili (ix.
22.2.2).
dotting all the is

three As and two Bs

xs and ys

abreviatura.abreviaturebis mravlobiTi ricxvis formebi awarmoeT

Sida wertilebis gareSe da mxolod s-is darTviT. Tu abreviaturis
mxolobiTi

ricxvis

forma

mTavrdeba

wertiliT,

dawereT

s-i

wertilis win. (ix.24.1.3 abreviaturebis punqtuaciis Sesaxeb).

URLs

vols.

DVDs

eds.

daurTeT

apostrofi

s-is

win

mxolod

im

SemTxvevaSi,

Tu

abreviatura Seicavs Sida wertilebs an rogorc mTavrul, ise

nusxur asoebs.
406

PhDs (or Ph.D.s; see 24.2.3)

ramdenime abreviaturas aqvs mravlobiTi ricxvis arawesieri
forma (ix., aseve,24.7).
pp. (p.-is mravlobiTi, page)

nn. (n.-is mravlobiTi, note)

Tu Tqveni naSromi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs exeba da

iyenebT sazomi erTeulebis abreviaturebs (ix.24.5), ixmareT erTi da
igive

abreviatura

rogorc

mxolobiTi,

ise

mravlobiTi

formebisTvis.
37 m2

6 kg

terminebi daxrili SriftiT da brWyalebSi. daxrili SriftiT

dawerili terminis mravlobiTi ricxvis sawarmoeblad daurTeT mas
mxolods-i(da
Casmuli

aras)swori

terminis

SriftiT.

mravlobiT

ricxvs

nu

awarmoebT

s-is

brWyalebSi

darTviT;

xelaxla

CamoayalibeT winadadeba.
two Chicago Tribunes
. . . included To be continued many times

da ara
. . . included many To be continueds

20.2 kuTvnilebiTi brunva

20.2.1 zogadi wesi
sazogado da sakuTari saxelebis umetesobis, aseve s-iT, x-iT an z-iT
daboloebuli sityvebis, kuTvnilebiTi forma awarmoeT apostrofisa da
s-is darTviT. es wesi. aseve, moqmedebs arsebiT saxelad gamoyenebuli
asoebis, ricxviTi saxelebisa da abreviaturebis kuTvnilebiTi formis
warmoebaze (erTmaneTSi ar agerioT kuTvnilebiTi da mravlobiTi forma,
romelic 20.1-Sia ganxiluli). gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisTvis ixileT
20.2.2.
407

An arguments effects

Stevens poems

2009s economic outlook

the phalanxs advance

Diazs revolt

JFKs speech

usulo

arsebiTi

saxelebi,

garda

drois

monakveTis

aRmniSvnelisa,

iSviaTad iRebs kuTnilebiT formas.

A days length
mravlobiTi
forma

The houses door

magram ara
ricxvis

awarmoeT

sazogado
mxolod

da

sakuTari

apostrofis

saxelebis
dasmiT.

kuTnilebiTi

gansakuTrebuli

SemTxvevebisTvis ixileT 20.2.2.

Politicians votes

ara

Politicianss votes

The Rodriguezes house

ara

The Rodriguezess house

im

arsebiTi

saxelebis

kuTvnilebiTi

forma,

romelTac

arawesieri

mravlobiTi forma aqvs da s-iT ar bolovdeba, awarmoeT apostrofis

Semdeg s-is darTviT.
the mices nest

childrens literature

20.2.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi

S-iT daboloebuli mxolobiTi arsebiTi saxelebi. Semdegi tipis
arsebiTi

saxelebis

kuTvnilebiTi

brunva

awarmoeT

mxolod

apostrofis meSveobiT:

arsebiTi saxelebi, romliTac moixsenieben jgufs an koleqtiur

erTobas, magramgramatikaSi miCneulia mxolobiTad nouns that name a
group or collective entity but are treated as grammatically singular.
politics true meaning

the United States role

arsebiTi saxelebi, romlebic bolovdeba munj s-ze.

Descartes Discourse on Method

mravalmarcvliani arsebiTi saxelebi, umaxvilo daboloebebiT,

romelic warmoiTqmeba, rogorc eez, maT Soris, mravali berZnuli
da Zvel berZnulad qceuli saxelebi hellenized names.
Aristophanes plays

Albert Camus novels

s-zean bgera
s-ze
sakegamoTqmebSi

the Ganges source

daboloebuli

arsebiTi

Charles Yerkes ideas

saxelebi

For . . .

408

for conscience sake

for appearance sake
amis

sanacvlod,

SegiZliaT,

xelaxla

CamoayaliboT

winadadeba,

romelic Seicavs erT-erT aseT gamonakliss. (am situaciaSi U.S.

abreviaturis xmarebis wesis Sesaxeb ix.24.3.1.)
the role of the United States

nacvlad

the United States role

for the sake of appearance

nacvlad

for appearance sake

Sedgenili sityvebi. mxolobiTi Sedgenili sityvebis kuTvnilebiTi

brunva awarmoeT bolo sityvisTvis apostrofis da s-is darTviT,
maSinac, roca pirveli mTavari arsebiTi saxelia.
his sister-in-laws business

the attorney generals decision

moerideT kuTvnilebiTi brunvis xmarebas mravlobiT ricxvSi myof

Sedgenil

sityvebSi,

romlebSic

arsebiT

saxels

mosdevs

windebuliani fraza an zedsarTavi saxeli; xelaxla CamoayalibeT

winadadeba.
decisions of the attorneys general

attorneys general decisions

da ara

ramdenime arsebiTi saxeli. Tu kuTvnilebiTi brunva aRniSnavs,

rom ori an meti obieqtidan TiToeulical-calke flobs raimes,
CasviT yvela arsebiTi saxeli kuTvnilebiT brunvaSi.
New Yorks and Chicagos teams
Tu

kuTvnilebiTi

brunva

historians and economists methods

aRniSnavs,

rom

ori

an

meti

obieqti

erToblivad flobs raimes, CasviT kuTvnilebiT brunvaSi mxolod

bolo arsebiTi saxeli.
Minneapolis and St. Pauls teams

historians and economicsts data

daxrili SriftiT dabeWdili da brWyalebSi Casmuli terminebi.

Tu daxrili SriftiT dabeWdili termini kuTvnilebiT brunvaSia,
rogorc apostrofi, iseve s-i unda daibeWdos swori SriftiT. nu
CasvamT

kuTvnilebiT

brunvaSi

brWyalebSi

moqceul

termins;

xelaxla CamoayalibeT winadadeba.

the Atlantic Monthlys editor

admirers of Ode on a Grecian Urn

409

20.3

Sedgenili da prefiqsebiT warmoebuli sityvebi

Znelia winaswar Tqma, rodis unda daurToT Sedgenil sityvas an
Sedgenil modifikators defisi, davtovoT udefisod (intervaliT
da

ara

defisiT

elementebs

Soris)

an

uintervalod(daweroT

rogorc erTi sityva). am SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso avtoritetiTqveni

leqsikonia.

Tu

leqsikonSi

ver

moZebniT

Sedgenil

sityvas,

ixelmZRvaneleT Semdgom paragrafebSi Camoyalibebuli principebiT,

raTa gansazRvroT, unda ixmaroT Tu ara defisi. Tu vercerT
magaliTSi

vermoaxerxebT

formis

moZebnas,

datoveT

Sedgenili

sityva udefisod.
qvemoT

Camoyalibebuli

modelebi

ar

aris

upirobo

wesebi.

konteqstidan, piradi gemovnebidan an Tqvens disciplinaSi miRebuli

xmarebis

wesidan

gamomdinare,mravali

gansazRvramogixdebaT.
SemoTavazebuli

miuxedavad

defisis

dasmis

individualuri
imisa,

magaliTebi

SemTxvevis

rom

qvemoT

logikuri

da

wasakiTxad ufro advilia, zogierTi maTgani mxolod da mxolod

tradiciulia.
20.3.1 Sedgenili

sityvebi,

romlebic

gamoiyeneba,

rogorc

zedsarTavi

saxelebi
zogi Sedgenili sityva gamoiyeneba, rogorc mxolod zedsarTavi
saxeli.
defisiT,

umetes
Tu

SemTxvevebSi,

igi

win

aseTi

uswrebs

mis

Sedgenili
mier

sityva

dawereT

gansazRvrul

arsebiT

saxels; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, datoveT igi udefisod.

arsebiTi saxelis win

arsebiTi saxelis Semdeg

open-ended question

most of the questions were open ended

full-length treatment

treatment is full length

duty-free goods

goods brought in duty free

thought-provoking commentary

commentary was thought provoking

over-the-counter drug

drug sold over the counter

a frequently referred-to book

this book is frequently referred to

410

spelled-out numbers

numbers that are spelled out

arsebobs ramdenime gamonaklisi:

Tu Sedgenil sityvas, romelic, Cveulebriv, defisiTiwereba, win

uswrebs da gansazRvravs zmniszeda (magaliTad, very), amoiReT
defisi, radgan sityvebis dajgufeba isedac gasagebi iqneba
mkiTxvelisTvis.

modifikatoris mqone arsebiTi

modifikatoris

saxelis win

saxelisSemdeg

a well-known author

a very well known author

an ill-advised step

a somewhat ill advised step

all-encompassing treatment

arsebiTi saxelis Semdeg

text that includes cross-references

dawereT erTad terminebiT borne, like dawide daboloebuli Sedgenili

sityvebi, Tu Sedgenili sityvis pirvel nawils ara aqvs sami an
samze meti marcvali, Tu igi ar aris sakuTari arsebiTi saxeli an
Tu ar bolovdeba imave asoze, romliTac iwyeba Semdegi termini.

zogadi modeli

arsebiTi

dawereT defisiT all-iT dacross-iT dawyebuliSedgenili sityvebi,

garda ramdenime sityvisa, romlebic tradiculad erTad iwereba,
magaliTad, crossover (Tu geeWvebaT, CaixedeT leqsikonSi).

arsebiTi saxelis win

mqone

gamonaklisebi

foodborne

mosquito-borne

childlike

bell-like

worldwide

Chicago-wide

SedarebiTi konstruqciebi, dawyebuli iseTi terminebiT, rogoricaa

more/most, less/least dabetter/best unda daiweros defisiT mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, roca SesaZlebelia, gaugebari iyos, SedarebiTi
termini gansazRvravs zedsarTav saxels, romelic mas Sedgenili
saxelis SigniTmosdevs, Tu Sedgenili sityvis Semdegmdgom arsebiT
saxels.

411

gansazRvravs zedsarTav

gansazRvravs arsebiT saxels

saxels
colleges produce more-skilled workers

we hired more skilled workers for the

holidays

konstruqciebi, romlebic Seicavs ly ze daboloebul zmnizedas,

romelsac mosdevs zedsarTavi saxeli, ar aris Sedgenili sityvebi
da ar iwereba defisiT arc erT konteqstSi.

arsebiTi saxelis win

arsebiTi saxelis Semdeg

highly developed species

the species was highly developed

widely disseminated literature

literature has been widely disseminated

20.3.2 Sedgenili sityvebi, romelic

gamoiyeneba

rogorc

arsebiTi da

zedsarTavi saxelebi
zogi Sedgenili sityva Tavdapirvelad arsebiTi saxelia. Tumca,mas
SeuZlia, aseve, zedsarTavis saxelis funqciis Sesruleba, rodesac
is win uswrebs da gansazRvravs sxva arsebiT saxels. (20.3.1-Si
moyvanili

magaliTebisgan

gansxvavebiT,

es

Sedgenili

sityvebi

arsebiTi saxelis Semdeg iSviaTad gamoiyeneba zedsarTav saxelebad

da, Tanac, gamoiyeneba mxolod iseT zmnasTan, rogoricaa

was an are,

rogorc naCvenebia qvemoT, mesame magaliTSi). umetes SemTxvevaSi

defisiT

dawereT

Sedgenili

arsebiT

saxels,

romelsac

sityva,
igi

rodesac

igi

gansazRvravs;

win

uswrebs

winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, dawereT defisis gareSe.

zedsarTavi saxeli arsebiTis

arsebiTi an zedsarTavi saxeli

win

arsebiTis Semdeg

the decision-making process

decision making became her specialty

a continuing-education course

a program of continuing education

a middle-class neighborhood

her neighborhood was middle class

arsebobsramdenime gamonaklisi:
412

Sedgenili sityva, romelic iwyeba e-Ti (electronic-is Semoklebuli

varianti), ex-iT anself-iT, yvela konteqstSi defisiTdawereT. erTi
gamonaklisi: Tuself-s win uswrebs un-i, Sedgenili sityva iwereba
erTad, (magaliTad, unselfconscious).
ex-husband

self-destructive

Sedgenili sityva, romelic bolovdeba elect-ze, yvela konteqstSi

defisiTdawereT, Tu Tanamdebobis saxelwodeba Sedgeba mxolod
erTi sityvisgan, magram dawereT defisis gareSe, rodesac
Tanamdebobis saxelwodeba Sedgeba ori an orze meti sityvisgan.
president-elect

district attorney elect

ori SeTanxmebuli arsebiTi saxelisgan Semdgari Sedgenili sityva,

romelTa dakavSireba SesaZlebelia kavSiriT and, yvela konteqstSi
defisiTdawereT.
actor-singer

mother-daughter relationship

city-state

parent-teacher conference

mimarTulebis aRmniSvneli sityvebisgan Semdgari Sedgenili sityva

dawereT erTad, Tu termini aRwers erT mimarTulebas. Tu
Sedgenili sityva Seicavs SeTanxmebul arsebiT saxelebs, romelTa
dakavSireba SesaZlebelia kavSiriT and anwindebuli by, dawereT
sityva defisiT.
northeast

a street running north-south

southwest

east-southeast winds

Sedgenili sityvebi, romelic aRwers naTesaur kavSirebs, iwereba

rogorc erTad, ise, defisiT. Tu geparebaT eWvi sityvis
marTlweraSi,
CaixedeT
leqsikonSi.
(qorwinebiTi
naTesauri
kavSirebis
aRmniSvneli
Sedgenili
arsebiTi
saxelebis
(inlaws)mravlobiTi ricxvisa da kuTvnilebiTi brunvis formebis
Sesaxeb ix., Sesabamisad, 20.1.2 da 20.2.2.)
grandfather

e-mail

stepdaughter

great-grandmother

son-in-law

zogi cnobili fraza yovelTvis defisiT iwereba.

stick-in-the-mud

jack-of-all-trades

413

sakuTari

arsebiTi

sityvebi.dawereT
umravlesoba,

saxelebis

defisis

romlebic

gareSe

Seicavs

Semcveli
im

Sedgenili

Sedgenili

sakuTar

sityvebis

arsebiT

saxelebs,

eTnikuri jgufebis saxelebis CaTvliT.

zedsarTavi

saxeli

arsebiTis arsebiTi saxeli an zedsarTavi

win

saxeli arsebiTis Semdeg

African American culture

an African American has written

French Canadian explorer

the explorer was French Canadian

Middle Eastern geography

the geography of the Middle East

State Department employees

employed by the State Department

Korean War veterans

veterans of the Korean War

magram, Tu pirveli termini Semoklebulia,dawereT defisiT.

Afro-American culture

an Afro-American has written

Tu SeiZleba SeTanxmebuli terminebis dakavSireba kavSiriT and,

dawereT terminebi defisiT.
Israel-Egypt peace treaty

Spanish-English dictionary

ricxvebis Semcveli Sedgenili sityvebi. rodesacSedgenili sityva

Seicavs ricxvs, dawereT igi defisiT, Tu ricxvi win uswrebs
arsebiT

saxels,

SemTxvevaSi,

romelsac

dawereT

defisis

igi

gansazRvravs;

gareSe.

(ricxviTi

winaaRmdeg
saxelebisada

sityvebiT dawerili cifrebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ix. 23-e Tavi)

zedasarTavi saxeli

arsebiTi an zedsarTavi saxeli

arsebiTis win

arsebiTis Semdeg

fifty-year project

the project took fifty years

four-year-old child

the child was four years old

twentieth-century literature

studied the literature of the twentieth century

third-floor apartment

she lived on the third floor

214-day standoff

standoff that lasted 214 days

414

arsebobs ramdenime gamonaklisi:

yovelTvis
Sedgenili
(ix.23.1.3).

defisis gareSe dawereT sityva percent-isSemcveli

sityva, xolo ricxvi miuTiTeT arabuli cifrebiT

a 15 percent increase

increased by 15 percent

wiladis sityvebiT dasawerad yovelTvis ixmareT defisi. (ricxviTi

saxelebsa dawiladebSi cifrebis sityvierad daweris Sesaxeb ix.
23.1.3)
a two-thirds majority

a majority of two-thirds

wiladSi, romelic iwyeba sityviT half anquarter, ixmareT defisi, Tu

igi win uswrebs arsebiT saxels, romelsac gansazRvravs;
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, datoveT defisis gareSe.

zedsarTavi saxeli

arsebiTi an zedsarTavi saxeli

arsebiTis win

arsebiTis Semdeg

a half-hour session

after a half hour had passed

a quarter-mile run

ran a quarter mile

ricxvebis intervalis Semcveli Sedgenili sityvebis SemTxvevaSi

ixmareT defisi orive terminSi, magram pirvel terminSi gamotoveT
Sedgenili sityvis meore nawili.
five- to ten-minute intervals

eight- to ten-year-olds

20.3.3 prefiqsebis warmoebuli sityvebi

prefiqsebis meSveobiT warmoqmnili sityvebi, rogorc wesi, iwereba,
rogorc erTi sityva, iqneba es arsebiTi saxeli (postmodernism),
zmnebi(misrepresent),

zedsarTavi

saxeli

(anterbellum)

Tu

zmnizeda(prematurely). Tumca, qvemoT CamoTvlil SemTxvevebSi ixmareT

defisi:

rodesac prefiqsi erTvis sityvas, romelic iwyeba mTavruli asoTi

sub-Saharan

magram

subdivision

415

magram

pro-Asian

rodesac prefiqsi erTvis ricxviT saxels

pre-1950

magram

predisposed

mid-80s

magram

midlife

imisaTvis, rom ganvacalkevoT orii,ori a an sityvebis an

marcvlebissxva kombinaciebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT gaugebrobis
gamowveva
anti-intellectual

magram

antidepressant

semi-invalid

magram

semiopaque

rodesac prefiqsi win uswrebs defisiT an defisis gareSe daweril

Sedgenil sityvas
non-coffee-drinking magram

nonbelief

magram

postgame

post-high school

pronuclear

ormag prefiqsSi ganmeorebiTi terminebisgamosayofad

sub-subentry

rodesac prefiqsi calkea warmodgenili

pre- and postwar
es

macro- and microeconomics

modelebi

vrceldeba

sityvebze,

romlebic

iwarmoeba

qvemoT mocemuli da sxva prefiqsebis meSveobiT.

ante

cyber

macro

multi

proto

super

anti

extra

mega

neo

pseudo

supra

bi

hyper

meta

non

re

trans
416

bio

infra

micro

post

semi

ultra

co

inter

mid

pre

socio

un

counter

intra

mini

pro

sub

es modelebi, aseve, vrceldeba iseT windebulebze, rogoricaa

over daunder, romlebic SeiZleba, daerTos sityvebs imave adgilze,
sadac prefiqsebi.
overachiever
20.4

underhanded

over- and underused

striqonis gadatana

20.4.1 sityvebis gadatana

umetes naSromebSi, sityvebi, romlebsac unda daerTos

defisi

(gadatanis niSani) striqonis bolos, aris is sityvebi, romlebic

Segnebulad

dawereT

defisiT,

magaliTad,

Sedgenili

sityvebi

(ix.20.3). daayeneT Tqveni teqsturi procesori marcxniv sworebaze

(`uswormasworo~ marcxena mijniT) da nu gamoiyenebT defisebis
avtomaturad dasmis funqcias.
magram, Tu Tqvengan moiTxoveba rogorc marcxena, aseve, marjvena
mijnebis

gaTanabreba,

SeiZleba,

mogixdeT

defisebis

dasma

striqonebSi, raTa Tavi aaridoT sityvebs Sorisdid daSorebebs. nu

daaboloebT defisebiT (gadatanis niSnebiT) oTx an oTxze met
Tanmimdevrul striqons (ris Sedegadac miviRebT mijnis gaswvriv
`defisebis

blokirebas~)

da

mTlianad

teqsturi

procesoris

avtomatur funqcias nu miandobT defisebis dasmas. zogadad, es

ufro saimedo iqneba, Tumca, ar gamoricxavs Secdomebis daSvebas.
amitom SeamowmeT teqsturi procesoris mier gadatanili sityvebi.
Tu raimem dagaeWvaT, CaixedeT leqsikonSi, sadac mTavari sityvis

417

dasawyisSi

centrirebuli

wertilebiT

an

msgavsi

saSualebebiT

miTiTebulia sityvebis gadatanis misaRebi variantebi.

erT-erTi

specifikuri

tipis

problema

ukavSirdeba

sityvebs,

romlebic erTnairad iwereba, magram sxvadasxvanairad gamoiTqmis.

aseTi

sityvebi

magaliTad,

SeiZleba,

rec-ord

gansxvavebulad

dare-cord.

SeiZleba,konteqstisgan

Tqvenma

ganurCevlad,

iyofodes
teqsturma

erTnairad

marcvlebad,
procesorma

gadaitanos

es

sityvebi,
20.4.2 intervalebis gadatana da punqtuacia
Tqvenma

teqsturma

procesorma

SesaZloa,arasworad

gadaitanos

intervalebi da punqtuaciis niSnebi. yovelTvis SeamowmeT Tqveni

naSromi da naxeT, xom ar aris arasworad gadatanili intervalebi
an punqtuaciis niSnebi.

inicialebi. Tu pirovnebis saxelis da meore saxelis nacvlad

gamoiyeneba inicialebi, datoveT intervali maT Soris, magram nu
gayofT da gadaitanT maT meore xazze. Tu saWiroa, SegiZliaT,
datovoT inicialebi da gadaitanoT gvari. ix., aseve,24.2.1.
M. F. K. Fusher

M. F. K. / Fisher

magram ara

M. / F. K. Fisher

ricxvebi

abreviaturebi. nu gadaitanT abreviaturebs meore striqonze, maTSi

da

TariRebi.

nurasdros gadaitanT meore striqonze

cifrebiT daweril ricxvebs (25,000) an nebismier termins, romelic
Seicavs cifrebs,mimatebis simbolos, abreviaturebs an sazom
erTeulebs(10%; 6 4s. 6d.; 6:40 p.m.; AD 1895; 245 ml). TariRebSi nu
gayofT Tvis dRes da Tvis saxels (February 15). dawvrilebiT
ricxvebisa da TariRebis sistemebis Sesaxeb ix. 23-e TavSi.

arsebuli mTavruli asoebis, punqtuaciisa da intervalebis

miuxedavad (BA, U.S., NATO, p.m., kg, PhD, Gov. Gen.). erTaderTi
gamonaklisia, rom abreviatura, romelic ukve Seicavs defiss,
418

magaliTad, AFL-CIO, SeiZleba,gaiyosdefisze. 24-e TavSi ixileT meti

informacia abreviaturebis Sesaxeb.

punqtuacia.

URL-ebi da eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebi. moerideT URL-ebis

da eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebis gadatanas meore striqonze.
TuU gixdebaT maTi gadatana, dasviT gadatanis niSani ori
wertilis, daxrili xazis (an ormagi daxrili sazis) an simbolos
@ Semdeg, magram wertilis an nebismieri sxva punqtuaciis an
simbolos win. defisebi xSirad URL-is an eleqtronuli fostis
misamarTebis nawilia, amitom, gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad,
nurasdros daurTavT defiss gadatanis niSnad an nu gadaitanT
URL-s an misamarTs arsebul defisze.

nurasdros
daiwyebT
striqons
damamTavrebeli
brWyaliT, frCxiliT an kvadratuli frCxiliT. nurasdros
daamTavrebT
striqons
gamxsneli
brWyaliT,
frCxiliT
an
kvadratuli frCxiliT, an (a)-iT an (l)-iT, rogorc CamonaTvalis
dawyebisas. punqtuaciis Sesaxeb meti informaciisTvis ixileT 21-e
Tavi da siebis Sesaxeb _ 23.4.2. nu gadaitanT meore striqonze
mravalwertils (ix.25.3.2); am problemis Tavidan aridebis mizniT
gamoiyeneT Tqveni teqsturi procesoris mravalwertilis funqcia.

http://
www.press.uchicago.edu
http://www
.press.uchicago.edu
http://www.press.uchicago.edu/
cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/12917.ctl
Tu
URL-ebs

Tqveni
da

teqsturi

procesori

eleqtronuli

fostis

avtomaturad
misamarTebs

aformatebs

hiperteqsturi

kavSiris saxiT, mas SeuZlia am nawilebis dayofa zemoxsenebuli

saxelmZRvanelo

miTiTebebis

darRveviT.

mraval

dasayenebel

parametrSi aseTi dayofa misaRebia imdenad, ramdenadac mkafiod

dgindeba sruli URL-i an misamarTi hiperteqsturi kavSiris saxiT
(xazgasmiT

an

meore

feriT)

da

ar

erTvis

zedmeti

defisebi

striqonis gadatanis saCveneblad.

419

21

punqtuacia

21.1

wertili

21.2

mZime
21.2.1 damoukidebeli winadadebebi
21.2.2 rigebi
21.2.3araSemzRudavi winadadebebi da frazebi
21.2.4 mZimis gamoyenebis sxva SemTxvevebi

21.3

wertil-mZime

21.4

ori wertili

21.5

kiTxvis niSani

21.6

Zaxilis niSani

21.7

defisi da tireebi
21.7.1 defisi
21.7.2 tire
21.7.3 mravaljeradi tireebi

21.8

frCxilebi da kvadratuli frCxilebi

21.8.1 frCxilebi
21.8.2 kvadratuli frCxilebi

21.9

daxrili xazebi

21.10 brWyalebi
21.11 mravaljeradi sasveni niSnebi
21.11.1 sasveni niSnebis gamotoveba
21.11.2 sasveni niSnebis Tanmimdevroba
winamdebare

YTavSi

warmodgenilia

punqtuaciis

zogadi

saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi Tqveni naSromisTvis. zogi wesi mkafiod

aris Camoyalibebuli, zogi ki ara, amitom xSirad mogiwevT saR
azrs da maxvil yurs miendoT.

420

specialur elementebs, rogoricaa abreviaturebi, citirebebi

da miTiTebebi, punqtuaciis Tavisiwesebi aqvs, romlebic ganixileba
winamdebare wignis Sesabamis TavebSi.
Tu

werT

ganyofilebas

sadiplomo
an

naSroms

universitets

an

disertacias,

punqtuaciasTan

Tqvens

dakavSirebiT

SeiZleba, specifikuri moTxovnebihqondes. am moTxovnebis Sesaxeb

informacias,

Cveulebriv,

awodebs

sadiplomo

naSromebisa

da

disertaciebis ganyofileba. Tu muSaobT sakurso naSromze, Tqvenma

pedagogma

SeiZleba,

mogTxovoT,

ixelmZRvaneloT

punqtuaciis

garkveuli principebiT. gaecaniT am moTxovnebs, vidre moamzadebT

naSroms. maT upiratesoba aqvT winamdebare TavSi SemoTavazebul
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebTan SedarebiT. sxvadasxva disciplinaSi
miRebul

stilTan

dakavSirebuli

miTiTebebi

ixileT

bibliografiaSi.
21.1

wertili
wertiliT bolovdeba TxrobiTi an brZanebiTi winadadeba
SekiTxva.

wertiliT,

aseve,

SeiZleba,

dabolovdes

da iribi

winadadebis

fragmenti, Tu konteqstidan naTlad ikveTeba misi ritorikuli

funqcia. Tumca,akademiur nawerSi wertilis ase gamoyeneba iSviaTia.
yvela am SemTxvevaSi wertili azrisdamasrulebeli simboloa da
mas erTi intervaliunda mosdevdes.
Consider the advantages of this method.
The question was whether these differences could be reconciled.
vertikalur nusxaSi CamoTvlili punqtebis bolos wertili
unda dasvaT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu punqtebi dasrulebuli
winadadebebia

(ix.23.4.2). sxva

SemTxvevebSi

nu

dasvamT

saboloo

wertilebs ukanaskneli punqtis boloSic ki da nu daiwyebT pirvel

sityvebs mTavruli asoTi.
The report covers three areas:
1. the securities markets
421

2. the securities industry

3. the securities industryin the economy
individualuri
konteqstSi,

wertilebis

maT

Soris,

gamoyeneba,

aseve,

abreviaturebSi

SeiZlebasxva

(kerZod,

ix.24.1.3)

da

miTiTebebSi (16.1.2 da18.1.2), aseve, URL-ebSi (20.4.2, 17.1.7 da 19.1.8), sadac

maT

xSirad

gamoyenebul

uwodeben
iqnes

mravalwertils,

wertilebs.wertilebis

citirebebSi

cxrilebSi

rigi

SeiZleba

maT

uwodeben

(ix.25.3.2), sadac
da

(26.2.6)

satitulo

elementebis

gverdebze (A.2.1), sadac maT uwodebebn punqtirs.

nu ixmarT wertilebs Tavis an nawilis saTauris, umetesi
qvesaTauris

(ix. A.2.2) an

cxrilebis

saTaurebis

Semdeg

(26.2.2).

suraTebis warwerebSi wertilebis xmarebis Sesaxeb ixileT 26.3.2.

21.2

mZime
mZime

gamoyofs

komponentebswinadadebis

SigniT,

maT

Soris,

damoukidebel da damokidebul winadadebebs, frazebsa da calkeul

sityvebs. mas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba maSin, rodesac
mkiTxveli SeiZleba, ver gaerkves, sad mTavrdeba damoukidebeli da
damokidebuli winadadeba an fraza da iwyeba sxva winadadeba an
fraza:
Before leaving the members of the committee met in the assembly room.
Before leaving, the members of the committee met in the assembly room.
ricxvebSi

mZimeebis

xmarebis

Sesaxeb

ixileT

23.2.2. miTiTebebSi

mZimeebis xmarebis Sesaxeb ixileT 16.1.2 da 18.1.2.

21.2.1 damoukidebeli winadadebebi
winadadebaSi, romelic Sedgeba ori an orze meti damoukidebeli
winadadebisgan,

romlebic

gaerTianebuliadamakavSirebeli

sityvebiT(and, but, or , nor, for, so, yet), dasviT mZime kavSiris win. es ar
aris

upirobo

wesi;

mZimis

dasma

saWiro

ar

aris

or

mokle,

422

damoukidebel

winadadebas

Soris,

romlebsac

ar

aqvs

Sida

punqtuacia.
Students around the world want to learn English, and many young Americans are eager to
teach them.
The senator arrived at noon and the president left at one.
winadadebaSi, romelic Seicavs sam an samze met mokle da
martiv

damoukidebel

winadadebebs

Sida

punqtuaciis

gareSe,

gamoyaviT winadadebebi mZimeebiT da CasviT damakavSirebeli sityva

bolo winadadebis win. (yovelTvis CasviT mZime kavSiris win). Tu
winadadebebi

ufro

grZeli

da

ufro

rTulia,

gamoyaviT

isini

wertil-mZimiT (ix.21.3) an,umjobesi iqneba,sxvagvarad CamoayaliboT

winadadeba.
The committee designed the questionnaire, the field workers collected responses, and the
statistician analyzed the results.
The committee designed the questionnaire, which was short; the field workers, who did
not participate, collected responses; and the statistician analyzed the results, though not
until several days later.
nu

dawerT

mZimes

ori

qvemdebaris

an

ori

Semasmenlis

damakavSirebeli kavSiris win.

The agencies that design the surveys and the analysts who evaluate the results should
:

work together.
They do not condone such practices but attempt to refute them theoretically.
rodesac

winadadeba

winadadebiT, romelic

iwyeba

fraziT

gansazRvravs momdevno

an

damokidebuli

or

damoukidebel

SeTanxmebul winadadebas, dasviT mZime Sesavali elementis Semdeg,

magram ara or damoukidebel winadadebas Soris.
Within ten years, interest rates surged and the housing market declined.

423

21.2.2 rigebi
seriaSi, romelic Sedgeba sami an samze meti sityvisgan, frazisgan
an Sida punqtuaciis armqone winadadebisgan,elementebi gamoyaviT
mZimeebiT.

yovelTvis

dasviT

mZime

im

kavSiris

win,

romelsac

Semohyavsboloelementi.
The governor wrote his senators, the president, and the vice president.
Attending the conference were Fernandez, Sullivan, and Kendrick.
The public approved, the committee agreed, but the measure failed.
nu ixmarT mZimeebs, Tu rigis yvela elementi dakavSirebulia
kavSirebiT.
The palette consisted of blue and green and orange.
Tu sami an samze meti sityvisgan, frazisgan an winadadebisgan
Semdgari rigi bolovdeba gagrZelebis gamomxatveli gamoTqmiT (da
a.S.) (and so forth, and so on, and the like, anetc.), am bolo gamoTqmis
punqtuacia igivea, rac rigis bolo elementisa. Tumca, SegiZliaT,
mZime daamatoT gagrZelebis gamomxatveli gamoTqmis Semdeg, raTa
Tavidan aiciloT gaugebroba grZeli rigis Semdeg.
They discussed movies, books, plays, and the like until late in the night.
Management can improve not just productivity, but hours, working conditions, training,
benefits, and so on, without reducing wages.
ixmareT wertil-mZime rigSi elementebis gamosayofad, Tu erTi an
erTze meti elementi Seicavs mZimeebs an Tu elementebi grZeli da
rTulia

(ix.21.3).amasTan, Tu aseTi

rigi moqceulia

winadadebis

mTavari zmnis win, Tavidan CamoayalibeT winadadeba.

The three cities that we compare are Hartford, Connecticut; Kalamazoo, Michigan; and
Pasadena, California.

da ara
Hartford, Connecticut; Kalamazoo, Michigan; and Pasadena, California, are three cities
worth comparing.

424

21.2.3 araSemzRudveli winadadebebi da frazebi

ixmareT

mZimeebiaraSemzRudveli

winadadebis

orive

mxridan

gamosayofad.winadadebaaraSemzRudvelia, Tu ar aris aucilebeli

mis

mier

gansazRvruli

arsebiTi

saxelis

erTmniSvnelovani

identificireba.
These five books, which are on reserve in the library, are required reading.
aq

fraziT

Semdgari

arsebiTi

saxeli

These

five

books

erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs im wignebs, romlebsac gulisxmobs

avtori;

wignebis

araSemzRudveli
winadadebaSi

Semdgomi

identificirebisTvissaWiroar

winadadeba.

meores

damokidebuli

readingSemzRudvelia,

radgan

mxriv,

qvemoT

moyvanil

are

required

konkretul

wignebze,

winadadebathat

miuTiTebs

im

aris

romlebic savaldebulod wasakiTxia. amitom es winadadeba ar aris

gamoyofili mZimeebiT.
The books that are required reading are on reserve in the library.
miuxedavad
SemzRudvel
SeinarCunon

imisa,

rom

winadadebebTan,
gansxvaveba

nacvalsaxeliwhich xSirad
yuradRebiani

SemzRudvel

ixmareba

avtorebi

cdiloben,

nacvalsaxelsa

that (mZimis

gareSe) da araSemzRudvel nacvalsaxels which (mZimiT) Soris.

igive principebi vrceldeba SemzRudvel da araSemzRudvel
frazebze.
The president, wearing a red dress, attended the conference.
The woman wearing a red dress is the president.

425

21.2.4 mZimisgamoyenebis sxva SemTxvevebi

mZimeebs iyeneben sxva situaciebSi. (TariRebSi mZimeebis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb ixileT 23.3.1.)

Sesavali

sityvebi

da

frazebi.

rodesac iwyebT winadadebas

mravalsityviani
SesavliT,
mas
boloSidausviT
mZime,
gansakuTrebiT, Tu saubrisas am momentSi normaluria mcire pauza.
mZimis dasma ar aris aucilebeli mokle windebuliani frazis
Semdeg, garda SemTxvevebisa, rodesac mZimis gareSe winadadeba
SeiZleba, arasworad iqnes gagebuli.
If the insurrection is to secceed, the army and police must stand side by side.
Having accomplished her mission, she returned to headquarters.
To Anthony, Blake remained an enigma.
After this week the commission will be able to write its report.

ori an orze meti zedsarTavi saxeli, romelic win uswrebs

arsebiT saxels. gamoyaviT mZimeebiT ori an orze meti zedasarTavi
saxeli iq, sadac winadadebis azris damaxinjebis gareSe SeiZleba
maTi dakavSireba kavSiriTand. nu ixmarT mZimes, Tu pirveli
zedsarTavi saxeli gansazRvravs meores da misi amoRebis Sedegad
icvleba winadadebis azrs.
It was a large, well-placed, beautiful house.
They strolled out into the warm, luminous night.
She refused to be identified with a traditional political label.

ganmartebiTi

komentarebi.

iseT
sityvebs
da
frazebs,
rogoricaanamely, that is anfor example,
Cveulebriv,
SemoyavT
ganmartebiTi komentari. amrigad, yvela am sityvis Semdeg iwereba
mZime da SeiZleba,saWiro gaxdesmaT win wertil-mZimis an wertilis

426

dasma. amasTan, rodesac iyenebT kavSirsor mniSvnelobiT `sxva

sityvebiT~, dasviT mZime mis win. (es da sxva msgavsi gamoTqmebi
SeiZleba, aseve gamovyoT tireebiT an frCxilebiT; ix.21.7.2 da 21.8.1.)
Many people resent accidents of fate; that is, they look on illness or bereavement as
undeserved.
The compass stand, or binnacle, must be visible to the helmsman.

CanarTebi. sityva an fraza CanarTia, Tu mosdevs arsebiT saxels da

asrulebs araSemzRudveli winadadebis funqcias (ix.21.2.3). aseTi
elementi gamoiyofa mZimeebiT. Tumca, rodesac danarTi (apozitivi)
saWiroa
mis
mier
gansazRvruli
arsebiTi
saxelis
identificirebisTvis, mZimeebi ar iwereba.
Smith, a Reed College graduate, taught at Harvard for several years.
Kierkegaard, the Danish philosopher, asked, What is anxiety?

magram
The Danish philosopher Kierkegaard asked, What is anxiety?

geografiuli

saxelebi.

geografiul saxelebSi mZimeebi dasviT

mravaljeradi
individualuri
elementebis
gamosayofad.
(misamarTebSi mZimeebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ix.23.1.7.)
Cincinnati, Ohio, is on the Ohio River.
The next leg of the trip was to Florence, Italy.

Sorisdebulebi

da

maerTebeli

zmnizedebi.

gamoyaviT
Sorisdebulebi, maerTebeli zmnizedebi da a.S. azrovnebaSi an
winadadebis riTmSi Seferxebis miniSnebis mizniT. Tumca, gamotoveT
mZimeebi, rodesac aseTi elementebi ar arRvevs uwyvetobas da
kiTxvisas ar moiTxovs pauzas.
Nevertheless, it is a matter of great importance.
It is, perhaps, the best that could be expected.
427

Perhaps it is therefore clear that no deposits were made

dapirispirebuli elementebi. gamoyaviT mZimeebiT not, not only an

msgavsi gamoTqmiT dawyebuli Sorisdebuli frazamxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu gindaT, rom mkiTxvelma gaakeTos pauza am frazis
win. ixmareT mZime the more . . . the more tipis winadadebebs Soris, Tu,
ra Tqma unda, isini Zalian mokle ar aris an Tu isini, savaraudod,
arasworad iqneba gagebuli.
The idea, not its expression, is significant.
She was delighted with, but also disturbed by, her new freedom.
The more it stays the same, the less it changes.

CarTuli elementebi. subieqtsa da zmnas Soris an zmnasa da mis

obieqts Soris CarTuli elementis gamoyofisas ixmareT mZimeebi. Tu
aRmoCndeba, rom winadadebaSi gamoyofT erTze met aseT CarTul
elements, xelaxla CamoayalibeT winadadeba.
The Quinn Report was, to say the least, a bombshell.
Wolinski, after receiving instructions, left for Algiers.

gameorebuli

sityvebi.

ixmareT
mZimeidenturi
gamosayofad. gamonakliss warmoadgens sityvathat.

sityvebis

They marched in, in twos.

Whatever is, is right.

magram
He gave his life so that that cause might prevail.
21.3

wertil-mZime
wertil-mZimiT aRiniSneba imaze didi pauza winadadebaSi vidre es
mZimiT

miiRweva.ixmareT

wertil-mZime

rTul

winadadebaSi

im

428

damoukidebeli

winadadebebis

gamosayofad,

romlebic

ar

aris

dakavSirebuli maerTebeli kavSiriT(and, but, or, nor, yet, for, so).

One hundred communities are in various stages of completion; more are on the drawing
board.
Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT, ixmaroT wertil-mZime maerTebel kavSirTan
erTad, Tu winadadebebi grZelia da maTSi mZimeebi an sxva sasveni
niSnebia.

aseT

SemTxvevebSi

SesaZloa,

mogixdeT

wertil-mZimis

wertiliT Secvla.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-s mrewvelobaSi produqtiuloba erT sul
mosaxleze gacilebiT metia, vidre CineTSi, CineTSi sul ufro
izrdeba kargi ganaTlebis mqone axalgazrda muSaxelis raodenoba;
magram, kidev ufro mTavari isaa, rom, codna, romelic SeiZleba,
gadaeces

erTi

xalxidan

meores,

msoflios

umniSvnelovanes

ekonomikur resurad iqca.

ixmareT

wertil-mZime

iseT

sityvebis

win,

rogoricaathen,

however, thus, hence, indeed, accordingly, besides, datherefore, rodesac

sityvebs

or

damoukidebel

winadadebas

Soris

am

Sualeduri

(gardamavali) funqcia akisria.

Some think freedom always comes with democracy; however, many voters in many
countries have voted for governments that they know will restrict their rights.
Tu elementebs rigSi Sida punqtuaciaaqvs, ganacalkeveT isini
wertil-mZimeebiT (ix., aseve,21.2.2).
Green indicates vegetation that remained stable; red, vegetation that disappeared; yellow,
new vegetation.

429

21.4

ori wertili
or

wertils

Semoyavs

winadadeba,

fraza

an

elementebis

rigi,

romlebic afarToebs, ganmartavs an magaliTebis saxiT aCvenebs

manamde warmodgenili elementis azrs. misi funqcia damoukidebel
winadadebebs Soris axlos aris wertil-mZimis funqciasTan, Tumca,
igi ufro metad amaxvilebs yuradRebas balansze an Sedegze.
People expect three things of government: peace, prosperity, and respect of civil rights.
Chinese culture is unnrivaled it its depth and antiquity: it is unmatched in its rich artistic
and philosophical records.
ixmareT

ori

wertili

sailustracio

masalis

an

CamonaTvlis

Semosayvanad. nu dasvamT ori wertils uSualod zmnis Semdeg; amis

nacvlad, gamoiyeneT Sesavali elementi, rogoricaathe following or as
follows. (ix., aseve, 23.4.2.)
The qualifications are as follows: a doctorate in economics and an ability to communicate
statistical data to a lay audience.

nacvlad Semdegisa:
The qualifications are: a doctorate in economics . . .
sayuradReboa, rom winadadebis SigniT ori wertilis momdevno
pirveli sityva, rogorc wesi, ar iwyeba mTavruli asoTi, Tu igi ar
aris sakuTari saxeli. (ori wertiliT Semoyvanil citirebebSi
mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 25-e Tavi.)
ori wertili aseve iwereba saTaurebSi (ix.17.1.2 da 19.1.3),
drois

aRniSvnebSi

(23.1.5), URL-ebSi (17.1.7 da 19.1.8).miTiTebebSi

sxvadasxva gziT gamoiyeneba ori wertili.

430

21.5

kiTxvis niSani
dasviT

kiTxvis

niSani

SekiTxvis

saxiT

Camoyalibebuli

sruli

winadadebis bolos. Tu kiTxvis niSani bolo sasveni niSania, mas

Semdeg saWiroa erTi intervali.
Who would lead the nation in its hour of need?
dasviT kiTxvis niSani SekiTxvis formiT Camoyalibebuli da
mTliani winadadebis nawilis saxiT Casmuli winadadebis Semdeg.
nu ixmarT brWyalebs, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac, danarCeni
winadadebisgan gansxvavebiT, SekiTxva

citireba.

Would the union agree? was the critical question.

Tu Casmuli kiTxva winadadebis boloSia, nu dasvamT wertils
kiTxvis niSnis Semdeg. Tqvengan ar moiTxoveba Casmuli kiTxvis
pirveli sityvis mTavruli asoTidawyeba, Tumca sawyisi mTavruli
aso exmareba mkiTxvels SekiTxvis identificirebaSi, gansakuTrebiT,
Tu igi Seicavs Sida punqtuacias. Tu winadadeba mouqneli xdeba,
SegiZliaT kiTxvis xelaxali Camoyalibeba TxrobiTi winadadebis
formiT, romelsac wertilimosdevs.
Several legislators raised the question, Can the fund be used in an emergency, or must it
remain dedicated to its original purpose?
Several legislators raised the question of using the fund in an emergency, which was not
its original purporse.
kiTxvis

niSniT

SesaZlebelia,

agreTve,

daeWvebis

an

gaurkvevlobis gadmocema, magaliTad, TariRSi.

The painter Niccol dellAbbate (1512?-71) assisted in the decorations at Fontainebleau.
fermweri

431

21.6

Zaxilis niSani
Zaxilis niSani iSviaTad Tu gamoiyeneba akademiur nawerSi, garda im
SemTxvevebisa,

rodesac

is

citirebuli

masalis

nawilia.

am

SemTxvevaSi, Tu Zaxilis niSani bolo sasveni niSania winadadebaSi,

mas unda mosdevdes erTi intervali.
21.7

defisi da tire

21.7.1 defisi
defisebi

gamoiyeneba

sxvadasxva

konteqstSi,

maT

Soris

rTul

sityvebSi (ix.20.3) da CaTvliT ricxvebSi (inclusive numbers)(23.2.4).

21.7.2 tire
tire aris gagrZelebuli defisi, romelic mZimeebis (ix. 21.2)

da

frCxilebis (ix. 21.8.1) msgavsad, gamoiyeneba teqstis gamosayofad,

Tumca,tire teqsts maTze gamokveTilad gamoyofs. teqnikurad mas

em-tire ewodeba (kompiuteruli fontebis SemoRebamde igi zustad

mTavruli aso m-issiganis toli iyo) da es simbolo moipoveba
umetes teqstur procesorSi. 2misi warmodgena SesaZlebelia ori
Tanmimdevruli defisis formiT, Tumca,umetes teqstur procesors

arsebobs tires meore tipi, romelsac ewodeba en-tire (tire, romelic Tavis droze

zustad Seesabameboda mTavruli aso n-is siganes), romelic gamoiyeneba gamoqveynebul

naSromebSi da aRniSnavs intervals (through), rogorc wesi, ricxvebTan an TariRebTan
mimarTebaSi (1998-2008). SesaZlebelia, agreTve, misi sxva konteqstSi gamoyeneba, amas
ambobs `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ (Chicago Manual of Style) me-15 gamocemis (2003)
nawilSi

6 83.

Tu

Tqveni

adgilobrivi

saxelmZRvanelo

miTiTebebi

moiTxovs

mis

gamoyenebas, niSani SegiZliaT naxoT umetes teqstur procesorSi; sxva SemTxvevebSi am

konteqstSi ixmareT defisi. gaiTvaliswineT, rom winamdebare wignSi, sadac saWiroa,
gamoiyeneba

en

tireebi

(en dashes),

iseve,

rogorc

adrindel

miTiTebaSi

`Cikagos

saxelmZRvanelosTan~ (Chicago Manual) dakavSirebiT.

432

ormagi defisis em-tired avtomaturad gadayvanis funqcia aqvs. nu

datovebT intervals tires orive mxareze.
frCxilebSi Casmuli elementis gamoyofis mizniT tireebis
gamoyenebisas daawyvileT isini, rogorc daawyvilebdiT mZimeebs an
frCxilebs. Tumca, imis gamo, rom isini sakmaod TvalSisacemia, nu
ixmarT erT winadadebaSi erTze met wyvils; amis nacvlad, ixmareT
frCxilebi maTSi Casmuli informaciis meore fenisTvis.
The influence of three impressionistsMonet (1840-1926), Sisley (1839-99), and Degas
(1834-1917)is obvious in her work.
Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT erTi tires gamoyeneba gamaZlierebeli an
ganmmartebelielementis gamosayofad.
It was a revival of a most potent imagethe revolutionary idea.

ixmareT tire an tireebis wyvili, romelic gamoyofs frazas, raTa

gadmosceT azrovnebis nakadis mkveTri rRveva, rac, aseve,
winadadebis struqturis rRvevasiwvevs.
Rutherfordhow could he have misinterpreted the evidence?
Some characters in Tom Jones are flatif you do not object ot this borrowing of E. M.
Forsters somewaht discredited termbecause they are caricatures of their names.
tirem

SeiZleba,

aseve,

Semoiyvanos

Semajamebeli

subieqti

ramdenime elementis CamoTvlis Semdeg.

The statue of the discus thrower, the charioteer of Delphi, the poetry of Pindar all
represent the great ideal.

433

21.7.3 mravaljeradi tireebi

Tu

axdenT

citirebas

damaxinjebuli

an

Znelad

gasarkvevi

teqstidan an warmoadgenT uwmawur (salanZRav) sityvas, miuTiTeT

gamotovebuli sityva an gamotovebuli aso 2-em tires (2-em dash)
meSveobiT (romelic Sedgeba ori Tanmimdevruli em-tires an oTxi
defisisgan). gamotovebuli sityvisTvis datoveT intervali tires
orive mxares; gamotovebuli asoebisTvis nu datovebT intervals
tiresa da sityvis nawils Soris.
The vessel left the ---- of July.
H----h? [Hirsch?]
It was a d---- shame.
3-emtire (romelic Seicavs sam Tanmimdevrul em tires an eqvs
defiss)

gamoiyeneba

bibliografiaSi

avtoris

an

redaqtoris

gvarebis ganmeorebiT misaTiTeblad (ix. 16.2.2. da 18.2.1).

21.8

frCxilebi da kvadratuli frCxilebi

21.8.1 frCxilebi
frCxilebi, rogorc wesi, gamoyofs winadadebaSi ganmartebiT an
Sewyvetis elementebs, dawyvilebuli mZimeebis (ix.21.2) da tireebis
(21.7.2) msgavsad. zogadad, ixmareT mZimeebi mTavar winadadebasTan
mWidrod
naklebad

dakavSirebul
dakavSirebul

masalasTan,

tireebi

masalasTan.

da

frCxilebi

abreviatuebie.g.

dai.e.,

romlebsac SeuZliaT ganmartebiTi komentaris Semoyvana (ix. 24.7),

gamoiyeneba mxolod frCxilebSi an SeniSvnebSi.
The conference has (with some malice) divided into four groups.

434

Each painting depicts a public occasion, in eacha banquet, a parade, a coronation

(though the person crowned is obscured)crowds of people are pictured as swarming
ants.
There are tax incentives for clean cars (e.g., gasoline-electric hybrids and vehicles
powered by compressed natural gas and liquefied propane).
frCxilebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba, aseve, miTiTebebSi (ix. Tavebi
16 da 18) da nusxaSi an sqemaSi cifrebis an asoebis gamosayofad (ix.
23.4.2).
21.8.2 kvadratuli frCxilebi
kvadratuli
monakveTSi

frCxilebi

yvelaze

ganxorcielebuli

magaliTebisTvis).

maTi

xSirad

gamoiyeneba

cvlilebebis
xmareba

frCxilebSiCasmuli masalis meore fenis

citirebul

saCveneblad

(ix.25.3

SesaZlebelia,

aseve,

gamosayofad.

He agrees with the idea that childhood has a history (first advanced by Philippe Aris
[1914-84] in his book Centuries of Childhood [1962]).
21.9

daxrilixazebi
marcxniv daxrili xazi (/) gamoiyeneba wiladebSi (ix.23.1.3) da
poeziis

citirebebSi

aseve,marjvniv

daxrili

(ix.25.2.1).
xazebi

erTmagi

da

ormagi

(\) gvxvdeba URL-ebSi

xazebi,
da

sxva

eleqtronul parametrebSi (ix. 20.4.2).

21.10 brWyalebi
citirebul masalaSi brWyalebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 25.2.1.
saTaurebSi da sxva specifikur situaciebSi maTi xmarebis Sesaxeb
ixileT 22.3.2. miTiTebebSi maTi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 16.1.4 da
18.1.4.

435

zogierTi dargi magaliTad, lingvistika, filosofia da

Teologia sityvebisa da cnebebis gamosayofad iyenebs erTmag
brWyalebssingle quotation marks. am SemTxvevaSi damamTavrebeli brWyali
win unda uswrebdes mZimes an wertils (ix.21.11.1).
kami hair, beard
The variables of quantification, something, nothing, . . .
sxva

danarCeni

brWyalebis

da

dargebis

umetesobaSiterminebis

gansazRvrebebSi

daxrili

xazebis

ixelmZRvaneleT

gamoyenebisas

22.2.2-issaxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT.
21.11 mravaljeradi sasveni niSnebi
winamdebare TavSi mocemuli saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi zogjer
iTvaliswinebs erTad ori sasveni niSnis xmarebas magaliTad,
wertilisa

da

damaboloebeli

frCxilisa.

qvemoT

moyvanili

saxelmZRvanelo principebi aregulirebs erT-erTi sasveni niSnis

gamotovebas da sasveni niSnebis Tanmimdevrobas orives gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi.
21.11.1 sasveni niSnebis gamotoveba
mravalwertilis

gamoklebiT,

nurasdros

ixmarT

or

wertils

erTad, rogorc es xdeba maSin, rodesac abreviaturiT

bolovdeba

winadadeba.

winadadeba

datoveT

abreviaturis

wertili,

Tu

sruldeba kiTxvis niSniT an Zaxilis niSniT.

The exchange occurred at 5:30 p.m.
Could anyone match the productivity of Rogers Inc.?

Tu konteqsti moiTxovs rogorc mZimis, aseve, ufro Zlieri

sasveni niSnis, magaliTad, kiTxvis niSnis an tiresdasmas, amoiReT
mZime.
If he had read What Do Dogs Think? he would have known the answer.
While the senator couldnt endorse the proposal and he certainly had doubts about it
he didnt condemn it.

436

21.11.2 sasveni niSnebis Tanmimdevroba

momijnave sasveni niSnebis yvelaze savaraudo SemTxvevebi moicavs
damaboloebel
kvadratul

sasven

niSnebs

frCxilebTan

amerikuli

varianti

brWyalebTan,

erTad.

eyrdnoba

sasveni

sasveni

frCxilebTan
niSnebis

niSnebis

an

xmarebis

Tanmimdevrobis

ramdenime sando saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebas.

brWyalebTan erTad
saboloo

mZime

an

wertili

TiTqmis

yovelTvis

win

uswrebs

damaboloebel brWyals, miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ar aris igi

citirebuli masalis nawili.
In support of the effort to bring justice to our people, she joined the strike.
She made the argument in an article titled On Managing Public Debt.
aris

erTi

gamonaklisi:

Tu

erTmagi

brWyalebi

gamoiyeneba

specialuri terminebis gamosayofad garkveul dargebSi, rogoricaa

lingvistika, filosofia da Teologia (ix.21.10), dasviT wertili an
mZime damaboloebeli brWyalis Semdeg.
Some contemporary theologians, who favored religionless Christianity, were
proclaiming the death of God.
kiTxvis

niSnebi

da

Zaxilis

niSnebi

win

uswrebs

damaboloebel brWyals, Tu isini warmoadgens citirebuli masalis

nawils.

isini

mosdevs

brWyals,

Tu

Seexeba

mTel

winadadebas,

romelSic Cndeba citireba.

Her poem is titled What Did the Crow Know?
Do we accept Jeffersons concept of a natural aristocracy?
wertil-mZime da ori wertili yovelTvis mosdevs brWyalebs.
Tu citireba bolovdeba wertil-mZimiT an ori wertiliT, SecvaleT
is

wertiliT an

mZimiT, raTa

miusadagoT mTavari winadadebis

struqturas (ix. 25.3.1).

He claimed that every choice reflects an attitude toward Everyman; his speech then
enlarged on the point in a telling way.
437

The Emergency Center is almost its own city: it has its own services and governance.
frCxilebTan
winadadebis

da

kvadratul

frCxilebSi

frCxilebTan

Casmisas

dasviT

erTad.mTliani
am

winadadebis

damasrulebeli wertili (an sxva damaboloebeli sasveni niSani)

bolo frCxilis win. magram wertili frCxilis gareTdasviT, Tu
frCxilebSi

Casmuli

masala,

gramatikulad

dasrulebuli

winadadebac ki, wina winadadebas ganmartavs an agrZelebs mis azrs.

igive

principebi

vrceldeba

kvadratul

frCxilebSi

Casmul

masalazec.
We have noted similar motifs in Japan. (They can also be found in Korean folktales.)
Myths have been accepted as allegorically true (by the Stoics) and as priestly lies (by the
Enlightenment).
(The director promised completion on time and under budget [italics mine].)
frCxilebSi

Casmuli

miTiTebebis

damaboloebeli

punqtuaciis

Sesaxeb ixileT 25.2.

438

22.

saxelebi, specialuri terminebi da naSromebis saTaurebi

22.1

saxelebi
22.1.1 xalxebi, geografiuli adgilebi da organizaciebi
22.1.2 istoriuli movlenebi, kulturuli terminebi da drois
aRniSvnebi
22.1.3 sxva tipis saxelebi

22.2

specialuri terminebi
22.2.1 ucxoenovani terminebi
22.2.2 terminebad gansazRvruli sityvebi

22.3

naSromebis saTaurebi
22.3.1 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba
22.3.2 teqstis tipografiuli moniSvna
22.3.3 punqtuacia

winamdebare

TavSi

terminebis

da

naSromebis

saxelmZRvanelo
SemTxvevebSi

SemoTavazebulia

miTiTebebi.

unda

saxelebis,

saTaurebis
am

TavSi,

gamoviyenoT

specialuri

warmodgenis

zogadi

aseve,ganxilulia,

mTavruli

an

nusxuri

Tu

ra

asoebi

sityvebis dasawyisSi da rodis unda gamoviyenoT brWyalebi an

daxrili

Srifti

(gansxvavebiT

swori

Sriftisgan)

sityvebis,

frazebisa Tu saTaurebis gamosayofad.

zog

SemTxvevaSi

SeiZleba,

mogixdeT

am

saxelmZRvanelo

principebis misadageba SemTxvevebTan, romlebic ar aris moyvanili

winamdebare naSromSi. Tu es ase moxdeba, iyaviT Tanmimdevrulni. Tu
ar SegiZliaT daxrili Sriftis xmareba, mimarTeT xazgasmas.
TumuSaobT
ganyofilebas

sadiplomo
an

naSromze

universitets

an

disertaciaze, Tqvens

SeiZleba,hqondes

saxelebis,

specialuri terminebisa da saTaurebis daweris gansakuTrebuli

moTxovnebi. es moTxovnebi, rogorc wesi, moipoveba Tezisebisa da
disertaciebis

ganyofilebaSi.

Tu

muSaobT

saklaso

naSromze,
439

Tqvenma

pedagogma

naSromebis

SeiZleba,

warsadgenad

aseve,

mogTxovoT

saWiro

daicvaT

principebi.

msgavsi

ganixileT

es

moTxovnebi, sanam moamzadebT Tqvens naSroms. isini winamdebare

TavSi

SemoTavazebul

sxvadasxva

saxelmZRvanelo

disciplinaSi

arsebul

miTiTebebze
stilTan

upiratesia.
dakavSirebiT

saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi ixileT bibliografiaSi.

22.1

saxelebi
sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebi an saxelebi iwereba mTavruli asoebiT,
Tumca xSirad rTulia, ganvasxvavoT saxeli zogadi terminisgan.
winamdebare

nawilSi

SemTxvevebi.

ufro

ganxilulia

detaluri

yvelaze

informaciis

gavrcelebuli

misaRebad

ixileT

`Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ 2003 wlis me-15 gamocemis me-8

Tavi (Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition (2003)).
teqstSi saxelebi, Cveulebriv, warmodgenilia swori SriftiT,
Tumca, aris ramdenime gamonaklisi, romelic ganxilulia 22.1.3-Si.
22.1.1 xalxebi, geografiuli adgilebi da organizaciebi
zogadad dawereT mTavruliT konkretuli xalxis, geografiuli
adgilebisa
pirveli

da

aso.

nawilakebs

organizaciis
amasTan,

(magaliTad,

gansxvavdebodes

dasaxelebis

sakuTari

saxelebi,

de davan) an

mTavruli

asoebis

rTuli

yoveli

elementis

romlebic
gvarebi

gamoyenebis

Seicavs
SeiZleba,

TvalsazrisiT.

daeWvebis SemTxvevaSi CaixedeT `vebsteris biografiul leqsikonSi~

an sxva avtoritetul leqsikonSi, windebulebi (of) da kavSirebi
(and), romlebic saxelebis Semadgeneli nawilebia, rogorc wesi,
nusxuriT iwereba, rogorc, magaliTad, artikli the saxelis win.
saxelebis kuTvnilebiTi brunvis formebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT
20.2. abreviaturebi saxelebTan erTad ixileT 24.2-Si. ricxvebis
Semcveli saxelebi ixileT 23.1.6-Si.

440

Eleanor Roosevelt

the Unived States Congress

W. E.B. Du Bois

the State Department

Ludwig van Beethoven

the European Union

Victoria Sackville-West

the University of North Carolina

Chiang Kai-shek

the Honda Motor Company

Sierra Leone

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill

Central America

the University of Chicago Press

New York City

the National Conference of Christians and Jews

the Atlantic Ocean

the Roman Catholic Church

the Republic of Lithuania

the Allied Expeditionary Force

profesiis gamomxatveli tituli uSualod piradi saxelis

win mTavruli asoTiiwereba, rogorc saxelis nawili. Tu tituls
calke an piradi saxelis Semdeg iyenebT, is iqceva nawarmoeb
terminad da iwereba patara asoTi. igive principi vrceldeba sxva
saerTo

terminebze,

romlebic

geografiuli

adgilis

an

organizaciis saxelwodebis nawilia.

President Harry Truman announced

the president announced

Professors Harris and Wilson wrote

the professors wrote

next to the Indian Ocean

next to the ocean

students at Albion College

students at the college

441

mTavruliT iwereba, aseve, eTnikuri da nacionaluri jgufebis

saxelebi, rac ar vrceldeba socio-ekonomikuri fenis

aRmniSvnel

terminebze. (orive tipis Sedgenil sityvebSi defisis dasmis Sesaxeb

ixileT 20.3.2. tomebis saxelebis, magaliTad,

Hopi, mravlobiTi

ricxvis Sesaxeb ixileT 20.1.1.)

Arab Americans

the middle class

Latinos

blue-collar workers
mTavruliT

dawereT

arsebiTi

saxelebisgan

warmoebuli

zedsarTavi saxelebi, garda SemTxvevebisa, rodesac maT dakarges

uSualo

asociacia

konkretul

pirovnebebTan

an

geografiul

adgilebTan da gadaiqcnen yoveldRiuri salaparako enis nawilad.

Machiavellian scheme

french fries

Roman and Arabic art

roman and arabic numerals

22.1.2 istoriuli movlenebi, kuturuli terminebi da drois aRniSvnebi

mravali

istoriuli

periodisa

da

movlenis

saxeli,

tradiciisamebr, mTavruli asoebiT iwereba; ufro zogadi terminebi

_Cveulebriv,nusxuriT,

garda

im

SemTxvevebisa,

rodesac

isini

Seicavs sakuTar saxels. daicaviT Tqvens disciplinaSi arsebuli

wesebi.
the Bronze Age

ancient Rome

the Depression

the nineteenth century

the Industrial Revolution

the Shang dynasty

Prohibition

the colonial period

the Seven Years War

the baby boom

442

kulturis stilis, moZraobebisa da skolebis aRmniSvneli

arsebiTi saxelebi da zedsarTavi saxelebi zogadad mTavruliT
iwereba

mxolod

saxelebisgan

an

maSin,

rodesac

rodesac

isini

saWiroa,

warmoebulia

ganvasxvavoT

isini

sakuTari
saerTo

terminebisgan (magaliTad,Stoicism). am SemTxvevaSic daicaviT Tqveni

disciplinis wesebi.
classical

Aristotelian reasoning

impressionism

Dadaism

modernism

Hudson River school

deconstruction

Romanesque architecture

kviris dReebis, Tveebisa da dResaswaulebis saxelebi iwereba

mTavruli asoTi, xolo weliwadis droebis ara. meti informacia
TariRis sistemebis Sesaxeb ixileT 23.3.
Tuesday

September

Independence Day

spring

22.1.3 sxva tipis saxelebi

sxva tipis saxelebis werisas, aseve, vxelmZRvanelobT mTavruli
asoebis gamoyenebis specialuri nimuSebiT, xolo zogierTi maTgani
daxrili SriftiT unda daiweros.

akademiuri kursebi da sagnebi. dawereT mTavruliT specialuri

kursebis saxelebi da ara zogadi sagnebis an kvlevis sferoebis
saxelebi, garda enebis saxelebisa.

Introduction of Asian Art

art history

Topics in Victorian Literature

English literature

aqtebi,

xelSekrulebebi

da

samTavrobo

programebi.

dawereT
mTavruliT aqtebis, xelSekrulebebis, samTavrobo programebisa da
msgavsi dokumentebisa Tu organizaciebis oficialuri an miRebuli
saxelwodebebi, xolo nusxuriT araoficialuri an saerTo
saxelwodebebi.
the United States (or U.S.) Constitution

the due process clause

the Treaty of Versailles

the treaty

Head Start

`hed starti~ (ganmanaTlebeli da

443

samedicino programa)

brendebis saxelebi. dawereT mTavruliT produqtebis brendebis

saxelebi, magram nu ixmarT simboloebs anTMsaxelebis Semdeg.
amasTan,Tu ar saubrobT specifikur produqtze, ixmareT saerTo
termini brendis saxelis nacvlad.

Coca-Cola

cola

Xerox

photocopy

eleqtronuli

teqnologia.

dawereT mTavruliT kompiuteruli

aparaturisa da programebis, qselebis, brauzerebis, sistemebisa da
enebis saxelebi da am saxelebis Semoklebuli formebi.
Windows XP

the Internet; the Net

Internet Explorer

the World Wide Web; the Web

sasamarTlo saqmeebi. dawereT mTavruliT da daxrili SriftiT

sasamarTlo saqmeebis saxelwodebebi; dawereT daxrili SriftiT
asov. (versus). SegiZliaT, saqmis saxelwodebis Semokleba misi
srulad miTiTebis Semdeg. sasamarTlo saqmeebis miTiTebebis
Sesaxeb ixileT 17.9.7. da 19.9.7.

pirveli miTiTeba

Semdgomi miTiTebebi

Miranda v. Arizona

Miranda

United States v. Carlisle

Carlisle

gemebi, sahaero xomaldebi da sxva satransporto saSualebebi.

dawereT mTavruliT da daxrili SriftiT gemebis, sahaero
xomaldebisa da sxva satransporto saSualebebis saxelebi. Tu
saxelebis win gvxvdeba iseTi abreviaturebi, rogoricaa USS (United
States ship) an HMS (Her [or His] Majestys ship), nu dawerT daxrili
SriftiT am abreviaturebs an nu ixmarT sityvas ship saxelTan
erTad.

USS Constitution

Spirit of St. Louis

HMSSaranac

the space shuttle Endeavor

mcenareebi

da

mecnierebebisadmi

cxovelebi.
miZRvnil

humanitaruli
an
naSromebSinu dawerT

socialuri
mTavruliT

444

mcenareebisa da cxovelebis saxeobebis dasaxelebebs.mTavruliT

iwereba mxolod maTi warmoSobis mimaniSnebeli geografiuli
adgilis dasaxeleba. saxeobebis ornawiliani laTinuri saxelebi
iwereba daxrili SriftiT, gvariiwereba mTavruliT, xolo saxeoba
(an specifikuri epiTeti) nusxuri asoebiT. tipebis, rigebis da a.S.
saxelebi
iwereba
swori
SriftiT.
sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebisadmi miZRvnil naSromebSi ixelmZRvaneleT Tqvens
disciplinaSi miRebuli wesebiT.
rhesus monkey
22.2

Rocky Mountain sheep

Rosa caroliniana

Chordata

specialuri terminebi
zogi specialuri termini moiTxovs daxrili Sriftis, brWyalebisa

da mTavruli asoebis xmarebas.

22.2.1 ucxoenovani terminebi
dawereT

daxrili

sityvebi

da

SriftiT

frazebi,

calkeuli

romlebic,

ucxo

savaraudod,

enaze

dawerili

ucnobi

iqneba

inglisurenovani mkiTxvelisTvis da dasviT mTavruli asoebi iseve,

rogorc maT originalisenaze svamen. (Tu ar iciT ama Tu im enis
mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebis principebi, CaixedeT avtoritetul
wyaroSi, rogoricaa `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ 2003 wlis
me-15

gamocemis

me-10

Tavi.

ucxoenovani

naSromebis

saTaurebis

Sesaxeb ixileT 22.3.1.

This leads to the idea of bermensch and to the theory of the acte gratuit and surrealism. .
nu dawerT daxrili SriftiT ucxoenovan saxelebs an pirad
titulebs (wodebebs), romlebic maT axlavT.
Padre Pio
the Acadmie Franaise
the Pierto del Sol
Tu

Tqven

gansazRvravT

ucxoenovan

termins,

CasviT

gansazRvrebaterminis Semdeg teqstSi an SeniSvnaSi frCxilebSi an

brWyalebSi.
The usual phrase was ena tuainu-iai, I wanted to eat.

445

According to Sartrean ontology, man is always de trop (in excess).

ucxoenovani
citatebisTvis

wyaroebidan

gamoiyeneT

moyvanili

swori

Srifti.

ufro

grZeli

dawereT

daxrili

SriftiT mTliani citata an masSi arsebuli nebismieri sityva

mxolod maSin, Tu isini daxrili SriftiT aris warmodgenili
originalSi.
gamoiyeneT

CasviT

citata

blok-citata

brWyalebSi

25.2-Si

teqstis

Camoyalibebuli

SigniT

an

principebis

Sesabamisad.
The confusion of le pragmatisme is traced to the supposed failure to distinguish les
proprits de la valeur en gnral from the incidental.
22.2.2 terminebad gansazRvruli sityvebi
Tqvens mier gansazRvruli ZiriTadi terminebis xazgasmis mizniT,
maTi

pirvelad

moxseniebisas

dawereT

isini

daxrili

SriftiT,

Semdeg ki ixmareT swori Srifti. SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT brWyalebi

(e.w. `gamafrTxilebeli brWyalebi), raTa gaafrTxiloT mkiTxveli,
rom

arastandartulad

an

ironiuli

kuTxiT

iyenebT

termins.

zedmeti xmarebis SemTxvevaSi es ori meTodi naklebad efeqturi

xdeba.
The two chief tactics of this group, obstructionism and misinformation, require careful
analysis.
Government effeciency resulted in a huge deficit.
dawereT

termini

daxrili

SriftiT,

Tu

mas

moixseniebT,

rogorc termins.
The term critical mass is more often used metaphorically than literally.
How did she define the word existential?

magram
A critical mass of students took existential philosophy.
dawereT daxrili nusxuri SriftiT asoebi, romlebic calke
moixsenieba. niSnebis da magaliTebis gamomxatveli sityvebi iwereba
swori SriftiT da mTavruliT. amgvarad gamoyenebuli sityvebis
mravlobiTi ricxvis formebis Sesaxeb ixileT 20.1.2.
446

Many of the place-names there begin with the letters h and k.

In her senior year, she received an A and six Bs.
Imagine a group of interconnected persons: A knows B, B knows C, and C knows D.
22.3

naSromebis saTaurebi
rodesac

miuTiTebT

werilobiT,

mxatvrul

an

samauwyeblo

namuSevars, warmoadgineT misi saTauri zustad iseve, rogorc is

naCvenebia originalur namuSevarSi an, Tu originali xelmisawvdomi
ar aris, - avtoritetul wyaroSi.
yovelTvis

daicaviT

aseT

saTaurebSi

originaluri

damwerloba (maT Soris, dasmuli defisebi), maSinac, rodesac igi

ar Seesabameba me-20 TavSi aRweril Tanamedroveamerikul wesebs,
ixileT

17.1.2

saTaurebis

punqtuaciaSi

zogierTi

dasaSvebi

cvlilebis Sesatanad, rogoricaa ori wertilis xmareba saTaursa

da qvesaTaurs Soris da mZimis darTva TariRebis win.
akademiuri
asoebis

tradiciisamebr,

gamoyenebisa

da

teqstis

saTaurebi
moniSvnis

iwereba

mTavruli

(daxrili

Srifti,

brWyalebi an arcerTi) specifikuri modelebiT, imisda miuxedavad,

Tu rogor aris warmodgenili originalSi. teqstSi da miTiTebebSi
gamoyenebuli

saTaurebisTvis

principebi,garkveulwilad,

gansxvavebulia.
22.3.1 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba
saTaurebs

aqvs

mTavruli

asoebis

gamoyenebis

ori

modeli:

saTauris stili (headline style) da winadadebis stili(sentence style).

warmoadgineT teqstSi moxseniebuli saTaurebis umetesoba saTauris
stilSi.

ucxoenovani

saTaurebis

SemTxvevaSi

isargebleT

winadadebis stiliT.
miTiTebebSi arCevani damokidebulia im miTiTebis stilze,
romliTac

sargeblobT:

bibliografiuli

zogadad,

miTiTebebisTvis

saTauris
da

stili

winadadebis

gamoiyeneba
stili

447

miTiTebebis CamonaTvlisTvis. (aris ramdenime gamonaklisi; ixileT,

Sesabamisad, me-17 da me-19 Tavebi.)
Tqveni

naSromisada

saTaurebisTvis

misi

isargebleT

nebismieri
saTauris

nawilebis
stiliT,

an

Tavebis

Tu

Tqvens

disciplinaSi ar aris miRebuli winadadebis stili (ix. A.1.5).

saTauris stili. saTauris stilis mizaniateqstidan saTaurebis
mkafiodgamokveTa. am stilSi mTavruliT dawereT
qvesaTauris

yvela

sityvis

pirveli

a,so

saTauris

garda

da

Semdegi

gamonaklisebisa:

nu dawerT mTavruliT artiklebs (a, an, the),kavSirebs (and, but, or, nor,
for, so, yet) an sityvebs to daas, Tu aseTi sityva ar aris saTauris an
qvesaTauris pirveli an bolo sityva.

nu dawerT mTavruliT windebulebs (of, in, at, above, under da a.S.),

TumaTze ar keTdeba aqcenti (through - A Rover Runs Through It-Si) Tu
isini ar gamoiyeneba zmnizedebis (up - Look Up), zedsarTavi saxelebis
(on - The On Button) an kavSirebis (before - Look Before You Leap) funqciiT.

nu dawerT mTavruliT defisiani Sedgenili sityvis meore (an

momdevno) nawilebs, Tu isini ar aris sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebi
an zedsarTavi saxelebi. (nu dagaviwydebaT saTaurebSi defisebis
dasmis
originaluri
wesis
SenarCuneba
maSinac,
roca
igi
gansxvavdeba 20.3-Si ganxiluli principebisgan.)

nu dawerT mTavruliT sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebis im nawilebs,

romlebic,Cveulebriv, nusxuriT iwereba, rogorc es naCvenebia22.1.1Si( Ludwig van Beethoven).
The Economic Effects of the Civil War in the Mid-Atlantic States
To Have and to Hold: A Twenty-first-century View of Marriage
All That Is True: The Life of Vincent van Gogh, 1853-90
Four Readings of the Gospel according to Mathew
Self-government and the Re-establishement of a New World Order ena
Global Warming: What We Are Doing about It Today
Still Life with Oranges
E-flat Concerto
448

miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri mokle sityva am stilSi nusxuriT

iwereba,mTavruli

asoebis

gamoyenebas

sityvis

sigrZe

ar

gansazRvravs. saWiroa mokle zmnebis (is, are), zedsarTavi saxelebis

(new), piris nacvalsaxelebis (it, we) da CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis
(that) mTavruli asoebiT dawera, vinaidan isini zemoT CamoTvlili
gamonaklisebis

siaSia.

dawereT

nuxuriT

grZeli

windebulebi

(according), radgan isini gvxvdeba gamonaklisebs Soris.

dauSvebelia
warmodgena

ori

maSinac,

Tu

tipis
am

saTauris

stils

Tqven

saTauris
iyenebT

stilSi

yvela

sxva

saTaurisTvis:

sxva enebze, garda inglisurisa, daweril saTaurebSi

winadadebis stilis kapitalizacia (ixileT qvemoT).

meTvramete saukuneSi da ufro adre gamoqveynebuli naSromebis

saTaurebSi ucvlelad datoveT originaluri mTavruli asoebis
gamoyenebis stili (da orTografia), Tumca,gaiTvaliswineT, rom
sityvebSi, romelTa yvela asoc originalSi mTavruliT aris
dawerili, mxolod pirveli aso unda daweroT mTavruliT.

ixmareT

A Treatise of morall philosophy Contaynyge the sayings of the wyse

winadadebis stili. saTauris stilisgan gansxvavebiT, winadadebis
stilisaTaurebis

warmodgenis

ufro

martivi,

magram

naklebad

gamorCeuli saSualebaa. am stilSi mTavruliT dawereT mxolod

saTauris

da

nebismieri

qvesaTauris

momdevno

pirveli

sakuTari

sityvis

arsebiTi

pirveli

saxeli

da

aso

da

sakuTari

zedsarTavi saxeli.
Seeing and selling late-nineteenth-century Japan
Natural crisis: Symbol and imagination in the mid-American farm crisis
Religious feminism: A challenge from the National Organization for Women
The last supper
winadadebis

stili

gamoiyeneba,

agreTve,

ucxourenovani

naSromebis saTaurebisTvis. ucxo enebis mTavruli asoebiT daweris

449

principebi gansxvavdeba inglisuri enis principebisgan, amitom Tu

ar

xarT

darwmunebuli

konkretuli

ucxo

enis

principebSi,

CaixedeT avtoriterul wyaroSi.

Speculum Romanae magnificentiae
Historia de la Orden de San Gernimo
Reallexikon zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte
Phnomnologie et religion. Structures de linstitution chrtienne
22.3.2 teqstis tipografiuli moniSvna
specialuri
brWyalebi

tipografiuli

moniSvna

aseve,gvexmareba

daxrili

naSromebis

Srifti

saTaurebis

da

teqstidan

gamokveTaSi. winamdebare paragrafSi CamoTvlili saxelmZRvanelo

miTiTebebi vrceldeba teqstSi gamoyenebul saTaurebze. isini aseve
vrceldeba umetes saTaurze bibliografiis stilis miTiTebebSi
(ix.

me-17

Tavi),

rac

ar

SeiZleba,

iTqvas

sqolioSi

miTiTebis

stilSi aRniSnul saTaurebze(ixileT me-19 Tavi).

qvemoT

moyvanili

magaliTebi

warmodgenilia

saTauris

stiliT.

Tumca, saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi, aseve, vrceldeba winadadebis

stilis mqone saTaurebze (ix. 22.3.1).
daxrili

Srifti.

grZeligamoqveynebuli
mocemuli)

an

dawereT

daxrili

(dabeWdili

sazogadoebisTvis

an

SriftiT

SedarebiT

eleqtronuli

sxvamxriv

cnobili

formiT

naSromebis

saTaurebi, teqstSi (da ara miTiTebebSi) sityva the swori SriftiT

da nusxuri asoebiT iwereba umetesi saTauris dasawyisSi, maSinac,
roca is oficialuri saTauris nawilia. am naSromebis nawilebTan
da amave tipis ufro mokle naSromebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT
qvemoT.

wignebi (Culture and Anarchy, the Chicago Manual of Style)

piesebi (A Winters Tale) da Zalian grZeli poemebi, gansakuTrebiT

wignis moculobis mqone poemebi (Dantes Inferno)

450

samecniero Jurnalebi (Signs), popularuli Jurnalebi

gazeTebi (the Washington Post) da sxva perioduli gamocemebi

grZeli musikaluri nawarmoebebi (the Marriage of Figaro)

ferweruli naxatebi (Mona Lisa), qandakebebi (Michelangelos David) da

sxva xelovnebis nimuSebi, garda fotoebisa

kinofilmebi (Citizen Kane) da satelevizio

radioprogramebi (All Things Considered)

(Time),

Street) da

(Sesame

brWyalebi. ufro mokle naSromis saTauri, romelic SeiZleba

iyos an ar iyos ufro grZeli naSromis nawili (rogoricaa
zemoCamoTvlili

naSromebi)

CasviT

brWyalebSi,

magram

ar

daweroT daxrili SriftiT:

Tavi (The Later Years) an wignis sxva dasaTaurebuli nawilebi

mokle moTxrobebi (The Dead), mokle poemebi (The Housekeeper) da

narkvevebi (Of Books)

statiebi an sxva masala samecniero JurnalebSi (The Function of

Fashion in Eighteenth-century America), popularul JurnalebSi (Who
Should Lead the Supreme Court?), gazeTebSi (Election Comes Down to the
Wire) da sxva periodul gamocemebSi

satelevizio
Opposite)

mokle musikaluri nawarmoebebi (The Star-Spangled Banner)

fotosuraTebi (Ansel Adams North Dome)

ixmareT,
naSromebis

programebis

aseve,

individualuri

brWyalebi

saTaurebSi,

da

romlebic

swori
ar

(The

epizodebi

Srifti
aris

im

sruli

oficialurad

gamoqveynebuli, maT Soris Semdegi saxis naSromebisa:

Tezisebi theses da disertaciebi (A Study of Kants Early Works)

451

leqciebi da sxdomebze wakiTxuli moxsenebebi

Inequality: The Transformation of American Civic Democracy)

dasaTaurebuli dokumentebi xelnawerebis koleqciebSi (A Map

of the Southern Indian District of North America)
specialuri

tipofrafiuli

moniSvnis

(Voice and

dawereT

gareSe.

mTavruliT, magram nu gamoiyenebT daxril Srifts an brWyalebs

Semdegi specialuri tipis saTaurebis SemTxvevaSi:

wignebis seriebi (Studies in Legal History).

xelnawerebis koleqciebi (Egmont Manuscripts).

wminda wignebi (the Bible) da sxva religiuri naSromebi (the

Upanishads), aseve, bibliis sxvadasxva versia(the King James Version) da
misi wignebi (Genesis; sruli sia ixileT 24.6-Si).

musikaluri nawarmoebebi, moxseniebuli maTi Janris mixedviT

(Symphony no. 41, Cantata BWV 80), Tumca, am nawarmoebebis
popularuli saxelwodebebi iwereba daxrili SriftiT (the Jupiter
Symphony) da Casmulia brWyalebSi (Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott),
gamomdinare, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, maTi sigrZidan.

zogadad
moxseniebuli
vebsaitebi
(MSNBC.com),
Tumca,
miTiTebebSi vebsaitebis saxelebi iwereba daxrili SriftiT
(Salon.com), xolo calkeuli statiebisa Tu gverdebis saTaurebi
iwereba swori SriftiT da Casmulia brWyalebSi (The Fix).
miiCnieT

wignebis

an

sxva

naSromebis

nawilebis

saerTo

aRniSvnebi nebismier sxva sityvad. nu dawerT mTavruliT da nu

ixmarT

daxril

Srifts

an

brWyalebs,

garda

SemTxvevebisa,

rodesac igives izamdiT Cveulebrivi sityvis dawerisas (rogorc

winadadebis dasawyisSi). Tu nawili Seicavs nomers, miuTiTeT igi
arabul

ricxvebSi,

miuxedavad

imisa,

Tu

rogor

aris

igi

naCvenebi originalur naSromSi (ixileT 23.1.8).

in Lionel Trillings preface

as discussed in chapters 4 and 5

452

a comprehensive bibliography

killed off in act 3, scene 2

22.3.3 punqtuacia
daicaviT teqstSi saTauris bolos mZimis, wertilis an sxva sasveni
niSnis dasmis standartuli saxelmZRvanelo wesebi. Tu saTauri
bolovdeba TariRebiT, gamoyaviT isini dawyvilebuli mZimeebiT,
winadadebis daboloebis gamoklebiT, sadac damaboloebeli sasveni
niSani enacvleba meore mZimes (ix., aseve,17.1.2). brWyalebSi Casmuli
saTaurebis SemTxvevaSi dasviT mZime an wertili Camketi sasveni
niSnis win (ix., aseve,21.11.2).
Have you ever read The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787?
Her article, Continuity and Change, 1500-1800, argues in favor of continuity.

453

23.

ricxvebi
23.1

sityvebi Tu ricxvebi?
23.1.1 zogadi wesi
23.1.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi
23.1.3 procentebi da wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi
23.1.4 fuli
23.1.5 dro
23.1.6 saxelebi ricxvebTan erTad
23.1.7 misamarTebi da magistralebi
23.1.8 gamoqveynebuli namuSevrebis nawilebi
23.1.9 gantolebebi da formulebi

23.2

ricxvebis mravlobiTi forma da punqtuacia

23.2.1 ricxvebi mravlobiTSi
23.2.2 mZimeebi ricxvebSi
23.2.3 sxva punqtuacia ricxvebSi
23.2.4 CaTvliTi ricxvebi

23.3

TariRTa sistemebi
23.3.1 Tve, dRe da weli
23.3.2 aTwleulebi, saukuneebi da epoqebi

23.4

teqstis gareT gamoyenebuli ricxvebi

23.4.1 ricxvebi cxrilebSi, suraTebSi da miTiTebebSi
23.4.2 CamonaTvlebi
23.4.3 naSromis struqtura

winamdebare

Tavi

gamoyenebasTan
vrceldeba

gTavazobT

dakavSirebiT.

humanitaruli

da

zogad
es

miTiTebebs

saxelmZRvanelo

socialuri

ricxvebis
miTiTebebi

mecnierebebis

TiTqmis

yvela disciplinaze, magram im disciplinebs, romlebic mTlianad

efuZneba

ricxobriv

monacemebs,

SeiZleba,

ufro

konkretuli

454

saxelmZRvanelo

miTiTebebi

sabunebismetyvelo

an

hqondes.

zust

Tu

amzadebT

mecnierebebSi,

an

naSroms

romelime

sxva

wmindad teqnikur dargSi, dacaviT am konkretul disciplinaSi

miRebuli

wesebi.

sxvadasxva

disciplinisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli

saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi ixileT bibliografiaSi.

zog SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, mogixdeT am saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis
morgeba im situaciebze, romlebic aq ar aris moyvanili. Tu es ase
iqneba, iyaviT Tanmimdevrulni.
Tu

muSaobT

sadiplomo

ganyofilebas

an

naSromze

universitets

an

SeiZleba,

disertaciaze,
gaaCndes

Tqvens

specifikuri

moTxovnebi ricxvebis wardgenasTan dakavSirebiT. es moTxovnebi,

rogorc wesi, moipoveba sadiplomo namuSevrebisa da disertaciebis
ofisSi. Tu amzadebT saklaso naSroms, Tqvenma pedagogma SeiZleba,
aseve, mogTxovoT ricxvebis wardgenis garkveuli principebis dacva.
gaerkvieT am moTxovnebSi vidre naSromis weras daiwyebT. isini
winamdebare

paragrafSi

moyvanil

saxelmZRvanelo

miTiTebebze

upiratesia.
23.1

sityvebi Tu ricxvebi?
cifrebis wardgenisas yvelaze xSirad dasmuli kiTxvaa, rogor
unda warvadginoT ricxvebi sityvebiT (twenty-two) Tu ricxvebiT
(22).

rodesac

ricxvs

mosdevs

zomis

erTeuli,

aqac

unda

gadawyvitoT, sityvebiT daweroT erTeulis (percent), simbolos (%),

Tu abreviaturis saxiT.
23.1-23.3-Si warmodgenili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi Seexeba Tqveni
naSromis teqstSi gamoyenebul
miTiTebebSi

da

Tqveni

ricxvebs. cxrilebSi, suraTebSi,

naSromis

struqturaSi

gamoyenebul

ricxvebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT 23.4.

Tu sxvagvarad ar iqna miTiTebuli, ricxvebi am TavSi gulisxmobs
arabul cifrebs (1, 2, 3 da a.S.). romauli cifrebis (i, ii, iii da a.S.)
Sesaxeb ixileT cxrili 23.1.
455

23.1.1 zogadi wesi

vidre SeadgenT Tqveni naSromis proeqts, miiReT gadawyvetileba
rogor

warmoadgenT

masSi

ricxvebs

da

ganuxrelad

daicaviT

arCeuli wesi. Tqveni arCevani damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramden

ricxvobriv monacems warmoadgenT da rogoria Tqvens disciplinaSi
miRebuli wesebi. im SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb, romlis drosac SeiZleba,
SecvaloT zemoaRniSnuli wesi, ixileT 23.1.2-23.1.8.
cxrili 23.1. romauli ricxvebi
arabuli

romauli

arabuli

romauli

arabuli

romauli

11

XI

30

XXX

II

12

XII

40

XL

III

13

XIII

50

IV

14

XIV

60

LX

15

XV

70

LXX

VI

16

XVI

80

LXXX

VII

17

XVII

90

XC

VIII

18

XVIII

100

IX

19

XIX

500

10

20

XX

1,000

SeniSvna:

romauli

ricxvebi

mTavruli

asoebiTaa

warmodgenili;

cifrebis patara asoebiT warmosadgenad gamoiyeneT igive formebi,

rac mTavrul asoebSi (i I-sTvis,
dakavSirebiT,

romlebic

ar

v V-sTvis da a.S.). im ricxvebTan

aris

cxrilSi

mocemuli,

ixelmZRvaneleT warmodgenili nimuSebiT.

Tu

humanitarul

da

socialur

mecnierebebSi

mogyavT

mxolod

ramdenime raodenobrivi monacemi, erTidan asamde ricxvebi dawereT

sityvierad (fifty-five). dawereT, aseve, sityvierad mrgvali ricxvebi,

456

romlebsac mosdevs: thousand, ten thousand, million

cifrisTvis
modeliT,
nawils

ixmareT

roca

arabuli

ricxvi

(manZili,

sigrZe,

ricxvebi.

gamoxatavs

da a.S. yvela sxva

ixelmZRvaneleT

fizikuri

temperatura

da

sididis

a.S.)

da

am

sazomis

nu

ixmarT

abreviaturebs am erTeulebTan (ix. 24.5).

.

After seven years of war came sixty-four years of peace.

The population of the three states was approximately twelve million.

He catalogued more than 527 works of art.
Within fifteen minutes the temperature dropped twenty degrees.
Tu Tqveni Tema Zalian damokidebulia ricxobriv monacemebze,

daicaviT sxva wesi: dawereT sityvierad mxolod martivi ricxvebi

da ixmareT cifrebi yvela sxva ricxvisTvis.
This study of 14 electoral districts over seven years included 142 participants.
He hit the wall at 65 miles per hour, leaving skid marks for nine feet.
sabunebismetyvelo

mecnierebebSi

zogadi

wesi

SeiZleba,

iTvaliswinebdes cifrebis gamoyenebas yvela ricxvisTvis, garda im

SemTxvevebisa,
SegiZliaT,

rodesac
aseve,

maTiT

iwyeba

raodenobis

winadadeba

aRsaniSnavad

(ix.

23.1.2).

gamoiyenoT

abreviaturebi (ix. 24.5).

rogorc aRmoCnda, saSualo wonam Seadgina 7 gr. savaraudoze
bevrad naklebi.
rigobiT

ricxviT

saxelebTanac

igive,

raodenobiTi

ricxviTi

saxelebis gamoyenebis wesebi unda daicvaT. sadac saWiroa, daurTeT

st, nd, rd an th.
On the 122nd and 123rd days of his trip, he received his eighteenth and nineteenth letters
from home.
23.1.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi
ramdenime gavrcelebul SemTxvevaSi 23.1.1-Si ganxiluli situacia
modifikacias saWiroebs.

457

sawyisi
saxeliT.

ricxvebi.
dawereT

nurasdros
ricxvi

daiwyebT

sityvierad

winadadebas
an

sxvagvarad

ricxviTi
dawereT

winadadeba, gansakuTrebiT, maSin, rodesac masSi sxva msgavsi tipis

ricxviTi saxelia.
Two hundred fifty soldiers in the unit escaped injury; 175 sustained minor injuries.
an, ukeTesi variantia,
Of the soldiers in the unit, 250 escaped injury and 175 sustained minor injuries.
sityvierad dawerisas gamotoveT terminSi arsebuli sityva and
(miuRebelia two hundred and fifty).
ricxvebis rigi. nu daicavT zogad wess, rodesac erTsa da imave
winadadebaSi warmodgenilia zRvruli sididis zemoT da qvemoT
arsebuli ricxvebis

rigi, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac

am ricxvebs

erTmaneTs adareben. qvemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi yvela ricxvi

cifrebSia warmodgenili.
Of the group surveyed, 78 students had studied French and 142 had studied Spanish for
three years or more.
We analyzed 62 cases; of these, 59 had occurred in adults and 3 in children.
Tu ganixilavT Tematurad Zalian daaxloebul monacemTa or rigs,
nu daicavT zogad wess da sicxadisTvis sityvierad dawereT erTi
rigis yvela ricxvi da gamoiyeneT ricxviTi saxelebi meore rigis
yvela ricxvisTvis.
programis farglebSi 9 bavSvs daetyo garkveuli gaumjobeseba
eqvsi

Tvis

Semdeg,

xolo

37

bavSvs

daetyo

mniSvnelovani

gaumjobeseba Tvrameti Tvis Semdeg.

mrgvali ricxvebi. dawereT calke, sityvierad mrgvali ricxvi
(mTeli ricxvi, romelsac mosdevs hundred, thousand, hundred thousand,
million da

a.S)

(ix.

23.1.1),

xolo

ramdenime

mrgvali

ricxvi

gverdigverd, cifrebiT. Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT, msxvili mrgvali

ricxvebi warmoadginoT cifrebisa da sityvebis kombinaciis saxiT
(ix., aseve, 23.1.4).

458

They sold 1,500 copies in the first year and 8,000 in the second.
These changes will affect about 7.8 million people in New York alone.
23.1.3 procentebi da wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi
gamoiyeneT ricxvebi procentebisa da wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelebis
saCveneblad,

garda

winadadebis

dasawyisisa

(ix.

23.1.2).

sityva

procenti percent dawereT sityvebiT, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac

mravlad gixdebaT procentuli cifruli monacemebis Cveneba da
sabunebismetyvelo
wesi,

ufro

mecnierebaTa

misaRebia

disciplinebisa,

simbolo

(ricxvis

sadac,

Semdeg

rogorc

Sualeduri

intervalis gareSe). gaiTvaliswineT, rom dauSvebelia

percentage

xmareba ricxvTan erTad.

Scores for students who skipped summer school improved only 9 percent. The percentage
of students who failed was about 2.4 times the usual rate.
Within this system, the subject scored 3.8, or 95%.

magram ara
The average rose 9 percentage points.
rodesac erTi da imave tipis punqtisTvis erTsa da imave
winadadebaSi an paragrafSi iyenebT wilobiT ricxviT saxelebsa da
mTel ricxvebs, orive ricxvebis saxiT warmoadgineT.
The average number of children born to college graduates dropped from 2.4 to 2.
kolejis

kursdamTavrebulTa

Soris

Sobadobis

saSualo

raodenobam iklo 2.4-dan 2-mde.

dasviT noli 1.00-ze naklebi wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelis win, Tu
warmodgenili sidide SeiZleba, gautoldes an gadaaWarbos 1.00-s;
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gamotoveT sawyisi noli.
a mean of 0.73
calkeuli

a loss of 0.08
wilobiTi

p < .05
ricxviTi

saxelis

SemTxvevaSi,

ixelmZRvaneleT nawilebis sityvierad daweris zogadi wesiT (ix.

23.1.1). nawilebis sityvebiT dawerisas dawereT defisi maT Soris.
dawereT

cifrebiT

da

nawilebs

Soris

Sualeduri

intervalis

gareSe mTeli ricxvisgan da wiladisgan Sedgenili erTeuli.

459

Trade and commodity services accounted for nine-tenths of all international receipts and
payments.
One year during the Dust Bowl era, the town received only 15/16 of an inch of rain.
ZiriTadi

saWreli

iaraRis

sigrZe,

romelsac

sazogadoebaSi

iyenebdnen, Seadgenda 2 futs.

23.1.4 fuli
aSS-is valuta. Tu aSS-is valutas mxolod drodadro moixseniebT,
ixelmZRvaneleT zogadi wesiT (ix. 23.1.1) da dawereT sityvebiT
dollars

da

cents.

winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi,

ixmareT

ricxvebi

simboloebTan $ an . gamotoveT aTobiTi wertili da momdevno

nolebi mxolod dolarebSi miTiTebuli Tanxebis dawerisas, Tu
amavdroulad ar aCvenebT wilad.
Rarely do they spend more than five dollars a week on recreation.
.

The report showed $135 collected in fines.

After peaking at $200.00, shares of the stock plummeted to $36.75.
warmoadgineT msxvili mrgvali ricxvebi cifrebisa da sityvebis
kombinaciis saxiT.
The deficit that year was $420 billion.
sxva valutebi. garda SeerTebuli Statebis valutisa, sxva
valutebis dawerisas ixelmZRvaneleT aSS dolaris modeliT.
umetes valutebSi fuladi erTeulis simboloebi win uswrebs
ricxvebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropuli qveynebi aTobiT wertils
warmoadgenen mZimeebiT wertilebis nacvlad, Tqven SegiZliaT,
wertilebi gamoiyenoT, garda uSualod wyaroebidan amoRebuli
citatebis dawerisas.
When she returned, she had barely fifty euros in her name.
The household records show that it costs only 36.50.
Its current estimated worth is 377 m illion.
evropuli

saxelmwifoebis

umravlesoba

amJamad

iyenebs

erTian

valutas, romelsac ewodeba evro (), magram Tu Tqveni naSromi 2002

460

wlamde

periodis

Temebs

eZRvneba,

SeiZleba,

SegxvdeT

iseTi

valutebi, rogoricaa franguli franki (F), germanuli doiCe marka

(DM) da italiuri lira (Lit). britanuli valuta kvlavindeburad
gamosaxulia girvanqa sterlingebSi () da pensebSi (p.). Tumca, 1971
wels aTobiT sistemaze gadasvlamde, igi gamoisaxeboda girvanqa
sterlingebSi, SilingebSi da pensebSi (magaliTad, 12 17s. 6d.). unda
gaviTvaliswinoT,

rom

tradiciul

billion

britanul

xmarebaSi

aRniSnavs milion milions da ara miliards; gaugebrobis Tavidan

asacileblad

nu

gamoiyenebT

sityvas

billion Tanxebis

britanul

valutaSi dawerisas.
Tu ar icnobT romelime konkretuli valutis daweris wesebs,
CaixedeT avtoritetul wyaroSi.
23.1.5 dro
drois monakveTebis

- saaTi, naxevari saaTi an meoTxedi saaTi

dawerisas miuTiTeT dro sityvierad, nawilebs Soris defisiT.

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi daakonkreteT in the morning an in the evening.
SegiZliaT

gamoiyenoT

oclock,

Tumca,

kvleviT

naSromebSi

is

iSviaTad gvxvdeba.
The participants planned to meet every Thursday around ten-thirty in the morning.
Although scheduled to end at 11:00 a.m. , the council meeting ran until 1:37 p.m.
gamoiyeneT

noon da

midnight

(ricxvebis

nacvlad)

dReRamis

am

konkretuli monakveTis aRsaniSnavad.

TariRebSi sityvebis an ricxvebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 23.3.
23.1.6 saxelebi ricxvebTan erTad
zogierTi tipis sakuTari, samTavrobo da organizaciebis saxelebi
da

saxelwodebebi

Seicavs

sityvebiT

an

cifrebiT

gamosaxul

ricxvebs. ixileT, aseve, 22.1 zogadad sakuTari saxelebis mTavruli

asoebiT dawerasTan dakavSirebiT.

liderebi. erTi da imave saxelis mqone imperatorebs, mefeebs an

papebs ganasxvaveben mTavruliT dawerili romauli cifrebiT
(ix. cxrili 23.1).
461

Charles V

Napoleon III

Elizabeth II

Benedict XVI

ojaxis wevrebi. identuri saxelebisa da gvarebis mamrobiTi

sqesis ojaxis wevrebs xSirad ganasxvaveben romauli an
arabuli
ricxviTi
saxelebiT
(ix.,
aseve,
24.2.1).
unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom saxelsa da ricxviT saxels Soris ar
iwereba mZime.
Adlai E. Stevenson III

Michael F. Johnson 2nd

mTavrobebi da administraciul-teritorialiulri danayofebi.

garkveuli
dinastiebi,
mTavrobebi,
mmarTveli
organoebi,
administraciul-teritoriialulri da sasamarTlo danayofebi,
aseve, samxedro erTeulebi, Cveulebriv,ad aRiniSneba rigiTi
nomriT arsebiTi saxelis win. rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT
arsebiTis win. dawereT asamde nomrebi nomris aRmniSvneli
ricxvi sityvierad da mTavruliT (Tu saWiroa, defisiT nomris
nawilebs Soris); gamoiyeneT cifrebi asis zemoT ricxvebisTvis.

Nineteenth Dynasty

Fourteenth Congressional District

Fifth Republic

Forty-seventh Ward

Eighty-first Congress

Tenth Circuit

109th Congress

101st Airborne Division

eklesiebi

da

religiuri

organizaciebi.

dawereT nomrebi
sityvierad
da
mTavruliT
eklesiebis
an
religiuri
organizaciebis saxelwodebebis win rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis
formiT (Tu saWiroa, defisiT nomris nawilebs Soris).
Twenty-first Church of Christ, Scientist

saero organizaciebi. saZmoebisa da kavSirebis adgilobrivi

ganyofilebebis nomrebi dawereT cifrebiT saxelebis Semdeg.
American Legion, Department of Illinois, Crispus Attucks Post no. 1268
United Auto Workers, Local 890

23.1.7 misamarTebi da magistralebi

ixelmZRvaneleT zogadi wesiT (ix. 23.1.1) adgilobrivi danomrili
quCebis

dasawerad.

magistralebi

Statis,

yovelTvis

federaluri

aRiniSneba

da

nomrebiT,

StatebsSorisi
iseve,

rogorc
462

quCebis an Senobebis misamarTebi, telefonis da faqsis nomrebi.

aRsaniSnavia,

rom

teqstSi

sruli

misamarTis

elementebi

gamoyofilia mZimeebiT, magram mZime ar iwereba safosto indeqsis

win. misamarTebSi miRebuli abreviaturebis Sesaxeb ixileT 24.3.2.
The National Park Service maintains as a museum the house where Lincoln died (516
10th Street NW, Washington, DC 20004; 202-426-6924).
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe designed the apartments at 860-880 North Lake Shore Drive.
Interstate 95 as a critical transportation line from Boston to Miami.

23.1.8 gamoqveynebuli namuSevrebis nawilebi

nomrebi gamoqveynebuli namuSevrebis nawilebSi mocemulia arabul
ricxvebSi,

miuxedavad

zogadi

wesisa

(ix.

23.1.1)

da

naSromis

sxvadasxva adgilebSi maTi moxseniebisa. ix., aseve, 22.3.2.

chapter 14

part 2

act 1, scene 3

23.1.9 gantolebebi da formulebi

ricxvebi
cifrebiT,

gantolebebsa

da

miuxedavad

saxelmZRvanelo

formulebSi

zogadi

miTiTebebi

yovelTvis

wesisa

(23.1.1).

maTematikuri

mocemulia
detaluri

gamosaxulebebis

warmodgenis Sesaxeb ixileT `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos~

2003 wlis me-15 gamocemis me-14 TavSi.
23.2

ricxvebis mravlobiTi forma da punqtuacia

23.2.1 ricxvebi mravlobiTSi
sityvierad

dawerili

ricxvebis

mravlobiTi

awarmoeT

iseve,

rogorc sxva arsebiTi saxelebis mravlobiTi ricxvi (ix. 20.1).

Half the men surveyed were in their thirties or forties.
cifrebiT warmodgenili ricxvebis mravlobiTi iwarmoeba mxolod
s-is (da ara s-is) damatebiT.
The pattern changed in the late 1990s as more taxpayers submitted 1040s online.
To fly 767s, the pilots required special training.

463

23.2.2 mZimeebi ricxvebSi

oTx an oTxze metniSna ricxvTa umravlesobaSi gamoyaviT mZimeebiT
aTasebi,

asobiT

aTasebi,

milionebi

da

a.S.

sabunebismetyvelo

mecnierebaTa disciplinebSi oTxniSna ricxvebSi mZimeebi xSirad

gamotovebulia.
1,500

12,275,500

1,475,525,000

nu ixmarT mZimes oTxniSna wlebSi; ixmareT mZime xuT an xuTze met

niSnian wlebSi (ixileT aseve 23.3).
2007

10,000 BC

nu ixmarT mZimes oTxniSna gverdebis nomrebSi, quCebis misamarTebSi,

telefonis an faqsis nomrebSi, safosto indeqsebSi, erTze nakleb
wilobiT ricxviT saxelebSi an organizaciebis saxelebSi.
page 1012

0.1911 centimetres

Committee of 1000

23.2.3 sxva punqtuacia ricxvebSi

ricxvebi

zogjer

Seicavs

Sida

sasven

niSnebs.

sad

ixmaroT

wertilebi (aTobiTi ricxvebi decimals), ixileT 23.1.3 da 23.1.4; ori

wertili _ 23.1.5; defisi _ 23.1.1 da 23.1.3; tireebi _ 23.2.4.
23.2.4 CaTvliTi ricxvebi
ricxvebis diapazonis, magaliTad, gverdebis an wlebis, saCveneblad
miuTiTeT Tanmimdevrobis pirveli da bolo (an CaTvliTi) ricxvebi.
Tu cifrebi sityvierad weria, bolosarTebiT from da to aRniSneT
diapazoni; Tu ricxvebi mocemulia cifrebiT, gamoiyeneT es sityvebi
an maerTebeli defisi orive mxridan intervalis gareSe. zogierT
konstruqciaSi,
defisebi

(ix.

magaliTad,
Tavebi

16-19).

miTiTebebSi,
nu

gamoiyenebT

yovelTvis
erTad

ixmareT

sityvebs

da

defisebs CaTvliTi ricxvebis warmosadgenad.

from 45 to 50

magram ara

from 45-50

45-50

magram ara

forty-five-fifty

asi an asze meti mniSvnelobis CaTvliTi ricxvebisTvis SegiZliaT,

gamoiyenoT sruli cifrebi defisis orive mxares (245-280 an 1929-

464

1994) an SeamokloT meore ricxvi. 23.2 cxrilSi warmodgenilia

Semoklebis erT-erTi sistema.
es sistema mosaxerxebelia rogorc gverdebis numeraciisTvis, aseve,
wlebis

aRniSvnisTvis.

ricxvebTan,

mZimeebi

ixmareba

mxolod

rac Zalze iSviaTad xdeba (ix. 23.2.2).

xuTniSna
Tu ricxvi

Seicavs erT an met mZimes, saWiroebisas, meti TvalsaCinoebisTvis

gaimeoreT ricxvi mZimis marjvniv. nurasdros SeamoklebT romaul
cifrebs (ix. cxrili 23.1).
6,000-6,018

12,473-479

xxv-xxviii

wlebis SemTxvevaSi uCveneT im diapazonis yvela cifri, romelic

Seicavs erTze met saukunes. miuTiTeT, aseve, sruli TariRebi
sistemaSi,

romelSic

TariRebis

daTvla

xdeba

konkretuli

wertilidan ukana mimarTulebiT (anu BC, before Christ da BCE,

before the common eraCv.w.aR-mde Cvens welTaRricxvamde). sxva
SemTxvevebSi isargebleT sistemiT, romelic naCvenebia cxrilSi
23.2. ixileT 23.3 TariRebis sistemebze meti informaciis misaRebad.
the years 1933-36

15,000-14,000 BCE

the winter of 1999-2000

115 BC-10 AD

cxrili 23.2 inkluziuri ricxvebis abreviaciis sistema

pirveli ricxvi

meore ricxvi

magaliTebi

1-99

dawereT yvela cifri

3-10, 71-72, 96-117

100 an 100-is jeradebi

dawereT yvela cifri

100-104, 1100-1113

101-dan 109-mde, 201-dan

dawereT mxolod Secvlili

101-8, 1103-4

209-mde da a.S.

nawili

110-dan 199-mde, 210-dan

dawereT ori an orze meti

245-48, 498-532,

299-mde da a.S.

cifri, saWiroebis mixedviT

1929-94

magram Tu oTxniSna ricxvSi

1894-1986, 2787-2816

icvleba sami cifri, dawereT

oTxive cifri

465

23.3

TariRTa sistemebi
teqstSi TariRebis warmodgena moicavs 23.1 da 23.2-Si moyvanili
problemebis msgavs mraval problemas, iseve, rogorc elementTa
TanmimdevrobasTan

da

dasaxelebasTan

dakavSirebul

garkveul

wesebs.
23.3.1 Tve, dRe da weli
dawereT sityvebiT Tveebis saxelebi, rodesac isini Cndeba teqstSi
calke an TariRebis SemadgenlobaSi. warmoadgineT dReebi da
wlebi ricxvebiT da Tavi aarideT maT gamoyenebas winadadebis
dasawyisSi, sadac saWiro iqneba maTi sityvierad dawera (ix. 23.1.2).
nurasdros SeamoklebT wlebis miTiTebebs (the great flood of 05).
cxrilebis,

suraTebis

da

miTiTebebis

miRebuli

abreviaturebis

Sesaxeb ixileT 24.4.2.

Every September, we recall the events of 2001.

magram ara
Two thousand one was a memorable year.
imisaTvis, rom srulad miuTiToT TariRebi, dawereT Tve, dRe
(momdevno mZimiT) da weli, aSS-Si miRebuli praqtikis Sesabamisad.
Tu gamotovebT dRes, gamotoveT mZimec. gamotoveT, aseve, mZime
TariRebSi, romlebSic Tveebis nacvlad miTiTebulia weliwadis
droebi; nu dawerT mTavruliT weliwadis droebs (ix. 22.1.2). Tu
masala, romelic citatad mogyavT, iyenebs britanuli stilis
TariRebis aRniSvnas (15 March 2007), nu SeitanT maTSi cvlilebebs.
President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963.
By March 1865, the war was nearly over.
The research was conducted over several weeks in spring 2006.

unda

aRiniSnos,

rom

sruli

TariRebis

aRniSvnebSi

dReebi,

zogadad, ar aris warmodgenili rigiTi ricxvebis saxiT anu

ricxviT saxelebs ar erTvis/mosdevs st, nd, rd an th. gamoiyeneT es

466

daboloebebi mxolod

sityvierad daweril ricxvebTan erTad, im

SemTxvevaSi, roca miuTiTebT romelime

garkveul TariRs da ar

asaxelebT arc Tves, arc wels.

The date chosen for the raid was the twenty-ninth.

magram ara
The events occurred on June 11th, 1968.
23.3.2 aTwleulebi, saukuneebi da epoqebi
zogadad

miuTiTeT

aTwleulebi

ricxvebiT,

saukunis

CaTvliT

(ixileT 23.2.1 ricxvebisTvis mravlobiTSi). Tu saukune gasagebia, nu

SeamoklebT

ricxvebs

(magaliTad,

the

90s);

amis

nacvlad,

aTwleulis saxeli dawereT sityvebiT. nebismieri saukunis pirveli

ori aTwleuli ar eqvemdebareba arcerT stils da sicxadisTvis
srulad unda iqnes miTiTebuli.
The 1920s brought unheralded financial prosperity.
During the fifties, the Cold War dominated the headlines.
Many of these discoveries were announced during the first decade of the twenty-first
century.
am

aRmoCenebis

umravlesobis

Sesaxeb

gamocxadda

ocdameerTe

saukunis pirvel dekadaSi.

dawereT saukuneebi ricxvebiT an sityvierad, nusxuriT (ixileT
23.2.1

ricxvebisTvis

sityvierad

da

mravlobiTSi).

gamoiyeneba

Tu

zedsarTav

saukune

saxelad,

dawerilia

romelic

win

uswrebs mis mier gansazRvrul arsebiT saxels, rogorc meore

magaliTSia naCvenebi, gamoiyeneT defisi; sxva SemTxvevebSi defiss
nu dawerT.
The Ottoman Empire reached its apex in the 1600s.
She teaches nineteenth-century novels but would rather teach poetry from the twentieth
century.
igi

aswavlis

mecxramete

saukunis

romanebs,

Tumca,

erCivna,

eswavlebina meoce saukunis poezia.

467

epoqebis

yvelaze

abreviaturebi

BC

gavrcelebul
(before

disciplinebSi iyeneben

aRniSvnebSi

Christ)

sxva

da

AD

gamoyenebulia

(anno

zog

Domini).

aRniSvnebs, rogoricaa

BCE da

CE

(ixileT 24.4.3). AD win uswrebs wels; sxva aRniSvnebi mosdevs wels.

epoqebTan CaTvliTi ricxvebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 23.2.4.
Solomons Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BC and again by the
Romans in AD 70.
23.4

teqstis gareT gamoyenebuli ricxvebi

wina nawilebSi mocemulia saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi naSromis
teqstSi

ricxvebis

warsadgenad.

im

ricxvebTan

dakavSirebiT,

romlebic gamoiyeneba sakuTriv naSromis struqturaSi an nebismier

sxva adgilas, ixelmZRvaneleT naSromis Sesabamisi nawilebisTvis
da

danayofebisTvis

gankuTvnili

specialuri

saxelmZRvanelo

miTiTebebiT.
23.4.1 ricxvebi cxrilebSi, suraTebSi da miTiTebebSi
cxrilebSi

da

suraTebze

ganTavsebuli

cifrobrivi

monacemebi

TiTqmis yovelTvis warmodgenilia arabuli cifrebiT. ricxvebi

cxrilebSi, maT Soris, cxrilebis saTaurebSi ganxilulia 26.2-Si;
ricxvebi suraTebze, maT Soris, suraTebis saTaurebSi _

26.3-Si.

garda

gverdebis

ramdenime

nomrebisa

da

gamonaklisisa,
sxva

tomebis,

mdebareobis

gamocemebis,

maCvenebeli

miTiTebisTvis

gamoiyeneba arabuli cifrebi. bibliografiis stilis miTiTebebSi

gamoyenebuli

ricxvebi

ganxilulia

16.1.5-Si

da

me-17

TavSi;

miTiTebebis CamonaTvlis stiliT ricxvebis miTiTeba ganxilulia

18.1.5-Si da me-19 TavSi.
23.4.2 CamonaTvlebi
teqstSi,

danarTSi

ganxiluli

an

sakiTxebis

naSromTan

dakavSirebul

CamosaTvlelad

sxva

SegiZliaT,

masalebSi
gamoiyenoT

ricxvebi.

468

CamonaTvlebi. Tqveni teqsti SeiZleba, Seicavdes im sakiTxebis

siebs, romelTa CamoTvlac xazgasmis mizniT gsurT. rodesac aseTi
siebi mokle da martivia, CarTeT isini erT winadadebaSi. saWiroa
uzrunvelyoT

yvela

komponentis

gramatikuli

paraleluroba

(yvela saxelobiTi jgufis zedsarTavi saxelebis da a.S.). yovel

komponents win unda uZRvodes arabuli ricxvi frCxilebSi. orze
meti

komponentis

mosdevdes

mZime

wertil-mZime;

ix.

arsebobis
(an,

Tu

21.3).

SemTxvevaSi,

komponenti

Tu

sia

yovel

maTgans

struqturulad

teqstSi

Semodis

unda

rTulia,

dasrulebuli

winadadebis Semdeg, ixmareT ori wertili am winadadebis bolos;

sxva SemTxvevebSi nu ixmarT sasven niSans.
Wilsons secretary gave three reasons for his resignation: (1) advancing age, (2)
gradually failing eyesight, and (3) opposition to the war.
The committee strongly endorsed the policies of (1) complete executive power, except as
constitutionally limited; (2) strong ligislative prerogatives; (3) limited judicial authority,
especially when it interfered with their own role.
Tu sxva miznebisTvis ukve iyenebT arabul ricxvebs frCxilebSi,
cifrebis nacvlad dawereT asoebi, nusxurad, daxrili SriftiT.
Haskins latest theory has several drawbacks; (a) it is not based on current evidence and
(b) it has a weak theoretical grounding.
Tu siaSi CamoTvlili komponentebi grZelia an gsurT, maTTvis meti
mniSvnelobis miniWeba, daawyveT isini vertikaluri siis saxiT. sias
win gauZRveba sruli winadadeba, boloSi ori wertiliT. aqac
saWiroa uzrunvelyoT, rom yvela komponenti iyos gramatikulad
paraleluri. yoveli maTgani daiwyeT msxvili wertiliT an arabuli
ricxviT,

romelsac

komponentebi

sruli

mosdevs

wertili

winadadebebia,

frCxilebis

dawereT

gareSe.

mTavruliT

Tu

yoveli

winadadebis pirveli aso da dasviT damaboloebeli wertilebi; sxva

SemTxvevebSi ixmareT nusxuri asoebi wertilebis gareSe (ix. 21.1).

469

daalageT

erT

mwkrivSi

ricxvebi

wertilebiT,

intervali

da

pirveli striqonis pirveli sityva.

My research therefore suggests the following conclusions:
1. The painting could not have been a genuine Picasso, regardless of the claims of
earlier scholars.
2. It is impossible to identify the true artist without further technical analysis.
teqsturi dokumentis sqema. zog situaciaSi SegiZliaT, daurToT
sqema an msgavsi CamonaTvali Tqveni naSromis danarTSi an naSromis
momzadebis dagegmvis etapze (ix. 6.2.1). isargebleT aRniSvnis im
sistemiT, romelic Seicavs asoebs da romaul da arabul ricxvebs,
gadawieT

marjvniv

yoveli

done

tabulaciis

erTi

klaviSiT

(Cveulebriv, naxevari inCiT). saWiroa, yovel doneze minimum ori

komponenti

CamoTvaloT; ori

SemTxvevaSi,

gadaxedeT

an

sqemis

meti

komponentis

struqturas.

Tu

ararsebobis
komponentebi

frazebia, dawereT mTavruliT winadadebis stilSi (ix. 22.3.1) da nu

gamoiyenebT

damaboloebel

sasven

niSans.

Tu

isini

sruli

winadadebebia, dawereT mTavruliT da dausviT sasveni niSnebi,

rogorc nebismier sxva winadadebaSi (ix. magaliTisTvis 6.2.1).
I. Wars of the nineteenth century
A.

United States
1. Civil War, 1861-65
a) Cause
(1) Slavery
(a) Compromise
i) Missouri Compromise
ii) Compromise of 1850 . . .
b) Result

........................

470

II. Wars of the twentieth century

A. United States
1. First World War . . .
2.
23.4.3 naSromis struqtura
Tqveni

naSromi

moiTxovs

ricxvebis

gamoyenebas

sxvadasxva

konteqstSi, gverdebis, Tavebis da saTaurebis danomvrisas. danarTSi

ixileT naSromis struqturaSi ricxvebis gamoyenebis detaluri ganxilva.

471

24.

abreviaturebi

24.1

zogadi principebi
24.1.1 abreviaturebis tipebi
24.1.2 rodis gamoviyenoT abreviaturebi
24.1.3 rogor davaformatoT abreviaturebi

24.2

saxelebi da saxelwodebebi, titulebi

24.2.1 sakuTari saxelebi
24.2.2 profesiuli titulebi, wodebebi
24.2.3 samecniero xarisxebi
24.2.4 saagentoebi, kompaniebi da sxva organizaciebi

24.3

geografiuli terminebi
24.3.1 geografiuli saxelebi
24.3.2 misamarTebi

24.4

dro da TariRebi
24.4.1 dro
24.4.2 dReebi da Tveebi
24.4.3 epoqebi

24.5

zomis erTeulebi

24.6

biblia da misi wignebi

24.6.1 Zveli aRTqma
24.6.2 arakanonikuri teqstebi
24.6.3 axali aRTqma
24.6.4 bibliis versiebi
24.6.5 sxva wminda wignebi

24.7

abreviaturebi miTiTebebSi da sxva samecniero konteqstSi

winamdebare
zogadi

TavSi

wesebi.

dokumentebSi

SemoTavazebulia
Tavis

gamoiyeneboda

droze
mxolod

abreviaturebis
abreviaturebi
ramdenime

gamoyenebis
oficialur

gansakuTrebul

472

SemTxvevaSi, axla ki isini garTod gamoiyeneba werisas. miuxedavad

amisa, maTi gamoyenebisas konkretuli disciplinebis wesebs unda
misdioT.

am

humanitarul

TavSi
da

warmodgenili

socialur

wesebi

mecnierebaSi

Seesabameba
miRebul

umetes

wesebs.

Tu

amzadebT naSroms sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa disciplinebSi

(natural sciences), fizikaSi, qimiaSi, astronomiaSi, geologiaSi (physical
sciences), maTematikaSi an nebismier sxva teqnikur dargSi, daicaviT
ama Tu im disciplinis wesebi.
zog

disciplinaSi

SeiZleba,

dagWirdeT

iseTi

abreviaturebis

gamoyeneba, romlebic aq ar ganixileba. `meriam-vebsteris saerTo

sauniversiteto

leqsikonSi~

mocemulia

mravali

abreviatura

mravali dargidan. kidev erT resurss warmoadgens `Cikagos stilis

saxelmZRvanelos~
saxelmZRvanelo

2003

wlis

miTiTebebi

me-15

gamocemis

sxvadasxva

me-15

disciplinaSi

Tavi.

miRebul

stilTan dakavSirebiT ixileT bibliografiaSi.

Tu

muSaobT

sadiplomo

naSromze

an

ganyofilebas

(fakultets,

kaTedras)

an

hqondes

abreviaturebis

romlebic,

rogorc

disertaciebis
Tqvenma

wesi,

gamoyenebis
moipoveba

ganyofilebaSi.

pedagogma

SeiZleba,

Tu

disertaciaze,
universitets

specifikuri
sadiplomo

amzadebT

mogTxovoT

Tqvens

SeiZleba,

moTxovnebi,

naSromebisa

saklaso

garkveuli

da

naSroms,

principebis

dacva abreviaturebis gamoyenebis dros. ganixileT es moTxovnebi

manam,

vidre

moamzadebT

Tqvens

naSroms.

isini

am

TavSi

SemoTavazebul saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebze upiratesia.

24.1

zogadi principebi

24.1.1 abreviaturebis tipebi

terminebis

Semokleba

SesaZlebelia

ramdenime

gziT.

rodesac

termini mokldeba yoveli sityvis mxolod pirvel asoebamde da

warmoiTqmeba, rogorc erTi sityva (NATO, AIDS) da mas akronims
uwodeben; Tu asoebi warmoiTqmeba, rogorc asoebis rigi (EU, PBS),
473

am

sityvebs

ewodeba

abreviatura.

sxva

terminebi

mciredeba

Semoklebis wesiT: rCeba mxolod terminis pirveli da bolo asoebi

(Mr., Dr.) an vardeba bolo asoebi (ed., Tues.). winamdebare TavSi yvela
es forma ganxilulia zogadi terminis abreviaturis saTauriT,
abreviaturebis

tipebs

Soris

zemoxsenebuli

gansxvavebebis

gaTvaliswinebiT.
24.1.2 rodis gamoviyenoT abreviaturebi
umetes

naSromebSi

mcire

raodenobiT

gamoiyeneT

Semoklebebi,

vinaidan maT gamo teqsti SeiZleba, zedmetad araformaluri an

zedmetad specifikuri gamoCndes. winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia
Semoklebebis
gavrcobili

is

tipebi,

terminis

romelTa

gamoyenebas,

gamoyenebac
aseve,

sjobs

iseTi

sruli,

Semoklebebi,

romlebic, Tu Tanmimdevrulad gamoiyeneba, misaRebia samecniero

naSromebSi.
Tu

Tqveni

daSvebulia,

adgilobrivi
SegiZliaT,

saxelmZRvanelo
Semoklebebi

miTiTebebiT

gamoiyenoT

es

saxelebis,

titulebisa da sxva terminebisTvis, romlebsac xSirad xmarobT

Tqvens

naSromebSi.

pirvelad

moxseniebisas

srulad

miuTiTeT

termini da daurTeT Semokleba frCxilebSi. Semdgom miTiTebebSi

Tanmimdevrulad
gamoyenebisas,
elementebSi

gamoiyeneT
SesaZloa,

Semoklebebis

es

Semokleba.

upriani
siis

iyos
darTva,

mravali

Semoklebis

naSromis

satitulo

raTa

daexmaroT

im

mkiTxvelebs, romlebsac, SesaZloa, gamorCaT Semoklebis pirveli

ganmarteba (ix. A.2.1).
Semoklebebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli formaa da xSirad gamoiyeneba
naSromis

teqstis

gareTac.

winamdebare

TavSi

ganixileba

zogi

iseTi Semokleba, romlebic, SesaZloa, gamoiyenebodes cxrilebSi,

suraTebsa da miTiTebebSi. cxrilebsa da suraTebSi gamoyenebuli
Semoklebebi damatebiT ganixileba 26-e TavSi; Semoklebebi sqolios

474

stilis mixedviT ixileT _ 16.1.6-Si da me-17 TavSi; Semoklebebi

teqsturi miTiTebis stilSi ixileT _ 18.1.6-Si da me-19 TavSi.

24.1.3 rogor davaformatoT abreviaturebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom Semoklebebi emorCileba winamdebare TavSi
ganxilul zogad wesebs, arsebobs mravali gamonaklisi.

mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba. Semoklebebis yvela aso iwereba

mTavruliT, nusxuriT an maTi kombinaciiT.
BC

p.

Gov.

CEO

a.m.

Dist. Atty.

U.S.

kg

PhD

punqtuacia.

intervalebi. zogadad, nu datovebT intervals asoebs Soris

zogadad,
mTavruliT
warmodgenili
yvela
abreviatura ar Seicavs wertilebs, maSin, rodesac nusxuriT an
mTavruli
da
nusxuri
asoebis
kombinaciiT
daweril
abreviaturebs aqvs wertili yoveli Semoklebuli elementis
Semdgom. amasTan, rogorc zemoT mocemul magaliTebSi xedavT,
aris gamonaklisebic: abreviatura a.S.S. U.S. Seicavs wertilebs
(ix. 24.3.1); metruli sazomi erTeulebi (ix. 24.5) mocemulia
nusxurSi wertilebis gareSe da abreviaturas PhD ar aqvs
wertilebi. sxva gamonaklisebi moxseniebulia am Tavis sxva
nawilebSi.

akronimebSi (NATO) da abreviaturebSi (PBS), Tumca, saWiroa

elementebs Soris intervalis datoveba im abreviaturebSi,
romlebic Semoklebis Sedegad aris warmoebuli (Dist. Atty.). Tu
abreviatura Seicavs ampersands (&), nu datovebT intervalebs mis
garSemo (Texas A&M). sakuTar saxelebSi intervalebis dasmis
Sesaxeb ixileT 24.2.1.

tipografiuli

moniSvna.

nu

dawerT

abreviaturebs

daxrili

SriftiT.

ganusazRvreli

artiklebi.

rodesac
abreviatura
mosdevs
ganusazRvrel artikls, airCieT artiklebi a da an, imisda
mixedviT, Tu rogor ikiTxeba abreviatura. akronimebi nato,

475

Sidsi (NATO, AIDS) warmoiTqmeba, rogorc sityvebi; akronimebi

(initialisms) (EU) ikiTxeba, rogorc asoebis rigebi.

24.2

member nation of NATO

a NATO member

person with AIDS

an AIDS patient

member nation of the EU

an EU member

saxelebi da saxelwodebebi, titulebi

24.2.1 sakuTari saxelebi

zogadad, pirvelad nu SeamoklebT pirovnebis saxels (Benj. Franklin)
an gvars. mas Semdeg, rac teqstSi miuTiTebT saxelsa da gvars,
SemdgomSi moxseniebisas dawereT mxolod misi gvari. amasTan, Tu
moixseniebT am gvaris matarebel erTze met pirovnebas, gaugebrobis
Tavidan

asacileblad,

dawereT

maTi

moixseniebT

yoveli

saxelebic
am

moxseniebisas,

gvarTan

(Alice James, William James).

saxelebs

naSromSi,

sanacvlod

Tu

erTad
xSirad

SegiZliaT,

gamoiyenoT Tqvens mier SerCeuli abreviaturebi (AJ, WJ), Tumca, am

abreviaturebis

dawerisas

aucileblad

gaiTvaliswineT

24.1.2-Si

aRwerili SemTxvevebi.
zogi

pirovneba

nacvlad

saxelisa

cnobilia,
da/an

upirveles

meore

saxelisa.

yovlisa,
am

inicialebiT

inicialebs

unda

mosdevdes wertili da intervali. amasTan, Tu amoklebT saxelsa da

gvars, gamotoveT wertilebi da intervalebi.
G. K. Chesterton

but

JFK

M. F. K. Fisher

but

FDR

socialuri titulebi, magaliTad, Ms. da

Mr., yovelTvis iwereba

SemoklebiT, mTavruliT da mosdevs wertili. Tumca, naSromebis

476

umetesobaSi

aucilebeli

ar

aris

maTi

gamoyeneba,

Tu

es,

savaraudod, ar iwvevs gaurkvevlobas, vTqvaT, qmris an colis

moxseniebisas.
dawereT Semdegi abreviaturebis Sr., Jr., III (an 3rd), IV (an 4th) msgavsi
abreviaturebi

maT

saxelisa

gvaris

da

win

mZimis

Semdeg

gareSe.
da

ara

dawereT
mxolod

isini
gvarTan

mxolod
erTad,

miuxedavad imisa, rom mefeebi da religiuri moRvaweebi SeiZleba,

cnobili iyvnen mxolod saxeliT. nu dawerT sityvebiT termins,
rodesac is saxelis nawilia (magaliTad, dauSvebelia John Smith
Junior).
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

William J. Kaufmann III

Mary II

24.2.2 profesiuli titulebi, wodebebi

zog pirovnebas saxelis garda, aqvs qvemoT CamoTvlili samoqalaqo,
samxedro an religiuri tituli. bevri es tituli tradiciulad
Semoklebulia, rodesac isini win uswrebs saxels da maT nawilad
aris

miCneuli.

(sakuTari)

vinaidan

titulis

yvela

es

Semoklebuli

abreviatura

formaa,

oficialuri

mTavruliT

iwereba

mxolod pirveli aso, boloSi wertilis darTviT.

Adm.

Admiral

Lt.

Leutenant

Ald.

Alderman, Alderwoman

Lt. Col.

Lieutenant Colonel

Atty. Gen.

Attorney General

Maj.

Major

Capt.

Captain

Pres.

President

Col.

Colonel

Rep.

Representative

Dist. Atty.

District Attorney

Rev.

Reverend

Dr.

Doctor

Sen.

Senator

477

Fr.

Father

Sgt.

Sergeant

Gen.

General

Sr.

Sister

Gov.

Governor

St.

Saint

Hon.

Honorable

titulis matarebeli pirovnebis pirvelad moxseniebisas dawereT

abreviatura pirovnebis saxeliTa da gvariT. (Tqveni survilisamebr
yovelTvis SegiZliaT titulebis sityvebiT dawera, magram gaakeTeT
es Tanmimdevrulad). Semdgomi moxseniebis dros SegiZliaT, rogorc
wesi, miuTiToT mxolod pirovnebis gvari, magram Tu TqvenTvis
saWiroa titulis gameoreba (raTa ganasxvavoT erTnairi saxelis
mqone ori adamiani an gamoxatoT pativiscema), miuTiTeT tituli
sityvebiT

gvarTan

erTad.

ixmareT

sityvebi

reverend an

honorable

mxolod saxelTan da gvarTan erTad, ra SemTxvevaSic tituls win

unda uswrebdes artikli the.
Sen. Barack Obama

Senator Obama

Gen. Richard Myers

General Myers

Rev. Jane Schaefer

the Reverend Jane Schaefer

Tu iyenebT erT-erT tituls damoukideblad an saxelis Semdeg, is

iqceva saerTo terminad da iwereba nusxuriT, sityvierad.
the senator from Illinois

Myers served as a general

zogadi modelis gamonakliss warmoadgens Semokleba Dr. gamoiyeneT

an

abreviatura

Dr.

saxelis

win

an

xarisxis

aRmniSvneli

oficialuri abreviatura (ix. 24.2.3), saxelis Semdeg ori mZimiT

gamoyofili, nu gamoiyenebT orives erTad.
Dr. Lauren Shapiro discovered the cause of the outbreak.
doqtor Sapirom aRmoaCina epidemiis afeTqebis mizezi.

478

Lauren Shapiro, MD, discovered . . .

loren Sapirom, medicinis doqtorma, aRmoaCina . . .
Dr. Shapiro discovered . . . doqtorma Sapirom aRmoaCina . . .
The doctor discovered . . . eqimma aRmoaCina . . .
damatebiT

warmogidgenT

ramdenime

sxva

profesiul

tituls,

romelTa Semoklebac SesaZlebelia piradi saxelis Semdeg. aseTi

titulebi

gamoiyofa

mZimeebiT,

rogorc

zemoT

moyvanil

magaliTebSi.
JP

justice of the peace

LPN

licensed practical nurse

MP

member of Parliament

SJ

Society of Jesus

24.2.3 samecniero xarisxebi

qvemoT CamoTvlili saerTo samecniero terminebis abreviaturebis
gamoyeneba SegiZliaT rogorc teqstSi, aseve sxvaganac. zogi maTgani aris
abreviatura (ix. 24.1.1), dawerili mTavruliT, wertilebis an intervalebis
gareSe. sxvebi Seicavs rogorc inicialebs, ise Semoklebul terminebs da,
Sesabamisad,

rogorc

mTavrul,

ise,

nusxur

asoebs,

Cveulebrivad,

wertilebis an intervalebis gareSe. Tumca, Tu muSaobT Tezisze an

disertaciaze, Tqveni fakultetis (kaTedris) saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebiT
SeiZleba, moiTxoveba am xarisxebis (da SesaZloa, aseve, abreviaturebis)
daformateba Sida wertilebiT, rogorc es miTiTebulia frCxilebSi.
AB

Artium Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Arts)

AM

Artium Magister (Master of Arts)

BA

Bachelor of Arts

BD

Bachelor of Divinity

BFA

Bachelor of Fine Arts

BM

Bachelor of Music

BS

Bachelor of Science

DB

Divinitatis Baccalaureus

(Bachelor of

Divinity)
DD

Divinitatis Doctor (Doctor of Divinity)

479

DMin (D.Min.)

Doctor of Ministry

EdD

Doctor of Education

JD

Juris Doctor (Doctor of Law)

LHD

Litterarum Humaniorum Doctor

(Doctor of

Humanities)
LittD (Litt.D.)

Litterarum Doctor (Doctor of Letters)

LLB (LL.B.)

Legum Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Laws)

LLD (LL.D.)

Legum Doctor (Doctor of Laws)

MA

Master of Arts

MBA

Master of Business Administration

MD

Medicinae Doctor (Doctor of Medicine)

MFA

Master of Fine Arts

MS

Master of Science

PhB (Ph.B.)

Philosophiae Baccalaureus

(Bachelor of

Philosophy)
PhD (Ph.D.)

Philosophiae Doctor

(Doctor of

Philosophy)
SB

Scientiae Baccalaureus

(Bachelor of

Science)
SM

Scientiae Magister (Master of Science)

STB

Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Sacred

Theology)

24.2.4 saagentoebi, kompaniebi da sxva organizaciebi

SegiZliaT,
sxvagan,

gamoiyenoT

im

abreviaturebi

samTavrobo

saagentoebis,

rogorc

teqstSi,

samauwyeblo

aseve,

kompaniebis,

asociaciebis, saZmo da momsaxurebis organizaciebis, kavSirebis da

sxva jgufebis saxelebis da dasaxelebebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic
akronimebiT an abreviaturebiT sayovelTaod cnobilia (ix. 24.1.1).
Tavdapirveli moxseniebisas dawereT sityvebiT sruli saxelwodeba
da

frCxilebSi

abreviaturebi

miuTiTeT

iwereba

misi

mxolod

abreviatura
mTavruli

(ix.

24.1.2).

asoebiT,

msgavsi

wertilebis
480

gareSe. ixileT qvemoT aseTi abreviaturebis warmomadgenlobiTi

CamonaTvali;

am

saxelwodebebi

kategoriebSi

(magaliTad,

Semavali

ABA,

CBS

da

sxva

saxelebi

NEH)

imave

da

WrilSi

ganixileba.
AAAS

CNN

NAFTA

TVA

AFL-CIO

EU

NFL

UN

AMA

FTC

NIMH

UNESCO

AT&T

HMO

NSF

VA

COC

NAACP

OPEC

WHO

YMCA

Tu kompaniis abreviatura ar aris sayovelTaod cnobili, dawereT

teqstSi misi saxeli srulad da mTavruliT. SegiZliaT, saxelidan
amoiRoT terminebi Inc. an Ltd. nu dawerT mTavruliT artikls the
saxelis dasawyisSi.
Merck and Company

the University of Chicago Press

cxrilebSi, suraTebze da miTiTebebSi SegiZliaT, aseve, daweroT

qvemoT CamoTvlili abreviaturebi kompaniis saxelebSi. miaqcieT
yuradReba gansxvavebebs mTavrulis dasmasa da punqtuaciaSi.
Assoc.

Ltd.

Bros.

Mfg.

Co.

PLC (public limited company)

Corp.

RR (railroad)

Inc.

Ry. (railway)

LP (limited partnership)
24.3

geografiuli terminebi
24.3.1 geografiuli saxelebi
teqstSi yovelTvis dawereT sityvebiT da mTavruliT qveynebis,
Statebis, olqebis, provinciebis, teritoriebis, wylebis, mTebis da
sxva geografiuli obieqtebis saxelebi (ix. 22.1.1). erTi gamonaklisia
yofili sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri, zogadad
moxseniebuli, rogorc the former USSR.
481

yovelTvis sityvebiT dawereT United States misi arsebiTi saxelis

funqciiT gamoyenebisas. zedsarTavi saxelis funqciiT gamoyenebisas
SegiZliaT, an SeamokloT is, rogorc U.S., an daweroT sityvebiT
(meti

formalobisTvis).

tradiciisamebr,

is

Seicavs

wertilebs,

miuxedavad imisa, rom akronimia.

She was ineligible for the presidency because she was not born in the United States.
His U.S. citizenship was revoked later that year.
cxrilebSi,

suraTebze,

miTiTebebSi

da

safosto

misamarTebSi

SeamokleT aSS-is Statebis saxelebi aSS-is safosto samsaxuris

mier

SemoRebuli

ori

asosgan

Semdgari

uwertilo

safosto

kodebis gamoyenebiT.
AK

Alaska

DE

Delaware

AL

Alabama

FL

Florida

AR

Arkansas

GA

Georgia

AZ

Arizona

HI

Hawaii

CA

California

IA

Iowa

CO

Colorado

ID

Idaho

CT

Connecticut

IL

Illinois

DC

District of Columbia

IN

Indiana

KS

Kansas

NY

New York

KY

Kentucky

OH

Ohio

LA

Louisiana

OK

Oklahoma

MA

Massachusetts

OR

Oregon

MD

Maryland

PA

Pennsylvania

ME

Maine

RI

Rhode Island

MI

Michigan

SC

South Carolina

MN

Minnesota

SD

South Dakota

MO

Missouri

TN

Tennessee

MS

Mississippi

TX

Texas

MT

Montana

UT

Utah

NC

North Carolina

VA

Virginia
482

ND

North Dakota

VT

Vermont

NE

Nebraska

WA

Washington

NH

New Hampshire

WI

Wisconsin

NJ

New Jersey

WV

West Virginia

NM

New Mexico

WY

Wyoming

NV

Nevada

SegiZliaT,

aseve,

SeamokloT

kanadis

provinciebisa

da

teritoriebis saxelebi da gamoiyenoT miRebuli abreviaturebi:

AB

Alberta

NU

Nunavut

BC

British Columbia

ON

Ontario

MB

Manitoba

PE

Prince Edward Island

NB

New Brunswick

QC

Quebec

NL

Newfoundland and Labrador

SK

Saskatchewan

NS

Nova Scotia

YT

Yukon

NT

Northwest Territories

24.3.2 misamarTebi
teqstSi dawereT sityvebiT da mTavruliT terminebi, romlebic
misamarTebis
msgavsi

nawilia,

terminebi

cxrilebSi,
gamoiyeneT

maT

Soris

(magaliTad,

suraTebze,

qvemoT

sityvis

miTiTebebSi

abreviaturebi.

da

aRsaniSnavia,

CamoTvlili
street

sxva

safosto
rom

yvela

da

maTi

sinonimebi).
misamarTebSi
abreviatura

iyenebs wertilebs, garda akronimebisa (Northeast da misi msgavsi

terminebi).

ixileT

23.1.7,

sadac

mocemulia

teqstSi

CarTuli

misamarTis magaliTi.
Ave.

Avenue

Sr.

Street

Blvd. Boulevard

N.

North

Ct.

Court

S.

South

Dr.

Drive

E.

East

Expy. Expressway

W.

West

Pkwy. Parkway

NE

Northeast
483

Rd.

Road

NW

Northwest

Sq.

Square

SE

Southeast

SW

Southwest

Tu calke iyenebT erT-erT am termins, igi iqceva saerTo terminad

da iwereba nusxuriT da sityvebiT.
He drove down the street.
The storm came in from the west.
24.4

dro da TariRebi
24.4.1 dro
SegiZliaT, teqstSi da sxvagan

gamoiyenoT abreviaturebi a.m. (ante

meridiem an before noon) da p.m. (post meridiem an after noon) konkretuli

drois aRsaniSnavad. abreviatura iwereba nusxuriT, swori SriftiT,
Sualeduri intervalis gareSe. nu dawerT maT sityvebTan in the
morning, in the evening an oclock erTad; ixileT, aseve, 23.1.5.
24.4.2 dReebi da Tveebi
teqstSi

sityvebiT

da

mTavruliT

dawereTYkviris

dReebisa

da

Tveebis saxelebi; ixileT, aseve, 23.3.1. cxrilebSi, suraTebze da

miTiTebebSi SeiZleba maTi Semokleba, Tu amas Tanmimdevrulad
gaakeTebT. dawereT wertilebi abreviaturebTan.
Sun.

Wed. Sat.

Jan.

Apr.

July

Oct.

Mon. Thur.

Feb.

May

Aug.

Nov.

Tues. Fri.

Mar.

June

Sept. Dec.

24.4.3 epoqebi
arsebobs epoqebis aRniSvnis sxvadasxva sistema da yvela maTganSi
cifrebiT daweril TariRebTan gamoiyeneba abreviatura. yvelaze
gavrcelebuli sistema iyenebs terminebs BC da AD, Tumca, zog
disciplinebSi miRebulia sxvanairi aRniSvnebi, rogoricaa qvemoT
CamoTvlili

aRniSvnebi.

Tqvens

naSromSi

yvelgan

gamoiyeneT

Sesabamisi abreviaturebi; CasviT yvela aso mTavrulSi, wertilebis

484

gareSe. AD win uswrebs wels; sxva aRniSvnebi mosdevs mas (ix., aseve,
23.2.4 da 23.3.2).
BC

before Christ

da
AD

anno Domini (in the year of the Lord)

BCE

before the common era

da
CE

common era

BP

before the present

MYA (an mya)

million years ago

24.5 sazomi erTeulebi

humanitarul da socialur mecnierebebSi

sazomi erTeulebis manZilis,

moculobis, simaRlis da a.S. Cawera aucilebelia. ricxvebis Cawera unda

ganaxorcieloT 23.1.1 ZiriTadi wesebis
xuTi mili

150 kilogrami

Sesabamisad.

14.5 metri

zust mecnierebebSi gamoiyeneT ricxvebSi mocemuli sazomebi. (Tqven

SesaZloa
dadgenili

gamoiyenoT

abreviatura

wesebis

Seasabamisad.)

sxva

disciplinebSi

datoveT

adgili

adgilobrivad
ricxvsa

da

ganzomilebas Soris garda Semdegisa (36o ; 512K), aseve gaxsovdeT, rom

abreviatura igivea rogorc mxolobiTSi aseve mravlobiTSi. sityvierad
CawereT

ganzomileba

Tu

ar

iwyeba

ricxviT

an

rodesac

ricxvi

sityvieradaa Cawerili. (aseve winadadebis dawyebisas; naxeT 23.1.1).

ineqciiT SevuSviT virusis 10ml implantis axlos.
Sedegebi mocemulia mikrolitrebSi.
Tormeti

mikrolitri

virusisa

miCneul

iqna

rogorc

usafrTxo

raodenoba.
485

sazomi erTeulebis abreviaturis cxrili ixileT 15.55 Cikagos stilis

me-15 gamocema (2003)

24.6

biblia da misi

wignebi

rodesac moixseniebT teqstSi bibliis mTlian Tavebs an wignebs, an

arakanonikur

teqstebs,

dawereT

wignebis

saTaurebi

sityvebiT,

magram nu gamoiyenebT daxril Srifts.

Jeremiah 42-44 records the flight of the Jews to Egypt.

The

Revelation of St. John the Divine, known as Revelation, closes the New Testament.
bibliis citirebisas muxlebis mixedviT (ix. 17.5.2 da 19.5.2), dawereT
SemoklebiT wignebis saxelebi da maTi danomvrisas, gamoiyeneT
arabuli cifrebi (1 mefeebi). gamoiyeneT, aseve, arabuli cifrebi
Tavebis

da

muxlebis

dasmiT.

vinaidan

nomrebisTvis,

wminda

maT

werilis

Soris,

sxvadasxva

ori

wertilis

versia

iyenebs

sxvadasxva saxels da nomers, miuTiTeT versia, romlidanac mogyavT

citata. konteqstidan gamomdinare, SegiZliaT, versiis saxelwodeba
sityvebiT

daweroT,

Tavdapirvelad

mainc,

an

gamoiyenoT

abreviaturebi (ix.T 24.6.4), winmswrebi an Sida punqtuaciis gareSe.

1 Song of Sol. 2:1-5 NRSV

Ruth 3:14 NAB

2:1-5 NRSV

3:14 NAB

Semdeg

nawilebSi

anbanis

mixedviT

aris

CamoTvlili

bibliis

wignebis rogorc tradiciuli, aseve, ufro mokle abreviaturebi.

Tu

ar

xarT

darwmunebuli,

abreviaturis

romeli

formaa

Sesaferisi, SeekiTxeT Tqvens pedagogs. sadac ar aris mocemuli

abreviaturebi, dawereT sruli forma.
24.6.1 Zveli aRTqma
gaiTvaliswineT, rom Zveli aRTqmis (Old Testament) abreviaturaa OT.
tradiciuli

ufro mokle

abreviatura

abreviatura

sruli saxelwodeba

486

Amos

Am

Amos

1 Chron.

1 Chr

1 Chronicles

2 Chron.

2 Chr

2 Chronicles

Dan.

Dn

Daniel

Deut.

Dt

Deuteronomy

Eccles.

Eccl

Ecclesiastes

Esther

Est

Esther

Exod.

Ex

Exodus

Ezek.

Ez

Ezekiel

Ezra

Ezr

Ezra

Gen.

Gn

Genesis

Hab.

Hb

Habakkuk

Hag.

Hg

Haggai

Hosea

Hos

Hosea

Isa.

Is

Isaiah

Jer.

Jer

Jeremiah

Job

Jb

Job

Joel

Jl

Joel

Jon.

Jon

Jonah

Josh.

Jo

Joshua

Judg.

Jgs

Judges

1 Kings

1 Kgs

1 Kings

2 Kings

2 Kgs

2 Kings

Lam.

Lam

Lamentations

Lev.

Lv

Leviticus

Mal.

Mal

Malachi

Mic.

Mi

Micah

Nah.

Na

Nahum

Neh.

Neh

Nehemiah

Num.

Nm

Numbers

Obad.

Ob

Obadiah

Prov.

Prv

Proverbs

Ps. (plural, Pss.)

Ps (plural, Pss)

Psalms

Ruth

Ru

Ruth

1 Sam.

1 Sm

1 Samuel

2 Sam.

2 Sm

2 Samuel

487

Song of Sol.

Sg

Song of Solomon (Song of

Songs)

Zech.

Zec

Zechariah

Zeph.

Zep

Zephaniah

24.6.2 arakanonikuri teqstebi apocrypha

arakanonikuri

teqstebis

(Apocrypha)

wignebi

Sesulia

bibliis

kaTolikur, Tumca, ara ebraul an protestantul, versiebSi. unda

gaiTvaliswinoT, rom Apocrypha-s tradiciuli abreviaturaa Apoc. (ar
arsebobs ufro mokle abreviatura).
tradiciuli

ufro mokle

abreviatura

abreviatura

sruli saxelwodeba

Bar.

Bar

Baruch

Bel and Dragon

Bel and the Dragon

Ecclus.

Sir

Ecclesiasticus (Sirach)

1 Esd.

1 Esdras

2 Esd.

2 Esdras

Jth.

Jdt

Judith

1 Macc.

1 Mc

1 Maccabees

2 Macc.

2 Mc

2 Maccabees

Pr. of Man.

Prayer of Manasses (Manasseh)

Song of Three Children

Song of the Three Holy Children

Sus.

Susanna

Tob.

Tb

Tobit

Wisd. of Sol.

Ws

Wisdom of Solomon

Additions to Esther (Rest of Esther)

24.6.3 axali aRTqma

gaiTvaliswineT, rom axali aRTqmis (New Testament) abreviaturaa NT.
tradiciuli

ufro mokle

abreviatura

abreviatura

sruli saxelwodeba

Acts

Acts of the Apostles

Apoc.

Apocalypse (Revelation)

Col.

Col

Colossians

488

1 Cor.

1 Cor

1 Corinthians

2 Cor.

2 Cor

2 Corinthians

Eph.

Eph

Ephesians

Gal.

Gal

Galatians

Heb.

Heb

Hebrews

James

Jas

James

John

Jn

John (Gospel)

1 John

1 Jn

1 John (Epistle)

2 John

2 Jn

2 John (Epistle)

3 John

3 Jn

3 John (Epistle)

Jude

Jude

Luke

Lk

Luke

Mark

Mk

Mark

Matt.

Mt

Matthew

1 Pet.

1 Pt

1 Peter

2 Pet.

2 Pt

2 Peter

Phil.

Phil

Philippians

Philem.

Phlm

Philemon

Rev.

Rv

Revelation (Apocalypse)

Rom.

Rom

Romans

1 Thess.

1 Thes

1 Thessalonians

2 Thess.

2 Thes

2 Thessalonians

1 Tim.

1 Tm

1 Timothy

2 Tim.

2 Tm

2 Timothy

Titus

Ti

Titus

P
24.6.4 bibliis versiebi
qvemoT

mocemuli

abreviaturebi

moicavs

bibliis

mraval

standartul versias. Tu versia, romelsac Tqven miuTiTebT, ar

aris warmodgenili am siaSi, mimarTeT Tqvens pedagogs.
ARV American Revised Version
ASV American Standard Version
AT

American Translation

AV

Authorized (King James) Version

CEV Contemporary English Version

489

DV

Douay Version

ERV English Revised Version

EV

English version(s)

JB

Jerusalem Bible

NAB New American Bible

NEB

New English Bible

NRSV New Revised Standard Version

RSV Revised Standard Version
RV

Revised Version

Vulg. Vulgate
24.6.5 sxva wminda wignebi
sxva mravali religiuri wminda wigni dayofilia bibliis msgavs
nawilebad. sakuTriv wignebis saTaurebi dawereT mTavruliT da
swori SriftiT (Quran, Vedas), magram dawereT daxrili SriftiT
maTi nawilebis saTaurebi (al baqara, rig-veda al-Baqarah, Rig-Veda).
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs am wignebisa da maTi nawilebis
Semoklebis sayovelTaod miRebuli meTodi, SegiZliaT, bibliis
miTiTebebis punqtuaciis msgavsi sasveni niSnebi gamoiyenoT maTi
miTiTebebisas (ix. aseve 17.5.2 da 19.5.2). Tu wigns aqvs mravaljeradi
danomrili

danayofebi,

wertilebiT

an

SegiZliaT,

mZimeebiT

an

SeanacvloT

sxvagvarad

ori

miuTiToT

wertili
nawyvetis

adgilmdebareoba.
Quran 2:257 an Quran 2 (al-Baqarah): 257
Mahabharata 1.2.3
Tu

Tqveni

mimarTeT

naSromi
Tqvens

eZRvneba

pedagogs

religiuri

ufro

Temebis

konkretuli

gamokvlevas,

saxelmZRvanelo

miTiTebebis misaRebad.
24.7

abreviaturebi miTiTebebSi da sxva samecniero konteqstSi

miTiTebebSi

abreviaturebs

farTod

iyeneben

da

upiratesobasac

aniWeben, gansakuTrebiT sxva (garda avtorisa) individebis rolis

490

(ed. red., trans. mTargmn.), naSromis nawilebis (vol. t., bk. wig., sec. naw.)
gansazRvrisa da informaciis adgilmdebareobis mosaZieblad (gv. p.,
Sen. n.). Tumca, teqstSi da zog miTiTebebSi saWiroa abreviaturebis
nacvlad

sityvebis

srulad

gamoyeneba.

sqolios

stilSi

abreviaturebis gamoyenebis wesebi ixileT 16.1.6-Si da me-17 TavSi;

teqstobrivi miTiTebis stilSi abreviaturebis gamoyenebis wesebi
ixileT 18.1.6-Si da me-19 TavSi.
zog disciplinaSi dasaSvebia naSromis teqstSi, frCxilebSi Casmul
winadadebebSi samecniero abreviaturebis gamoyeneba: mag. e.i. e.g. da
i.e.

gaecaniT

Tqveni

disciplinis

wesebs

abreviaturebis

gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT.
qvemoT

mocemulia

miTiTebebSi

da

sxva

samecniero

konteqstSi

gamoyenebuli yvelaze gavrcelebuli abreviaturebis CamonaTvali.

abreviaturebis

umravlesobas

mravlobiT

ricxvSi

daurTeT

daboloeba s an es, garda gamonaklisebisa. nu dawerT daxrili

SriftiT

laTinuri

darwmunebuli

ama

terminebis

Tu

im

abreviaturebs.

abreviaturis

Tu

saTanado

ar

xarT

gamoyenebaSi,

mimarTeT avtoritetul wyaros.

abbr.

abbreviated, abbreviation

abr.

abridged, abridgment

anon.

anonymous

app.

appendix

assn.

association

b.

born

bib.

Bible, biblical

bibliog.

bibliography, bibliographer

biog.

biography, biographer

bk.

book

ca.

circa, about, approximately

cap.

capital, capitalize

CD

compact disk

cf.

confer, compare

491

chap.

chapter

col.

column

comp.

compiler, compiled by

cont.

continued

d.

died

dept.

department

dect.

dictionary

diss.

dissertation

div.

division

DOI

digital object identifier

DVD

digital versatile (or video) disc

ed.

editor, edition, edited by

e.g.

exempli gratia, for example

esp.

especially

et al.

et alii or et alia, and others

etc.

et cetera, and so forth

ex.

example

fig.

figure

ff.

and following

fol.

folio

ftp

file transfer protocol

http

hypertext transfer protocol

ibid.

ibidem, in the same place

id.

idem, the same

i.e.

id est, that is

intl.

international

intro.

introduction

l. (pp. ll.)

line

loc. cit.

loco citato, in the place cited

misc.

miscellaneous

MS (mr. MSS)

manuscript

n (mr. nn)

note

natl.

national

n.b. an NB

nota bene, take careful note

n.d.

no date

no.

number

492

n.p.

no place; no publisher; no page

NS

New Style (dates)

n.s.

new series

op.cit.

opera citato, in the work cited

org.

organization

OS

Old Style (dates)

o.s.

old series

p. (mr. pp.)

page

par.

paragraph

pl.

plate; plural

PS

postscriptum, postscript

pseud.

pseudonym

pt.

part

pub.

publication, publisher, published by

q.v.

quod vide, which see

r.

recto, right

repr.

reprint

rev.

revised, revised by, revision; review, reviewed by

ROM

read-only memory

sec.

section

ser.

series

sing.

singular

soc.

society

sup.

supra, above

supp.

supplement

s.v. (pl. s.vv.)

sub verbo, sub voce, under the word

syn.

synonym, synonymous

trans.

translated by, translator

univ.

university

URL

uniform resource locator

usu.

usually

v. (pl. vv.)

verse; verso, right

viz.

videlicet, namely

vol.

volume

vs. or v.

versus (in legal contexts, use v.

493

25.

citirebebi

25.1

zusti citireba da plagiatis Tavidan acileba

25.2

citatebis CarTva teqstSi

25.2.1 winadadebaSi CarTuli citatebi
25.2.2 blokuri citatebi

25.3

citatebis gardaqmna
25.3.1 dasaSvebi cvlilebebi
25.3.2 gamotovebuli adgilebi

winamdebare Tavi gTavazobT citatebis warmodgenis zogad wesebs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela es magaliTi warmodgenilia inglisur
enaze,

wesebi,

aseve,

vrceldeba

ucxoenovan

citatebze

(ixileT,

aseve, 22.2.1).
Tqvens naSromSi sxva avtorebis namuSevrebis CarTvis erTerTi variantTaganiauSualod wyaroebidan citireba; alternatiuli
variantebisa

da

maTi

gamoyenebis

wesebis

Sesaxeb

ixileT

7.4.nebismieri variantis arCevisas unda miuTiToT sityvebisa da

ideebis

wyaro.

me-15

TavSi

mocemulia

Sesavali

citatebis

gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, xolo momdevno TavebSi ganxilulia citirebis

ori

gavrcelebuli

stili

(me-16

da

me-17

Tavebi,

sqolioSi

miTiTebis stili; me-18 da me-19 Tavebi teqsturi miTiTebis stili).

Tu muSaobT Tezisze an disertaciaze, Tqvens fakultets an
universitets SeiZleba, citatebis wardgenis specifikuri wesebi
hqondes,

romlebic,

disertaciebis

rogorc

ofisSimoipoveba.

wesi,
Tu

sadiplomo
muSaobT

naSromebisa

sakurso

da

naSromze,

Tqvenma pedagogma SesaZloa, aseve, mogTxovoT citirebis garkveuli

principebis dacva.gaerkvieT am moTxovnebSi naSromis momzadebamde.
isini

winamdebare

miTiTebebze

TavSi

upiratesia.

SemoTavazebul

miTiTebebi

sxvadasxva

saxelmZRvanelo
disciplinaSi

gamoyenebuli citirebis stilis Sesaxeb ixileT bibliografiaSi.

494

Tu

disertacias

gare

sadisertacio

sacavSi

gzavniT,

garkveuli tipis citatebis gamosayeneblad SesaZloa, dagWirdeT

oficialuri nebarTvis aReba saavtoro uflebis mflobelebisgan.
ixileT

`Cikagos

stilis

saxelmZRvanelos~

2003

wlis

me-15

gamocemis me-4 Tavi.

25.1

zusti citireba da plagiatis Tavidan acileba

samecniero proeqtSizust citirebas kritikuli mniSvneloba aqvs,
amitom Tqven unda:
gamoiyenoT yvelaze sando xelmisawvdomi gamocema
gadaweroT sityvebi zustad iseve, rogorc originalSia an
gardaqmnaT citata, mxolod ise, rogorc es miTiTebulia 25.3-Si
zustad miuTiToT wyaro Tqvens bibliografiaSi (ix. me-16 da me18 Tavebi), raTa mkiTxvelebma SeZlon maTi moZieba.
samecniero eTika, aseve, moiTxovs, rom yovelTvis, rodesac
sityvebi, cxrilebi, grafikebi an monacemebi mogyavT wyarodan
citatad, saWiroa, miTiTebis Sesaferisi stilis gamoyenebiT (ix.
me-15 Tavi) mkafiod aRniSnoT, ra isesxeT da saidan isesxeT. Tu
ase ar moiqceviT, SeiZleba, plagiatSidagadanaSaulon. Tumca,
maSinac

ki,

roca

zustad

miuTiTebT

wyaros,

plagiatSi

dadanaSulebis riskis qveSmainc CaigdebT Tavs, Tu wyaroszust

sityvebsgamoiyenebT, magram ar miuTiTebT maT, rogorc citatas
25.2-Si

aRwerili

erT-erTi

gziT.

plagiatis

ufro

vrceli

ganxilva mocemulia 7.9-Si.

25.2

citatebis CarTva teqstSi

citatis teqstSi CarTva, misi

sidididan

gamomdinare,oridan erT-

erTi gziTSegiZliaT, Tu citata oTxi an naklebi striqonisgan

Sedgeba, moaTavseT igi Tqvens teqstSi da CasviT brWyalebSi. Tu
igi xuTi an xuTze meti striqonisgan Sedgeba, gamoyaviT rogorc

495

blokuri citata, brWyalebis gareSe. SeniSvnebSi da sqolioebSi

citatebis moyvanisas ixelmZRvaneleT igive principebiT (ix. 16:3.5).
SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT blokuri citata xuT striqonze patara
citatis SemTxvevaSic, Tu gsurT misi gamoyofa an misi Sedareba
ufro did citatasTan.
25.2.1 winadadebaSi CarTuli citatebi
xuT

striqonze

naklebi

nawyvetis

citirebisas

CasviT

zustad

citirebuli sityvebi ormag brWyalebSi. teqstSi citatis Casmis

ramdenime saSualeba arsebobs (ixileT 7.5.). SegiZliaT citatis
Semoyvana avtoris saxelTan erTad, romelsac mosdevs termini,
magaliTad,

aRniSnavs,

yuradReba,

rom

es

acxadebs,
terminebi,

amtkicebsan
Cveulebriv,

Tanaxmad(miaqcieT
awmyoSia

da

ara

warsulSi: aRniSnavda, moiTxovda da a.S., magram zogi disciplina

gansxvavebuli wesebiTxelmZRvanelobs). am SemTxvevaSi dasviT mZime
citatis win.
rikoeri wers, `arc ise advilia intrigasa da davas Soris zRvaris
gavleba.
rogorc rikoeri aRniSnavs,`arc ise advilia zRvaris gavleba
intrigasa da davas Soris~.
Tu citatis SuaSi svamT kuTvnilebis aRmniSvnel frazas, gamoyaviT
is mZimeebiT.
`arc iseTi advilia~, rikoeris TqmiT, `zRvaris gavlebaintrigasa
da davas Soris~.
citataSi mZimeebis, wertilebis da sxva sasveni niSnebis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb

ixileT

21.11.2

da

25.3.1;

citataSi

mTavruli

asoebis

gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 25.3.1.

citatebis

ganlageba.

Tu

SeniSvnaSi

an

sqolioSimiuTiTebT

citirebis wyaros, maSin is, Tu sad daurTavT zeda indeqsis nomers

(ix. 16.3.2), damokidebulia winadadebis SigniTcitatis adgilze. Tu

496

citata winadadebis boloSia, daurTeT nomeri Camketi brWyalis

Semdeg.
litvakis

TqmiT,

moZraoba

maTi

`aTobiT

axalgaTavisuflebuli

emansipaciis

sasicocxlod

monisTvis

es

mniSvnelovani

gamoxatuleba iyo~.4
Tu

citata

mTavrdeba

(damokidebuli

an

winadadebis

damoukidebeli)

SuaSi,

dasviT

nomeri

winadadebisbolos,

im

romelic

Seicavs citatas da romelic xSirad winadadebis dasasrulia.

`aTobiT

axalgaTavisuflebuli

emansipaciis

sasicocxlod

litvakis TqmiT.

monisTvis

mniSvnelovani

es

moZraoba

maTi

gamoxatuleba

iyo~,

litvaki amtkicebs, rom `aTobiT axalgaTavisuflebuli monisTvis

es

moZraoba

maTi

emansipaciis

sasicocxlod

mniSvnelovani

gamoxatuleba iyo~4 da Semdeg am mosazrebas asabuTebs.

ganlagebis
mocemulia

igive

variantebi

sqolioSi

vrceldeba

miTiTebis

(16.4.3)

an

citatebze,

romlebic

teqsturi

miTiTebis

stilis muxlebTan erTad (ix. 18.3.1), mxolod erTi mniSvnelovani

gansxvavebiT: Tu wertili an mZime, Cveulebriv, win uswrebs Camket
brWyals,

am

SemTxvevaSi

dasviT

igi

citatis

gareT,

Camketi

frCxilis Semdeg.
mwerlebi cdiloben, gaigon, `rogor yofen adamianebi kategoriebad
im

obieqtebs,

romlebsac

yoveldRiur

situaciebSi

xvdebian~

(boukeri da stari 1999, 59).

imisaTvis, rom daedginaT, `rogor yofen adamianebi kategoriebad im
obieqtebs, romlebsac yoveldRiur situaciebSi xvdebian~ (boukeri
da stari 1999, 59), mwerlebma kvleva Caatares.
imis gageba, Tu`rogor yofen adamianebi kategoriebad im obieqtebs,
romlebsac yoveldRiur situaciebSi xvdebian~, mTavaria boukerisa
da starisTvis (1999, 59).

497

specialuri punqtuacia. erT citataSi meore citatis moqcevisas

citirebuli

sityvebis

Sida

rigisTvis

gamoiyeneT

erTmagi

brWyalebi.
roTkos,

bolis

mtkicebiT,

`surda

Seeqmna

naxatebi,

romelTac

sulieri problemebis gadaWris unari eqneboda: suraTebi saswauls

unda sCadiodnen, ganacxada man erTxel.~
Tu teqstSi or an orze met poetur striqons CasvamT, gamoyaviT
isini daxrili xaziT (/) winmswrebi da momdevno intervalebiT.
Tumca,

poeziisTvis,

umetes

SemTxvevebSi,

gamoiyeneT

blokuri

citatebi.
maT cxovreba erT martiv azramde dahyavT: `yvelaferi mSvidad aris
da mwifdeba saflavisken mimaval gzaze; / Cumad, mwifdeba, ecema da
kvdeba.

25.2.2blokuri citatebi
proza.

warmoadgineT

prozauli

citata

xuTi

blokuri

an

xuTze

citatis

meti
saxiT.

striqonis
citata

mqone

SeiyvaneT

teqstSi Tqvenive sityvebiT; ix. 7.5. Tu citata SemogyavT sruli

winadadebis
iyenebT

formiT,

mxolod

daaboloeT

wyaros

winadadeba

mosaxseniebel

ori

wertiliT.Tu

frazas,

magaliTad,

aRniSnavs, moiTxovs, amtkicebs, mixedviT, avtoris saxelTan erTad,

daasruleT

fraza

mZimiT.

Tuki

citatas

Tqveni

winadadebis

sintaqsSi rTavT, nu gamoiyenebT punqtuacias citatis win, Tu aseT

situaciaSi, Cveulebriv, ar iwereba sasveni niSnebi (ixileT meore
magaliTi qvemoT).
blokur

citataSi

striqonebs

Soris

erTi

intervalia.

gamotoveT erTi striqoni citatis win da citatis Semdeg. nu

dawerT

brWyalebs

dasawyisSi

da

boloSi,

magram

datoveT

xeluxlebeli originalSi arsebuli nebismieri brWyalebi. SewieT

498

marjvniv mTliani citata imdenad, ramdenadac SewevdiT abzacis

pirvel striqons. (literaturis Semswavlel da sxva dargebSi,
sadac teqstebis saguldagulo analizitardeba, Tu originalis
teqsti Seweulia marjvniv, unda SewioT marjvniv blokuri citatis
pirveli striqoni ufro Rrmad, vidre danarCeni citata; ixileT,
aseve, 25.3.) damatebiTi informacia citataSi sasveni niSnebisa da
mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 25.3.1-Si.
jeksoni iwyebs keris mniSvnelobis aRniSvniT:
sacxovrebeli

saxli

adamianis

Sinagani

bunebis

gamoxatulebaa; vercerT sazogadoebas ver gavugebT bolomde

mis

wevrTa

sacxovrebeli

saxlebis

gareSe.

mecxramete

saukunis melodiaSi ismis sityvebi: `araferi Seedreba keras~

da, Tumca, mis fexqveS garTxmuli iyo zurmuxtis qalaqi,
doroTis ver warmoedgina kanzasSi mSobliuri saxlis garda
sadme sxvagan yofna, Cveni saxlebi gvicavs samyarosgan.1
Sesavalis bolo nawilSi igi ganixilavs . . .
Tu citataSi mogyavT erTze meti abzaci, nu daurTavT damatebiT
striqonebs abzacebs Soris da SewieT marjvniv meore da momdevno
abzacebis pirveli striqoni - ufro Rrmad, vidre danarCeni citata.
man aRniSna, rom
mTavrobebs, Cveulebriv, Rupavs maTi ususuroba an tirania.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi Zalaufleba xelidan usxltebaT; meore
SemTxvevaSi ki mas ZaliT glejen xelidan.
bevrma adamianma, romelmac naxa, rogor moicva anarqiam
demokratiuli qveynebi, CaTvala, rom im qveynebSi mTavroba
susti da ususuri iyo. sinamdvileSi ki sakmarisia, erTxel
gaCaRdes

omi maT partiebs

Soris, rom mTavroba

kargavs

sazogadoebazegavlenas. (tokvili, 248)

Tu

sqolioSi

striqonis

zeda

miuTiTebT
indeqsis

wyaros,
saxiT

daurTeT
blokuri

SeniSvnis

citirebis

nomeri
boloSi,

499

rogorc zemoT moyvanil pirvel magaliTSia naCvenebi (ix., aseve,

16.3.2). Tu teqstSive miuTiTebT wyaros, daurTeT miTiTeba blokuri
citirebis

damaboloebeli

punqtuaciis

Semdeg,

rogorc

es

naCvenebia meore magaliTSi. (unda aRiniSnos, rom es gansxvavdeba

25.2.1-Si

naCvenebi

wesisgan,

sadac

aRwerilia

ra

adgilze

unda

mieTiTos wyaro brWyalebSi Casmuli citatis moyvanisas).

poezia da drama. ori an orze meti poeturi striqonisgan Semdgari
citata

warmoadgineT

yoveli

striqoni

blokuri

daiwyeT

citatis

axal

saxiT.

xazze,

poemis

(leqsis)

originalis

msgavsi

punqtuaciiT striqonebis boloebSi. naSromebis umetesobaSi SewieT

poeturi nawarmoebis bloki marjvniv prozauli citatis msgavsad;
Tu striqoni imdenad grZelia, rom ver Tavsdeba erT xazze, SewieT
gadmosuli nawili danarCen citataze ufro Rrmad. disertaciaSi an
sxva ufro vrcel naSromSi, romelic mravlad Seicavs citatebs
poeziidan, moaTavseT yoveli citata gverdis centrSi.
Seqspiris es soneti Seicavs ramdenime dauviwyar pasaJs:
ra Sxami masva siyvarulma?! an ra samsala
damalevina jojoxeTur cremlTan nazavi?!
SiSi imedze da imedi SiSze gacvala,
rom gamarjvebuls marcxi megrZno uzarmazari.

Tu
mqone

citatad

leqsi,

mogyavT

gaimeoreT

uCveulod

striqonebis

ganlagebuli
dajgufebis

striqonebis
originaluri

varianti.
es herbertma Zalian lamazad gadmosca Semdeg striqonebSi:
da iq iyo Rvino
sanam TvaliT davaSrobdi mas: iq iyo puri
sanam Cems cremlSi CavZiravdi mas.
nuTu is xani mxolod me davkarge?
nuTu im napirs veRar mivagneb?
Aarc yvavilebi, aRarc gvirgvini?sul ganviZarcve?
sul gavflange?

500

Tu dramatuli piesis dialogidan ori an meti striqoni mogyavT

citatad, gamoyaviT is, rogorc blokuri citata, daformatebuli
prozauli nawarmoebis msgavsad. miuTiTeT yoveli moqmedi piris saxeli
ise, rom igi gamoirCeodes dialogisgan, magaliTad, dawereT isini
mTavruliT an sxvadasxva SriftiT. daiwyeT yoveli replika axali
striqonidan, xolo gadmosuli nawilebi SewieT danarCen citataze ufro
Rrmad.
r. roister doisteri. Tu ar moviyvane colad, gavgiJdebi.
m. merigriki. ara, `suleli~ ar vici, magram `giJi~ namdvilad xar.
epigrafebi. epigrafi aris citata, romelic gansazRvravs Tqveni
naSromis

Tematikas.

sadiplomo

naSromebis

an

disertaciis

satitulo elementebSi gamoyenebuli epigrafebis Sesaxeb ixileT

A.2.1-Si. epigrafi Tavis an nawilis dasawyisSi miiCnieT blokur
citatad. epigrafis qvemoT miuTiTeT avtori da saTauri, striqoni
gaasworeT
daurTeT.

marjvniv

da

epigrafis

formalobis

dacva.

win

emtire

citirebisas
datoveT

(an

ar

ori

ori

defisi;

gesaWiroebaT
carieli

ix.

21.7.2)

amaze

meti

striqoni

wyaros

striqonsa da teqstis dasawyiss Soris. ix., aseve, suraTi A.9.

qalaqi ar gviambobs Tavis warsulze, magram xelisgulis xazebiviT Tan
atarebs mas.
-- italo kalvino, uCinari qalaqebi

25.3

citatebis Secvla
citirebis

dros

zustad

unda

gaimeoroTwyaros

formulireba,

damwerloba, mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba da punqtuacia, maSinac,

Tu

isini

ar

misdevs

amasTan,

citatis

teqstis

sintaqsTan

winamdebare

teqstSi

saxelmZRvanelos

CarTvisas,

misadagebis

an

SegiZliaT
mis

misi

miTiTebebs.
gardaqmna

garkveul

nawilebze

disciplinas

sxvadasxva

yuradRebis gamaxvilebis mizniT.

unda

gaiTvaliswinoT,

rom

sxvadasxva

standarti aqvs winamdebare nawilSi ganxiluli sakiTxebisTvis,

501

magaliTad, sawyisi mTavruli an nusxuri asoebis gardaqmnis da

gamotovebuli adgilebis nacvlad mravalwertilis dawerisTvis.
disciplinaTa

umetesobaSi

naSromis

dawerisas

ixelmZRvaneleT

zogadi wesebiT. literaturis Semswavlel da sxva iseT dargebSi,

sadac teqstebis saguldagulo analizitardeba, ixelmZRvaneleT
ufro mkacri wesebiT, romlebic garkveul TemebSia mocemulia. Tu
ar xarT darwmunebuli, romel miTiTebebs misdioT, ixelmZRvaneleT
adgilobrivi wesebiT an rCevisTvis mimarTeT pedagogs.

25.3.1 dasaSvebi cvlilebebi

orTografia. Tu originaluri wyaro Seicavs aSkara tipografiul
Secdomas, SeasworeT igi komentarebis gareSe.
originali:

es

daskvnebi

sabloo

ar

aris,

Tumca

namdvilad

damafiqrebelia.
kleitoni aRiarebs, rom misi daskvnebi saboloo ar aris.

magram Tu msgavsi Secdoma avlens raime mniSvnelovans wyaros

Sesaxeb an asabuTebs Tqvens arguments, datoveT igi ucvlelad
Tqvens citataSi. uSualod Secdomis Semdeg daurTeT laTinuri
sityva

(asea),

sic

frCxilebSi,
Secdomaa.

raTa

cud

daxrili

aRniSnoT,

manerad

SriftiT,
rom

iTvleba

es

Casmuli

avtoris

Secdomebze

kvadratul

mier

daSvebuli

miTiTeba

wyaros

uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Casayeneblad.

originali: saSualo amerikelma ar icis wera da ar SeuZlia mZimeis [sic]
sworad gamoyeneba.
rasels Tavisi argumentis magaliTad mohyavs is, rom saSualo amerikels
`ar SeuZlia mZimeis [sic]sworad gamoyeneba~.

Tu citata mogyavT Zveli an arastandartuli orTografiis mqone

dialeqtze

dawerili

wyarodan,

SeinarCuneT

originaluri

marTlwera da nu ixmarT sic-s. Tu, sicxadis mizniT, Tanamedrove

502

marTlwerasa da punqtuacias gamoiyenebT citataSi, SeniSvnaSi an

SesavalSi, acnobeT Tqvens mkiTxvelebs amis Sesaxeb.
mTavruli

asoebis

gamoyeneba

da

punqtuacia.

disciplinebis

umravlesobaSi SegiZliaT, SecvaloT citirebuli nawyvetis sawyisi

aso mTavrulidan nusxuriT an nusxuridan

mTavruliT cvlilebis

Sesaxeb aRniSvnis gakeTebis gareSe. Tu CaaqsovT citatas Tqveni

teqstis sintaqsSi, daiwyeT igi nusxuriT.sxva SemTxvevaSi daiwyeT
citata

mTavruliT,

Tu

igi

iwyeba

sruli

winadadebiT,

xolo

nusxuriT _ Tu ar iwyeba sruli winadadebiT. msgavsi cvlilebebi

SegiZliaT, aseve, gaataroT mravalwertilis gamoyenebisas; ixileT
25.3.2.
originali: am faqtorebis Sedegad cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis
sargebeli unda moetana.
fernandesis TqmiT, `cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli unda
moetana.
fernandesi acxadebs, rom `cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli
unda moetana.
fernandesi aRniSnavs, rom `am faqtorebis Sedegad cvlilebas meqsikeli
xalxisTvis sargebeli unda moetana.~
cvlilebas~,

aRniSnavs

fernandesi,

`meqsikeli

rogor

daamuSavebT

xalxisTvis

sargebeli

citatas

teqstSi,

unda moetana.

imisda

mixedviT,

Tu

SegiZliaT, aseve, gamotovoT damaboloebeli wertili an SecvaloT

is mZimiT.
fernandesi aRniSnavs, rom cvlilebas `meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli
unda moetana~ mis mier ganxiluli faqtorebis Sedegad.
`cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli unda moetana~, amtkicebs
fernandesi.

literaturis Semswavlel da sxva iseT dargebSi, sadac teqstebis

siRrmiseuli analizi tardeba, mTavruli asos nebismieri cvlileba
aRniSneT Secvlili asos kvadratul frCxilebSiCasmiT.

503

fernandesis mtkicebiT, `cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli unda

moetana.~
fernandesi yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom `am faqtorebis Sedegad
cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli unda moetana.~

nebismier disciplinaSi, Tu

ormag brWyalebSi CasvamTnawyvets,

romelic

sicxadis

ukve

Seicavs

maT,

mizniT

SecvaleT

Sida

brWyalebi erTmagi brWyalebiT (ix. 25.2.1). Tu originaluri nawyveti

bolovdeba wertil-mZimiT an orwertiliT, SecvaleT igi wertiliT
an mZimiT, raTa miusadagoT Tqveni winadadebis struqturas (ix.
21.11.2).
daxrili

Srifti.

sityvebi,

romlebic

originalSi

daxrili

SriftiTar weria, SegiZliaT, daweroT daxrili SriftiT, magram

citataSi an mis miTiTebaSi unda aRniSnoT cvlileba sityvebiT

(daxrili

Srifti

kvadratul

Cemia)an

frCxilebSi

(gamoyofilia).

Casmuli

aRniSvna

citataSi

daurTeT

uSualod

daxrili

SriftiT dawerili sityvebis Semdeg. miTiTebaSi daurTeT aRniSvna

gverdis nomris Semdeg; mas win unda uswrebdes wertil-mZime (ix.,
aseve, 16.3.5). Tu daxrili SriftiT dawerT or an met adgils
citataSi, ixmareT SeniSvna da ara frCxilebSi Casmuli komentari.
ix., aseve, 22.2.2.
Sulcis

mixedviT,

`2010

wlis

bolosTvis

yoveli

demokratia

[gamoyofilia] birTvuli terorizmis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba.~1

brauni aRniSnavs mxolod, rom tomebi ganadgureba sul raRac aT welze

mokle droSi~ [271; daxrili Srifti Cemia].

CanarTebi.

Tu TqvenTvis

aucilebelia

citataSi erTi an meti

sityvis Casma ganmartebis an Sesworebis mizniT, CasviT CanarTi

kvadratul frCxilebSi. Tu aRmoCnda, rom bevri amgvari CanarTi
gamogdiT, umjobesia, xelaxla CamoayaliboT winadadeba an ufro
mcire zomis citatebi CarToT teqstSi.
rogorc igi aRniSnavs, `es udidesi mxatvrebi [pikaso, braki, matisi]
akademiuri swavlebis winaaRmdeg ajanydnen.~

504

igi

aRniSnavs,

rom

pikaso,

braki

da

matisi

`ajanydnen

akademiuri

swavlebis winaaRmdeg.~

SeniSvnebi.

Tu

citatad

mogyavT

nawyveti,

romelic

Seicavs

SeniSvnis striqonis zeda indeqss, magram Tqven sakuTriv SeniSvnas

ar rTavT teqstSi, SegiZliaT, gamotovoT SeniSvnis nomeri.
25.3.2 gamotovebuli adgilebi
Tu

citatidan

gamotovebT

sityvebs,

frazebs,

winadadebs

an

abzacebs imis gamo, rom isini ar exeba Tqvens Temas, nu SecvliT an

arasworad

nu

warmoadgenT

originaluri

citatis

azrs.

Tqven

valdebuli xarT ara mxolod datovoT is sityvebi, romlebsac

SeuZlia citatis mTliani azris Secvla (rogoricaa ara, arasodes,

yovelTvis), aramed datovoT mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebi. qvemoT

moyvanil citataSi arasworad aris gadmocemuli avtoris azri. (ix.,
aseve, 4.2.3.)
originali: rogorc ki moixsneboda mimdinare problemebi, cvlileba
aucileblad moitanda sargebels.
iangis mtkicebiT, `cvlileba aucileblad moitanda sargebels~.

gamotovebuli
mizniT,

sityvis,

ixmareT

mravalwertili

SorisintervalebiT.
niSani,

romelic

frazis

(bevr

teqstur

mravalwertils

an

winadadebis

sami

procesors

aRniSvnis

wertili
aqvs

aRniSnavs).vinaidan

maT

specialuri
wertilebi

cvlis gamotovebul sityvebs, isini yovelTvis rCeba brWyalebis an

kvadratuli

frCxilebis

SigniT.

datoveT

intervali

bolo

citirebuli sityvis an sasveni niSnis da mravalwertilis pirvel

wertils Soris da kidev erTi intervali bolo wertilis Semdeg
sityvis an sasveni niSnis win.
Cven vibrZviT simarTlisTvis; . . . TavisuflebisTvis . . .; da . . .
gadarCenisTvis~.

is, Tu rogor iyenebT Tqven mravalwertils garkveul situaciebSi,

damokidebulia

Tqvens

disciplinaze.

disciplinaTa

umravlesobisTvis ixelmZRvaneleT zogadi meTodiT; literaturis

505

Semswavleli da sxva im dargebisTvis, sadac tardeba teqstebis

saguldagulo
meTodiT

analizi,

(ixileT

ixelmZRvaneleT

qvemoT).

Tu

ar

xarT

teqstebis

Seswavlis

darwmunebuli,

romeli

meTodiT unda ixelmZRvaneloT, gaecaniT Tqvens adgilobriv wesebs

an SeekiTxeT Tqvens pedagogs. 25.3.1-Si ixileT mTavrulis dasmisa
da

punqtuaciis

Secvlis

wesebi

gamotovebuli

adgilebis

gaTvaliswinebiT.
zogadi meTodi. SegiZliaT, citata sxvadasxvanairad SeamokloT,
ise, rogorc es qvemoT aris warmodgenili.

originali: rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es da bodiSi

mouxados dazaralebul mxares. is unda moiqces saerTaSoriso
diplomatiuri standartebis Sesabamisad. man, aseve, unda gadadgas
nabijebi situaciis Sesacvlelad.
Tu

gamotovebT

sityvebs

winadadebis

SigniT,

dawereT

mravalwertili, rogorc es qvemoT aris naCvenebi.

`rodesac eri cdeba, man . . . bodiSi unda mouxados dazaralebul mxares.

Tu

gamotoveT

gamotovebuli

masala

adgilis

winadadebebs

winmswrebi

Soris

masala

da

Tu

gramatikulad

srulyofili winadadebaa, dawereT damaboloebeli sasveni niSani

uSualod am winadadebis Semdeg. datoveT intervali am sasveni
niSnis da mravalwertilis pirvel wertils Soris. daicaviT es
wesi

im

SemTxvevaSic,

Tu

gamotoveT

winmswrebi

winadadebis

dasasruli da Tuki is, rac darCa, gramatikulad srulyofilia

(rogorc aris naCvenebi qvemoT meore magaliTSi).
`rodesac

eri

cdeba,

man

unda

aRiaros

es

da

bodiSi

mouxados

dazaralebul mxares. . . . man, aseve, unda gadadgas nabijebi situaciis

Sesacvlelad.
`rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es. . . . man, aseve, unda gadadgas
nabijebi situaciis Sesacvlelad.

Tu

tovebT

gamotovebuli

masalas

adgilis

winadadebebs

winmswrebi

da

Soris

ise,

momdevno

rom
masala
506

gaerTianebisas qmnis gramatikulad srulyofil winadadebas, nu

dawerT damaboloebel sasven niSans mravalwertilis win. amasTan,
avtoris azris arasworad gadmocemis Tavidan asacileblad, am
dros, zogadad, umjobesia, gamoviyenoT Semoklebis erT-erTi zemoT
naCvenebi varianti an cal-calke ori citata.
`rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es da . . . gadadgas nabijebi
situaciis Sesacvlelad.

iqidan gamomdinare, Tu sad aris sityvebi gamotovebuli, igive

principebi vrceldeba sxva tipis sasven niSnebze, romlebic win
uswrebs an mosdevs mravalwertils, zog situaciaSi, rogoricaa
qvemoT moyvanili meore magaliTi, gamoiyeneT citatis moyvanis
gansxvavebuli wesi.
`rogor cioda? . . . veravin SeZlebda aseT amindSi muSaobas.~
`vaWris saqonelSi iyo qsovilebi da mravali sxva ram . . . , yvelaferi,
rasac qalaqis qalbatonebi SeiZendnen~.

an
vaWris saqonelSi iyo qalaqis qalbatonebisTvis gankuTvnili `qsovilebi
da bevri sxva ram~.

vinaidan mraval konteqstSi naTlad Cans, rodis Semoklda citata,

arsebobs situaciebi, roca aucilebeli ar aris mravalwertilis
gamoyeneba:

citirebuli frazis, arasruli winadadebis an originalis sxva

iseTi fragmentis win an Semdgom, romelic calsaxad ar aris
srulyofili
winadadeba.
magram,
Tu
raimes
gamotovebT
fragmentis SigniT, ixmareT mravalwertili Sesaferis adgilas:
smiTi werda, rom prezidentze `didi STabeWdileba moaxdina~
moxsenebam, romelic xazs usvamda `yvela msxvili qveynis . . .
ekonomikuri resursebis gamoyenebas.

citatis dasawyisSi, maSinac, roca gamotovebulia originaluri

winadadebis sawyisi nawili.

507

citatis bolos, maSinac, roca

winadadebis bolo nawili.

gamotovebulia

originaluri

teqstis Seswavlis meTodi. teqstis Seswavlis meTodi zogad

meTodze ufro mkacrad misdevs mravalwertilis gamoyenebas, raTa
aRniSnos

citirebuli

gamotovebuli

masala.

winadadebebis
Tu

am

meTods

dasawyisSi
iyenebT,

an

bolos

ixelmZRvaneleT

zogadi wesebiT, garda qvemoT moyvanili SemTxvevebisa.

originali: rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es da bodiSi

mouxados dazaralebul mxares. is unda moiqces saerTaSoriso
diplomatiuri standartebis Sesabamisad. man, aseve, unda gadadgas
nabijebi situaciis Sesacvlelad.

Tu tovebT masalas winadadebebs Soris, magram srulad

mogyavT
gamotovebuli
adgilis
winmswrebi
winadadeba,
dawereT
damaboloebeli
sasveni
niSani
uSualod
am
winadadebis Semdeg. datoveT intervali am sasveni niSnis da
mravalwertilis pirvel wertils Soris, rasac iTvaliswinebs
zogadi meTodi, romelic naCvenebia qvemoT moyvanil pirvel
magaliTSi. amasTan, Tu gamotovebulia winmswrebi winadadebis
bolo nawili (maSinac, rodesac darCenili winadadeba
gramatikulad srulyofilia), dasviT intervali sasveni
niSnis nacvlad uSualod winadadebis Semdeg. intervalis
Semdeg CasviT mravalwertilis oTxi wertili gamotovebuli
adgilis aRsaniSnavad (rogorc naCvenebia meore magaliTSi
qvemoT).

`rodesac

eri

cdeba,

man

unda

aRiaros

es

da

bodiSi

mouxados

dazaralebul mxares. . . . man, aseve, unda gadadgas nabijebi situaciis

Sesacvlelad.

magram
`rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es. . . . man, aseve, unda gadadgas
nabijebi situaciis Sesacvlelad.

Tu
citatas
iwyebT
winadadebiT,
romelic,
miuxedavad
winadadebis dasawyisSi gamotovebuli adgilisa, gramatikulad
srulyofilia, aRniSneT gamotoveba mravalwertilis meSveobiT.
Tu pirveli sityva citataSi, originalisgan gansxvavebiT,
508

dawerilia mTavruliT,
frCxilebSi (ix. 25.3.1).

CasviT

Secvlili

aso

kvadratul

. . . man es unda aRiaros es da bodiSi mouxados dazaralebul mxares.

Tu asrulebT citatas winadadebiT, romelic, miuxedavad

winadadebis boloSi gamotovebuli adgilisa, gramatikulad
srulyofilia,
aRniSneT
gamotoveba
oTxwertiliT,
iseve,
rogorc
miuTiTebdiT
winadadebebs
Soris
gamotovebul
daboloebas.

,,roca eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es . .

gansakuTrebuli tipis gamotovebuli adgilebi. Semdegi wesebi

vrceldeba

gamotovebuli

adgilebis

miTiTebis

orive

meTodze:

zogadze da teqstis Seswavlis meTodze.

Tu blokuri citatis SegniTtovebT mTlian abzacs an mets,
miuTiTeT gamotoveba wertiliT da mravalwertilis sami wertiliT
abzacis bolos, gamotovebuli adgilis win. Tu citata Seicavs
kidev erT abzacs gamotovebuli adgilis Semdeg, SewieT axali
abzacis

pirveli

daiwyeT

is

striqoni.

Tu

mravalwertilis

citata

sami

iwyeba

wertiliT

abzacis

Suidan,

striqonis

Sewevis

Semdeg.
mertoni wers:
es-esaa Cndeboda axalTaxali sindisi, rogorc sulis realuri,
moqmedi funqcia. sul male yoveli Cemi moqmedeba ufro Segnebuli
gaxdeboda. . . .
. . . vinaidan aravis SeuZlia an SeeZlo mxolod TavisiT da
TavisTvis cxovreba, sxva aTasobiT adamianis beds es aucileblad
unda Sexeboda.

aCveneT blokur citataSi moqceuli leqsis erTi mTliani an

meti

gamotovebuli

striqoni

mravalwertilebis

xaziT,

romlis

sigrZe zeda striqonis sigrZis toli iqneba.

mTavar pasaJSi weria:
509

nuRar itirebT, kaeSniT savse mwyemsebo, nuRar itirebT,

radgan, licidas, Seni wuxili araa mkvdari,
...............................................
maTTvis, vinc Sedis im xifaTiT savse mdinareSi.

510

26.

cxrilebi da suraTebi

26.1

zogadi wesebi
26.1.1 adgilmdebareoba teqstSi
26.1.2 zoma
26.1.3 wyaroebis aRmniSvneli striqonebi

26.2

cxrilebi
26.2.1 cxrilebis struqtura
26.2.2 cxrilebis nomrebi da saTaurebi
26.2.3 svetebis wesebi
26.2.4 svetebis saTaurebi
26.2.5 gverduli svetebi
26.2.6 cxrilis centraluri nawili
26.2.7 gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi

26.3

suraTebi
26.3.1 diagramebi, sqemebi
26.3.2 suraTebis nomrebi da warwerebi

mraval

samecniero

kvleviT

naSromSi

monacemebis

warsadgenad

gamoiyeneba cxrilebi da suraTebi. Cxrilebi aris svetebisgan da

rigebisgan

Semdgari

ricxobrivi

an

cxaurebi,

sityvieri

romlebSic

monacemebi

warmodgenilia

kategoriebis

mixedviT.

suraTebi moicavs grafikebs, diagramebs, sqemebs, fotosuraTebs,

rukebs,

musikaluri

nawarmoebebis

nawyvetebs,

naxazebs

da

sxva

gamosaxulebebs. yvela am tipis arateqstur masalas erToblivad

moixsenieben,

rogorc

gamoiyenebda

suraTis

naxats
nacvlad)

(termini,
an

romelic

grafikuli

drodadro

gamosaxulebebi

(diagramebi, grafikebi, suraTebi da simboloebi).

rodesac
cxrilis

an

gaqvT

monacemebi,

suraTis

saxiT,

romlebic
Tqveni

SeiZleba,

pirveli

gadmoices

amocanaa,

am

511

formatebidan yvelaze efeqtiani airCioT; zogi tipis monacemebi

SeiZleba, ukeT warmoadginoT cxrilSi, zogi _ sqemaSi, zogi ki _
grafikSi. Tqveni arCevani gavlenas moaxdens imaze, Tu rogori
reaqcia eqneba mkiTxvels Tqvens monacemebze. es aris ritorikuli
sakiTxebi,

romlebic

ganixileba

me-8

TavSi.

winamdebare

Tavi

yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu rogor unda aagoT SerCeuli

konkretuli forma, am SemTxvevaSi, cxrilebi da ori tipis suraTi:
sqemebi (diagramebi) da grafikebi.
dResdReobiT cxrilebis, sqemebis (diagramebis) da grafikebis
umravlesoba kompiuteruli programebis meSveobiT iqmneba. Tumca,
programa ver SegirCevT yvelaze efeqtur formats an cxrilebisa
da suraTebis swor stils; programa, aseve, ver uzrunvelyofs
logikur an formalur Tanmimdevrulobas.

mzad unda iyoT, rom

cxrilebis,

grafikebis

sqemebis

(diagramebis)

da

Seqmnamde

mogixdebaT zogi standartuli parametris Secvla, xolo Seqmnis

Semdeg

Sesabamisad

cxrilebisa
gansakuTrebiT,

da

daxvewa.

yvela

Tu

isini

tipis
ar

informacias

Tqvens

naSromSi

suraTebis

Casmis

Sesaxeb,

Tqvens

teqstur

aris

Seqmnili

procesorSi, ixilavT danarTis A.3.1-Si.

Tu muSaobT sadiplomo Temaze an disertaciaze, romelic
Seicavs

cxrilebsa

ganyofilebas)

an

da

suraTebs,

universitets

Tqvens

fakultets

SeiZleba,

hqondes

(kaTedras,
specifikuri

moTxovnebi maT formatTan dakavSirebiT. es moTxovnebi, rogorc

wesi, SegiZliaT, moiZioT sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis
ofisSi. Tu muSaobT sakurso naSromze, Tqvenma pedagogma SesaZloa,
aseve, mogTxovoT cxrilebisa da suraTebis momzadeba garkveuli
wesebis dacviT. gaerkvieT am moTxovnebSi, vidre moamzadebT Tqvens
naSroms. isini winamdebare TavSi SemoTavazebul saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebze

upiratesia.

saxelmZRvaneloebis

xvadasxva

disciplinebSi arsebuli wesebis Sesaxeb ixileT bibliografiaSi.

512

26.1

zogadi wesebi
naSromebSi cxrilebisa da suraTebis warmodgenis ramdenime zogadi
wesi arsebobs.

26.1.1 adgilmdebareoba teqstSi

cxrili an suraTi rac SeiZleba axlos unda iyos im abzacTan,
romelSic pirvelad moixseniebT mas. Tu cxrili an suraTi ver
Tavsdeba

darCenil

gverdze

da

arc

srul

gverds

ikavebs,

daamTavreT teqsti gverdis dasrulebamde da moaTavseT cxrili an

suraTi

meore

gverdis

dasawyisSi.

(ixileT

A.3.1-Si

informacia

naSromSi cxrilebisa da suraTebis Casmis Sesaxeb, aseve, A.12-Si da

A.13-Si

ixileT

cxrilebisa

da

suraTebis

gverdze

ganTavsebis

magaliTebi).
SegiZliaT, mcire zomis cxrilebi an suraTebi erT gverdze
jgufebad

daawyoT,

oRond

isini

calsaxad

unda

gamoirCeodes

erTmaneTisgan. jgufebad dawyobili cxrilebi zogadad inarCunebs

saTaurebs

(ix.

26.2.2).

Tu

jgufebad

dawyobili

suraTebi

axlo

kavSirSia erTmaneTTan, daurTeT erTi nomeri da saerTo warwera;

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, gamoiyeneT cal-calke nomrebi da warwerebi
(ix. 26.3.2).
Tu cxrili an suraTi teqstTan naklebad aris dakavSirebuli
an zedmetad didia masSi Casasmelad, moaTavseT danarTSi an Tqveni
naSromis

sacnobaro

ganyofilebis

nawilSi

saTauriT

naxatebi

(ix.A.2.3).
26.1.2 zoma
sadac SesaZlebelia, daaformateT cxrilebi da suraTebi ise, rom
isini moTavsdes horizontaluri an vertikaluri sworebis mqone
erT gverdze. Tu ver Tavsdeba, ecadeT, SeamokloT svetebis grZeli
saTaurebi an SeamokloT ganmeorebiTi terminebi.
Tu

ver

axerxebT

cxrilis

an

suraTis

moTavsebas

erT

gverdze, ramdenime gamosavali gaqvT.

513

horizontaluri sworeba. Tu cxrili an suraTi Zalian farToa

gverdisTvis, SeabruneT igi oTxmocdaaTi gradusiT ise, rom
marcxena mxare moxvdes gverdis ZirSi; aRniSnul sworebas ewodeba
vertikaluri. nu moaTavsebT raime teqsts horizontaluri cxrilis
an suraTis Semcvel gverdze. dabeWdeT cxrilis saTauri an
suraTis warwera horizontaluri an vertikaluri sworebiT.
ixileT magaliTisTvis suraTi A.13.

gverdigverd. Tu cxrili gverdze grZelia, siganiT ki _ gverdis

naxevarze naklebi, gayaviT is orad da erTsa da imave gverdze
gverdigverd moaTavseT orive nawili. orive nawils daurTeT
svetebis saTaurebi.

gverdebze ganawileba. Tu cxrili an suraTi imdenad grZelia, rom

ver Tavsdeba erT vertikalur gverdze an imdenad farToa, rom ver
Tavsdeba horizontalur gverdze, gadaanawileT igi or (an orze
met) gverdze. yovel gverdze gaimeoreT gverduli svetisa da yvela
sxva svetis saTaurebi (ix. 26.2). miuwereT cxrilis nomerssityva
,,gagrZeleba yoveli gverdis zeda marcxena mxares, pirveli
gverdis Semdeg, marcxniv sworebiT da daxrili asoebiT (cxrili 2
gagrZeleba). yvela gverdze, garda bolosi, gamotoveT qveda xazi.

zomis

cxrilebis

Tu zemoT
moyvanili wesebidan arc erTi ar Seesabameba Tqvens SemTxvevas,
monacemebi SegiZliaT, gayoT da warmoadginoT ori an meti calke
mocemuli cxrilis an suraTis saxiT.

danarTi.

Semcireba.

Tu suraTi warmoadgens fotos an sxva

gamosaxulebas, SegiZliaT, SeamciroT misi zoma. gaecaniT Tqvens
adgilobriv wesebs fotosuraTis rezoluciisa da sxva Sesabamisi
maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb informaciis mosapoveblad.

da

suraTebis

cal-calke

warmodgena.

Tu

cxrili an suraTi Seicavs masalas, romlis

warmodgena
SeuZlebelia
nabeWdi
formiT,
magaliTad,
didi
moculobis monacemTa nakrebi an multimediuri faili, daurTeT
igi danarTis saxiT, rogorc naCvenebia A.2.3-Si.

26.1.3 wyaros aRmniSvneli striqonebi

aucilebelia, miuTiToT yvela im monacemis wyaro, romelic Tavad
ar mogipovebiaT da cxrilebsa da suraTebSi gaqvT gamoyenebuli.

514

ase unda moiqceT im SemTxvevaSic, Tu monacemebs axali formiT

warmoadgenT magaliTad, agebT grafiks Tavdapirvelad cxrilis
saxiT gamoqveynebul

monacemebze dayrdnobiT, amatebT

cxrilSi

axal monacemebs sxva wyarodan an metaanalizis gziT aerTianebT

sxvadasxva wyarodan mopovebul monacemebs.
miiCnieT wyaros aRmniSvneli striqonebi cxrilis sqoliod
(ix. 26.2.7) an suraTis warweris nawilad (ix. 26.3.2). daiwyeT wyaros
aRmniSvneli striqoni sityviT wyaro(ebi). Tu striqoni ikavebs orze
met

xazs,

gadasuli

daibeWdos

striqonebs

sityvebi

unda

SoriserTi

gaswordes

intervaliT.

marcxniv

dasviT

da

wertili

striqonis bolos.
Tu miTiTebebisas xelmZRvanelobT sqolioSi miTiTebis stiliT,
miuTiTeT sruli informacia wyaros Sesaxeb (ix. me-16 Tavi), aseve,
miuTiTeT originaluri cxrilis an suraTis nomeri an im gverdis
nomeri, saidanac aiReT monacemebi. Tu ar miuTiTebT am wyaros
naSromis sxva adgilebSic, saWiro ar aris misi CarTva Tqvens
bibliografiaSi.

wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia gamocemidan devid hale, kulturis

gageba: xelovneba da klasi amerikul ojaxbSi (Cikago: Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1993), cxrili 2.)

wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia gamocemebidan riCard g. adamsi umc.,

`fuladi

gzavnilobebi,

investireba

da

soflis

kapitalis

akumulireba pakistanSi~, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da kulturuli

cvlileba 47, # 1 (1998); 155-73; devid beveni, pol kolieri da ien

ganingi, glexebi da mTavroba: ekonomikuri analizi (oqsfordi:
gamomcemloba klerdoni. 1989), 125-28.
Tu

iyenebT

teqstobriv

teqstobrivi
miTiTebis

miTiTebis

msgavsad,

stils,

magram

miuTiTeT

frCxilebis

wyaro

gareSe

da

bibliografiaSi miuTiTeT sruli informacia wyaros Sesaxeb (ix.

me-18 Tavi).

515

wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia gamocemidan hale 1993, cxrili 2.

wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia gamocemebidan adamsi 1998, 155-73; beveni,
kolieri da ganingi 1989, 125-28.
Tu monacemebi adaptirebulia originalur wyaroSi warmodgenili
masalidan,

wyaros

aRmniSvnel

striqons

daurTeT

fraza

adaptirebulia . . . dan, rogorc naCvenebia cxrilebSi 26.1 da 26.3.

im fotoebs, rukebs da sxva suraTebs, romlebic uSualod Tqven ar
SegiqmniaT,

wyaros

aRmniSvneli

striqonis

nacvlad

miuTiTeT

avtori.
ruka Seadgina jerald f. failma.

foto gadaiRo jeims l. beladma

Tu disertaciasgare sadisertacio arqivSi waradgenT SesaZloa,

saavtoro uflebiT daculi cxrilebis an suraTebis reproduqciis
gamosayeneblad oficialuri nebarTva dagWirdeT. ixileT `Cikagos
stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ 2003 wlis me-15 gamocemis me-4 Tavi. Tu
gWirdebaT nebarTvebTan dakavSirebuli samadlobeli striqonebis
darTva, ixileT CMOS 12.40-51 (suraTebi) da 13.44 (cxrilebi).

26.2

cxrilebi
bevr situaciaSi SeiZleba, gerCivnoT masalebis cxrilis saxiT
warmodgena.

me-8

TavSi

da,

aseve,

kriteriumebi
winamdebare

nawili

naCvenebia
maTi

moicavs

im

cxrilebis

Sedgenis
sakiTxebs,

gamoyenebis

zogadi
romlebic

principebi.
SeiZleba,

wamoiWras cxrilebis momzadebisas. cxrilebSi 26.1-26-3 naCvenebia am

nawilSi ganxiluli principebis magaliTebi.
Sinaarsis

sirTulidan

da,

Sesabamisad,

struqturidan

gamomdinare, cxrilebs Soris bevri gansxvavebaa, magram arsebiTad

mniSvnelovania cxrilebis SigniT da maT Soris logikuri kavSiri,
raTa Tqveni monacemebi mkiTxvelisTvis gasagebi iyos.
gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi cxrilebSi moTavsebuli yvela
ricxobrivi monacemisTvis, Tu ar iqneba sxva raime miTiTebaamasTan
516

dakavSirebiT.

adgilis

dazogvis

mizniT,

SegiZliaT,

SedarebiT

ufro Tavisuflad ixmaroT abreviaturebi da simboloebi, magram

gamoiyeneT isini dazogviT da Tanmimdevrulad. Tu ar arsebobs
standartuli

abreviaturebi,

Tavad

SeqmeniT

Semoklebebi

da

ganmarteT isini cxrilis sqolioSi (ix. 26.2.7) an, Tu aseTi bevri

iqneba,

Tqveni

naSromis

satitulo

elementebis

abreviaturebis

CamonaTvalSi (ix.A.2.1).
cxrili 26.1 for kornerSi, bostoni, SerCeuli eklesiebi
eklesia

religiuri

daswreba

tradicia

eTnikuri

klasi

warmomavloba

RmerTis eklesia

karibis,

100
ormocdaaTia-

saSualo

Sereuli

neli
wminda sulis
eklesia

samxreTuli
ormocdaaTia-

10

Savi

70

samxreTuli

muSa

neli
fundamentalistu-

baptisturi

ri evangelisturi

saSualo

Savi

baptisturi
sulis saxli

50

haituri

muSa

30

samxreTuli

muSa/

ormocdaaTianeli
mTa nibos

apostoluri

apostoluri

Savi

saSualo

wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia naSromidan: omar m. makrobertsi, didebis quCebi:

eklesia da sazogadoeba qalaqis Savkaniani mosaxleobiT dasaxlebul ubanSi
(Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 2003), 53.

cxrili 26.2. gotfritis provinciis arCevnebis Sedegebi, 1950-60

1950
partia

1956

1960

xmebis

aRebu-

xmebis

aRebu-

xmebis

aRebu-

li

li

li

adgi-

adgi-

adgi-

517

lebi

lebi

lebi

provinciis
asamblea
konservatorebi

35.5

47

26.0

37

30.9

52

socialistebi

12.4

18

27.1

44

24.8

39

qristian-

49.2

85

41.2

68

39.2

59

2.9

5.7

1a

5.1

100.0

150

100.0

150

100.0

150

demokratebi
sxvebi
sul

erovnuli
asamblea
konservatorebi

32.6

23.8

28.3

socialistebi

13.5

27.3

24.1

qristian-

52.1

42.8

46.4

1.8

6.1

1.2

100.0

12

100.0

12

100.0

13b

demokratebi
sxvebi
sul

wyaro: monacemebi ervonidan 1950, 1956, 1960.

a

es adgili moipova radikalma socialistma, romelic konservatiuli koaliciis

wevri gaxda.
b

1960 wlis gadanawilebam gotfrits moapovebina damatebiTi adgili erovnul

asambleaSi.

cxrili 26.3 umuSevrobis maCvenebeli samuSao asakis niu

iorkelebSi, 2000
samuSao Zalis %
umuSevrobis procenti

mdedro-

mamrobiTi

orive

biTi

sqesi

sqesis

sqesi

warmomadgenlebi

yvela muSaki

6.1

5.4

...

11.9

5.8

...

saSualo

5.4

5.0

...

kolejis ramdenime

4.2

4.5

...

ganaTlebis mixedviT
(25-64 asaki)
arasruli

518

weli
humanitarul

2.6

2.3

...

16-19

...

...

19.3

20-34

...

...

6.5

35-54

...

...

4.7

55-64

...

...

2.9

mecnierebaTa
bakalavri BA an meti
asakis mixedviT

wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia naSromidanmark levitani, `es namdvilad aq

moxda: siRaribis zrda niu iork sitiSi~, gamocemaSi niu iorki da los

anJelesi:

politika, sazogadoeba da kultura SedarebiTi mimoxilva,

gamomc. devid hale (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 2003),

cxrili

8.2.SeniSvna:.`samuSao

asaki~

ganisazRvreba

16-dan

64

wlamde.

aRweris monacemebSi 25 wlamde asakis ganaTlebis done mokvleuli ar

yofila.

26.2.1 cxrilis struqtura

cxrils

gaaCnia

elementebi,

romlebic

analogiuria

grafikis

horizontaluri da vertikaluri RerZebisa. horizontalur RerZze

ganTavsebulia svetis saTaurebi. vertikalur RerZze _ saTaurebi,
romlebic Seadgens egreT wodebul gverdul svets.
cxrilSi

(vertikaluri)

striqonebisgan

damoukidebeli
damoukidebeli
gverdul

svetSi.

Semdgari

da

svetebisgan
cxauri

damokidebuli

cvladebi,

da

erTmaneTs
cvladebis

tradiciulad,

damokidebuli

(horizontaluri)

cvladebi

ufardebs
or

Tavsdeba
ki

rigs.

marcxniv,

tradiciulad,

svetebis saTaurebSi. Tu CarTavT cvladebis imave rigs Tqveni

naSromis or an orze met cxrilSi, iyaviT Tanmimdevrulni: yovel
cxrilSi cvladebi unda CasvaT erTsa da imave adgilas rogorc
svetebis saTaurebSi, ise gverdul svetSi.
monacemebs, romlebic SeiZleba, iyos sityvebi, ricxvebi an
orive

(ix.

cxrili

26.1),

weren

svetebis

saTaurebis

qveS

da

gverduli svetis marjvniv arsebulujredebSi.

519

26.2.2 cxrilebis nomrebi da saTaurebi

zogadad, yovel cxrils aqvs nomeri da saTauri. moaTavseT nomeri
da

saTauri

daiwyeT

marcxniv

gasworebul

cxrili,

sityvierad

striqonze, cxrilis

Semdeg

dawereT

cxrilis

zemoT.
nomeri

(arabuli cifrebiT) da dasviT wertili. erTi intervalis Semdeg ki

dawereT

saTauri

damaboloebeli

wertilis

gareSe.

saTaurSi

mTavruli gamoiyeneT winadadebis stilSi (ix. 22.3.1). Tu saTauri

ikavebs erTze met striqons, Semdegi striqonebi ibeWdeba marcxniv
sworebiT, striqonebs SoriserTi intervaliT.
cxrili 13. iena-dolaris fardobebi iaponur eqsportSi, 1995-2005.
cxrili,
ubralo

romelic

orsvetiani

martivad

Tavsdeba

CamonaTvali,

ar

teqstSi,

saWiroebs

magaliTad,

numeracias

an

saTaurs.
Cikagos

mosaxleoba

geometriuli

progresiiT

gaizarda

misi

arsebobis pirvel saukuneSi:

1840

4,470

1870

298,977

1900

1,698,575

1930

3,376,438

cxrilis nomrebi. danomreT cxrilebi calke da suraTebi calke,

im TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac moixseniebT maT teqstSi.
Tu gaqvT sul ramdenime cxrili, danomreT isini Tanmimdevrulad
mTel naSromSi, Tavebis CaTvliT. Tu Tqvens naSromSi bevri cxrili
da Tavia, gamoiyeneT ormagi numeracia; anu, dabeWdeT Tavis nomeri,
Semdeg

wertili,

Semdeg

cxrilis

nomeri,

rogorc

naCvenebia

cxrilSi 12.4.
rodesac teqstSi moixseniebT cxrils, miuTiTeT cxrilis
nomeri (`me-3 cxrilSi~) nacvlad misi adgilmdebareobisa (`qvemoT~),
vinaidan

SeiZleba,

mogixdeT

cxrilis

gadaadgileba

naSromis

redaqtirebis an daformatebis procesSi.

520

cxrilis saTaurebi. cxrilebis saTaurebi unda iyos mokle, Tumca,

sakmaod

mravlismetyveli,

specifikur

xasiaTze

da

raTa

mianiSnos

ganasxvaos

maTi

cxrilebi

monacemebis

erTmaneTisgan.

Sesaferisi saTaurebis daweris wesebi ixileT 8.3.1-Si.cxrilebis

saTaurebi SeiZleba, warmoadginoT ufro mcire zomis SriftiT,
vidre

danarCeni

teqsti;

gaecaniT

Tqvens

adgilobriv

saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebs.
16.2.3 svetebis xazebi
xazebi gamoyofs sxvadasxva tipis monacemebs da teqsts. Metismetad
bevri xazi damabnevelia, amitom gamoiyeneT isini ekonomiurad da
Tanmimdevrulad (ix., aseve, 8.3.2).

gaavleT msxvili horizontaluri xazebi, raTa gamoyoT saTauri

svetebis saTaurebisgan (ix. 26.2.4), svetebis saTaurebi _ cxrilis
ZiriTadi nawilisgan, xolo ZiriTadi nawili _ sqolioebisgan.
Jamebis striqonis zemoT xazis gavleba tradiciulia, Tumca, ara
arsebiTi. teqstSi orsvetiani cxrilebi umjobesia, ganTavsdes
xazebis gareSe, im pirobiT, rom svetebis saTaurebi gamoyofili
iqneba tipografiuli wesiT.

gamoyeneT naxevrad msxvili horizontaluri xazebi, raTa

uCvenoT, svetebis romeli saTaurebi da romeli svetebi
eqvemdebareba specialuri tipis saTaurebs, Tu maT iyenebT (ix.
26.2.4; cxrili 26.2).

svetebs Soris sakmarisi adgili datoveT, raTa ar mogixdeT

Sida vertikaluri an sxva horizontaluri xazebis gamoyeneba. nu
ixmarT vertikalur xazebs cxrilis CarCoSi moTavsebis mizniT.
Tumca, gverdigverd ganlagebuli grZeli da viwro cxrilis
SemTxvevaSi (ix. 26.1.2), gamoiyeneT vertikaluri xazi ori nawilis
gamosayofad.

moerideT xazebis nacvlad Crdilebis gamoyenebas, Tu cxrili ar

aris grZeli an rTuli (ix. 8.3.2). ecadeT, aseve, ar ixmaroT
ferebi maSinac ki, roca Tqveni naSromi ibeWdeba ferad
printerze, radgan SemdgomSi igi SeiZleba, daibeWdos an
gamravldes Sav-TeTr ferebSi da Tu naSromi disertaciaa, is,
SeiZleba, mikrofilmiTac gaaSuqon. nebismier am formaSi
521

Crdilebi da ferebi mkafiod ar Cans. Crdilebis gamoyenebisas

darwmundiT, rom teqsti kargad ikiTxeba, ar ixmaroT sxvadasxva
elferi, radgan maT Soris gansxvaveba SeiZleba, ar gamoCndes.
26.2.4 svetebis saTaurebi
cxrilSi

unda

iyos

minimum

ori

sveti,

yoveli

svetis

TavSia

saTauri, romelic asaxelebs qveda svetSi moyvanil monacemebs.

svetebis saTaurebisTvis gamoiyeneT arsebiTi saxelis Semcveli

frazebi. ecadeT, rom saTauri iyos mokle (an moaTavseT
ujredSi, rogorc naCvenebia 26.1 da 26.2 cxrilebSi), raTa cxrili
ar gamogivideT metismetad ganieri.

svetebis saTaurebi CasviT mxolobiTSi an mravlobiTSi, qvemoT

moTavsebuli monacemebidan gamomdinare. gverduli svetebis
saTaurebi, Cveulebriv, mxolobiT ricxvSia (ix. 26.2.5).

dawereT svetebis saTaurebi mTavruliT winadadebis stilSi (ix.

22.3.1).

gaasworeT gverduli svetebis saTaurebi marcxniv; danarCeni

svetebis saTaurebi moaTavseT centrSi svetebis qvemoT, yvelaze
farTo Canaweris Tavze. horizontalurad gaasworeT yvela
saTauris qveda striqoni.

Tu

monacemebi

rTulia,

svetebis

saTaurebTan

erTad

SesaZloa,

dagWirdeT specialuri tipis saTaurebis darTva. aseTi saTauri

SeiZleba, moicavdes monacemTa or an met svets. moaTavseT saTauri
centrSi, Sesabamisi svetebis Tavze da gausviT qvemoT (da, Tu
saWiroa,

zemoT)

naxevrad

msxvili

horizontaluri

xazi.

26.2

cxrilSi naCvenebia saTaurebi rogorc svetebis saTaurebis zemoT

(1950), ise qvemoT.
saTaurebs SeiZleba, hqondes ganmartebiTi aRniSvnebi qvedasvetSi
warmodgenili

monacemebis

asaxsnelad

an

sazomierTeulis

saCveneblad. CasviT aseTi aRniSvnebi frCxilebSi. aRniSvnebisTvis

SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT abreviaturebi da simboloebi (km/l, km, kg.,

522

%, $da a.S.), amasTan, daicaviT Tanmimdevroba cxrilebSi da maT

Soris.
pasuxebi(%)

peso (milioni)

26.2.5 gverduli sveti

cxrilis

gverdul

svetad

wodebul

marcxnidan

pirvel

svetSi

CamoTvlilia yovel rigSi warmodgenil monacemTa kategoriebi.

yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia, gverdul svets daurTeT svetis
saTauri, maSinac, roca saTauri saerTo terminia (`tipuri
maxasiaTebeli~ an `cvladi~). gamotoveT saTauri mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu is,ubralod, imeorebs cxrilis saTaurs an Tu
gverduli svetis kategoriebi Zalze mravalferovania erTi
saTaurisTvis.
yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia, warmoadgineT gverduli svetis
punqtebi, rogorc arsebiTi saxelebi an saxelobiTi jgufebi da
Tanmimdevrulad
daicaviT maTi forma: `wignebi,
saJurnalo
statiebi, xelnawerebi da ara `wignebi, JurnalebSi gamoqveynebuli
statiebi, xelnawerebi~. yvela cxrilSi erTi da igive punqtisTvis
gamoiyeneT erTi da igive sityva (magaliTad, Tu erT cxrilSi
dawerT yofili ssrk, nu ixmarT meore cxrilSi frazas yofili
sabWoTa kavSiri).
dawereT mTavruliT gverduli svetis yvela punqti winadadebis
stilSi (ix. 22.3.1), damaboloebeli wertilebis gareSe.
gaasworeT gverduli svetis saTauri da punqtebi marcxniv da
dawereT daxrili SriftiT meore striqonze gadasuli nebismieri
sityva (rogorc 26.1 cxrilzea naCvenebi).
cxrilSi mocemuli cifrebis jamis saCveneblad daurTeT, daxrili
SriftiT, gverduli svetis punqti saxelwodebiT jami (ix.cxrili
26.2).
Tu,

mTavar

punqtebTan

erTad,

gverduli

sveti

aseve

Secavs

qvepunqtebs (ix. cxrili 26.3), gamoyaviT isini Seweuli abzaciT,

teqstis tipofrafiuli moniSvniT (magaliTad, daxrili SriftiT)
an orives meSveobiT. mTavruli Sriftis xmarebisas da sxva wesebis

523

gamoyenebisas ixelmZRvaneleT mTavari punqtebisTvis gankuTvnili

zemoT moyvanili principebiT.

26.2.6 cxrilis centraluri nawili

cxrilis

centraluri

nawili

Sedgeba

Tqveni

monacemebis

sityvebis, ricxvebis an orives - Semcveli ujredebisgan (ix. cxrili

26.1).
Tu

monacemebi

warmodgenili

ricxobrivia

yvela

da

mniSvneloba

svetSi

an

mTel

mocemulia

cxrilSi

aTasebSi

an

milionebSi, gamotoveT marjvnidan bolo nolebi da Sesabamisi

svetis saTauris aRniSvnaSi (ix. 26.2.4), cxrilis saTaurSi (26.2.2) an
sqolioSi (26.2.7) miuTiTeT erTeuli. miuTiTeT carieli ujredi
centrSi

moqceuli

intervalebiani

sami

wertiliT

(mravalwertiliT), rogorc naCvenebia 26.3 cxrilSi.

horizontaluri gasworeba. yoveli rigis monacemebi gausworeT
am rigis gverduli svetis punqts.

Tu gverduli svetis punqti gadadis or an met xazze, xolo

Sesabamisi monacemebi erT xazze Tavsdeba, gausworeT rigi
gverduli svetis punqtis qveda striqons (ixileT rigi, dawyebuli
fraziT `wminda sulis eklesia~ 26.1 cxrilSi).

Tu rogorc gverduli svetis punqti, ise monacemebi gadadis or an

met xazze, gausworeT rigi gverduli svetis punqtis zeda striqons
(ixileT rigi, dawyebuli fraziT `mTa nibos apostoluri~ 26.1
cxrilSi).

Tu saWiroa, CasviT punqtiris xazebi, romlebic mkiTxvelis

yuradRebas
mimarTavs
gverduli
svetidan
pirveli
svetis
monacemebisken. (punqtiris xazebis amgvari gamoyenebis magaliTi
ixileT suraTze A.5.)
vertikaluri sworeba. gaasworeT cifrebis sveti vertikalurad
maTi faqtiuri an nagulisxmevi aTobiTiF wertilebis mixedviT,
marjvnidan bolo ricxvze gasworebiT, raTa mkiTxvelebs SeeZloT
svetSi

warmodgenili

mniSvnelobebis

erTmaneTTan

Sedareba.

Tu
524

svetSi

mocemul

yvela

ricxobriv

mniSvnelobas

erTvis

noli

aTobiTi wertilis win, SegiZliaT gamotovoT nolebi (ix. suraTi

A.13).
gaasworeT dolarisa da procentis niSnebi, xarisxebi da a.S.
magram Tu isini gvxvdeba svetis yvela ujredSi, amoSaleT isini
ujredebidan da svetis saTaurSi miuTiTeT erTeuli aRniSvnis
saxiT (ix. 26.2.4, cxrili 26.2 da suraTi A.13).
Tu monacemebi Seicavs sityvebs, ganaTavseT yoveli svetis
centrSi saTauris qveS. Tu nebismier punqts aqvs meore xazze
gadasuli teqsti, gaasworeT yoveli sveti marcxniv (ix. cxrili
26.1).
26.2.7 gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi
Tu cxrilSi gvxvdeba gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi, gaasworeT isini
marcxniv, striqonebs Soris erTi intervaliT. datoveT carieli
striqoni cxrilis qveda xazsa da pirvel SeniSvnas Soris da aseve,
SeniSvnebs

Soris.

gverdoblivi

SeniSvnebi

SeiZleba,

daibeWdos

ufro mcire SriftiT, vidre danarCeni teqsti; CaixedeT Tqvens

adgilobriv saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebSi.
cxrilebisTvis gakuTvnili SeniSvnebi SeiZleba, oTxi tipis iyos: (1)
wyaros aRmniSvneli striqonebi (romlebic ganvixileT 26.1.3-Si), (2)
zogadi SeniSnvebi, romlebic exeba mTel cxrils, (3) SeniSvnebi
romlebic exeba cxrilis konkretul nawilebs da (4) SeniSvnebi
statistikuri mniSvnelobis xarisxis Sesaxeb. Tu Tqven gaqvT erTze
meti tipis SeniSvna, daawyveT isini zemoaRniSnuli TanmimdevrobiT.
zogadi SeniSvnebi. zogadi SeniSvnebi exeba mTel cxrils. isini
gansazRvravs

abreviaturebs,

ganmartavs

cxrilis

saTaurs,

akonkretebs, rogor xdeboda monacemebis Segroveba an mopoveba,

miuTiTebs

mniSvnelobebis

damrgvalebaze

da

a.S.

yovelive

zemoaRniSnuls erT SeniSvnaSi mouyareT Tavi. cxrilSi an mis

saTaurSi nu dawerT SeniSvnis nomers (an sxva simbolos), nurc

525

sakuTriv SeniSvnas miawerT nomers. ubralod, daiwyeT SeniSvna

sityviT SeniSvna (daxrili SriftiT, momdevno ori wertiliT). ix,
aseve, 26.3.

SeniSvna: radgan yvela monacemze ar migviwvdeboda xeli, jamebs

Soris Seusabamobaa.
specifikuri SeniSvnebi. SeniSvnebi, romlebic Seicavs cxrilis
konkretuli

punqtis

axsna-ganmartebebs,

SeiZleba,

davurToT

cxrilis nebismier nawils, garda cxrilis nomris an saTaurisa.

miuTiTeT
nusxuri

aseT
asoebi

SeniSvnaze
nacvlad

striqonzeda
ricxvebisa,

indeqsiT,

rogorc

gamoiyeneT

cxrilSi,

ise,

sakuTriv, SeniSvnaSi. SeniSvnis ganmarteba daiwyeT ara sityviT

SeniSvna, aramed striqonzeda indeqsiT, romelic igive asoa, rac

cxrilSi

miTiTebisas

gamoiyeneT.

nu

dawerT

wertils

an

orwertils striqonzeda indeqsis Semdeg.

ajami

ar Seicavs vaWrobis muSakebsa da muSebs.

Tu cxrilSi CasvamT erTze met aseT SeniSvnas (rogorc naCvenebia

cxrilSi

26.2),

daicaviT

Tanmimdevroba,

daiwyeT

cxrilis

zeda

marcxena nawilidan, marcxnidan marjvniv, Semdeg CamouyeviT qvemoT

rigidan rigamde. Tu SeniSvna exeba cxrilis or an orze met
punqts, ixmareT igive aso yoveli punqtisTvis; Tu SeniSvna exeba
svetis an rigis yvela punqts, daurTeT aso Sesabamisi svetis
saTaurs an gverduli svetis punqts.
SeniSvnebi statistikuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. Tu daurTavT
SeniSvnebs Tqveni monacemebis statistikuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb
(romlebsac,

aseve,

mniSvnelobis

done

ewodeba

SeniSvnebi

standartulia,

albaTobaze)

aRniSneT

SeniSvnebi

da

Tu

fifqiT

rogorc cxrilSi, ise sakuTriv SeniSvnaSi. ixmareT erTi fifqi

albaTobis yvelaze dabali donesTvis, ori fifqi momdevno ufro
maRali donesTvis da sami momdevno ufro maRali donesTvis.
amasTan, Tu aRniSnavT ara standartul, aramed sxva mniSvnelobis

526

xarisxebs, fifqis nacvlad ixmareT striqonzeda indeqsebi. vinaidan

es

sqolioebi

striqonze
gareSe.

moklea

da

gaaerTianoT,

erTi

mizani

intervaliT,

asop (albaToba,wertilis

aqvs,

SegiZliaT,

Sualeduri

gareSe)

iwereba

erT

punqtuaciis
nusxuriT

da

daxrili SriftiT. gamotoveT nolebi aTobiTi wertilebis win.

*p<.05

26.3

**p <.01

***p <.001

suraTebi
termini suraTi gulisxmobs sxvadasxva gamosaxulebas, maT Soris,
sqemebs,

grafikebs,

diagramebs,

fotoebs,

rukebs,

musikaluri

nawarmoebebis nimuSebs da naxazebs. dResdReobiT SesaZlebelia am

masalebis
CarTva.

umetesobis
teqnikuri

eleqtronulad
detalebi

momzadeba

da

damokidebulia

naSromSi

gamoyenebul

kompiuterul programaze da Zalze rTulia imisTvis, rom srulad

avsaxoT

winamdebare

wignSi.

Tumca,

ramdenime

zogadi

saxelmZRvanelo principi warmodgenilia danarTis A.3.1-Si.

winamdebare nawilSi naCvenebia monacemebisgan Seqmnili ori
tipis suraTis - sqemebisa da grafikebis - warmodgenis ramdenime
principi. aqve ganxilulia yvela tipis suraTis warwerebi.
videoebi, animaciebi an sxva multimediuri failebi, romelTa
beWdur

formaSi

warmodgena

SeuZlebelia,

miiCnieT

danarTad

(ix.A.2.3).
26.3.1 diagramebi da grafikebi
bevr

SemTxvevaSi

SesaZloa,

moisurvoT

monacemebis

sqemis

an

grafikis formiT warmodgena. me-8 TavSi naCvenebia am grafikuli

formebis
principebi.

gamoyenebis

kriteriumebi

diagramebisa

da

da

grafikebis

maTi

agebis

agebis

zogadi

detaluri

saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebisTvis mimarTeT avtoritetul wyaros.

527

Tqveni naSromis yoveli diagrama da grafiki iseTi formis unda

iyos, rom saukeTesod asaxos misi monacemebi da daasabuTos masSi
gamoTqmuli

mtkicebebi.

Tumca,

mniSvnelovania

SeTanxmebuloba

rogorc diagramebsa da grafikebs SigniT, ise maT Soris, raTa

mkiTxvelebi kargad gaerkvnen Tqvens monacemebSi. nebismieri tipis
diagramisa Tu grafikis SemTxvevaSi saWiroa, mxedvelobaSi iqonioT
Semdegi principebi:

erTnairi tipis elementebi RerZebi, xazebi, wertilebi, svetebi

da solebi warmoadgineT erTnairad. gamoiyeneT gamokveTili
vizualuri
efeqtebi
mxolod
imisTvis,
rom
ganasxvavoT
elementebi da ara imisTvis, rom SeqmnaT damatebiTi efeqti.

yvela ricxobrivi monacemisTvis ixmareT arabuli cifrebi.

yvela aRniSvna unda iyos mokle da Seesabamebodes cxrilebis

kargad dasaTaurebis wesebs (ix. 8.3.1). gamoiyeneT suraTis
warwera (ix. 26.3.2) monacemTa yvela im aspeqtis asaxsnelad,
romlis asaxvac SeuZlebelia aRniSvnebSi. adgilis dazogvis
mizniT SegiZliaT, ufro Tavisuflad gamoiyenoT abreviaturebi
da simboloebi, vidre es teqstSia nebadarTuli, magram ixmareT
isini
zomierad
da
Tanmimdevrulad.
standartuli
abreviaturebis ararsebobisas SeqmneT Tqveni abreviaturebi da
ganmarteT isini warweraSi an, Tu abreviatura bevria, Tqveni
naSromis
satitulo
elementebSi
mocemul
abreviaturebis
CamonaTvalSi (ix.A.2.1).

aRniSneT diagramis an grafikis yvela is xazi, wertili an sxva

elementi, romelic saWiroebs ganmartebas. Tu frazebi da
calkeuli sityvebi erTad aris warmodgenili, yvela maTgani erT
stilSi gaaformeT (rogorc naCvenebia suraTSi 8.3). RerZis
aRniSvnis sxva zemoxsenebuli principebi vrceldeba, aseve, am
tipis aRniSvnebze.

moerideT gamuqebas da ferebis gamoyenebas maSinac ki, Tu Tqveni

naSromi daibeWdeba ferad printerze, radganis SeiZleba,
SemdgomSi daibeWdos an gamravldes Sav-TeTr ferebSi, sadac
gamuqeba da feri,SesaZloa, mkafiod ar gamoCndes. gamuqebisas

528

ecadeT, ar gaamuqoT suraTis teqsti da ar ixmaroT sxvadasxva

elferi, radgan maT Soris gansxvaveba SeiZleba, ar gamoCndes.
26.3.2 suraTebis nomrebi da warwerebi
zogadad, Tqveni naSromis yvela suraTs unda hqondes nomeri da
warwera. Tu naSromSi daurTavT mxolod ramdenime suraTs da
teqstSi maTze konkretulad ar miuTiTebT, gamotoveT nomrebi.
warwerebi suraTebze keTdeba danarCen teqstze ufro mcire zomis
SriftiT; CaixedeT Tqvens adgilobriv saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebSi.
suraTis qvemoT, striqonis dasawyisSi dawereT sityva suraTi
(gasworebuli

marcxniv,

mTavruliT,

swori

SriftiT),

Semdeg

suraTis nomeri (arabuli cifrebiT), Semdeg wertili. intervalis

Semdeg _ warwera, romelsac, Cveulebriv, mosdevs damaboloebeli
wertili (magram naxeT qvemoT). Tu warwera ikavebs erTze met
striqons, Semdeg striqonebze gadasuli sityvebi unda gaswordes
marcxniv, striqonebs Soris erTi intervaliT.
suraTi 6. kordovas didi meCeTi, me-8-10 saukuneebi.
nawarmoebebis

nimuSebis

suraTebs

daawereT nomeri da

warwera

zemoT.
suraTebis nomrebi. suraTebi danomreT calke, cxrilebi calke, im
TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac moixseniebT maT teqstSi. Tu
gaqvT mxolod ramdenime suraTi, danomreT isini Tanmimdevrulad
mTel teqstSi, Tavebis CaTvliT. Tu naSromSi bevri suraTi da bevri
Tavia,

gamoiyeneT

ormagi

numeracia

anu

Tavis

nomeri,

Semdeg

wertili, Semdeg suraTis nomeri, rogorc naCvenebia 12.4 suraTze.

rodesac

teqstSi

moixseniebT

suraTs,

miuTiTeT

suraTis

nomeri (`me-3 suraTze~) nacvlad misi adgilmdebareobis miTiTebisa

(`qvemoT~), vinaidan naSromis redaqtirebis an daformatebis dros
SeiZleba, gadaadgiloT suraTi. teqstSi suraTebze mimaniSnebel
aRniSvnebSi

nu

dawerT

mTavruliT

sityvas

suraTi

da

nu

529

SeamoklebT

mas

rogorc

sur.,

garda

frCxilebSi

Casmuli

miTiTebebisa magaliTad, ,,(naxe sur. 10).

suraTebis warwerebi. suraTebis warwerebi ufro mravalferovania,
vidre cxrilebis saTaurebi. zog SemTxvevaSi warwerebi SeiZleba,
Sedgebodes mxolod saxelobiTi jgufisgan, (ix. 22.3.1), wertilis
gareSe.
suraTi 9. beTiuni meri maklaudi Savi kabinetis lideri am
periodis ganmavlobaSi
ufro rTuli warwerebi iwyeba saxelobiTi jgufisgan, romelsac
erTi an meti sruli winadadeba mosdevs. am warwerebs dasmuli aqvT
damaboloebeli wertilebi, sawyisi arasruli winadadebis Semdegac.
Tu

Tqveni

warwerebi

Tanmimdevrulobis

Seicavs

am

SesanarCuneblad

ori

tipis

SegiZliaT,

narevs,
dasvaT

damaboloebeli wertili pirveli tipis warwerebis Semdeg.

suraTi 16. benito xuaresi. meqsikis gamoCenili prezidenti, abraam
linkolnis Tanamedrove da megobari, ganasaxierebs Sua saukunis
mZime brZolebSi mopovebul meqsikuri liberalizmis gamarjvebas.
berklis kaliforniis universitetis bankroftis biblioTekis
sakuTreba.
rodesac

suraTs

aqvs

wyaros

aRmniSvneli

xazi,

daurTeT

igi

warweris bolos, 26.1.3-is saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis Sesabamisad.

suraTi 2.7. iaos veli, bolo brZolis adgili. anastasia novagis
foto.
zogjer

warwera

erTvis

iseT

suraTs,

romelic

Seicavs

ramdenime nawils. miuTiTeT warweraSi nawili terminebiT TavSi,

qvemoT, zemoT, marcxnidan marjvniv an marcxnidan saaTis isris

mimarTulebiT

(daxrili

SriftiT,

raTa

ganasxvaoT

sakuTriv

warwerisgan) an daxrili SriftiT.

530

suraTi 6. zemoT, marcxniv, uiliam livingstoni; marjvniv, henri

brokholst livingstoni; qvemoT, marcxniv, jon jei; marjvniv, sara
livingston jei.
suraTi 15. havaiuri ankesebis oTxi tipi: a, ekliani ankesikus
baknisgan; b, ankesi satyuari margalitis niJarisgan da adamianis
Zvlis wveroTi.
Tu suraTis
sakuTriv

suraTia

warwera

ver

ganTavsebuli,

eteva

imave gverdze, romelzec

CasviT

igi

teqstis

uaxloes

winmswreb gverdze (ix.3.1), adgilmdebareobis miTiTebiT, daxrili

SriftiT suraTis nomrisa da warweris win.

Semdeg gverdze.suraTi 19. col-qmari 20-diumiani feradi

televizoriT. 1980-iani wlebis ekonomikurma reformebma Zlieri
stimuli misca samomxmareblo interesis zrdas CineTSi.

531

danarTi naSromis formati da misi Cabareba

a.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli zogadi moTxovnebi
a.1.1. are
a.1.2. Sriftis saxeoba
a.1.3. striqonebs Soris daSoreba, abzaci
a.1.4. gverdebis organizeba
a.1.5. saTaurebi
a.2 formatTan dakavSirebuli specifikuri moTxovnebi
a.2.1. wina gverdebi
a.2.2. teqsti
a.2.3. ukana gverdebi
a.3. CabarebasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi
a.3.1. Tqveni failebis momzadeba
a.3.2. amobeWdili versiis Cabareba
a.3.3. eleqtronuli versiis Cabareba
rodesac

sadiplomo

aucilebelia,

naSroms,

daicvaT

disertacias

formatisa

da

an

stilis

raime

Temas

garkveuli

werT,

moTxovnebi.

sadiplomo naSromisa da disertaciis SemTxvevaSi am moTxovnebs Tqveni

kaTedra

an

samsaxuri

universitetis
adgens;

instruqtori
specifikuri

sadiplomo

sakurso

Temis

gansazRvravs.
procedurebis

aseve,
dacva

naSromebisa

SemTxvevaSi,
SesaZlebelia,

mogTxovon,

da

disertaciebis

moTxovnebs

Tqveni

Temis

Cabarebisas

magaliTad,

amobeWdili

versia unda CaabaroT Tu eleqtronuli.

roca

sadiplomo

naSroms

an disertacias

amzadebT,

gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba miaqcieT am moTxovnebs. Tqven Segafaseben imis mixedviTac,

ramdenad
moTxovnebs.

icavT

Tqvens

formatTan

sferoSi
da

dadgenil

CabarebasTan

akademiur

wesebs

dakavSirebuli

da

wesebis

umravlesoba gamiznulia imisaTvis, rom Tqveni naSromi Seinaxos, iqneba

es akinZuli Tu eleqtronuli saxiT da momavalSi xelmisawvdomi iyos
mkiTxvelisTvis.

532

aq

mocemuli

farTodaa

miTiTebebi

miRebuli

formatisa

sadiplomo

da

naSromis

naSromebisa

Cabarebis
da

Sesaxeb

disertaciebis

momzadebisas. Tumca, universitetebis umravlesobas sakuTari moTxovnebi

aqvs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, xelmisawvdomia sadiplomo naSromebisa da
disertaciebis
disertacias

samsaxurSi.
CaabarebT,

sanam

Tqvens

gadaxedeT

sadiplomo

Tqveni

naSroms

kaTedris

an

specifikur

moTxovnebs. es moTxovnebi aq mocemul miTiTebebze upiratesia.

zogadad, sakurso naSromTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi naklebad mkacri
da mravlismomcvelia, vidre sadiplomo naSromTan da disertaciasTan
dakavSirebuli

moTxovnebi.

sakurso

Temebi,

rogorc

wesi,

nakleb

elementebs moicavs da vinaidan maT arc kinZaven da arc eleqtronulad

inaxaven, Cabarebis gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebi ar arsebobs. Tumca, aseT
SemTxvevaSic, unda daicvaT Tqvens sferoSi dawesebuli wesebi Temis
daformatebisas, radgan isini mkiTxvels exmareba, swrafad moaxdinos
sqolioebisa Tu vrceli citatebis identificireba. Tu Tqveni Temis
formatTan

dakavSirebiT

raime

kiTxvebi

gaqvT,

SeekiTxeT

Tqvens

instruqtors an gaesaubreT Tqveni kaTedris warmomadgenlebs.

am danarTSi mocemul instruqciebSi nagulisxmebia, rom Tqven Temas
kompiuterze moamzadebT. miuxedavad imisa, rom kompiuteruli teqsturi
redaqtorebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia, maTi umetesoba avtomaturad
akeTebs areebs, sqolioebs, nomravs gverdebs. Tumca, Tuki specifikur
miTiTebebs unda misdioT, gansakuTrebiT, areebTan da formatirebis sxva
msgavs sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, SeamowmeT Tqveni Temis amobeWdili
varianti (umjobesia, xelT saxazavi iqonioT) manam, sanam mas CaabarebT.
marTalia, programulma uzrunvelyofam gaamartiva Temis daformateba,
magram igi bolomde verasdros Secvlis Tqvens gansjas.
a.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli zogadi moTxovnebi
am

seqciaSi

aRwerilia

formatTan

dakavSirebuli

zogadi

sakiTxebi,

romlebic Tqvens naSroms exeba. informacia specifikuri elementebisa da

maTi formatirebis Sesaxeb ixileT a.2-Si. Tqvens instruqtors, kaTedras
533

an universitets SesaZloa, dawesebuli hqondes normebi, romlebic aq

mocemuli instruqciebisgan gansxvavdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, aq mocemul
instruqciebTan SedarebiT, upiratesoba Tqvens adgilobriv instruqciebs
eniWeba.
a.1.1. mindvrebi
zogadad yvela Tema amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi standartuli zomis
furcelze iwereba - 8, 5 X 11 (inCi). datoveT, daaxloebiT, erTi inCis
zomis

mindori

gverdis

oTxive

mxares.

sadiplomo

naSromis

an

disertaciis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, marcxena mxares ufro didi mindvris

dacva dagWirdeT, rogorc wesi 1,5 inCis.
gaiTvaliswineT
dawerili

isic,

rom

nebismier

maT

Soris,

informacia,

sqoliosa

qudSic

da

da

furclis

sxva

TavSi

saidentifikacio

informacia, im zomis mindvrebSi unda moeqces (ix. a.1.4), rac adgilobrivi

instruqciebiTaa gansazRvruli.
a.1.2. Sriftis saxeoba
Tqveni

teqstisTvis

airCieT

Srifti,

romelic

kargad

ikiTxeba,

magaliTad, Times New Roman an Palatino da gamoiyeneT is mTel naSromSi.

moerideT

ornamentebian

SeiZleba,

naklebad

Sriftebs.

seriozulad

aseTi

aRiqvas

Sriftis
Tqveni

gamo

mkiTxvelma

naSromi.

(Sriftebis

specifikuri maxasiaTeblebisTvis, ixileT robert brainherstis naSromi,

tipografiuli stilis elementebi [Point Roberts, WA: Hartley & Marks, 2004]).
Temebis umravlesobisTvis, umjobesia, gamoiyenoT 12 zomis Srifti, an
minimum 10 zomis mainc.

zogierTi universiteti iTxovs 12 zomis Srifts

teqstisTvis da 10 zomis Srifts sqolioebis da SeniSvnebis, sqemebisa da

cxrilebSi mocemuli warwerebisTvis.
a.1.3. striqonebs Soris daSoreba, abzaci
naSromis
mocemuli

teqstSi

striqonebi

SemTxvevebisa,

ori

sadac

xaziT

mxolod

daaSoreT,
erTi

xazi

garda
unda

qvemoT
iyos

gamotovebuli:

vrceli citatebi (ix. 25.2.2)

534

cxrilebis saTaurebi da sqemis warwerebi

qvemoT

CamoTvlil

daSoreba

TiToeul

elementebSi,
striqons

gaakeTeT

Soris,

standartuli,

magram

erTeulebi

erTmagi
gamoyaviT

erTmaneTisgan ormagi daSorebiT.

garkveuli elementebi wina gverdebze (ix. a.2.1), maT Soris, Sinaarsi

da sqemebis, cxrilebisa Tu abreviaturebis nebismieri CamonaTvali

sqolioebi da SeniSvnebi

bibliografia da saxelTa saZiebeli

zogierTi kaTedra an universiteti striqonebs Soris dacilebas ara

jeradobis

(erTmagi,

ormagi

da

misT),

aramed

erTeulebis

mixedviT

(magaliTad, ,,zustad 24 erTeuli) mixedviT gansazRvravs. amis gakeTeba

bevr teqstur redaqtorSia SesaZlebeli.
saSveni

niSnis

simboloebi
gamoyeneba;

gamoyenebisas,

teqsts.
aseve,

abzacis

gamoiyeneT

mxolod

erTi

gamoyofisas,
teqstis

erTeuliT

umjobesia,

svetebi

da

sxva

daaSoreT

tab

klaviSis

elementebi,

romlebic uzrunvelyofs teqstis simwyobres.

yvela paragrafSi abzaci erTnairad daicaviT. vrceli citatebisTvis
arsebobs abzacis gamoyofis specialuri wesebi, imis mixedviT, citata
prozidanaa Tu poeziidan (ix. 25.2.2).
a.1.4. gverdebis organizeba
gverdebis danomvra. Tu Tqveni naSromis wina gverdebi mxolod satitulo
gverds moicavs, ar danomroT igi. danomreT naSromis ZiriTadi nawili
da

bolo

gverdebi

arabuli

cifrebiT.

danomvra

teqstis

pirveli

gverdidan daiwyeT.
Tu sadiplomo naSroms an disertacias werT, wina gverdebi teqstis
ZiriTadi nawilisgan gansxvavebulad danomreT.

Tu teqstis wina gverdebi moicavs satitulo furcels da bevr

sxvadasxvagvar komponents (ix. a.2.1.), isini danomreT nusxuri
romauli cifrebiT (i, ii, iii, da a.S., ix. cxrili 23.1). rogorc wesi,
danomvrisas, wina nawilis yvela gverdi, Cabarebis gverdis garda,
535

saTvalavSi unda CaTvaloT, Tumca, SeiZleba, yvela maTgans ar

daaweroT nomeri. kaTedrebsa da universitetebs xSirad aqvT
SemuSavebuli specifikuri moTxovnebi wina gverdebis danomvrasTan
dakavSirebiT; Tu Tqvens SemTxvevaSi ase ar aris, gamoiyeneT am
danarTSi mocemuli instruqciebi.

teqstis danarCeni nawili, maT Soris, ukana gverdebi (ix. a.2.3),

inomreba erTmaneTis miyolebiT, arabuli cifrebiT.

Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia Zalian grZelia, Tqvenma

kaTedram

an

universitetma

adgilobrivma

igi

instruqciebma

SeiZleba,

unda

ramdenime

migiTiToT,

ra

tomad
aris

akinZos.
gverdebis

maqsimaluri raodenoba TiToeuli tomisTvis, aseve, unda gangimartoT,

Tu arsebobs specialuri moTxovnebi mravaltomiani naSromis dasanomrad.
ganlageba. rogorc wesi, gverdebis aRniSvna xdeba gverdis qveda an
nawilis

centrSi

an

zeda

nawilis

marjvena

mxares.

zeda

saklaso

naSromebisTvis amoirCieT zemoT mocemuli erT-erTi stili da mudmivad

daicaviT igi.
tradiciulad,

sadiplomo

naSromebsa

da

disertaciebs

gverdebis

aRniSvnas sxvadasxva adgilas ukeTeben, imis mixedviT, Tu naSromis ra

nawils vnomravT (ise, rogorc am danarTis nimuSebSia mocemuli).

gverdis

gverdis zeda nawilis centrSi an marjvniv inomreba: naSromis

qveda

nawilis

centrSi

inomreba

yvela wina gverdi;

naSromis ZiriTadi nawilis gverdebi da ukana gverdebi, romelTac
saTaurebi aqvT, rogoricaa axali Tavis pirveli gverdi an danarTi.

yvela danarCeni gverdi da ukana gverdebi.

bevrma

kaTedram

da

universitetma

aRmofxvres

es

gansxvavebebi

da

moiTxoven, rom mTels disertaciasa Tu sadiplomo naSromSi erTnairad

iyos danomrili yvela gverdi. zemoT mocemuli sami variantidan zogi
gverdebis nomris ganlagebis adgils akonkretebs, sxvebi ki students
andobs

am

gadawyvetilebas.

gaecaniT

adgilobriv

instruqciebs

am

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

536

sxva saidentifikacio elementebi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, neba

dagrTon,

an

sulac

mogTxovon,

rom

saidentifikacio

informacia

furclis zeda an qveda nawilSi miuTiToT gverdis nomris gverdiT.

sakurso

naSromisTvis,

instruqtorma

SesaZloa,

mogTxovoT

naSroms

daaweroT Tqveni gvari da saxeli, Temis Cabarebis ricxvi an ,,pirveli

varianti. ufro grZeli naSromebisTvis, Tavis an seqciis dasaTaureba
daexmareba mkiTxvels teqstSi orientaciaSi. sadiplomo naSromebsa da
disertaciebSi

furclis

zeda

da qveda

mxares

dasacavi

moTxovnebi

dRemde muSavdeba. amdenad, gaecaniT Tqvens adgilobriv instruqciebs.

a.1.5 saTaurebi
imisda mixedviT, ramdenad kompleqsuria Tqveni Tema, SeiZleba, naSromi
sakmaod

bevr

komponents

moicavdes,

ise,

rogorc

es

aRwerilia

a.2

nawilSi. maT umetesobas saTauri unda hqondes. yvela aseTi elementis

saTaurisTvis

gamoiyeneT

erTi

da

igive

tipografia

da

formati,

tradiciulad gaSualedebuli romauli Srifti (iseve, rogorc naCvenebia

am danarTSi mocemul nimuSebSi). nebismieri cifris aRniSvna, romelic
win uZRvis saTaurs (magaliTad, nawili II: adreuli wlebi) tipografiiTa
da formatiT saTaurs unda Seesabamebodes.
Tu Tqveni naSromi Tavebadaa dayofili, maSin Tavebis dasaTaureba da
cifrebis aRniSvna tipografikulad erTnairi unda iyos, magram unda
gansxvavdebodes

sxva

komponentebis

saTaurebisgan.

TavebSi

mocemuli

qvesaTaurebisTvis ixileT a.2.2.

Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi instruqciebi moqnilia, SegiZliaT, gansxvavebuli
tipografikaDda formati gamoiyenoT sxvadasxva tipis saTaurebisTvis.
mocemuli

Sriftis

yvela

saTauri

Tanmimdevruli

unda

iyos

da

TiToeuli Srifti danarCenisgan unda gansxvavdebodes. didi danayofebis

saTaurebi (nawilebi, Tavebi) vizualurad ufro TvalSisacemi unda iyos,
vidre

qvesaTaurebi.

zogadad,

saTaurebi

ufro

TvalsaCinoa,

roca

537

Camuqebuli da daxrili asoebiT centrSia gamotanili, vidre maSin, roca

marcxniv,

Cveulebrivi

zomis

SriftiT

an

winadadebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli asoebis stiliTaa mocemuli.

yvelaze efeqturi gza saTaurebSi Tanmimdevrulobis dasacavad is aris,
rom Tavidanve gansazRvroT stili yvela tipis saTaurisTvis (maT Soris,
Srifti, pozicia da a.S.) zogadi programuli uzrunvelyofis funqciis
daxmarebiT (i. a.3.1)
a.2 formatTan dakavSirebuli specifikuri moTxovnebi
a.1-Si mocemuli zogadi moTxovnebis garda, naSromis gansakuTrebul
elementebs, specifikuri, formatTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi gaaCnia. am
seqciaSi aRwerilia is elementebi, romlebic yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba
skurso Tu sadiplomo naSromebsa da disertaciebSi, aseve, mocemulia
maTi nimuSebic. yvela nimuSi, a.1 da a.8 sqemebis gamoklebiT, Cikagos
universitetSi daculi disertaciebidanaa amoRebuli. sadac saWiroeba
moiTxovda,

gverdebi

redaqtirebulia

am

saxelmZRvaneloSi

mocemul

stilTan da formatTan dakavSirebuli rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad. Tu

Tqvens

instruqtors,

moTxovnebi,

romlebic

kaTedras
aq

an

mocemuli

universitets

aqvs

specifikuri

rekomendaciebisagan

gansxvavdeba,

upiratesoba Tqvens adgilobriv moTxovnebs eniWeba.

vrceli Temebis umravlesobas, iseve, rogorc sadiplomo naSromebsa da
disertaciebs, sami ZiriTadi nawili aqvs: 1) wina gverdebi, 2) Tavad
naSromis teqsti da 3) ukana gverdebi. wina da ukana gverdebi, aseve,
ramdenime komponentadaa dayofili Tqveni Temis Taviseburebis mixedviT.
saklaso naSromis pirveli gverdebi, albaT, mxolod saTauris gverds
moicavs, bolo gverdebi ki bibliografias an saxelTa saZiebels.
a.2.1. wina gverdebi
Tqveni sadiplomo naSromis an disertaciis pirveli gverdebi SesaZloa,
moicavdes yvela an zogierT qvemoT CamoTvlil komponents. kaTedrebsa
da

universitetebs,

rogorc

wesi,

aqvT

instruqciebi

am

elementebis

538

TanmimdevrobasTan

dakavSirebiT;

aseTis

ararsebobis

SemTxvevaSi,

gaiTvaliswineT qvemoT mocemuli instruqciebi.

Cabarebis gverdi. sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis umravlesobas
gaaCnia

Cabarebis

gverdi

da

igi

naSromis

pirveli

gverdia.

aseT

SemTxvevaSi, igi ar inomreba da wina gverdebis numeraciis saTvalavSic

ar Sedis.
Cabarebis gverdze miTiTebulia, rom naSromi Cabarebulia magistris da
doqtoris xarisxisTvis wayenebuli moTxovnebis dacviT (formulireba
SesaZloa, sxvanairadac Camoyalibdes) da masSi datovebulia carieli
adgili sagamocdo komisiis wevrebis xelmowerisTvis.

539

gardaqmnis misteria:
wminda ignatus loiolas sulieri varjiSebis gavlena
karavajos wminda pavles moqceva

robert loblau
Sesavali xelovnebis istoriaSi
15 marti, 2007 weli

sqema a.1. satitulo gverdi saklaso naSromisaTvis

540

Cikagos universiteti

adam smiti da TanagrZnobis wreebi

disertacia Cabarebulia socialuri mecnierebebis fakultetze

filosofiis doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad
politikuri mecnierebebis kaTedra

fiona forman-barzilai

Cikago, ilinoisi
2001 wlis dekemberi

sqema a.2. disertaciis satitulo gverdi. gadmobeWdilia fona formanbarzilais nebarTviT. ,,adam smiti da TanagrZnobis wreebi [sadoqtoro
disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 2001).

541

sarCevi
samadlobeli sityva

iv

Sesavali

nawili I. ,,me-s wre

19

Tavi 1. konfliqturi ,,me

20

Tavi 2. ,,me da misi sarke: dinamikurad gagebuli TanagrZnoba

43

nawili II. sazogadoebis wre

74

Tavi 3. socializebuli sindisi

75

Tavi 4.,,mokrZalebuli ganyofilebebi: stoikuri kosmopolis

sawinaaRmdegod

102

nawili III. kacobriobis wre

137

Tavi 5. komerciuli erebis kosmopolisi

138

Tavi 6. TanagrZnoba sivrceSi

168

Tavi 7. negatiuri samarTali

187

daskvna

212

bibliografia

215

iii

sqema a.3. Sinaarsi. gadmobeWdilia fona forman-barzilais nebarTviT.

,,adam smiti da TanagrZnobis wreebi [sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos
universiteti, 2001).

542

cxrilebi

1.1

a.S.S-is centraluri mTavrobis xarjebi, 1830-1860.........................41

1.2

a.S.S-is Tavdacvis departamentis xarjebi, 1855-1860.....................45

1.3

erovnuli jarebis SedarebiTi miaxloebiTi

danaxarjebi 1860 wels: safrangeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo
da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi............................................................65

1.4

kvartirmeisteris da komisariatis gadaxdebis geografia, 1855 wlis ivlisi-1860 wlis

ivnisi......................................68

1.5

kvartirmeisteris departamentis xarjebi kategoriebis

mixedviT, 1856-1860......................................................................................................69

1.6

kontraqtorebis gaZRola kvartirmeisteris departamentSi,

1855-1860..................................................................................................................................66

1.7

fort livenuorsSi kvartirmeisteris departamentis maragis

Sinaarsis aRwera Ceinis da iutas eqspediciisTvis, 1857...102

1.8

cxovelebisa da vagonebis Sesyidvis kontraqtebi iutas meore

eqspediciisTvis, Tebervali-marti, 1858...........................................................112

2.1

niu iorkis oci yvelaze didi samxedro mommaragebeli,

1861-1862............................................................................................................................................181

2.2

masaCusetsis oci yvelaze didi samxedro mommaragebeli, 1861...186

2.3

pensilvaniis oci yvelaze didi samxedro mommaragebeli

1861-1862..............................................................................................................................................188

3.1

a.S.S-s Tavdacvis departamentis (armiis) xarjebi, 1860-1866...............240

3.2

kvartirmeisteris departamentis wamyvani Semsyidveli oficrebi,1860-1865, aTvisebuli

Tanxebisa da sabrZolo postebis
mixedviT.......................................................................................................................................240

3.3

kvartirmeisteris da komisariatis gadaxdebis geografia, 1861 wlis ivlisi-1865 wlis

ivnisi...................................................................................................................260

4.1

wamyvani samxedro sawarmo industriebis Sedareba CrdiloeTSi.....319

4.2

a.S.S.-is armiis wamyvani mZime teqnikis momwodeblebi, 1861-1866.............321

4.3

a.S.S.-is tyvia-wamlis industria samoqalaqo omis win.............................330

sqema a.5. cxrilebis CamonaTvali. dabeWdilia mark r. uilsonis

nebarTviT, ,,samoqalaqo omis biznesi: samxedro warmoeba, saxelmwifo da
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis politikuri ekonomia, 1850-1880
[sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 2002].
543

leqsikoni
arabuli

cifrebi.

erT-erTi

cnobili

erTeuli,

romelsac

ariTmetikuli gaTvlebisas iyeneben (1, 2, 3 da a.S.)

vrceli

citata.

tipografikulad

brWyalebSi

Casmuli

citata,

romelic

teqstisgan abzacebiTaa gamoyofili

Camuqebuli Srifti. Srifti, romelic ufro muqia da ufro msxvili,

vidre Cveulebrivi Srifti

daxrili Srifti. gadaxrili Srifti, romelic xeliT nawers ufro

hgavs (rogorc es), vidre romaul Srifts.

nusxuri asoebi.

aso, romelic ar aris dawerili mTavruli SriftiT

(a,b,c, da a.S.)

romauli cifrebi. cifri, romelic tradiciuli romauli cifrebis

kombinaciiT miiReba, an mTavruli (I, II, III, d.a.S.), an nusxuri (i, ii,
iii d.a.S.).

romauli Srifti. mTavari Sriti da ara daxrili.

teqstSi SeWrili citata. citata, romelic teqstSive grZeldeba da ar

aris calke gamoyofili.

sqema a.8. leqsikoni

544

kaTedrebisa da universitetebis umravlesobas aqvs Cabarebis gverdis

nimuSi, romelic zustad unda daicvaT formatisa da sarCevis
formulirebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
satitulo gverdi. sakurso Temebi unda iwyebodes satitulo gverdiT
(Tumca, zogierTi saTaurs teqstis pirvel gverdze akeTebs. moelaparakeT
amis Sesaxeb Tqvens instruqtors). Temis saTauri furclis

zeda kididan

mesamedi manZilis daSorebiT, SuaSi dasviT. Tu Temas mTavari saTauric

aqvs da qvesaTauric, am SemTxvevaSi, mTavari saTauri erT xazze dawereT,
Semdeg ori wertili dasviT da qvesaTauri meore xazze gadaitaneT.
ramdenime xazis qvemoT dawereT Tqveni saxeli im informaciasTan erTad,
romelsac Tqveni instruqtori moiTxovs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kursis
saxelwodeba
gviCvenebs

(kaTedrisa

saklaso

da

nomris

naSromis

miTiTebiT)

satitulo

da

ricxvi.

gverdis

nimuSs.

sqema

a.1.

Temebis

umetesobisTvis, es erTaderTia, romelic wina gverdebSi Sedis.

sadiplomo naSromis an disertaciisTvis, kaTedrebisa da universitetebis
umravlesobas aqvs sanimuSo satitulo gverdebi, romlebsac zustad unda
miyveT

Sinaarsisa

da

formatis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

sxva

SemTxvevebSi,

nimuSad gamoiyeneT a.2 sqema. satitulo gverdze SegiZliaT, miuTiToT i,

magram gverdis nomeri ar daaweroT.
Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia ramdenime tomad aikinZeba
(ix. a.1.4), albaT, dagWirdebaT calke satitulo gverdebi TiToeulisTvis.
gaecaniT adgilobriv wesebs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
saavtoro

ufleba

an

carieli

gverdi.

sadiplomo

naSromSi

an

disertaciaSi, satitulo gverdis Semdeg CasviT saavtoro uflebasTan

dakavSirebuli gverdi. es gverdi danomreT -

ii, magram es cifri ar

daaweroT, Tu amas Tqveni adgilobrivi wesebi ar migiTiTebT. miTiTeba

saavtoro uflebasTan dakavSirebiT gverdis bolos, marcxena mxares,
daaxloebiT ase daitaneT:
saavtoro ufleba 20XX ekuTvnis Tqveni saxeli gvari
yvela ufleba daculia

545

ar dagWirdebaT saavtoro uflebaze formaluri ganacxadis gakeTeba,

radgan es Canaweri ukve legalurad asabuTebs Tqvens saavtoro uflebas.
Tu ar gWirdebaT TemaSi saavtoro uflebis miTiTeba, SegiZliaT, am
adgilas carieli furceli CasvaT an saerTod gamotovoT es komponenti.
es damokidebulia Tqvens adgilobriv wesebze.
miZRvna. Tu Tqveni kaTedra an universiteti Tqvens naSromSi miZRvnis
teqstis CarTvis uflebas iZleva, SegiZliaT, mokle miZRvna gaakeToT im
adamianis

saxelze,

vinc

TqvenTvis

gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania.

es

gverdi wina gverdebis danomvrisas gaiTvaliswineT saTvalavSi, magram

masze

cifri

ar

daaweroT,

Tu

amas

Tqveni

adgilobrivi

wesebi

ar

miuTiTebs. miZRvna furclis zeda kididan mesamedi manZilis daSorebiT

ganaTavseT, rogorc wesi, centrSi da gamoiyeneT romauli Srifti sasveni
niSnis gareSe. ar gWirdebaT sityvebi eZRvneba an vuZRvni, ubralod
dawereT:
anikas
SegiZliaT, im adamianis dakonkretebac, visac naSroms uZRvniT (,,mamaCems,
sebastian

uelss).

magaliTad,

an

SegiZliaT,

dabadebis

eqstravagantuli

da

miZRvnebi

raime

sxva

gardacvalebis
ukve

informacia
TariRi.

Zvelmodurad

daurToT,

ufro

iTvleba,

metad

saxumaro

miZRvnebi ki dros ver uZlebs.

epigrafi.

Tu

saSualebas

Tqveni

iZleva,

kaTedra

an

SegiZliaT,

universiteti

miZRvnasTan

epigrafebis

erTad,

an

mis

gakeTebis
nacvlad,

epigrafi daurToT. epigrafi aris citata, romelic naSromis Temas exeba.

epigrafi

yvelaze

gansakuTrebiT

Sesaferisia

STambeWdavia

da

maSin,
kargad

rodesac
gamoxatavs

misi

Sinaarsi

naSromis

arss.

epigrafis gverdi wina gverdebis saTvalavSi gaiTvaliswineT, magram ar

danomroT,, Tu amas ar miuTiTebs Tqveni adgilobrivi wesebi. ar aris
saWiro gverdze sityva epigrafi daurToT.
epigrafi furclis zeda kididan mesamedi manZilis daSorebiT iwereba,
igi an centrSia, an ganvrcobili citatis forma aqvs (ix. 25.2.2). ar

546

gaukeToT brWyalebi. epigrafis Semdeg xazze, rogorc wesi, marjvena

mxares, moiyvaneT wyaro avtoris saxeli, naSromis saTauri (22.3.2) da,
Tu survili gaqvT, citatis ricxvi, romlis winac tires dasvamT (an or
tires; ix 21.7.2):
patara dasawyisidan, didi saqmeebi gamovida misi xeliT... da rogorc erTi
patara

sanTliT

aTasobiT

sanTeli

SeiZleba,

dainTos,

ise

gaanaTa

aq

danTebulma sanTelma bevri sxva da mTeli Cveni qveyana.

-uiliam bredfordi
zogierTi adamiani fiqrobs, rom modernizmis mizezi qalebi arian, rasac ar
unda gulisxmobdnen masSi
-niu iork san, 13 Tebervali, 1917

epigrafi, aseve, SeiZleba, iyos Tavis an seqciis dasawyisSi; ix. 25.2.2 da

sqema a. 9.
sarCevi: yvela naSroms, romelic Tavebs moicavs, sarCevi sWirdeba. am
komponentis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT danomreT. gverdis TavSi
saTaurad sarCevi daawereT. Tu sarCevi erT gverdze metia, saTauri ar
gaimeoroT sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel striqons Soris
gaakeTeT

ormagi

daSoreba.

CamonaTvalSi,

TiToeul

elements

Soris

daSoreba erTmagi unda iyos.

sarCevSi

ar

iwereba

is

gverdebi,

romlebic

win

uswrebs

sarCevs

(Cabarebis gverdi, satitulo gverdi, saavtoro uflebis an carieli

gverdi, miZRvna da epigrafi), magram unda iwyebodes wina gverdebis
Semadgeneli im gverdebisgan, romelic sarCevs moyveba. am nawilis Semdeg
Tanmimdevrulad CamoTvaleT nawilebi, Tavebi an teqstis sxva erTeulebi
da

Semdeg

bolo

gverdebis

Semadgeneli

nawilis

komponentebi.

Tu

teqstSi qvesaTaurebs iyenebT (ix. a.2.2), gamoiyeneT mxolod pirveli an

meore done, Tu sxva doneebi imdenad specifikuri ar aris, rom Tqvens
mkiTxvels Temis zust mimoxilvaSi daexmaros. darwmundiT, rom sityvebis
formulireba,

mTavruli

asoebis

gamoyeneba

da

danomvris

stili

(arabuli, romauli Tu sityvieri), iseve, rogorc yvela saTaurisa da

547

qvesaTauris tipografika (ix. a.1.5) emTxveva zustad imas, rac mocemulia

Tqvens naSromSi.
danomreT TiToeuli komponentis mxolod pirveli gverdi (da ara mTeli
gverdebi),

gamoiyeneT

nusxuri

romauli

da

arabuli

ricxvebi,

ise,

rogorc Tavad gverdebze gaqvT. numeracia marjvena mxares moaqcieT da,

Tu

survili

gaqvT,

gamoitaneT

wertilebisgan

Semdgari

xazi

(maT

mimarTulebis mimcems uwodeben), raTa mkiTxvelis Tvals mimarTuleba

misces da yvela saTauri gverdis nomerTan daakavSiros.
sqema a.3 gviCvenebs martivi struqturis mqone Temis sarCevis nimuSs.
nawilebisa da Tavebis saTaurebi marcxnivaa, numeracia ki marjvniv.
ufro kompleqsuri TemisTvis, miyeviT Tqveni Temis organizebis logikas,
Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi wesebi ar moiTxovs gansakuTrebul formats.
sqema

a.4

gviCvenebs

miaqcieT,

rom

grZeli sarCevis

SegiZliaT,

centrSi

mqone meore gverds. yuradReba

dasvaT

nawilebis

saTaurebi

an

tomebis nomrebi (Tu relevanturia; ix a.1.4) relevanturi Tavebis zemoT

da

gamoiyenoT

svetis

zemoT.

gaarCioT,

sityva
Tavebis

SegiZliaT,

Tavi saTaurad, Tavebis nomrebis aRmniSvneli

saTaurebi
qveTavebi

da

qveTavebi

abzaciT

ufro

gamoyoT.

advilad

TiToeuli

rom
done

gamoyaviT wina donisgan naxevarinCiani abzaciT.

Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia erTze met tomad aikinZeba,
SesaZloa, sarCevis ganmeoreba mogiwioT an sxva SemTxvevaSi yvela tomSi
Sinaarsis mniSvnelovani elementebi mainc gaimeoroT. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb
gaecaniT Tqvens adgilobriv wesebs.
sqemebis,

cxrilebis

da

ilustraciebis

CamonaTvali.

Tu

Tqveni

sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (zog SemTxvevaSi ki saklaso naSromi)

moicavs sqemebs, cxrilebs an orives, maTi CamonaTvali wina gverdebSi
SeitaneT. aseTi CamonaTvlis gverdi romauli cifriT danomreT. Tu
Tqveni naSromi mxolod sqemebs moicavs (ix. 26-e Tavi ganmartebisTvis),
pirvel

gverds

TavSi

daawereT

sqemebi; Tu igi

mxolod

cxrilebs

moicavs, daawereT cxrilebi. Tu CamonaTvali erTze meti gverdia, ar

548

gaimeoroT saTauri sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel xazs

Soris ormagi daSoreba gaakeTeT, Tavad TiToeul CamonaTvals Soris ki
- ermagi. sqema a.5 gviCvenebs cxrilebis CamonaTvlis nimuSs.
Tu

Tqveni

naSromi

moicavs

rogorc

sqemebs,

ise,

adgilobrivi wesebis mixedviT, SesaZloa, maTi

cxrilebs,

Tqveni

gaerTianebac SeZloT.

CamonaTvals daarqviT ilustraciebi (im nimuSis mixedviT, rac zemoT

aRvwereT), magram igi or nawilad gayaviT, sqemebi da cxrilebi, rogorc
a.6 sqemaSia mocemuli.
yvela sqema an cxrili arabuli cifrebiT danomreT da vertikalurad
gaaTanabreT

CamonaTvali...Tu

iyenebT

ormag

numeracias

(rogorc

a.5

sqemaSia mocemuli), gaaTanabreT cifrebi meaTedebze.

sqemis warwerebi da cxrilebis saTaurebi SesabamisobaSi unda iyos
TemaSi mocemuli sityvebisa da mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebasTan, Tu
warwerebi Zalian grZelia, SeamokleT logikurad. gadatanili teqsti
gamoyaviT

naxevarinCiani

abzaciT.

(cxrilis

saTaurebsa

da

sqemis

warwerebze ufro meti informaciisTvis ix. 26.2.2 da 26.3.2). gverdebi

CamowereT

da

marjvniv

gaaTanabreT.

Tu

survili

gaqvT,

gamoiyeneT

mimarTulebis mimcemi xazi, raTa SeaerToT warwerebi da saTaurebi

gverdebis nomrebTan.
winaTqma: Tqvens sadiplomo naSromSi an disertaciaSi SesaZloa, gqondeT
winaTqma, sadac axsniT, ra iyo YTqveni motivacia, roca am kvlevaze
muSaoba daiwyeT, mimoixilavT proeqts, kvlevis masStabs da naSromis
mizans. SesavalSi, aseve, SeiZleba, iyos samadlobeli sityva, Tu is
imdenad vrceli da detaluri ar aris, rom calke seqcia dauTmoT (ix.
qvemoT).

am

komponentis

yvela

gverdi

romauli

cifrebiT

danomreT.

pirveli gverdis TavSi daawereT winaTqma. Tu igi erTze met gverds

moicavs, ar gaimeoroT saTauri sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis
pirvel

striqons

Soris

ori

xazi

gamotoveT.

teqstSic

ori

xazi

gamotoveT striqonebs Soris da mTavari teqstis mixedviT daaformateT.

549

samadlobeli

sityva:

Tqvens

sadiplomo

naSromSi

an

disertaciaSi

SeiZleba, gamoyoT samadlobeli sityva, romelSic madlobas gadauxdiT

Tqvens xelmZRvanelsa da kolegebs da daasaxelebT im individebs an
institutebs,

romlebic,

Tqveni

azriT,

kvlevaSi

gansakuTrebiT

dagexmaraT (magaliTad, aRniSneT konsultaciebi teqnikur sakiTxebze an

daxmareba

specialuri

madlobas

uxdiT

aRWurvilobis

Temis

an

xelmZRvanels

resursebis
an

kuTxiT).

komisias

Tu

rutinuli

daxmarebisTvis, igi SesavalSi SeitaneT (ix. zemoT) an sulac gamotoveT.

madlobis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT aRniSneT. Ppirveli gverdis
TavSi dasviT saTauri samadlobeli sityva. Tu samadlobeli sityva
erTze

met

gverds

moicavs,

ar

gaimeoroT

saTauri

sxva

gverdebze.

saTaursa da teqstis pirvel xazs Soris ori xazi gamotoveT. teqstSic

ori xazi gamotoveT xazebs

Soris

da

mTavari teqstis

Sesabamisad

daaformateT.
abriviaturebis CamonaTvali. Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia
(an zogierT SemTxvevaSi saklaso naSromi) bevr abriviaturas moicavs,
garda Cveulebrivi abriviaturebisa, romlebic 24-e TavSi mimovixileT,
abriviaturebis CamonaTvali gaakeTeT wina gverdebSi. Aaq unda SeitanoT
iseTi abriviaturebi, romlebic exeba im wyaroebs, romelTac xSirad
moixseniebT, an im organizaciebs, romlebic farTodaa cnobili (24.1.2).
aseTi CamonaTvlis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT danomreT. Ppirveli
gverdi ase daasaTaureT - abreviaturebi. Tu abreviaturebi erTze met
gverds moicavs, ar gaimeoroT saTauri sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da
teqstis

pirvel

gamotoveT

striqons

TiToeul

Soris

ori

abreviaturas

xazi
Soris.

gamotoveT.
sqema

a.7

erTi

xazi

gviCvenebs

abreviaturebis nimuSs. (am nimuSSi mocemuli abreviaturebi daxrili

xaziT

mxolod

imitomaa

warmodgegnili,

rom

isini

gamoqveynebuli

naSromebis saTaurebia.)

550

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom abreviatura anbanis mixedviT aris dalagebuli,

da ara misi ganmartebis mixedviT. abriviaturebi, rogorc wesi, marcxena
mxaresaa gaTanabrebuli.
abreviaturebis ganmartebebi (an gadatanili teqsti) Tanabari abzacebiTaa
gamoyofili, romelic saSualebas iZleva, pirvel svetSi yvelaze grZel
abreviaturasa

da

meore

svetSi,

pirvel

sityvas

Soris,

daaxloebiT

naxevari inCis adgili darCes.

leqsikoni: Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (an, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni saklaso Tema) bevr ucxour sityvas an teqnikur
terminebsa

da

frazebs

SesaZloa, ucnobi iyos,

moicavs,

romelic

Tqveni

mkiTxvelisTvis

leqsikoni dagWirdebaT. zogierTi kaTedra da

universiteti iTxovs, rom leqsikoni ukana gverdebis nawils Seadgendes,

danarTebis Semdeg da SeniSvnebis, bibliografiisa da saxelTa saZieblis
win.

Tuki

arCevnis

Tavisufleba

gaqvT,

leqsikoni

wina

gverdebSi

moaTavseT, Tu saWiroa, rom mkiTxveli icnobdes am sityvebs teqstis

wakiTxvamde. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki igi ukana mxares moaTavseT (ix. A.2.3).
Tu leqsikons wina mxares moaTavsebT, misi yvela gverdi romauli
cifrebiT danomreT. Ppirvel gverds dasawyisSi leqsikoni daawereT. Tu
leqsikoni erTze met gverds moicavs, saTauri aRar gaimeoroT Semdeg
gverdebze.

saTauris

Semdeg

ori

xazi

gamotoveT,

sanam

sityvebis

Camoweras daiwyebT. Yyoveli axali sityvisa da frazis Semdeg erTi xazi

gamotoveT. sqema a.8 gviCvenebs leqsikonis nimuSs.
miaqcieT

yuradReba,

rom

terminebi

anbanis

mixedviT

iyos

dalagebuli marcxena mxares da wertiliT mTavrdebodes (zogjer or

wertils an tiresac iyeneben). terminebi SegiZliaT, CaamuqoT an daxrili
asoebiT daweroT, raTa gamoyoT isini. amis Semdeg modis Targmani an
ganmarteba. misi pirveli sityvis pirveli aso mTavrulia da wertili
mosdevs. Tumca, Tu ganmarteba mxolod erTi sityviT an mokle fraziT
Semoifargleba, ar gamoiyenoT wertili. Tu ganmarteba erTze met xazs
moicavs, naxevarinCiani abzaciT gamoyaviT gadatanili teqsti.

551

redaqtirebis

an

kvlevis

meTodi.

Tu

Tqveni

sadiplomo

naSromi

an

disertacia moiTxovs winaswar axsna-ganmartebas gamoyenebuli kvlevis

meTodebis an redaqtirebis stilTan dakavSirebiT (rogoricaa, rogor
gaakeTeT

arCevani

gamoyaviT.

sxvadasxva

meTodis

SesavalSic.

Tu

literaturidan

Sesaxeb,
mxolod

aRebuli

teqstebidan),
aseve,

igi

SesaZlebelia,

imis

Tqma

citatebis

gsurT,

citirebis

da

calke

komponentad

mokled
rom

isaubroT

gamoyenebuli

mTavruli

asoebis

gamoyenebis modernizeba moaxdineT, igi SesavalSi SeitaneT an SeniSvnad

CawereT pirveli citatis Semdeg.
romauli

cifrebiT

danomreT

yvela

gverdi,

sadac

meTods

aRwerT.

pirvel gverds TavSi daawereT redaqtirebis an kvlevis meTodi. Tu es

nawili

erT

gverdze

metia,

saTauri

sxva

gverdebze

ar

gaimeoroT.

saTaursa da teqstis pirvel xazs Soris ori xazi gamotoveT. Aam

nawilis teqstSi or-ori xazi gamotoveT da ise daaformateT, rom mTavar
teqstTan Sesabamisi iyos.
mokle mimoxilva. zogierTi universiteti da kaTedra moiTxovs, rom
sadiplomi naSroms an disertacias hqondes mokle momoxilva, romelic
mis

mokle

dokumentad

Sinaarss

gvacnobs

abarebineben).

gamosaqveyneblad
am komponentis

aseTi

(zogjer

mokle

mimoxilva,

mimoxilvas

savaraudod,

calke

Cabardeba

disertaciebis mimoxilvebis saerTaSoriso gamocemas.

yvela

gverdi romauli cifrebiT danomreT. pirveli

gverdis TavSi, saTaurad gamoitaneT mokle mimoxilva. Tu mimoxilva

erTze met gverds moicavs, saTauri aRar gaimeoroT Semdeg gverdebze.
saTauris Semdeg ori xazi gamotoveT, sanam teqstis daweras daiwyebT.
zogierT kaTedrasa da universitets mimoxilvis specifikuri modeli
aqvs, romelsac zustad unda misdioT Sinaarsis, formatisa da teqstSi
misi ganlagebis dacviT.
a.2.2 teqsti
naSromis teqsti moicavs yvelafers, rac wina da ukana gverdebs Sorisaa
moTavsebuli. igi iwyeba SesavliT da mTavrdeba daskvniT. orive maTgani

552

SeiZleba erT paragrafs ar aRematebodes an imdenad grZeli iyos, rom

ramdenime

gverds

moicavdes.

sadiplomo

naSromSi

an

disertaciaSi,

teqsti ramdenime Tavadaa dayofili, zogjer nawilebad, seqciebad da

qveseqciebad.

vrceli

saklaso

naSromebic

SesaZloa,

amgvarad

iyos

dayofili.
vinaidan, teqstis didi nawili Tqveni kvlevis SedegebTan dakavSirebul
paragrafebs

moicavs,

a.1-Si

ganxiluli

moTxovnebis

garda,

SeiZleba,

arsebobdes TiTze CamosaTvleli formatirebis moTxovnebi. damatebiTi

sakiTxi SeiZleba, mxolod is iyos, Tu rogor daaformatoT SeniSvnebi an
frCxilebSi Casmuli miTiTebebi da rogor ganalagoT cxrilebi da
sqemebi teqstSi.
naSromis

danomvra

arabuli

cifrebiT

Tqveni

teqstis

pirvelive

gverdidan daiwyeT.
Sesavali. sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis umravlesoba iwyeba
seqciiT, romelic mimoixilavs rogorc naSromis Sinaarss, ise, masSi
mocemul argumentebs. es komponenti imdenad gamokveTilia, rom avtori
mas

mTeli

danarCeni

naSromisgan

gamoyofs

(SinaarsSi

unda

Sevides

proeqtis mimoxilva da nebismieri sakiTxi, romelic siaxled miiCneva am

proeqtSi; ix. a.2.1). Tu aseTi SesavliT daiwyebT, pirvel gverds TavSi

Sesavali daawereT. saTauri aRar gaimeoroT Semdeg gverdebze. saTauris

Semdeg ori xazi gamotoveT, sanam teqstis daweras daiwyebT. Tu Sesavlis
Sinaarsi naTlad gamokveTili ar aris danarCeni Tavebisgan, dafiqrdiT,
xom ar ajobebs misi Setana pirvel TavSi.
naSromis

nawilebi.

Tu

Tqveni

sadiplomo

naSromis

an

disertaciis

teqsts or an met nawilad dayofT, romelTaganac TiToeuli or an met

Tavs moicavs, yvela nawili daiwyeT misi satitulo gverdiT. Tu pirveli
nawilis satitulo gverdi moicavs Sesavals (maSinac ki, Tu Sesavals
hqvia

Tavi),

danomvrisas

saTvalavSi

gaiTvaliswineT,

magram

masze

nomeri ar aRniSnoT im gamonaklisi SemTxvevis garda, romelic qvemoTaa

mocemuli an im SemTxvevis garda, roca amas adgilobrivi instruqciebi

553

moiTxovs. am gverds TavSi daawereT nawili da win nomeri miuwereT.

adgilobrivi

wesebis

gaTvaliswinebiT,

nawilis

nomeri

aRniSneT

an

mTavruli romauli cifriT (II), an sityvierad (ori); Tavebi sxva stiliT

danomreT. Tu nawils nomerTan erTad saTauric aqvs, datoveT erTi
carieli xazi da dawereT igi ori xazis qvemoT.
Tu nawilis satitulo gverdze waumZRvarebT teqsts, romelic mkiTxvels
am nawilis Sinaars gaacnobs, maSin gverdi arabuli cifriT danomreT.
ori xazi gamotoveT saTaursa da teqstis pirvel striqons Soris. Tu
teqsti erT gverdze metia, ar gaimeoroT nawilis saTauri an nomeri
Semdeg gverdebze.
yvela

nawilis

satitulo

gverdi

erTnairad

daaformateT:

Tu

erT

nawils nomerTan erTad saTauric aqvs, maSin yvela nawils gaukeTeT

saTauri; Tu erT nawils wamZRvarebuli aqvs teqsti, aseTi Sesavlis
teqsti yvela nawilSi gaimeoreT.

sur. a.9. Tavis pirveli gverdi. gadmobeWdilia fona forman barzilais

nebarTviT, ,,adam smiti da TanagrZnobis wreebi (sadoqtoro disertacia,
Cikagos universiteti, 2001).

554

Tavi 1
konfliqturi me
raoden RvarZliani unda iyos filosofia, romelic ar aZlevs adamianobas da megobrobas imave
privilegiebs, rac uyoymanod ergo Surisa da brazis bnel vnebebs. aseTi filosofia ufro
satiras hgavs, vidre adamianuri bunebis realur aRweras da SesaZlebelia, karg safuZvels
qmnides paradoqsuli gonebamaxvilobisa da xumrobisTvis, Tumca, Zalian cudia nebismieri
seriozuli argumentisTvis.
--devid iumi, moralis principebTan dakavSirebuli msjeloba

me-19

saukunis

bolodan

moyolebuli,

adam

smitis

Sesaxeb

kvlevebi

mimoixilavs

sakiTxebs, romlebic mis or umniSvnelovanes naSroms exeba. problema, romelic aqamde ,,adam
smitis problemis saxeliTaa cnobili, ikvlevs, rogor davakavSiroT erTmaneTTan moraluri

sentimentebis Teoriis

(1759)

moralur-filosofiuri

aqcenti TanagrZnobaze

da erebis

simdidris (1776) ekonomikuri aqcenti TviTinteresze.1 Seesabameba es wignebi erTmaneTs Tu erTi

meoris gagrZelebad SeiZleba, miviCnioT? da Tu ara, romelia maT Soris pirveli smitis
TvalsazrisiT?
rogorc SesavalSi vaxsene, smits uamravi ekonomisti da ekonomikis istorikosi ikvlevs.
Sedegi ki isaa, rom misi moraluri filosofia mudmivad subordinirebulia.2 umravlesoba
amtkicebda, rom TviT-interesma Caqola TanagrZnoba da did yuradRebas ar aqcevda, ramdenad
iyo es ideebi gadajaWvuli Tavad smitis gonebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ,,smitis memkvidreobis
maTeuli Sefaseba radikalurad gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan, Cikagos skolis mecnierebi,
rogorebic arian haiaki, fridmani, bekeri da aseve, marqsistebi, rogorebic arian makfersoni da
dumonti, zogadad, Tanxmdebian, rom erebis simdidreSi smiti, ZiriTadad, adamianuri motivaciis
materialistur, hobsianur orientacias mihyveba, romelic mxolod da mxolod Tanabrad, didi
optimizmiT
20
1. sasargeblo mimoxilvisTvis ixileT riCard TaiCgreber III ,,adam smitis problemis
kidev erTi Sefaseba, britaneTis Seswavlis sakiTxebis Jurnali 20. nomeri 2, (1981 gazafxuli):
106-23
2.

ganxilvebisTvis

ixileT

donald

uinCi,

adam

smitis

politikis

Sesavali:

istoriografiuli mimoxilvis ese (kembriji; kembrijis universitetis presa, 1978), 1-27; da uinCi
,,adam smiti da liberaluri tradicia,

liberalizmis tradiciebi.: eseebi jon lokis, adam

smitis, job stiuart milis Sesaxeb, red. knud haakonseni (sidnei: damoukidebeli kvlevebis
centri, 1998), 82-104.

555

gavlenis gamo. faqtobrivad, demokratebi palataSi 1857 wlamde ver moxvdnen da

kongresi,

sadac

Semcirebebze

yvelaze

meti

gadawyvetileba

miiRes,

swored

respublikelebis dominirebis qveS iyo.66 mcire mSvidobismyofeli jaris mxardaWera

gavrcelebuli
amerikelebs

ambavi

Soris

gaxldaT,

rogorc

antimilitaristuli

kongresSi,

tradicia,

aseve,

romelic

sazogadoebaSi.

atibelumis

eraSi

Camoyalibda, omis Semdgom eraSic SemorCa.67 1865 wlis dekemberSi, mas Semdeg, rac
prezidenti jonsoni kongresis winaSe sityviT gamovida, pro-respublikuri gazeTi
sinsinati deili qomerSali werda:
Zlieri armiis Senaxva mSvidobianobis dros arc Cvens erovnuli interess
Seesabameba da arc Cveni mTavrobis principebs. albaT, armiis Sesanaxi
uzarmazari Tanxebi yvelaze naklebi borotebaa. moqalaqeTa uzarmazari
nawili tovebs mniSvnelovan profesiebs, maSin, roca maT SeeZloT,
produqtiulebi
yofiliyvnen.
yovelive
es,
SfoTvas,
ambiciebs
da
ukmayofilebas uwyobs xels. safuZveli eyreba erovnul RvarZlianobas da
mtrobas,
Cndeba
dominantobis
da
dapyrobis
survili,
romelic
momakvdinebelia xalxis keTildReobisTvis. 68
bevri respublikeli demokratebTan saerTo enas poulobda mSvidobianobis dros
armiis

SenaxvasTan

dakavSirebiT.

respublikelTa

Soris

bevri

fiskaluri

konservatori iyo; maT Soris iyvnen elihu uoSburni,

uan uikis komitetis yofili

wevri,

(aseve

romelic

1870

wels

parizidan

mis

Zmas

kongresmens)

swerda

vaSingtonSi, rom SeSfoTebuli iyo omis kontraqtorebis dajildoebiT. ,,imedi maqvs,

Tqveni

komiteti,

werda

uoSburni,

,,yelze

danas

daadebs

mcdelobas, romelic absoluturad ar aris saWiro.

69

xarjvis

nebismier

miuxedavad imisa, rom

kongresmenTa umetesoba da maTi amomrCevlebi bunebrivad

66. UUtley, Frontier Regulars, 59-68
76. Marcus Cunliffe, Soldiers and Civilians: The Martial Spirit in America, 1775-1865 (Boston: Little, Brown
& Co., 1968).
68. Cincinnati Daily Commercial. December 16, 1865
69. Elihu Washburne to C.C. Washburne, February 5, 1879, C.C. Washburne Papers, SHSW.

sur. a.10. teqstis gverdi sqolioebiT. gadmobeWdilia mark r. uilsonis

nebarTviT, ,,samoqalaqo omis biznesi: samxedro sawarmoebi, saxelmwifo
da politikuri ekonomia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, 1850-1880
(sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 2002).
556

141
im mecnierebis daskvnebi, romlebic amtkiceben, rom socialur uzrunvelyofaze orientirebuli
saxelmwifo kriziss gadaurCa (Pierson 1994; Piven and Cloward 1988; Schwab 1991; Ruggies 1996 ),
arasandoa, Tu isini mxolod aseTi saxelmwifos pirvel segmentze saubroben, Zveli drois
pensiebze: reiganis pozicia socialuri dacvis xarjebis SemcirebasTan dakavSirebiT imdenad
arapopularuli iyo, rom man droulad aiRo xeli am iniciativaze da Sedegad socialuri
dacvis xarjebi ara marto SeinarCuna, aramed gazarda kidec. rogorc piersoni dawvrilebiT
aRwers:
socialur uzrunvelyofaze orientirebulma saxelmwifom sakuTari amomrCeveli
gaiCina. is moqalaqeebic, visac ar uyvarT gadasaxadebis gadaxda, saocrad mijaWvuli
arian saxelmwifo socialur uzrunvelyofas. is faqti, rom es socialuri programebi
uzrunvelyofs koncentrirebul da pirdapir sargebels da amave dros gadanawilebul
da xSirad arapirdapir xarjebs, maTi grZelvadiani politikuri sicoxlisunarianobis
mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens (Pierson 1994, 2).
ra Tqma unda, es simarTles Seesabameba mxolod im programebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic ar
axdens sargeblis koncentraciasa da xarjebis gafantvas, ise, rogorc socialuri dacvis
SemTxvevaSi. sawinaaRmdegosTan gvaqvs saqme im programebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebsac sargebeli
moaqvs umciresobisTvis, umravlesobaze gadasaxadebis dawesebiT iseve, rogorc AFDC programis
SemTxvevaSi, romelic avad Tu kargad, amerikis meore nawilis socialur uzrunvelyofaze
orientirebuli

saxelmwifos

simbolo

gaxda.

reiganis

administraciam

moigeria

pirveli

gaficva AFDCs winaaRmdeg, 1981 wlis omnibusis biujetis aqtiT (OBRA Rochefort 1986), romelmac
Seamcira programaSi monawileTa raodenoba da drois limiti daawesa ,,30 da 1/3 wesze.

garda

amisa, reiganma Seamcira kvebis Stampis programa, subsidirebuli sacxovreblebi, saskolo

sadilis programa, bavSvTa zrunvisa da ojaxuri daxmarebis programa, saxelmwifo mentaluri
janmrTelobisa da konsultaciebis programa, legaluri daxmareba da sxva mcire programebi
(Trattner [1974] 1999).
radgan es Semcirebebi ufro masStaburi ar iyo, aman bevr mecniers afiqrebina, rom
konservatorTa Semoteva ar iyo warmatebuli: ,,es programebi mniSvnelovnad farTo iyo 1985
wels, vidre 1966 wels. reiganis revolucia Zalian patara iyo, Tu mas am istoriul konteqstSi
ganvixilavT (Gottschalk 1988). es aris daskvna, romelsac

sqema a.11. gverdi, romelSic frCxilebSi Casmuli miTiTebebia mocemuli,

gadmobeWdilia monika prasadis nebarTviT, ,,Tavisufali bazris politika:
neoliberaluri
ekonomikuri
politikis
aRzeveba
britaneTSi,
safrangeTSi da SeerTebul StatebSi (sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos
universiteti, 2000).
557

234

sur. 1. Leonce Reynaud, Prison Mazas, Traite d Architecture (1863), vol. 2, plate 58.
mazas cixe, romelmac Secvala parizis foburgis wminda antuanis cixe, erT-erTi
pirveli

dawesebuleba

iyo,

sadac

ganaxorcieles

mTavrobis

gankarguleba

ujredovan

dizainTan dakavSirebiT (ix. nax. 1)35 . parizis prefeqtma moiwvia diuma, bosingo, lebloni da
maTi kolegebi specialur komisiaSi, sadac cixis haeriT momaragebis mecnieruli standarti
unda SeemuSavebinaT.
dizaini, romelic

bevri cdis Sedegad, rogorc vnaxeT, maT gaakeTes saaTisebri figuris

gaTvlili iyo aT kubur metr haerze erTi adamianisTvis. es standarti

miiRoO komisiam da gadawyda, rom mTavroba ventilaciis am sistemas airCevda.

1850 wlis maisSi axali cixe gaixsna. bentamis panoptikons hqonda
35. cixe moicavda ramdenime individualur dakavebis sakans, da La Roquette sakans
axalgazrdebisTvis. maza aseTi farTo masStabis pirveli proeqti iyo safrangeTSi. Benjamin
Appert, Bognes, prisons et criminals, 2nd ed. (Paris: Guilbert, 1836), 1: 155

sur. a.12. gverdi teqstiTa da sqemiT. gadmobeWdilia dana jin simonsis

nebarTviT ,,minimaluri frangi: mecniereba da cxovrebis standartebi,
1840-1960 (sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 2004).
558

sur, a.13. horizontaluri gverdi. gadmobeWdilia naTaniel baum-snous

nebarTviT, ,,eseebi mosaxleobis sivrcul ganawilebasa da dasaqmebaze
(sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 2005).
559

Tavebi. sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis umravlesoba, iseve,

rogorc bevri vrceli sakurso naSromi, ori an meti Tavisgan Sedgeba.
TiToeuli Tavi axal gverdze iwyeba. gverdis dasawyisSi daawereT Tavi,
Semdeg miawereT nomeri. SegiZliaT, danomroT arabuli cifrebiT (4) an
sityvierad
(meoTxe).
Tu
Tqveni
Tema
nawilebadacaa
dayofili,
TavebisTvis danomvris sxvanairi stili SearCieT (magaliTad, nawili II;
Tavi meoTxe). Tu Tavs nomerTan erTad saTauric aqvs, es saTauri ori
xaziT qvemoT dawereT, gamotovebuli xazis qvemoT. arc nomeri da arc
saTauri ar gaimeoroT Tavis sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel
xazs Soris ori xazi gamotoveT. suraTi a.9 gviCvenebs Tavis pirveli
gverdis nimuSs epigrafiT (ix. 25.2.2).
alternatiuli formati gulisxmobs, rom gamotovoT sityva Tavi da
mxolod

misi

nomeri

da

saTauri

daweroT,

romlebic

erT

xazze

moTavsdeba da ori wertiliT an maT Soris carieli adgiliT gamoiyofa.

Tumca aseT formats nu gamoiyenebT, Tu Tqveni naSromi nawilebsac
moicavs da Tavebsac, Tu ar asaTaurebT Tavebs an Tu aris mosalodneli,
rom axali Tavi naSromis nebismier sxva nawilSi aerioT.
seqciebi da qveseqciebi. sadiplomo naSromebSi, disertaciebsa da vrcel
sakurso TemebSi, Tavebi SeiZleba, seqciebad iyos dayofili; seqciebi ki
Tavis mxriv qveseqciebad, da a.S. Tu Tqvens naSromSi, an masSi mocemul
TavSi mxolod ramdenime seqciaa, SegiZliaT, seqciebs Soris danayofebi
araformalurad

miuTiToT

paragrafebs

Soris

damatebiTi

xazis

gamotovebiT.
Tu naSromSi an mis TavebSi formalurad gaakeTebT seqciebs, TiToeuli
maTgani SegiZliaT, daasaTauroT, am saTaurebs qvesaTaurebsac uwodeben.
SesaZloa, ramdenime donis qvesaTaurebi gqondeT, pirveli donis, meore

donis da ase Semdeg. Tu Zalian grZel da kompleqsur naSroms ar

amzadebT, kargad dafiqrdiT manam, sanam orze an samze meti donis
qvesaTaurs

gamoiyenebT.

imis

magivrad,

rom

mkiTxvels

daexmaros,

SeiZleba, amdenma qvesaTaurma piriqiT, xelic ki SeuSalos mas. nebismier

doneze minimum ori qvesaTauri mainc unda gqondeT; Tu ar gaqvT, Tqveni
dayofa SesaZloa, ar iyos logikuri.
Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi instruqciebi qvesaTaurebTan dakavSirebiT raime
specifikur wesebs ar gTavazobT,

SegiZliaT, sakuTari tipografika da

560

formati SeimuSaoT. qvesaTauris TiToeuli done Tanmimdevruli unda

iyos

da

gansxvavdebodes

qvesaTaurebi
zogadad,

vizualurad

qvesaTaurebi

gamsxvilebuli

da

yvela
ufro

unda

ufro

daxrili

sxva

donisagan.

Candes,

kargad

vidre

Cans,

SriftiTaa

maRali

donis

dabali

donisa.

rodesac

gamotanili

an

centrSi,
rodesac

saTaurisTvis damaxasiaTebeli didi asoebis stiliTaa dawerili, vidre,

roca

marcxena

mxares,

Cveulebrivi

SriftiT

an

winadadebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli didi asoebis stiliTaa dawerili. qvesaTauris win da

Semdeg, damatebiT gamotoveT erTi xazi; boloSi ar dausvaT wertili.
gTavazobT sqemas xuTdoniani qvesaTaurebisTvis.

pirveli

done:

centrSi, gamsxvilebuli an daxrili SriftiT,

saTaurisTvis damaxasiaTebeli stilis mTavruli asoebiT
Tanamedrove xelovneba

meore

done:

centrSi,
Cveulebrivi
SriftiT,
damaxasiaTebeli stilis mTavruli asoebiT

saTaurisTvis

romelia ZiriTadi stili?

mesame

done:

marcxniv, gamsxvilebuli an daxrili SriftiT,

saTaurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli stilis mTavruli asoebiT

abstraqtuli eqspresionizmi

meoTxe

done:

marcxniv,
damaxasiaTebeli stilis
qarTulad ar gamodis)

ZiriTadi

romauli
SriftiT,
winadadebisTvis
mTavruli asoebiT (es magaliTi

mxatvrebi da praqtikosebi

mexuTe

done:

poloki,

rogorc lideri. wamyvani abstraqtuli eqspresionisti

iwyeba
paragrafis
dasawyisSi
(ar
moyveba
gamotovebuli
xazi),
gamsxvilebuli
an
daxrili
SriftiT,
winadadebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli stilis didi asoebiT da boloSi
wertiliT.

mxatvris roli jekson polokma moirgo...

561

arasodes

daamTavroT

gverdi

qvesaTauriT.

teqsturi

redaqtori

ise

daayeneT, rom yvela saTauri momdevno paragrafze iyos mibmuli da Tu

saWiroa,

damatebiT

erTi

an

ori

xazi

gamotoveT,

raTa

qvesaTauri

gverdis TavSi iyos. sxvadasxva donis or qvesaTaurs Soris, romlebic

erTadaa mocemuli ise, rom maT Soris ar aris teqsti, kidev erTi xazi
gamotoveT.
SeniSvnebi da frCxilebSi mocemuli miTiTebebi. Tu sqolioSi miTiTebis
stils

iyenebT, ixileT 16.3, imis Taobaze, Tu rogor

daaformatoT

sqolioebi. suraTi a.10 gviCvenebs teqstis nimuSs sqolioebiT.

Tu teqstobrivi miTiTebis stils iyenebT, ixileT 18.3, sadac ganxilulia
rogor daaformatoT frCxilebSi mocemuli miTiTebebi.
cxrilebi da sqemebi. TuU Tqveni naSromi cxrilebs da sqemebs moicavs,
ixileT

26-e

Tavi

imis

Sesaxeb,

Tu

rogor

daaformatoT

cxrilebi,

garkveuli tipis sqemebi da sqemebis warwerebi. aseve, ixileT a.3.1. imis

Taobaze, Tu rogor CasvaT es elementebi Tqvens naSromSi.

suraTi a.12

gviCvenebs teqstis nimuSs, sadac sqemaa Casmuli da suraTi a.13 gviCvenebs

horizontaluri cxrilis nimuSs.
daskvna. sadiplomo naSromSi an disertaciaSi (zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki
sakurso naSromSi), savaraudod, daskvnac geqnebaT, romelic sakmarisad
didi iqneba imisaTvis, rom calke komponentad gamoyoT. Tu aseTi daskvna
gaqvT, gverdis TavSi daawereT daskvna. ar gaimeoroT saTauri daskvnis
sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel xazs Soris ori xazi
gamotoveT.
SesaZlebelia, daskvna Tqveni naSromis bolo danomrili Tavi iyos, Tu
gindaT, xazi gausvaT mis kavSirs Tqveni teqstis danarCen nawilTan. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, sityva daskvna, Tavis saTaurad aqcieT (ix. zemoT, gv. 397).
a.2.3 bolo gverdebi
Tqveni naSromis bolo gverdebi SeiZleba, Sedgebodes qvemoT CamoTvlili
yvela an mxolod zogierTi komponentisgan, an sulac arcerT maTgans ar

562

Seicavdes. universitetebi da kaTedrebi, rogorc wesi, miuTiTeben, ra

TanmimdevrobiT unda dalagdes es komponentebi; Tu es ase ar xdeba,
miyeviT im rigiTobas, rac qvemoTaa mocemuli. ukana gverdebi arabuli
cifrebiT, erTmaneTis miyolebiT danomreT.
ilustraciebi.

Tu

Tqveni

sadiplomo

naSromi

an

disertacia

(zog

SemTxvevaSi ki Tqveni sakurso Tema) moicavs fotoebs, rukebs an msgavsi

tipis

sqemebs,

romlebic

Tqveni

TemisTvis

SedarebiT

naklebad

relevanturia an zedmetad didia imisaTvis, rom teqstSi CasvaT (ix. 26.1.1),

isini ukana gverdebis pirvel komponentad gadaitaneT. sxva tipis sqemebi,
cxrilebi da grafikebi, romlebic am kriteriumebSi jdeba, danarTad
unda iyos mocemuli; ixileT qvemoT.
pirveli

gverdis

dasawyisSi

saTauri

ilustraciebis

daawereT

sxva

ilustraciebi.

gverdebze.

Tqvens

ar

gaimeoroT

naSromSi

sqemebis

CarTvasTan dakavSirebiT ufro meti informaciisTvis ixileT a.3.1.

danarTebi. Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (zog SemTxvevaSi
ki Tqveni saklaso Tema) moicavs mniSvnelovan masalas, romelic martivad
ar moTavsdeba Tqvens ZiriTad teqstSi, es masala erT an ramdenime
danarTSi SeitaneT ukana gverdebis nawilad (danarTebi Tavebis bolos
ar daurToT).
aseTi

masalis

grafikebi,

magaliTia

romlebic

relevanturia,

an

cxrilebi

Tqveni

Zalian

da

TemisaTvis

didia

teqstSi

sxvadasxva
an

saxis

sqemebi,

SedarebiT

nakleb

Casasmelad;

ganrigebi

da

formebi, romlebic gamoiyeneT masalebis Sesagroveblad; dokumentebis

qseroaslebi,

romlebic

ar

aris

xelmisawvdomi

mkiTxvelisTvis;

da

situaciuri magaliTebi, romlebic zedmetad grZelia teqstSi Casasmelad.

pirveli gverdis dasawyisSi daawereT danarTi. ar gaimeoroT saTauri
danarTis sxva gverdebze, Tu igi erTze met gverds moicavs. saTaursa da
teqstis pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi gamotoveT.
Tu danarTSi mocemuli masala sxvadasxva tipisaa magaliTad, cxrili
da situaciuri magaliTi -

maSin erTze met danarTad dayaviT. am

563

SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli danarTi danomreT cifriT an asoTi da saTauric

gaukeTeT. danomvra SegiZliaT, gaakeToT an arabuli cifrebiT (1, 2), an
sityvierad

(erTi,

ori),

an

SegiZliaT,

ubralod,

anbanis

asoebi

gamoiyenoT Tanmimdevrulad (a, b). ricxvi an aso sityva danarTis Semdeg

dasviT, saTauri ki momdevno xazze dawereT. (Tu Tqveni naSromi mxolod
erTi danarTisgan Sedgeba, am SemTxvevaSic SegiZliaT saTauris gakeTeba,
magram aq nomris an asos dawera saWiro aRar aris).
Tu danarTi Tqveni sakuTari ganmartebiTi teqstisgan Sedgeba, teqstSi
striqonebi ori xaziT daaSoreT erTmaneTTan da daaformateT ZiriTadi
teqstis Sesabamisad. Tu igi mxolod pirveladi wyaros an situaciuri
magaliTisgan Sedgeba, SeiZleba, teqstSi striqonebs Soris erTxaziani
daSorebebi gaakeToT, gansakuTrebiT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu teqsti grZelia.
damxmare masala, romelic ver SeZeliT, amobeWdili saxiT

gqonodaT,

magaliTad, monacemTa didi baza an multimediuri faili, aseve, danarTad

gqondeT. daurTeT am masalis mokle aRwera da misi adgili, aseve, Tu
arsebobs hiperlinkic. gaecaniT adgilobriv instruqciebs formatisa
da prezentaciis moTxovnebTan dakavSirebiT; aseve, ixileT a.3.1

leqsikoni: Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (an zogierT

SemTxvevaSi,
SegiZliaT,

Tqveni
igi

saklaso

ukana

Tema)

gverdebze

leqsikons
moaqcioT,

saWiroebs

danarTebis

SeniSvnebis, bibliografiisa da saxelTa saZieblis

(ix.

a.2.1),

Semdeg

da

win. daicaviT yvela

formatis moTxovnebi, rac a.2.1-Sia mocemuli, magram gaiTvaliswineT, rom

Tu leqsikoni ukana gverdebzea, igi romauli cifrebis nacvlad, arabuli
cifrebiT

unda

dainomros.

suraTi

a.8

gviCvenebs

leqsikonis

nimuSs

(romelic daformatebulia wina gverdebze Sesatanad).

SeniSvnebi.
SeniSvnebi

Tu

sqolioSi

bolo

daformatebisTvis).

gverdebis
pirveli

miTiTebebis
nawilad
gverdis

stils

gauSvaT
TavSi

iyenebT,
(ix.

16.3.4

daawereT

SegiZliaT,
SeniSvnebis

SeniSvnebi.

ar

gaimeoroT saTauri danarTis sxva gverdebze, Tu igi erTze met gverds

564

moicavs. saTaursa da SeniSvnebis pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi

gamotoveT, Tavad SeniSvnebs Soris ki _ erTi xazi. suraTi a.14 gviCvenebs
bolo SeniSvnebis gverds im naSromis SemTxvevaSi, romelic Tavebad aris
dayofili.
Tuki teqstobrivi miTiTebis
bibliografia

stils iyenebT, SeniSvnebi ar geqnebaT.

da saZiebeli. Tu sqolioSi miTiTebis

bibliografiis

CarTva bolo gverdebSi mogiwevT. am komponentis sawyis gverds TavSi

daawereT

bibliografia. ar gaimeoroT saTauri bibliografiis sxva

gverdebze, Tu igi erTze met gverds moicavs. saTaursa da teqstis

pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi gamotoveT, Tavad bibliografiaSi
mocemul

erTeulebs

Soris

ki

erTi

xazi.

suraTi

a.15

gviCvenebs

bibliografiis gverdis nimuSs.

zogierTi saxis bibliografiis SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebuli saTauri unda
gamoiyenoT, magaliTad - gamoyenebuli literatura. Tu bibliografias
avtorebis mixedviT anbanurad ar daalagebT, win SeniSvna gaukeTeT,
qvesaTauri (romelic Sesabamisad iqneba daformatebuli) an orive, raTa
axsnaT struqtura. ix. 16.2 sxvadasxva variaciebisTvis.
Tu teqstobrivi miTiTebis stils iyenebT, aucileblad unda daurToT
saZiebeli ukana mxares. pirveli gverdis TavSi daawereT saZiebeli. ar
gaimeoroT saTauri saZieblis sxva gverdebze, Tu igi erTze met gverds
moicavs.

saTaursa

da

teqstis

pirvel

striqons

Soris

ori

xazi

gamotoveT, Tavad saZiebelSi mocemul erTeulebs Soris ki _ erTi xazi.

suraTi a.16 gviCvenebs bibliografiis gverdis nimuSs.
iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saZiebels avtorebis mixedviT anbanurad ar
alagebT

(ix.

18.2.1),

TavSi

gaukeTeT

SeniSvna,

qvesaTauri

(romelic

Sesabamisadaa daformatebuli) an orive, struqturis gansamartad.

565

a.3. Cabarebis moTxovnebi

a.3.1. Tqveni failebis momzadeba
eleqtronuli failebis marTvisa da momzadebisTvis ramdenime rCevis
gamoyeneba

dagexmarebaT,

Tavi

aaridoT

problemebs

da

nebismieri

situaciisTvis gasagebi, kargad daformatebuli naSromi waradginoT. es

instruqciebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, Tu naSromi eleqtronuli
formiT unda CaabaroT (ix. a.3.3).
failis

marTva.

SeecadeT

maqsimalurad

SeamciroT

monacemebis

dakargvisa an gafuWebis riski.

moamzadeT Tqeni naSromi erT eleqtronul failad, miuxedavad

imisa, Tu ra sididisaa is. erT failTan muSaoba saSualebas
gaZlevT, moZebnoT da cvlilebebi ganaxorcieloT globalurad,
aseve, danomvra gaakeToT avtomaturad (magaliTad, sqolioebis
danomvra) da aRweroT stili Tanmimdevrulad (ix. qvemoT).
naSromebi, romlebic eleqtronulad bardeba, yovelTvis erT
failad unda iyos.

fails martivi da logikuri saxeli daarqviT. Tu droTa

ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva versia geqnebaT, Tanmimdevrulad daarqviT
saxelebi (magaliTad, yovelTvis
daamTavreT ricxviT), rom
sxvadasxva versiebi ar agerioT.

moerideT failze muSaobas erTze meti tipis programuli

uzrunvelyofiT. erTi programidan meoreSi gadatana yovelTvis
moicavs Secdomebisa da monacemTa dakargvis risks, maSinac ki,
rodesac standartul teqstur redaqtorSi muSaobT.

faili xSirad SeinaxeT TiToeuli weriTi sesiis dros.

TiToeuli weriTi sesiis Semdeg informaciis sarezervo asli

SeinaxeT ramdenime adgilas. Tqveni adgilobrivi myari diskis
garda, SeinaxeT adgilobriv qselSic (Tu aseTi gaqvT) an calke
Sesanax mowyobilobaSi, magaliTad CD-ze.

amobeWdeT faili manam, sanam Temis Cabarebis ricxvi moaxlovdeba.

kargad
daakvirdiT,
raime
xarvezi
ar
iyos
kompiuteruli
uzrunvelyofis gamo, magaliTad, SeiZleba, Tqveni printeri ver
cnobdes garkveul simboloebs da cudad amoibeWdos. amonabeWds
566

,,pirveli versia daarqviT da SeinaxeT, sanam bolo versias

CaabarebT.
gamouval
mdgomareobaSi
(rogoricaa
kompiuteris
gafuWeba an seriozuli virusiT dabinZureba) SegiZliaT, es versia
gamoiyenoT, raTa daamtkicoT, rom pirveli versia namdvilad
gqondaT.
teqstis

komponentebi:

Tqveni

teqstis

yvela

komponenti

warmoadgineT gasagebad da Tanmimdevrulad:

teqstis TiToeuli komponenti Tanmimdevrulad daaformateT, maT

Soris Cveulebrivi teqsti, vrceli citatebi, sqolioebi da
TiToeuli tipis saTauri da qvesaTauri. Tanmimdevrulobis
dasacavad yvelaze efeqturi gzaa, TiToeuli komponentisTvis
gansazRvroT da gamoiyenoT garkveuli stili (maT Soris, Srifti,
mTavruli asoebi, pozicia da a.S.) programuli uzrunvelyofis
funqciebis saSualebiT.

Tqveni teqsturi redaqtoris saSualebiT teqsti marcxena mxares

gaaTanabreT (datoveT ,,araTanabari marjvena mxare) da ar
gamoiyenoT avtomaturi gadatana (ix. 20.4.1).

gaakeTeT
specialuri
simboloebi
an
ZiriTadi
klaviSebis
gamoyenebiT, an simbolos Sriftidan. specialuri aRmniSvnelebi
(rogoricaa
berZnuli
asoebi,
maTematikuri
simboloebi
da
paragrafebi an seqciis niSnebi) gaakeTeT simbolos Sriftidan.

moerideT ferad Srifts. im SemTxvevaSic, Tu Temas ferad

printerze amobeWdavT, mogvianebiT SeiZleba, Sav-TeTr printerze
dabeWdoT da feri kargad aRar gadavides.

formulebi da gantolebebi, Tu SesaZlebelia, gantolebebis

redaqtoris saSualebiT gaakeTeT. Tu ara, isini relevantur
programaSi gaakeTeT da Tqvens teqstSi imijebis saxiT CasviT
(ixileT qvemoT). imijsa da teqsts Soris, sul mcire, erTi xazi
mainc gamotoveT (Tu, ra Tqma unda, teqsti moyveba), rogorc zemoT,
aseve, qvemoT.

cxrilebi.

gamoiyeneT

programuli

uzrunvelyofa

gasagebi,

fokusirebuli da relevanturi cxrilebis Sesaqmnelad.

567

cxrilebi Tqveni teqsturi redaqtoris cxrilebis redaqtorSi

gaakeTeT, Tu aris amis SesaZlebloba. Tu ara, maSin eqselis
failSi gaakeTeT da CasviT Tqvens teqstSi, rogorc cxrili,
romelic ar aris mibmuli romelime failze. daaformateT
mis
garSemo arsebuli teqstis Sesabamisad. ixileT 26-e Tavi cxrilis
struqturis, formatis da teqstSi misi ganlagebis Taobaze.

cxrilis nomeri da misi saTauri cxrilis Tavze dasviT (ix. 26.2.2).

saTauri cxrilis mTel siganeze gaagrZeleT da ar gamoyoT
abzaciT gadatana. cxrilis saTauri SeiZleba, ufro patara
SriftiT iyos dawerili, vidre teqstis Srifti. gaecaniT Tqvens
adgilobriv miTiTebebs.

sqolioebi (Tu, ra Tqma unda, gaqvT) moaTavseT cxrilis bolo

xazs qvemoT, erTi xazis gamotovebiT. sqolioebi ufro patara
SriftiT unda iyos dabeWdili, vidre danarCeni teqsti; gaecaniT
adgilobriv instruqciebs amasTan dakavSirebiT.

sul mcire erTi xazi mainc gamotoveT cxrilis saTaursa da mis

zemoT
arsebul
nebismier
teqsts
Soris,
aseve,
cxrilis
damaboloebel xazsa (an bolo sqolios) da mis qvemoT arsebul
nebismier teqsts Soris. Tu cxrili gverdis zeda nawilSi an
boloSia, miiyvaneT zeda an qveda areebamde.

moerideT Crdilebs,
garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca grZeli an
kompleqsuri cxrilebi gaqvT (ix. 8.3.2). aseve, moerideT ferebs. im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqven naSroms ferad printerze beWdavT.
mogvianebiT, SeiZleba, is Sav-TeTr printerze amobeWdon da Tu
disertaciaa, am SemTxvevaSi mikrofirebzec SesaZloa, rom Seinaxon.
aseT SemTxvevebSi, Crdilebi da ferebi kargad ar jdeba. Tu
Crdilebs mainc iyenebT, darwmundiT, rom igi cxrilis teqsts ar
faravs, ar gamoiyenoT bevri sxvadasxvagvari Crdili. gaecaniT
adgilobriv instruqciebs rezoluciasa da masTan dakavSirebul
maxasiaTeblebTan dakavSirebiT.

gaimeoreT saTauris sveti da yvela svetis saTauri (ix. 26.2)

mravalgverdiani cxrilis yovel gverdze. cxrilis nomeri dawereT
gagrZelebul xazze yvela gverdze pirveli gverdis Semdeg,
marcxena mxares, daxrili SriftiT (cxrili 2-is gagrZeleba).
cxrilis bolo xazi gamotoveT yvela gverdze, bolo gverdis
garda.
568

cxrilisTvis, romelic mTlian gverds ikavebs an horizontaluria,

daicaviT standartuli veli (ix. 16.1.2). ar daamatoT Cveulebrivi
teqsti im gverdze, romelzec cxrili furclis horizontalurad
aris
ganTavsebuli.
cxrilis
saTauri
dasviT
furclis
horizontalurad an vertikalurad. gverdi Sesabamisad danomreT.

iseTi cxrili, romlis warmodgena beWduri saxiT SeuZlebelia,

magaliTad, cxrili, romelSic sakmaod bevri monacemia, naSroms
danarTad daurTeT (ix. a.2.2).
sqemebi.

darwmundiT,

rom

Tqveni

grafikebi

advilad

ikiTxeba,

zustia da mizanmimarTuli.

Tu SesaZlebelia, grafikebi da diagramebi teqsturi redaqtoris

saSualebiT aageT. sxva SemTxvevaSi, igi Sesabamis programaSi
SeqmeniT da teqstSi CasviT, rogorc gamosaxuleba. daaformateT
mis garSemo arsebuli teqstis Sesabamisad. ixileT 26-e Tavi
cxrilis tipTan, formatsa da teqstSi mis ganTavsebasTan
dakavSirebiT.

fotoebi, rukebi da sxva tipis sqemebi teqstSi gamosaxulebebis

saxiT CasviT. Tu romelime maTgani mxolod beWduri saxiT gaqvT,
daaskanereT, Tu aris amis SesaZlebloba da ise CasviT teqstSi,.
gamosaxulebebi, romlebic darTulia Tqveni naSromis beWdur
variantze, qseroaslis gadaRebis dros cudad gamodis da aseve, ar
iqneba im versiaSi, romelsac eleqtronulidan amobeWdaven.

sqemis nomeri da warwera gaakeTeT sqemis qveda xazze (ix. 26.3.2).

(mxolod musikis magaliTebis SemTxvevaSi gaakeTeT nomeri da
warwera sqemis zeda xazze). warwera sqemis srul siganeze
gaayoleT da abzaciT ar gamoyoT gadatana. Tu areebs Soris
manZili sakmarisi ar aris, rogorc sqemis, aseve, warwerisTvis,
warwera uaxloesi wina gverdis teqstis boloSi gaakeTeT (an Tu
aucilebelia, TavSi). sqemis warwerebi SeiZleba, ufro patara
SriftiT gaakeToT Tqvens mTavar teqstTan SedarebiT; gaecaniT
adgilobriv monacemebs.

am gverdze datoveT sul mcire erTi carieli xazi sqemasa da mis

zemoT arsebul teqsts Soris; aseve, warwerasa da teqsts Soris
sqemis qvemoT. Tu sqema gverdis TavSi an boloSia moTavsebuli,
miiyvaneT zeda an qveda areebamde.
569

moerideT Crdilebs da ferebs im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqven naSroms

ferad printerze beWdavT. mogvianebiT is SeiZleba Sav-TeTr
printerze amobeWdon da Tu disertaciaa, SeiZleba, mikrofirebzec
Seinaxon. aseT SemTxvevebSi, Crdilebi da ferebi kargad ar jdeba.
Tu Crdilebs mainc iyenebT, darwmundiT, rom igi cxrilis teqsts
ar faravs, ar gamoiyenoT bevrnairi Crdili, radgan igi garkveviT
ar Cans.

gaecaniT adgilobriv instruqciebs rezoluciasa

dakavSirebul maxasiaTeblebTan dakavSirebiT.

sqemisTvis, romelic mTlian gverds ikavebs an horizontalurad

aris ganTavsebuli, daicaviT standartuli veli (ix. 16.1.2). ar
daamatoT Cveulebrivi teqsti im gverdze, romelzec sqema
horizontaluradaa mocemuli. sqemis saTauri dasviT furclis
horizontalurad an vertikalurad. gverdi Sesabamisad danomreT.

iseTi sqema, romlis warmodgena beWduri

magaliTad, multimediis faili, SeinaxeT
danarTad daurTeT (ix. a.2.3).

da

masTan

saxiT SeuZlebelia,
calke da naSroms

a.3.2. amobeWdili versiis Cabareba

Tu sakurso naSroms abarebT, es procedura SeiZleba, sakmaod martivi
iyos

da

mxolod

Cabarebas

moicavdes.

eleqtronuli
gadacema

erTi

formiT

ramdenime

maswavleblebisTvis).

versiis

amobeWdvas

Tumca,

aseve,

Cabareba

(ix.

individisTvis
zustad

da

SeiZleba,
a.3.3)

an

(Tqveni

daicaviT

misi

instruqtorisTvis
mogTxovon
ramdenime

klaselebis

instruqciebi

da

misi
aslis

an

sxva

yovelTvis

SeinaxeT rogorc amobeWdili, aseve, eleqtronuli versia. yvela asli

zustad unda edrebodes originals.
miuxedavad imisa, rom furclis orive mxares beWdva furcels
dagizogavT

da

instruqtorebis

teqnologiuradac
umetesobisTvis

sirTules

ufro

advilia,

ar

warmoadgens,
waikiTxon

da

komentarebi gaakeTon erT mxares amobeWdil teqstze. Tu gansxvavebul

570

instruqcias ar miiRebT, naSromi furclis erT mxares amobeWdili

CaabareT.
moTxovnebi sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebisTvis ufro
mkacria,

vinaidan

eleqtronuli

aseTi

formiT

naSromebi,

didi

Seinaxeba

universitetSi

disertaciebis gare sacavSi.

albaTobiT,

akinZuli

an,

an

SesaZloa,

manam, sanam Cabarebis dro mova, gaecaniT

Tqveni kaTedris an universitetis konkretul miTiTebebs, Tu ra formiT

unda CaabaroT naSromi (amobeWdili,
ramdeni

asli

unda

CaabaroT

da

eleqtronuli versia Tu orive),

raime

dokumentebi

xom

ar

aris

mosawesrigebeli an Sesavsebi manam, sanam naSroms CaabarebT. Tu amis

SesaZlebloba

geqnebaT,

sTxoveT

universitetis

kompetentur

TanamSromels, gadaxedos Tqvens naSroms formatis kuTxiT manam, sanam

saboloo versias CaabarebT.
TiTqmis

yvela

kaTedra

da

universiteti

moiTxovs

sadiplomo

naSromi da disertacia ramdenime variantad CaabaroT gansakuTrebuli

tipis qaRaldze amobeWdili. aseTi qaRaldi, rogorc wesi, unda iyos 81/ 2
X 11 inCi (amerikul universitetebSi) da didi xnis manZilze unda
inaxebodes, rac imas niSnavs, rom qaRaldis SemadgenlobaSi mJava ar
unda iyos. Tu adgilobriv instruqciebSi ar weria, rogori unda iyos
qaRaldi,

daicaviT

amerikuli

biblioTekis

asociaciis

rekomendacia,

romlis mixedviTac unda airCioT oci paundis wonis, Ph-neitraluri

qaRaldi, romelsac aweria ,,buferuli da minimum 2 procent tutes
Seicavs. yvela qaRaldi, romelsac ,,disertaciebis qaRalds uwodeben am
kategoriaSi ar gadis, amitom kargad gaigeT ra tipis qaRalds gTxoven,
sanam amobeWdvas daiwyebT.
universitetebis umetesobas erTi an ramdenime aslebis gadamRebi
centri aqvs, kampusze an kampusisgan moSorebiT. am centrebSi kargad
ician, ra tipis qaRaldi dagWirdebaT disertaciebisTvis. marTalia, maTi
momsaxureba cota ufro Zviri SeiZleba dajdes Tqvenive amobeWdilTan
SedarebiT, magram, samagierod, amcirebT imis risks, rom Tqvens Temas

571

daiwuneben furclis araswori SerCevis an amobeWdvis xarvezis gamo.

aslebis gadamRebi centris TanamSromlebi, rogorc wesi, formatTan
dakavSirebul

xarvezebs,

rogoricaa

areebi,

ar

akvirdebian.

amitom,

darwmundiT, rom Tqveni Tema formatis Yyvela moTxovnas akmayofilebs

manam, sanam amobeWdvas daiwyebT. kargad SeamowmeT aslebi manam, sanam
aslebis gadamReb centrs datovebT da acnobeT iq momuSave personals,
Tu raime problemas SeamCnevT.
a.3.3 eleqtronuli failebis Cabareba
bevri

kaTedra

disertaciis
eleqtronuli

da

universiteti

eleqtronuli
da

moiTxovs

saxiT

amobeWdili

sadiplomo

Cabarebas,
saxiT.

zog

aseve,

naSromis

SemTxvevaSi

sakurso

ki

an
_

naSromebis

SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba, moiTxovos instruqtorma eleqtronuli failis

Cabareba.
gaecaniT adgilobriv instruqciebs teqnikuri specifikaciebisTvis
da moiTxoveT daxmareba karga xniT adre, sanam Temis Cabarebis dro mova.
Tu gTxoven, rom naSromi PDF formatiT CaabaroT, darwmundiT, rom
Srifti mibmulia failze da ar Seicvleba, raTa SeinarCunoT naSromis
garegnuli saxe da formati. SeamowmeT, rom yvela hiperlinki sworadaa
Casmuli. Tu teqstSi ilustraciebic gaqvT, gamosaxulebis rezolucia da
sxva

maxasiaTeblebi

gamoiyeneben

naSroms

imisda

mixedviT

(daarqiveben,

gansazRvreT,

dabeWdaven,

Tu

internet

rogor
sivrceSi

ganaTavseben Tu sxva). sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis ofisSi

an Tqvens xelmZRvanelTan gadaamowmeT, rogor CaabaroT iseTi masala,
romelic

sakmaod

mozrdilia,

magaliTad,

monacemTa

didi

baza

an

multimediis failebi.

572

cxrilebis da diagramebis danarTi

573

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