10.3 (a) Looking into the collector of Q1 , we see an infinite impedance (assuming IEE is an ideal source).

Thus, the gain from VCC to Vout is 1 .

(b) Looking into the drain of M1 , we see an impedance of ro1 + (1 + gm1 ro1 ) RS . Thus, the gain from
VCC to Vout is
ro1 + (1 + gm1 ro1 ) RS
RD + ro1 + (1 + gm1 ro1 ) RS
(c) Lets draw the small-signal model.
+
r1

gm1 v1

v1

ro1

vcc

vout

vout = v1


vcc vout
r1
vout = gm1 v1 +
ro1


vcc vout
= gm1 vout +
r1
ro1


r1
r1
= vcc
vout 1 + gm1 r1 +
ro1
ro1
vout
r1


=
vcc
1 + + r1
r
o1

ro1

r1
ro1 (1 + ) + r1

(d) Lets draw the small-signal model.

+
vgs1

gm1 vgs1

vout
RS

ro1

vcc

vout = vgs1


vcc vout
RS
vout = gm1 vgs1 +
ro1


vcc vout
RS
= gm1 vout +
ro1


RS
RS
vout 1 + gm1 RS +
= vcc
ro1
ro1
vout
RS


=
vcc
ro1 1 + gm1 RS + RS
ro1

RS
ro1 (1 + gm1 RS ) + RS

10.8

VX (t)
VY (t)
2I0 RC
1.8I0 RC

I0 RC
0.8I0 RC

/
0.2I0 RC

X and Y are not true differential signals, since their common-mode values differ.

10.9 (a)
VX = VCC I1 RC
VY = VCC (I2 + IT ) RC

VX (t)
VY (t)
VCC

VCC IT RC
VCC I0 RC

VCC (I0 + IT ) RC
VCC 2I0 RC

VCC (2I0 + IT ) RC
/

/
t

(b)
VX = VCC (I1 IT ) RC
VY = VCC (I2 + IT ) RC

VX (t)
VY (t)
VCC + IT RC

VCC (I0 IT ) RC
VCC IT RC
VCC (2I0 IT ) RC
VCC (I0 + IT ) RC

VCC (2I0 + IT ) RC
/

/
t

(c)


VX VY
VX = VCC I1 +
RC
RP




VY
RC
= VCC I1
RC
VX 1 +
RP
RP


VY
RC
VCC I1 R
P
VX =
RC
1+ R
P
VCC RP (I1 RP VY ) RC
R + RC

 P
VY VX
RC
VY = VCC I2 +
RP




VX
RC
= VCC I2
RC
VY 1 +
RP
RP


VX
VCC I2 R
RC
P
VY =
RC
1+ R
P
=

=
VX =
=
VX

2
RC

(RP + RC )2
2

VX

2
(RP + RC ) RC
RP + RC

VCC RP (I2 RP VX ) RC
RP + RC


2 RP VX )RC
RC
VCC RP I1 RP VCC RP (I
RP +RC
RP + RC

VCC RP I1 RP RC +

VCC RP RC I2 RP R2C +VX R2C

RP +RC

RP + RC

= VCC RP I1 RP RC +

VCC RP I1 RP RC +

VCC RP RC I2 RP R2C
RP +RC

RP + RC
2
VCC RP RC I2 RP RC
RP + RC

2
VX RP2 + 2RP RC = VCC RP (RP + RC ) I1 RP RC (RP + RC ) + VCC RP RC I2 RP RC

2
VCC RP (RP + RC ) I1 RP RC (RP + RC ) + VCC RP RC I2 RP RC
2
RP + 2RP RC
VCC RP (2RC + RP ) RP RC [I1 (RP + RC ) + I2 RC ]
=
RP (2RC + RP )

VX =

Substituting I1 and I2 , we have:

VCC RP (2RC + RP ) RP RC [(I0 + I0 cos (t)) (RP + RC ) + (I0 I0 cos (t)) RC ]
RP (2RC + RP )
VCC RP (2RC + RP ) RP RC [I0 (2RC + RP ) + I0 cos (t) RP ]
=
RP (2RC + RP )
RC RP
= VCC I0 RC + I0 cos (t)
2RC + RP

VX =

By symmetry, we can write:

VY = VCC I0 RC I0 cos (t)

RC RP
2RC + RP

VX (t)
VY (t)
RP
VCC I0 RC + I0 2RRCC+R
P

VCC I0 RC

RP
VCC I0 RC I0 2RRCC+R
P

/
t

(d)
VX = VCC I1 RC


VY
RC
VY = VCC I2 +
RP


RC
VY 1 +
= VCC I2 RC
RP
VCC I2 RC
VY =
C
1+ R
RP
=

VCC RP I2 RC RP
RP + RC

VX (t)
VY (t)
VCC

VCC I0 RC
P
VCC RPR+R
C

VCC RP I0 RC RP
RP +RC

VCC 2I0 RC
VCC RP 2I0 RC RP
RP +RC

/
t

10.11 Note that since the circuit is symmetric and IEE is an ideal source, no matter what value of VCC we
have, the current through Q1 and Q2 must be IEE /2. That means if the supply voltage increases by
some amount V , VX and VY must also increase by the same amount to ensure the current remains
the same.
VX = V
VY = V
(VX VY ) = 0
We can say that this circuit rejects supply noise because changes in the supply voltage (i.e., supply
noise) do not show up as changes in the differential output voltage VX VY .

10.23 If the temperature increases from 27 C to 100 C, then VT will increase from 25.87 mV to 32.16 mV.
Will will cause the curves to stretch horizontally, since the differential input will have to be larger in
magnitude in order to drive the current to one side of the differential pair. This stretching is shown in
the following plots.

IC1 , T
IC1 , T
IC2 , T
IC2 , T

= 27 C
= 100 C
= 27 C
= 100 C

IEE

IEE
2

Vin1 Vin2

Vout1 , T
Vout1 , T
Vout2 , T
Vout2 , T

= 27 C
= 100 C
= 27 C
= 100 C

VCC

VCC IEE RC /2

VCC IEE RC

Vin1 Vin2

Vout1 Vout2 , T = 27 C
Vout1 Vout2 , T = 100 C
IEE RC

Vin1 Vin2

IEE RC

10.33 (a) Treating node P as a virtual ground, we can draw the small-signal model to find Gm .
iout
+
vin

gm v

ro

RE

vin v
v
+
r
RE
v = vin (iout + gm v ) ro

iout =

v (1 + gm ro ) = vin + iout ro
vin + iout ro
v =
1 + gm ro
vin + iout ro
vin + iout ro
vin
iout =

+
r (1 + gm ro ) RE
RE (1 + gm ro )




ro
1
1
ro
1
= vin
iout 1 +

r (1 + gm ro ) RE (1 + gm ro )
RE
r (1 + gm ro ) RE (1 + gm ro )




r (1 + gm ro ) RE r
r RE (1 + gm ro ) + ro (r + RE )
= vin
iout
r RE (1 + gm ro )
r RE (1 + gm ro )
iout
r (1 + gm ro ) RE r
Gm =
=
vin
r RE (1 + gm ro ) + ro (r + RE )
Rout = RC k [ro + (1 + gm ro ) (r k RE )]

Av =

r (1 + gm ro ) RE r
{RC k [ro + (1 + gm ro ) (r k RE )]}
r RE (1 + gm ro ) + ro (r + RE )

(b) The result is identical to the result from part (a), except R1 appears in parallel with ro .
Av =

r (1 + gm (ro k R1 )) RE r
{RC k [(ro k R1 ) + (1 + gm (ro k R1 )) (r k RE )]}
r RE (1 + gm (ro k R1 )) + (ro k R1 ) (r + RE )

10.36
VDD

ISS RD
> VCM VT H,n
2
VDD > VCM VT H,n +
VDD > 1 V

ISS RD
2

10.38 Let JD be the current density of a MOSFET, as defined in the problem statement.
ID
11
=
n Cox (VGS VT H )2
W
2
L
s
2ID
=
W
L n Cox
s
2JD
=
1

L n Cox

JD =
(VGS VT H )equil

The equilibrium overdrive voltage increases as the square root of the current density.

10.39 Let id1 , id2 , and vP denote the changes in their respective values given a small differential input of vin
(+vin to Vin1 and vin to Vin2 ).
id1 = gm (vin vP )
id2 = gm (vin vP )
vP = (id1 + id2 ) RSS
= 2gm vP RSS
vP = 0
Note that we can justify the last step by noting that if vP 6= 0, then wed have 2gm RSS = 1, which
makes no sense, since all the values on the left side must be positive. Thus, since the voltage at P does
not change with a small differential input, node P acts as a virtual ground.

10.41
P = ISS VDD = 2 mW
ISS = 1 mA
VCM,out = VDD

ISS RD
= 1.6 V
2

RD = 800
|Av | = gm RD
s  
W
= 2
n Cox ID RD
L 1


W
L

=5
 
W
=
= 390.625
L 2

Lets formulate the trade-off between VDD and W/L, lets assume were trying to meet an output
common-mode level of VCM,out . Then we have:
ISS =

P
VDD

ISS RD
2
P RD
= VDD
2V

 DD
VDD VCM,out
RD = 2VDD
P

VCM,out = VDD

|Av | = gm RD
r
W
n Cox ISS RD
=
L
r



W
VDD VCM,out
P
=
2VDD
n Cox
L
VDD
P
To meet a certain gain, W/L and VDD must be adjusted according to the above equation. We can see
that if we decrease VDD , wed have to increase W/L in order to meet the same gain.

10.55 Lets draw the half circuit.

vout
Q3

vin

Gm = gm1 RP
2

= gm1

RP
2

Q1

k ro1 k r3

k ro1 k r3 +
RP
2 k
gm3 R2P

gm3

RP /2

1
gm3

ro1 k r3

k ro1 k r3


RP
Rout = ro3 + (1 + gm3 ro3 ) r3 k
k ro1
2




RP
gm3 2 k ro1 k r3
RP


Av = gm1
k
r
r
+
(1
+
g
r
)
r
k
o1
o3
m3 o3
3
2
1 + gm3 R2P k ro1 k r3
1+

10.60 Assume IC =

IEE
2

for all of the transistors (since 1).

Av = gm1 {[ro3 + (1 + gm3 ro3 ) (r3 k ro1 )] k [ro5 + (1 + gm5 ro5 ) (r5 k ro7 )]}
h


ih


i
VA,n
VA,p
n VT VA,n
p VT VA,p
V
+
1
+
V
+
1
+
A,n
A,p
VT
n VT +VA,n
VT
p VT +VA,p
1
h


i h


i
=
V
V

V
V
p VT VA,p
A,n
A,p
n
T
A,n
VT VA,n + 1 +
+ VA,p + 1 +
VT

= 800

VA,n = 2.16 V
VA,p = 1.08 V

n VT +VA,n

VT

p VT +VA,p

10.61




1
Av = gm1 [ro3 + (1 + gm3 ro3 ) (r3 k ro1 )] k ro5 + (1 + gm5 ro5 ) r5 k
k r7 k ro7
gm7
This topology is not a telescopic cascode. The use of NPN transistors for Q7 and Q8 drops the output
resistance of the structure from that of the typical telescopic cascode.

10.73 (a)
VN = VDD VSG3
s
= VDD

I

SS
W
L 3 p Cox

|VT Hp |

(b) By symmetry, we know that ID for M3 and M4 is the same, and we also know that their VSG
values are the same. Thus, their VSD values must also be equal, meaning VY = VN .
(c) If VDD changes by V , then both VY and VN will change by V .

10.83
P = VCC IEE = 1 mW
IEE = 0.4 mA
Av = gm1 (ro1 k ro3 k R1 )
= 100
R1 = R2 = 59.1 k

10.92
P = VCC IEE = 3 mW
IEE = 1.2 mA
Av = gm,n (ro,n k ro,p )
= 200
VA,n = 15.6 V
VA,p = 7.8 V