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Distribuido por DDT BANAKETAK


-

LA REVOLUCIN DE UNA BRIZNA DE PAJA.

Interesante libro en el que el agricultor japons Masanobu Fukoka nos


muestra su revolucionario sistema de cultivo y su no menos interesante
filosofa vital. Su mtodo, al que l mismo denomina como agricultura del
"no hacer", le ha permitido no labrar sus campos desde hace 25 aos y, sin
embargo, su rendimientos se equiparan al de las explotaciones japonesas
ms productivas.
Libelo. 2,5 !. 65 pag.

NOS COMEN.

El subttulo de este libro lo dice todo: "Contra la desmantelacin del mundo


rural de Asturias". Dividido en tres partes primero hace un repaso del
sistema capitalista actual analizando las nefastas consecuencias de ste
sobre las formas de vida rurales, y sobre sus formas de produccin. La
segunda aborda el caso concreto de Asturies y finaliza con una tercera parte
dedicada a enumerar diversas experiencias existentes de produccin y
consumo responsable, que cuestionan y resisten al modelo dominante.
Libro. 12 !. 194 pag.

TRANXGENIA.

Documental que aborda el problema de los productos transgnicos que poco


a poco y de forma sibilina se han ido introduciendo en nuestra alimentacin.
Un problema no slo de salud, sino tambin medioambiental, que afecta al
modelo de produccin... Audio en varios idiomas.
DVD. 8 !. 37 minutos.

TXIKITZAILEAK TXIKITU!!

Completo dossier elaborado por Zirikatu sobre la lucha contra el TAV.


Textos reflexivos, cronologa de acciones, mtodos de accin directa, etc.
Libelo. 1,5 !

ITOIZ, ARTOZKI. LA MEMORIA ROTA.

Crnica de las jornadas de empecinada resistencia al desalojo de los pueblos


navarros de Itoiz y Artozki. Vecinas y solidarios se enfrentaron durante das
a mquinas y policas enviados a desalojar y derruir estos pueblos para
despus inundarlos con el llenado de ese monstruo llamado Pantano de
Itoiz. Tambin hay versin en euskera: "Itoiz, Artozki. Oroimen hautsia".
Monogrfico. 3 !. 50 pag.

EL MANTO DE MEDEA. CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE


LA EXTINCIN DE LAS ABEJAS.

Interesante texto sobre la dominacin tecnolgica-qumica, que toma como


punto de partida la disminucin de la poblacin de abejas en el estado
francs (cuestin extendida ya a otras partes del globo) como consecuencia
del uso generalizado de pesticidas. En concreto del llamado imidacloprida;
detrs de cuya creacin, distribucin y promocin est la firma de una gran
multinacional. As cuando el envenenamiento de la corteza terrestre -y por
extensin el nuestro propio- es un cruel hecho, intentan disimular la
evidencia bajo argumentos tecnicistas, la reconducin de la protesta y la
acusacin de "reduccionistas" sobre la fuerza social consciente de la
magnitud de la catstrofe. Escrito por Guy Bernelas
Libro. 6 !. 1oo pag.

VIVIR EN EL ALAMBRE y otros escritos.

Compilacin de diferentes textos escritos en clave crtica, alejados de


teoricismos vacos, pendientes del mundo que le rodea y con un lenguaje
accesible que giran en torno a las estructuras sociales, polticas y
econmicas del mundo occidental. La mquina urbanizadora; El consenso
del terror; Saboteando la fbrica de identidades; Encontrarnos con el agua...
son algunos de los diez textos ms una entrevista que incluye. Escrito por
Ramn Germinal.
Libro. 6 !. 142 pag.
DDT BANAKETAK. Ronda 12 48005 BILBAO
Tfno /fax 94 4790120 pedidos@ddtgatazka.com

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www.ddtgatazka.com

1,50 !

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