Marla Means

LIS 688 SOC SCI, Carmichael

7 December 2014
Social Sciences Journal on American Indians
General Sources
Social Science Reference Sources: A Practical Guide
The search for American Indian pulled up nothing, but Native American came up
with some scarcity. The only three mentions of Native Americans I could find, though small,
were extremely significant in my opinion. On page 170, Native Americans are grouped into a
large book titled Extinct Native American Cultures, on page 171 they are grouped into a small
entry in an encyclopedia titled Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes, and on page 310 they
are grouped with Afro-Americans in a dictionary titled Dictionary of American History. This
small amount of information gives me a glimpse of the Native American plight and their
oppression.
New Dictionary of the History of Ideas
This source retrieved many interesting entries from the politically correct search
American Indian, three of which immediately caught my eye. Native Policy describes the
history behind the word Indian and how it was a giant misconception by Europeans. It also
details what constituted Indianness since the one specific term covered a broad range of people
in both North and South America, both American and Latino tribes. The reason the entry defines
Indian is to clearly understand and define Native Policy, or the relationship between the U.S.

government and Indian tribes. The second entry, Ethnohistory, U.S., describes the narrative
history research performed by anthropologists on American Indian Societies and their cultures,
mostly their oral tradition. The fact that American Indians are studied by ethnographers reminds
me how Americans view this people as intriguing yet different from them. The third entry,
Segregation, discusses the residential segregation of American Indians onto reservations in
1638. This process occurred mostly because of Asian immigration, which pushed American
Indians into performing unskilled jobs in factories on plantations/farms. It forced them into
separate communities with separate neighborhoods and schools. This entry details more of the
plight for my research.
Worldmark Encyclopedia of the States
The only relevant entry that came from this encyclopedia was titled Oklahoma, which I
found interesting because the name of the state originates from the Indian words okla humma
or land of the red people. The American Indian influence on our country should be stronger,
but at least even something as fundamental as a state name came from this culture.
Political Science
Political Science Complete
This database yielded many results for American Indian, with 410 peer-reviewed and
full text articles mostly concerned with American Indian movements but it also showed articles
surrounding how colonialism affected their culture over the years. The first source was a study
on American Indian womens perspective on breastfeeding and its connections to obesity, an
issue many tribes face, along with breastfeeding accompanied by solid food feeding. According
to the study, American Indian women were unaware of certain facts about breastfeeding, i.e.

breastfeeding reduces the risk for diabetes and when to introduce solid foods into an infants diet.
This article makes me wonder whether or not nursing or new mothers have access to this sort of
information, or education, on the reservation. The second article I found solidified this thought of
mine, titled The Failure of State-Led Economic Development of American Indian
Reservations. It discusses how the U.S. government has failed to develop reservations
economically with that of other states. American Indians remain the poorest group of people in
the U.S. and only make less than half of the American population at the median per capita
income level. The third source really hurt me and strengthened my already hostile opinions of the
U.S. government. It details the raping of four different seven-year-old girls with the distinction
that because one girl was American Indian, her assailant received significantly less time than the
other rapists; and because the Assistant United States Attorney in Spokane refused to prosecute
him, the rapist got away with only a two year sentence since federal laws prevent the tribe from
demanding a greater sentence.
SocIndex
With only a full text limiter, this database brought over 2,000 results for American
Indian. All three of the sources I chose to discuss are journal articles. The first explains how the
authors staged a successful intensive case management intervention for American Indians and
Alaskan Natives with and without cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The study showed that
individual case management combined with self-management education allowed 138 tribes to
reduce CVD because individualized treatment and education made tribe members more aware of
their diseases and how to treat and prevent them with simple solutions such as physical therapy
and regulated aspirin intake. The second introduced a new concept to me called acculturation,
which is defined as the transformative process from the integration of tribal culture and

predominantly white culture. This process seemed bittersweet to me because the authors
interviewed tribal students moving away from the reservation and although they were doing well
in a predominantly white culture, they wanted to return home only to contradict themselves by
asking their parents to not allow them to return home. Reservation conditions were solidified for
me through this article considering that the personal accounts described it as filled with social
injustice, racism, and depression. The third did not actually cover American Indians, but helped
me distinguish between American Indians and Indians from India. According to many peoples
definition of identity, Indians fall under Asian Americans; but this article expands the definition
to include cultural boundaries from the East and the Southeast. This article actually places
Indians in their own category, which reminds me of how American Indians came to be classified
since they are a group of their own yet still fall under the category of Americans (ironic since
they were here first and persecuted by Americans).
Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy
Fifteen results came up in this encyclopedia for American Indian. The first entry,
Peacemaking, contains disturbing information on how the U.S. government made around 370
treaties with tribes, one-third of them peace treaties, and broke nearly all of them. The entry
argues that peacemaking can have nothing to do with treaty making, especially when the
example of the American Indian experience is considered. The second entry I found, Cultural
Relations and Policies, covers how colonial Americans had to learn how to master an alien race,
which made me believe that this entry was outdated since the language seemed racist. The third
entry I found, Bipartisanship, discusses how the Europeans would incite American Indians to
rally against American ships and soldiers during the Revolutionary War. It was a small section,
but it divulged that the alliance between the American Indians and Great Britain was incited by

some American Republicans, making some Americans traitors even though they betrayed the
Indians by breaking treaties.
Sociology and Anthropology
Ethnic News Watch
This database retrieved many results spanning a wide array of topics from American
Indian, and I selected the first three entries to read due to their interesting and differing topics.
The first newspaper article comes from the Native American Times, titled Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
Continues Support of the American Indian College, and discusses exactly what the title infers
that Wal-Mart donated a $66,000 grant to the AICF. The article taught me that there are thirtytwo tribal colleges and universities and that fifty-six percent of tribal college graduates go on to a
four-year institution, which is more than the transfer rate of community colleges in general. Still,
a little over half of the entire population participating in higher education does not impress me,
but at least there are funds like this to help. The second article comes from News from Indian
Country, and details how American Indian directors and performers have joined together in order
to protect and support American Indian theatre and art by introducing a Playwrights Guild that
labels images and performances as original to the culture. This article makes me wonder how
many imposters there are in theatre and art, and whether or not they can be labeled as cultural
proprietors who are misrepresenting this race of people. Clearly there must be some if there is
this much alarm to form a guild. Like the first entry, the third newspaper article covers a grant
given to an American Indian fund. Published in The Circle, American Indian Art and Fashion
Alliance launches with $400,000 Kellogg grant describes the Alliance and its mission of
providing career opportunities to American Indians through culture, creativity, and commerce by

making American Indians available to the global marketplace of art, theatre, and film. This
article also reminded me of the second one, since they are both striving for accurate
representation of American Indians in art.
America: History and Life
After my usual search of American Indian and added limiter of full text, many
academic journal articles surfaced covering older histories of American Indians after colonialism.
The first article covers the workshops on American Indian Affairs during 1956 to 1972, or the
involved courses for Indian college students on history and anthropological theory, which
became a vehicle for political movements and students intellectual self-determination. The
second article also had to do with American Indian education titled, American Indian Histories
as Education History. This article discusses the difficulty of teaching American Indian students
the difference between studies and stories, or the evolution from oral history to
written/narrative history in education practices. The article argues tying in the past with the
present, which I believe builds upon the notion of a dead culture since many practices (such as
oral tradition) are considered outdated. The third article focuses on Cherokee peoples and more
specifically the African Cherokees and their fight for American Indian identity and classification.
Even though they speak Cherokee, live with Cherokees, and share the ways of the Cherokee,
African Cherokees are considered black because historically they descended from slaves
owned by Cherokees. After the abolition of slavery, Cherokee Freedmen still cannot claim a
stake in their Indian identity. This last article shocks me since it was recently published in August
of 2014, which means that progression has been a slow process indeed.
The Dictionary of Anthropology

This dictionary contained only five entries on American Indian, but they were
significant. Page 418 reveals an anthropologist graduate from Columbia as a pioneer for working
with Indian languages and developing a classification for all North American Indian languages
that separated them into six basic stocks, named Edward Sapir. Sapir makes me happy because
many American Indian languages would be dead along with other aspects of the culture if it had
not been for his groundbreaking work in the field. Page 160 cited a documentary on the culture
and movements of primitive peoples, with special emphasis on the American Indian. Again I see
some coloring of language as the word primitive appears, making me wonder if American
views of other people have changed at all. All of the other entries cited books with the words
American Indian in them.
Encyclopedia of Sociology
This encyclopedia pulled nineteen results surrounding the relationships between the U.S.
government and American Indians as well as between non-Indians and American Indians. The
first entry, American Indian studies, covers everything to do with the history of American
Indians, from social and economic status to culture and religion. My favorite aspect of this entry
is the fact that it differentiates between each tribe, describing American Indians as a diverse
group of people (something many people do not recognize). The second entry, Indigenous
Peoples, furthered the definition of American Indians as multiple tribes by building upon the
problematic language of native-born since everyone born in America is native-born. Also, to
add more power and identity behind their Indian group, American Indians have gone from
calling their specific tribe a nation. The third entry, Affirmative Action, describes the levels
of racism people of color experienced during the mid-1960s through the 70s. American Indians
as a people suffered severe discrimination that differed in character from blacks because of the

intensity: including relocation onto reservations, poverty, and less educational opportunities
except for the forced boarding school incidents.
Education
ERIC
After limiting to full text and academic journals, American Indian yielded over 1,000
results in this database. The first article peaked my interest since it was about teaching Native
American literature, which was my undergraduate focus. Annette Portillo, a professor of native
studies, has developed an indigenous-centered pedagogy that will encourage students to unlearn
Eurocentric histories and dominant national narratives. Her report spans eight years and the
opinions of numerous college-level classes. The second article, equally intriguing in my opinion,
focuses on the infamous Indian boarding school and how the author, Cristina Stanciu, argues that
poems written by American Indians existed and thrived in boarding schools trying to assert that
American Indians at Carlisle did in fact understand poetry and wrote some poems themselves.
Much doubt is being cast on her thesis, especially since many of the poems she mentions cannot
be traced back to a specific American Indian poet, but her claims remain valid due to the fact that
her research can be considered a foundation for the evolution of modern and postmodern Indian
poets. The third article, and the most interesting of all to me, discussed the findings of an
empirical study on American Indian mascots and the associations they bring to real American
Indian people. The shocking results revealed a strong connection between the behavior of
American Indian mascots and the stereotypes (or expectation of non-Indians) surrounding
American Indian people. This data disturbs me deeply because the study shows that non-Indians
do not view a distinction between American Indian people and the misrepresentative mascots.

Encyclopedia of Education
Nineteen results appeared for American Indian, all of which seemed like random yet
informative entries. The first entry, Tribal Colleges and Universities, defines the institutions
that offer higher-educational opportunities for American Indians and that allow the reservations
to control the educational environment by preserving traditional native culture. Before this entry,
I knew about the existence of tribal colleges but this information has broadened the opportunities
such an institution offers for American Indians especially concerning employment and career
success. The second entry, Erikson, Erik (1902-1994), is a short biography of the child
psychoanalyst Erik Erikson, who furthered research on the effects of society and culture on an
individualistic level and developed the eight-stage model of human development. His
involvement with American Indians includes observing children from the Sioux of South Dakota
and the Yuron of northern California. Erikson combined anthropological observation and clinical
analysis with tribal history and economic circumstances. The third entry I found, Graduate
Study in Education, mentions American Indians only once to emphasize the main point of the
entry, which is that education was the most popular field for graduate school students during
1997 and 1998. American Indian degree recipients made up only one percent of the masters and
one percent of the doctorate degrees of education.
College Blue Book
564 results showed up in volume 36 of this book. The first entry, American Indian
Education Foundation, details the organization whose goal is to give American Indian students
the tools, resources and opportunities to learn and succeed. To be supported by this
organization, American Indian students must prove their ancestry and have a GPA higher than

2.75 in any major, and the American Indian Education Foundation will give scholarships to all
who apply. The next entry, American Indian College Fund, reveals another organization whose
goal is to award scholarships to outstanding American Indian students who are currently
enrolled in tribal colleges. Unlike the first foundation, this organization has more specific
requirements such as proof of ancestry and tribal college enrollment, a minimum 2.5 GPA, and
exceptional academic achievement. Also, there is only $3,000 available for one year of
undergraduate research. The third entry I found was yet another organization titled, American
Indian Graduate Center. They provide financial assistance to undergraduate and graduate
American Indians in furthering their education. Their requirements for eligibility to receive
scholarships are the most specific I have seen so far: Applicants must be American Indians who
are incoming freshmen with a cumulative GPA of 3.25 or greater on a 4.0 scale at the end of the
seventh semester of high school or graduates/professionals who have attained a cumulative GPA
of 3.25 or greater on a 4.0 scale, as measured by undergraduate transcripts; must be enrolled
members of a U.S. federally-recognized American Indian tribe or Alaska Native group; must be
seeking a degree and career in fields of study including technology, engineering, medicine, law,
and business. Not only do the applicants have to prove their ancestry, they also have to have the
highest GPA of all the organizations so far and they have to choose a career path approved by the
organization to receive scholarships. On top of everything else, applicants must also include at
least two letters of recommendation, one from an education professional and one from an
individual aware of the applicants leadership and community service activities. Even though
some of these organizations may seem complicated in their specificities for application, I
personally am just happy these types of opportunities exist for American Indian students.
Library and Information Studies

Library Literature and Information Science

American Indian yielded 336 results after a full text limiter. The first three findings are
two academic journal articles and one book review. The first journal article, American Indian
Studies, Multiculturalism, and the Academic Library, suggests that librarianship should
incorporate materials for previously underrepresented populations, specifically the American
Indians. To include the American Indian perspective and experience, libraries need to provide
support through unbiased text and artifacts from American Indians. The article discusses the
nature of American Indian Studies and how to better acknowledge and support a diverse
worldview in the library setting. The second journal article, American Indian treaty diplomacy
in the Papers of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789, displays the changing cultural context of
treaties between the United States and the American Indians by examining treaty
correspondences from the Papers of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789 through the end of the
pre-federal period. These two journal articles show that American Indians have been oppressed,
underrepresented, and severely mistreated. The book review also strengthened this aspect of my
research by giving context to the American Revolution through an American Indian perspective.
Native Americans in the American Revolution: How the War Divided, Devastated, and
Transformed the Early American Indian World gives much historical background on the war
conduct of the Americans and their multiple attacks on Indian land. This research reminds me
that treaties were always broken with force and not simple renegotiations. Instead of revising a
treaty, Americans would declare war then try to induce the Indians surrender by invoking yet
another useless treaty.
Library Literature and Information Science Retrospective, 1905-1983

This database provided a surprisingly low result list, six sources, and with the only limiter
being linked full text. The most relevant sources were all periodicals. The first periodical, A
Library Training Program for Native Americans, describes how in the 1970s many reservations
lacked sufficient resources to information thereby initiating this program called
Paraprofessional Training of Aids for American Indian Information Centers. This program
caused the establishment of tribal libraries staffed by members who completed obtaining and
organizing library materials, one week of putting their materials and skills to work at a tribal
center library, and six monthly on site visits by instructors for further assistance on how to gain
participants in this newly collected and distributed information. The second periodical,
Margaret Garnaat, Pueblo Librarian, gives a detailed interview of Margaret Garnaat, the New
Mexico State Librarian specifically on the pueblo of Zuni. She claims that her job is extremely
fulfilling as the library has provided both information and a social gathering space on the pueblo.
The library is packed with children since many of the adults do not speak English and work on
crafts such as jewelry all day to sell. The library has created a learning environment for the
children and a break from home life. The third periodical I found concentrated on literature in the
library that debunks stereotypes of American Indians and are written by American Indians.
Childrens Books: Countering Old Myths discusses racial stereotypes of Indians and how they
are disproved through current literature: Red Power on the Rio Grande asserts that Indian
peoples were not easy prey to white colonists because they were never able to cooperate in a
successful anti-colonial movement, The Life and Death of Yellow Bird asserts that Plains Indian
uprisings were not formed by Indian leaders who would have been better off on the reservation,
The Path to Snowbird Mountain asserts that folktales are not meaningless nature stories, and the
list goes on and on. These periodicals have proved to me how important information, libraries,

and literature are to keeping a culture alive by giving a different historical perspective on
reservation life.
Library Information Science and Technology Abstracts (LISTA)
With a full text limiter, this database pulled almost 1,000 results for American Indian.
The first journal article, Their Faces Were Like so Many of the Same Sort at Home, covers
American responses to the Indian rebellion of 1857 by examining the popular media from around
that time period. This article talks about Indians from India, but the underlying tones of racism
match the preconceptions or stereotypes Americans hold for American Indians. Newspaper
coverage of the rebellion actually scared Americans due to their anxieties over slave revolts in
the late 1850s. This same anxiety was expressed by Americans when discussing American Indian
revolts. This article reminded me of the many articles I have read that describe how British
soldiers hired American Indian soldiers to attack colonies during the Revolutionary War. The
second journal article, Whatever Tribal Precedent There May Be, lists tribal laws and how they
come into existence as well as how they are executed. This article remains important to my
research because it details the difficulty of applying tribal law to the reservation, thereby
hindering tribal cultures sustainment. Tribes have no mandate to publish their laws or distribute
them inside and outside of the reservation. One would think that this process makes tribal
cultures sustainability grow since American Indians can make the law then chose to share it, but
the lack of access understandably causes confusion and unreliability. People can break the law,
not know it, and be persecuted or not. I think tribal law should mimic federal law in the fact
that it needs to be distributed to everyone, protecting the reservation. The third article I found,
History and Status of Native Americans in Librarianship, builds upon the last article because it
discusses the development of tribal libraries, which are based upon the relationship between

American Indians and our governments many laws such as the Constitution, numerous
treaties, and court decisions. Because of this complicated relationship and the many laws
integrated into it, American Indians receive help from the U.S. government and are supplied with
the necessary funding and resources to establish tribal libraries, but because the reservation has
limited funds to maintain these tribal libraries, many of them are staffed by non-degree personnel
who offer little or no training on operating a library, thereby offering inadequate library services
to many reservations. These articles taught me that although American Indians have access to
information, the distribution of said information remains insufficient due to the complicated
nature of the relationship between the government and American Indians.
Psychology
PsychInfo
This database pulled over 2,000 results for American Indian with three limiters
Scholarly (Peer Reviewed) Journals, Linked Full Text, and English. For some reason, articles
concerning African Americans appeared among my result list but I skipped over these and
focused on titles with American Indian in them. The first journal article, The Prevalence and
Correlates of Mental and Emotional Health among American Indian Adults with Type 2
Diabetes, is a study focusing on 218 Indigenous adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and
examines their mental health through in-person as well as paper-and-pencil surveys. According
to the authors, depression was the most prevalent psychological issue associated with American
Indians diagnosed with diabetes. This mood disorder accompanies diabetes because of selfreported hyperglycemia and health impaired physical activities. Their physical illness affects
their mental wellbeing because they are constantly at a disadvantage. This article placed me in

the shoes of an American Indian through the interviewing process and taught me not only that
American Indians are twice as likely than Hispanic whites to have diabetes, but also that
American Indians are heavily affected by these illnesses based on their environment. Life on the
reservation remains difficult for those who can only afford unhealthy commodity food. The
second article I found, Smoking Abstinence-Related Experiences among American Indians,
African Americans, and Women, contained too many variables to concentrate specifically on
American Indians but did reveal more despairing information on Indians. Apparently, racial
minorities and women are less likely to quit smoking and may have a higher risk of smoking
related diseases. The psychology behind American Indian smokers that problematizes their
process for quitting is their expectations that they will not experience withdrawal symptoms. The
third article I found was equally as bleak for American Indians, titled Sexual Risk Behavior and
Symptoms of Historical Loss in American Indian Men. According to the authors, American
Indians do not have access to planning and prevention programs concerning sexually transmitted
infections (STI). Historical Loss, or cultural remembrance of oppression, plays into American
Indian mens risk of STIs because Historical Loss increases the likelihood of individuals
sexual activity with multiple partners. This increased sexual activity without planning or
prevention leads to more pregnancies and the spread of STIs.
The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
This encyclopedia yielded five entries with American Indian in them. Page 247
describes how Jilek from British Colombia successfully incorporated Salish Indian healing
rituals into psychological therapy programs and collaborated with traditional healers. Page 1015
mentions how Indian Affairs helped make the U.S. government the largest single payer of health
care in the world. Page 244 hypothesizes that more ethnic minorities will seek mental health

services because of racial mixing among Americans. This page also estimates that over half of
the population will consist of Latino, African American, Asian American, and Native American
by 2050 based on the research gathered from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. These entries taught
me that stereotypes Americans hold for Indians can be debunked (thanks to people like Jilek)
because when American Indians are classified offensively as savages for their practices and way
of life, those practices can be used to transform our views (like modern medicine or psychology).
These entries also taught me that soon America will be a giant melting pot genetically and
racially thanks to mixed race relationships, and I assume that with the mixing will come less
racism and stereotypes.
Oxford Companion to the Mind
This book only came up with one entry for American Indian but seemed significant to
me because it mentioned American Indians in a historical context right when America was
colonized. Simply titled taste, this entry briefly describes the dietary habits of American
Indians asserting that American Indians were unfamiliar with salt until introduced to it by
Europeans. In their language, they only knew sour and confused it with salt when it was
introduced. Therefore, as English became a more established language, people created more
words for taste like sweet and bitter.
Fifty Key Thinkers in Psychology
This interesting book yielded a mere five entries, but all with great impact. Page 21
describes Asch and his wife Florence and their collected experiences on a Hopi Indian
reservation. They claim that their experiences changed their assumptions about people and
society in general. Page 244 gives an example of someone who clearly does not respect

American Indians, a man named John Broadus Watson. His daughter revealed to people that he
had multiple Indian wives in Greenville and would abandon his family multiple times to acquire
more wives. Because of the government regulations on reservations, Watson was able to get
away with this. These entries really added to my perspective of people because now I know
opinions are not always black and white; opinions are like a pendulum, especially on a
social/societal level, and they swing back and forth. There are forward thinkers and backward
thinkers.
History
America: History and Life
Over 5,000 results appeared for American Indian with a full text limiter in this
database. The first journal article, American Indian Histories as Education History, asserts that
adding an American Indian perspective to history will avoid unfounded claims and other
epistemological disasters. The main controversy seems to be deciding whether or not to call the
perspective studies or stories because as studies the American Indian perspective becomes a
major part of history and can therefore balance a false dichotomy, but as stories the perspective
becomes more of a part in mythology or suggests dramatized history. Even with this issue, the
author argues that placing the American Indian pasts in a valid place in our history both
reconstructs and revisions the American past. The second journal article, American Indian
Policy in the States, conducts research on American Indian legislation and concludes that
Native legislation is on the state policy agenda and both Indian nations and state governments
influence the size of the Native policy agenda (1043). Basically, this means that states with
legislative and executive institutions that address American Indian issues are more likely to

address and pass American Indian legislation. This article reminds me of the previous articles
discussing tribal libraries because when reservations have a poor means of distributing
information in addition to a lack of support from the U.S. government, American Indian culture
is hindered. Although, with this articles research on how there are specific supportive states
comes some hope that American Indian issues are being addressed and fixed on a legislative
level. My only concern is whether or not we as a nation can make sure this relationship occurs in
every state. The third journal article I found mirrored the first one due to content on marred U.S.
history. Manifest Meanings: The Selling (Not Telling) of American Indian History and the Case
of The Black Horse Ledger compares the defaced Cheyenne ledger book as a physical
metaphor for the construction of American History to the actual events that occurred in telling
the American Indians pasts from a colonial perspective. The author brings up valid points I had
not yet considered; American Indian history begins with tribal artifacts, and the history behind
those artifacts parallels the treatment of their histories by Americans. Much like the Black Horse
Ledger, American Indian artifacts were confiscated, placed in museums (or sold to rich bidders),
and misrepresented as well as misused for colonist gain like earning money and representing
Indians as extinct hence their placement in museums. American Indians have literally had their
history stolen from them, and the treatment of their artifacts extends to them as they were
confiscated by the government, forcefully placed on reservations, and misrepresented by
Americans with harmful stereotypes. These articles taught me that the American Indian
perspective is crucial to our growth as a nation, no matter the initial harm some of our founding
members may experience due to the uncovering of more history.
ArchiveGrid

This website yielded a surprising 22,286 results for American Indian. Many of the
results seemed irrelevant but others contained very interesting artifacts and records pertaining to
American Indian tribes. The first collection titled, Records, 1973-[ongoing]. Dakota American
Indian Movement, is located at the Library of Congress in the National Catalog of Manuscript
Collections. The collection is 5 feet long and contains publications and other materials (19731974, 1977, 1980-1983) including 3 pamphlets pertaining to 1973 Wounded Knee civil
disturbance, Oglala Indians, and American Indian Movement, informational brochure on 1983
activities of Dakota American Indian Movement, letter (1983) soliciting financial contributions,
and copies of Oyate Wicho, the official periodical. Includes papers from International Indian
Treaty Council. The second collection called Indian art and artifacts collection, 1100-1950.
Nowetahs American Indian Museum is located at the museum in Portland, Maine. The
collection is a whopping 1,000 feet long and includes scrapbooks containing newspaper
clippings, photographs, postcards, hand drawn maps, books, artifacts, and other materials,
relating to American Indians and their art, especially the Maine Abenaki Indians, the Paugusett
Indians, and other New England tribes. Collections also include stone artifacts, totem pole and
other carvings, corn crushers, headdresses, shields, toys, game pieces, baskets, pottery, clothing,
masks, sandpaintings, bark canoes, weapons, musical instruments, and jewelry. The third and
most interesting collection, in my opinion, titled All American Indian Days Collection, 19541968, is located at Wyoming State Archives. It is only 0.1 foot long and contains promotional
pamphlets and brochures along with some historical photographs, but my interest is not in the
collection rather what it represents. The collection is a detailed record of the annual celebration
of all American Indians and their tribal cultures. The celebration brought together Indians from
across North America, and enabled the re-creation of dances and ceremonies by Indians in

original dress; one of the goals of the event was apparently to bridge the cultural gap between
Native Americans and whites. This ceremony brings my otherwise (and mostly) depressing
research some hope that we as Americans can come together and celebrate differing cultures
through song and dance that is represented with historical accuracy.
Folklore
MLA International Bibliography of Books and Articles on the Modern Languages and Literatures
My search went from over 4,000 results for American Indian to 656 with a full text
limiter in this database. The first journal article I found, A Savage Feast They Made of It John
Adams and the Paradoxical Origins of Federal Indian Policy, covers the single term president,
John Adams, and questions his political views on American Indians since he never participated in
Indian affairs yet claimed that during his presidency he kept the peace. He is constantly
compared to George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, who represent the two opposing sides of
the spectrum when it comes to American Indian issues. Washington had a long military and
diplomatic career with American Indians that remained a smooth relationship throughout his
presidency while Jefferson initiated the famous Lewis and Clark expedition, which began
Western expansion and the moving of Indians to reservations. The article concludes that John
Adams, although seemingly neutral, actually manipulated American Indian history and caused
Indian sovereignty to be submerged but not extinguished. The second journal article I found,
Maritime Destiny as Manifest Destiny: American Commercial Expansionism and the Idea of the
Indian, compares manifest destiny, or Western expansion, to sailors during the pre-civil war
Golden Age due to their aggressive interactions with cultures across seas. Just as the American
Indians were treated like savages, so other cultures such as the Chinese experienced racism from

sailors with preconceived notions about other people not reading the voyage diaries of so
many before them. Without knowledge of what other cultures would be like, American sailors
had the mentality of a superior race and basically invaded other nations. The third article I found
concentrated on a more modern view of the Indian in pop culture, titled Kicking Bear, John
Trudell, and Anthony Kiedis (of the Red Hot Chili Peppers): Show Indians and Pop-Culture
Colonialism. The author dissects Anthony Kiediss character as a rock star to get to the bottom
of why he represents the epitome of cultural identity for American Indians. Usually, the image of
American Indians is distorted to match societys expectations of stereotypes but Anthony, a partMohican lead singer/actor of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, has not manipulated his image based on
his heritage creating an individualized identity that American Indians have clung to for the past
twenty eight years. This article brought my research to the conclusion that American Indians are
poorly represented in our media to this day but that some pop-culture artists have broken the
mold to debunk stereotypes and lead life as individuals.

Works Cited

Alexander, David L. American Indian Studies, Multiculturalism, and the Academic Library.
College & Research Libraries 74.1 (2013): 6068. Print.
Anastario, Michael P., Kris FourStar, and Elizabeth Rink. Sexual Risk Behavior and Symptoms
of Historical Loss in American Indian Men. Journal of Community Health: The
Publication for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention 38.5 (2013): 894899.
EBSCOhost. Web. 5 Dec. 2014.
Anonymous. American Indian Art and Fashion Alliance Launches with $400,000 Kellog
Grant. The Circle: News from an American Indian Perspective Aug. 2009: 6. Print.
---. American Indian Performing Arts Group Formed to Advocate for Visibility and Inclusion.
News from Indian Country Aug. 2010: 10. Print.
---. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Continues Support of the American Indian College Fund. Native
American Times 24 Nov. 2006: 6. Print.
Barfield, Thomas J. The Dictionary of Anthropology. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell, 2000. Open
WorldCat. Web. 28 Oct. 2014.
Bilwakesh, Nikhil. Their Faces Were Like so Many of the Same Sort at Home: American
Responses to the Indian Rebellion of 1857. American Periodicals 21.1 (2011): 123.
Print.
Borgatta, Edgar F., and Rhonda J. V. Montgomery. Encyclopedia of Sociology. New York:
Macmillan Reference USA, 2000. Open WorldCat. Web. 16 Nov. 2014.
Chaney, John, Amanda Burke, and Edward Burkley. Do American Indian Mascots = American
Indian People? Examining Implicit Bias towards American Indian People and American
Indian Mascots. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research: The
Journal of the National Center 18.1 (2011): 4262. Print.

Cordell, Rosanne. Native Americans in the American Revolution: How the War Divided,
Devastated, and Transformed the Early American Indian World. Library Journal 139.15
(2014): 106106. Print.
Craighead, W. Edward., and Charles B. Nemeroff. The Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of
Psychology and Behavioral Science. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2004. Open
WorldCat. Web. 6 Dec. 2014.
DeConde, Alexander. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy. New York: Scribner, 2002.
Open WorldCat. Web. 12 Nov. 2014.
Eckhardt, Cara L. et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs That Can Influence Infant Feeding
Practices in American Indian Mothers. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and
Dietetics 114.10 (2014): 15871593. ScienceDirect. Web. 25 Oct. 2014.
Field, Les W. Native Policy. New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Ed. Maryanne Cline
Horowitz. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribners Sons, 2005. 15941598. Gale. Web. 20 Oct.
2014.
Flynn, Stephen V., Seth D. Olson, and Adriana D. Yellig. American Indian Acculturation: Tribal
Lands to Predominately White Postsecondary Settings. Journal of Counseling &
Development 92.3 (2014): 280293. EBSCOhost. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.
Gall, Timothy L, and Thomson Gale (Firm). Worldmark Encyclopedia of the States. Detroit,
Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2007. Print.
Gercken, Becca. Manifest Meanings: The Selling (Not Telling) of American Indian History and
the Case of The Black Horse Ledger. American Indian Quarterly 34.4 (2010): 521
539. Print.
Gregory, R. L., and O. L. Zangwill. The Oxford Companion to the Mind. Oxford [Oxfordshire]:

Oxford University Press, 1987. Open WorldCat. Web. 6 Dec. 2014.

Guthrie, James W. Encyclopedia of Education. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003.
Open WorldCat. Web. 7 Nov. 2014.
Hall, Danelie. Library Training Program for Native Americans. Paraprofessional Training of
Aides for American Indian Information Centers 51 (1977): 751754. Print.
Harris, Glen Anthony. Ethnohistory, U.S. New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Ed.
Maryanne Cline Horowitz. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribners Sons, 2005. 728730. Gale.
Web. 20 Oct. 2014.
Hendricks, Peter S. et al. Smoking Abstinence-Related Expectancies among American Indians,
African Americans, and Women: Potential Mechanisms of Tobacco-Related Disparities.
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 28.1 (2014): 193205. EBSCOhost. Web. 5 Dec.
2014.
Horowitz, Maryanne Cline. New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. New York: Charles
Scribners Sons, 2005. Open WorldCat. Web. 20 Oct. 2014.
LADEN, BERTA VIGIL. Tribal Colleges and Universities. Encyclopedia of Education. Ed.
James W. Guthrie. 2nd ed. Vol. 7. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. 2578
2580. Gale. Web. 7 Nov. 2014.
Landrum, Cynthia L. Kicking Bear, John Trudell, and Anthony Kiedis (of the Red Hot Chili
Peppers): Show Indians and Pop-Cultural Colonialism. American Indian Quarterly
36.2 (2012): 182214. Print.
Li, Tze-chung. Social Science Reference Sources a Practical Guide. Westport, Conn.:
Greenwood Press, 2000. Open WorldCat. Web. 20 Oct. 2014.
Mathers, Rachel L. The Failure of State-Led Economic Development on American Indian

Reservations. Independent Review 17.1 (2012): 6580. Print.

McHargue, G. Current: Childrens Books. countering old myths 6 (1975): 166167. Print.
Mckenzie-Jones, Paul. Evolving Voices of Dissent: The Workshops on American Indian Affairs,
1956-1972. American Indian Quarterly 38.2 (2014): 207236. Print.
Moore, Kelly et al. Case Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk in American
Indians and Alaska Natives With Diabetes: Results From the Special Diabetes Program
for Indians Healthy Heart Demonstration Project. American Journal of Public Health
104.11 (2014): e158e164. EBSCOhost. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.
Oklahoma. Worldmark Encyclopedia of the States. 6th ed. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 554566. Gale.
Web. 21 Oct. 2014.
Owens, Jasmine. Historic in a Bad Way: How the Tribal Law and Order Act Continues the
American Tradition of Providing Inadequate Protection to American Indian and Alaska
Native Rape Victims. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 102.2 (2012): 497524.
Print.
Patterson, Lotsee. History and Status of Native Americans in Librarianship. Library Trends
49.1 (2000): 182. Print.
Portillo, Annette. Indigenous-Centered Pedagogies: Strategies for Teaching Native American
Literature and Culture. CEA Forum 42.1 (2013): 155178. Print.
Rouleau, Brian. Maritime Destiny as Manifest Destiny: American Commercial Expansionism
and the Idea of the Indian. Journal of the Early Republic 30.3 (2010): 377411. Print.
Schachter, Ariela. Finding Common Ground? Indian Immigrants and Asian American
Panethnicity. Social Forces 92.4 (2014): 14871512. Print.
Scott, Sandra, and S. Scott. Margaret Garnaat, Pueblo Librarian. just learning: things day by

day." 7 (1976): 378379. Print.

Sheehy, Noel. Fifty Key Thinkers in Psychology. London; New York: Routledge, 2004. Print.
Shucha, Bonnie. Whatever Tribal Precedent There May Be: The (Un)availability of Tribal
Law. Law Library Journal 106.2 (2014): 199209. Print.
Staley, Robert A. American Indian Treaty Diplomacy in the Papers of the Continental Congress,
17741789. Government Information Quarterly 29.2 (2012): 252260. ScienceDirect.
Web. 4 Dec. 2014.
Stanciu, Cristina. That Is Why I Sent You to Carlisle: Carlisle Poetry and the Demands of
Americanization Poetics and Politics. American Indian Quarterly 37.1-2 (2013): 3476.
Print.
Sturm, Circe. RACE, SOVEREIGNTY, AND CIVIL RIGHTS: Understanding the Cherokee
Freedmen Controversy. Cultural Anthropology 29.3 (2014): 575598. EBSCOhost. Web.
27 Oct. 2014.
The College Blue Book. The College blue book. (1923): n. pag. Print.
Usner, Daniel H. A Savage Feast They Made of It: John Adams and the Paradoxical Origins of
Federal Indian Policy. Journal of the Early Republic 33.4 (2013): 607641. Print.
Veney, Cassandra Rachel. Segregation. New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Ed. Maryanne
Cline Horowitz. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribners Sons, 2005. 21982200. Gale. Web.
20 Oct. 2014.
Walls, Melissa L. et al. The Prevalence and Correlates of Mental and Emotional Health Among
American Indian Adults With Type 2 Diabetes. The Diabetes Educator 40.3 (2014):
319328. tde.sagepub.com. Web. 5 Dec. 2014.
Warren, Donald. American Indian Histories as Education History. History of Education

Quarterly 54.3 (2014): 255285. Wiley Online Library. Web. 27 Oct. 2014.
---. American Indian Histories as Education History. History of Education Quarterly 54.3
(2014): 255285. Wiley Online Library. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.
Witmer, Richard C., Joshua Johnson, and Frederick J. Boehmke. American Indian Policy in the
States. Social Science Quarterly 95.4 (2014): 10431063. Wiley Online Library. Web. 7
Dec. 2014.