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and subcellular processes and its effects depend on how efficiently the
stimulation parameters match the electrical characteristic of the different
cells. This resonant attunement may be impossible when the device merely
produces a simple square waveform which is a sine waveform with a flat top
that contains many higher frequencies, called harmonics. Harmonics can
cause buzzing or other noise problems with some equipment. A clean
complex square waveform that is composed out of several frequencies that
stabilize it in the face of both electronic and biological resistances is
necessary to produce the high definition signal that will tune into and
resonate the cells biological processes.
Nano current as an antioxidant
Subatomic particle physics and the electron theory of electrical current
comprise an explanation of how electrical nano currents (in the billionths of
an ampere) can function as an antioxidant.
An atom is made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. When molecules
with weak bonds split, they can leave atoms with unpaired electrons, i.e. free
radicals. Free radicals attack stable molecules to steal their electrons.
When the attacked molecule loses an electron, it becomes a free radical
itself, starting a chain reaction.
Oxygen is attracted to a magnet, because oxygen has two unpaired electrons
in its lowest energy state (Millikan, 1925). The existence of unpaired valence
electrons in a stable molecule confers high chemical reactivity. Highly
reactive molecules can oxidize molecules that were previously stable
(oxidation refers to a loss of electrons) and turn them into free radicals.
The food we eat is oxidized to produce high-energy electrons that are
converted to stored energy. This energy is stored in high-energy phosphate
bonds in the form of ATP (Adenosyne tri phosphate is a molecule of the
structural unit of nucleotide chains forming nucleic acids as RNA and DNA).
In the absence of oxygen, one molecule of glucose will yield four molecules
of ATP. In the presence of oxygen we get 24 to 28 molecules of ATP from one
molecule of glucose going through the Krebs cycle plus the four molecules
from glycolysis. This entire oxidation process takes place in the mitochondria,
making the system susceptible to the formation and effects of free radicals.
A certain amount of oxidative function is necessary for proper health. For
example, oxidative processes are used by the immune system to kill
microorganisms. Overall, however, accumulated free radicals are one of the
major contributing factors to aging and disease. Accumulated free radicals
can even induce local injury to patients with poor immune systems, by
reacting with lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, leading to cellular membrane
damage.
Antioxidants (eg. Vitamin C) are chemicals that have the ability to donate
What are the Microcurrent and Nano Current Effects on Cell Mitosis
The Cell Cycle consists of several phases. In the first phase, (G1) the cell
grows and becomes larger. After cytokinesis (the process where one cell
splits off its daughter cell) the cells are quite small and low on ATP. They
acquire ATP and increase in size during the G1 phase. After acquiring
sufficient size and ATP, the cells enter the next phase (S) where they
undergo DNA synthesis and a copy or each chromosome is formed. Since
the formation of new DNA is an energy draining process, the cell undergoes a
second growth and energy acquisition stage, the G2 phase. The energy
acquired during G2 is used in cell division or mitosis.
For all organisms it is essential that the different phases of the cell cycle are
precisely coordinated. The phases must follow in the correct order, and one
phase must be completed before the next phase can begin. Errors in this
coordination may lead to chromosomes being lost, rearranged or distributed
unequally between the two daughter cells. This type of chromosome
alteration is often seen in cancer cells (Hartwell, Hunt and Nurse Nobel
lecture 2001).
Cheng (1982) reported a significant increase of ATP, up to 500%, following
microcurrent stimulation. However, Chengs study did not explore:
- the effects of increased ATP on cellular proliferation,
- the effects of increased ATP on the proper coordination of cell division.
The phase of the cell cycle may be important to the effects of microcurrent as
cell cycle seems to influence the receptivity of the cell to extracellular
signals. Generally, cells in the G0 / G1 stage undergo division when they
receive signals that instruct them to enter the active phases of the cell cycle
(Morgan et al, 2002). Deregulation of the cell cycle components has been
shown to induce mitotic catastrophe and also may be involved in triggering
programmed cell death of apoptosis (King et al, 2004).
In conclusion, more research is necessary to test the hypothesis that
microcurrent may have an effect on the coordination of cell division by virtue
of increasing ATP. A even more interesting research study may be
examining the effects of nano current resonance with biological signals
instructing cells in the G0 / G1 stage to undergo division, by testing different
complex waveforms (built with several frequencies) that vary in shape or
composition.
Can Nano Current have an effect on how Proteins Create Life?
Cell biology research has revealed that although the cell nucleus reflects the
cells reproductive system while the membrane represents its brain (Pray
2004, Silverman 2004, Lipton, 2005). Following enucleation (removing the
nucleus to the cell) many cells can survive for up to two or more months,
10
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