Basic sensors and principles

Session 1: Displacement Session 3: Optics and Radiation

 Resistive sensors  Radiation sources
 Inductive sensors  Geometrical and fiber optics
 Capacitive sensors  Optical filters
 Piezoelectric sensors  Radiation sensors
Session 2: Temperature
 Thermocouples
 Thermistors
 Radiation
 Fiber optics
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz
Biomedical Instrumentation
 Basic sensors and principles

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz

Biomedical Instrumentation
 Basic sensors and principles
Session 1: Displacement Session 3: Optics and Radiation
 Resistive sensors  Radiation sources
 Inductive sensors  Geometrical and fiber optics
 Capacitive sensors  Optical filters
 Piezoelectric sensors  Radiation sensors
Session 2: Temperature
 Thermocouples
 Thermistors
 Radiation
 Fiber optics
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz
Biomedical Instrumentation
 Resistive sensors
+ uut -
P t ti
Potentiometers
t

+ uin -

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz

Biomedical Instrumentation
 Resistive sensors
Strain gages
g g
L
R
A
Temperature effects have to
be considered

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz

Biomedical Instrumentation
 Resistive sensors
Bridge
g circuits
Suitable when small changes in resistance
Compensation for temperature effects

Wheatstone bridge RX R2  1 1 
VG  E E 
 E  
RX  R3 R1  R2  1  R3 / RX R1 / R2  1 
- +

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz

Biomedical Instrumentation
 Inductive sensors

L = n2Gμ
G - Nonlinear

 L = inductance + Can be made extremely sensitive

 n = number
b off turns
t off coil
il
 G = geometric form factor
 μ = effective permeability of medium

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz

Biomedical Instrumentation
 Capacitive sensors
Q A
C    0 r
V x
For small x

ε0 = dielectric constant of free space A

εr = relative dielectric constant of the insulator C   0 r x
A = area of the plates
x = distance between plates
The distance is modified to alter the capacitance

Q = charge
V = voltage
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz
Biomedical Instrumentation
 Capacitive sensors
How do we measure the
displacement?
Let us use the well known negative
feedback of the op-amp: Inverting
1 A
amplifier
p C   0 r
Cx V0 Z jC x x
 x 
Vi Zi 1
jCi
Ci jCi C Ci
-   i x  Kx
jC x Cx  0 r A
Vi Vo
~ + Vo  KxVi
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz
Biomedical Instrumentation
 Capacitive sensors

Simple
Si l ffabrication
b i ti F
Accurate

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz

Biomedical Instrumentation
 Piezoelectric sensors

Piezoelectric
Pi l t i materials
t i l generatet electric
l t i potential
t ti l when
h
strained
1 Force
1.
2. Crystal lattice disordered
3 Displacement of electrical charges
3.
The induced charge q is proportional to the force f
applied
q = kf f
-

+
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz
Biomedical Instrumentation
 Thermocouples

An electromotive
A l t ti fforce exists
i t across a junction
j ti off
dissimilar metals

T1 T2

+ -
E=f(T1-T2)
Figure 2
2.14
14

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz

Biomedical Instrumentation
 Thermistors
Semiconductors made of ceramic materials
Increasing resistance with decreasing temperature (opposite to
metals)  T T t 0 

Rt  R0 e Tt T0

β = material
t i l kkonstant
t t (K)
T0 = reference temperature at
which the resistance is R0
Rt = resistance at temperature Tt

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz

Biomedical Instrumentation
 Radiation
Every body above 0 K transmits electromagnetic power
This power is detected e.g. by an infrared sensor

IR-detector
Radiant
energy

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz

Biomedical Instrumentation
 Fiber optics

Some off the

S th optical
ti l power iis absorbed
b b db by th
the semi-
i
conducting sensor
Th amountt off absorbed
The b b d power increases
i with
ith
temperature

Transmitting fibre

Gallium arsenide
Receiving fibre
(GaAs) sensor

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz

Biomedical Instrumentation
 Optical measurements
Source Optics Filter Test object Detector

Tungsten Lens Amplitude Finger Thermal

lamps reduction: partly sensors:
Fiber optics Earlobe
silvered g
glass, thermistor
Light
polaroid filters
emitting Quantum
diodes Color filters: sensors:
Organic dye in photo diode,
diode
Lasers
gelatin photo
transistor

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz

Biomedical Instrumentation
 Optical measurements

Pulse
P l oximeter:
i t oxygen saturation
t ti iin arterial
t i l bl
blood
d
Two wavelengths: red and infrared
Make use of varying part to ensure measuring arterial
blood

Arterial blood
Arterial blood
on
Absorbtio

Venous blood
Other tissue
A

Ambient light
Time

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz

Biomedical Instrumentation
 Pulse Oximetry

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Prof. Kaj Lindecrantz

Biomedical Instrumentation