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lithium?
> Developed the idea of ___atoms______
>Matter is composed of ___empty _ __space__ through which atoms move.
lithium
Lithium:
Li
3.
++
+
+ - +
+
3p
+
3p
+
Each orbit has a fixed __energy __ __levels__, and therefore the electrons do not
lose energy.
1931 James Chadwick
Discovered the _neutrons______, the _neutral______ subatomic particle in
3
p
+
4
no
Atomic Structure
Subatomic
Particle
Proton
Charge
Mass
+ charge
1 amu
Neutron
NO charge
1 amu
Electron
- charge
0.0005
tiny!
The _electron_ (__e-_) is the ___negative_____ charged (_-1__) particle found outside of
the nucleus.
3
APE MAN
(for neutral atoms)
Atomic Number = # Protons = # Electrons
Element
Atomic Number
Protons
Electrons
Silver
47
47
47
lead
82
82
82
oxygen
zinc
30
30
30
APE MAN
(for neutral atoms)
Mass number - Atomic Number = # Neutrons
Element
potassium
Atomic Mass
39
sodium
Atomic Number
19
5
11
Why? 11 -
argon
40
Why? 18 + 22 =
40
18
Neutrons
How? 39 19 =
20n
6
=6
22
p+
n0
e4
S-2
16
(lost 2)
16-2 = 14
32-16= 16 n
eN-3
N gained 3 e-
so
Sc lost 3 e-
Sc+3
so
14-7=7n
21
45-21 =
10
24n
18
Isotopes
Iron -54
Iron-56
Iron-57
Atomic
Number
A
Protons
p
Neutrons
M-A=n
Electrons
e
A=p=e
55.845
54
26
26 p
54-26=28
n
26 e
55.845
56
26
26 p
56-26=30
n
26 e
55.845
57
26
26 p
57-26=31
n
26 e
Step 2c.
24 10 e (drawn) = 14 e left
draw one more level
Level 3 holds 18 but only draw
what we need. Draw 14 e-
24 total e- needed
-2 e-_drawn
22 e- left
-8 drawn
14 e- left
14 e- drawn
0 e- left = DONE
Atomic mass of an element on the periodic table is the weighted average mass of the
isotopes of that element.
Example 2 :
Natural copper (Cu) consists of 2 isotopes
Copper -63 makes 69% and Copper-65 makes the remaining 31% of copper atoms
in the world.
1. 69%= 69 / 100 = 0.69
31% = 31/100 = 0.31
2. [ 63 x 0.69 ] + [ 65 x 0.31] = 63.62 amu
Isotopic Symbol
X = element symbol
A = Mass Number
Z = Atomic Number
Here X = He (helium)
Here, the mass number = 4
Here, Z = 2 ( 2 protons in He.)