OUTPUT PER WORKER ACROSS COUNTRIES

111

infrastructure. Our maintained hypothesis (already tested in part

using the test of overidentifying restrictions) is that this relation
does not omit other fundamental determinants of output per
worker. For example, characteristics of an economy such as the
size of government, the rate of inflation, or the share of high-tech
goods in international trade are all best thought of in our opinion
as outcomes rather than determinants. Just as investment in
skills, capital, and technologies, these variables are determined
primarily by a country's social infrastructure.
To examine the robustness of our specification, we selected a
set of candidates to be additional fundamental determinants and
consider a range of specifications. These alternative specifications
are reported in Table VI.
The first two specifications redefine measured social infrastructure to be either the GADP variable or the Sachs-Warner
openness variable, rather than the average of the two. The results
TABLE VI
ROBUSTNESS RESULTS
log Y/L = a + p:S + A Added Variable +
OverID test
Social
Additional
Specification
infrastructure
variable
5.410
1.
S = GADP
(.394)
2.
,' = ye a r s ope n
4.442
(.871)
3.
D i s t a n c e f r o m e q u a t or
5.079
0.062
(2.61)
(2.062)
4.Ethnolinguistic fractionalization
5.006
-0.223
(N = 113)
(.745)
(.386)
5.
Religious affiliation (N
4.980
See
= 121)
(.670)
Note
6.
L og ( popu la tion)
5.173
0.047
(.513)
(.060)
7.
L og ( C- H de nsit y)
5.195
-0.546
(.539)
(1.11)
8.
Ca pita lis t s yste m
6.354
-1.057
indica
t or
variable
(1.14)
(.432)
9.
In str ume n ts: ma in se t
4.929
plus
continent dummies
(.388)

p-value
.006
Reject
.131
Accept
.129
Accept
.212
Accept
.478
Accept
.412
Accept
.272
Accept
.828
Accept
.026
Reject

QE

.769
1.126
.835
.816
.771
.845
.850
.899
.812

See notes to Table II. Instruments are the same as in Table II, except where noted. Additional variables
are discussed in the text. The coefficients on the religious variables in line 5, followed by standard errors, are
Catholic (0.992,.354), Muslim (0.877,.412), Protestant (0.150,.431), and Hindu (0.839,1.48).