Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
El desarrollo del laboratorio como parte experimental del curso de Fsica II, esta
dirigido a los estudiantes del reas de Ingeniera, cada experiencia comprende de una
exposicin terica descriptiva, de los experimentos donde el estudiante comprobara as
leyes de la fsica
Es nuestro deseo que le presote material seas de muchas utilidad, agradeciendo sus
sugerencias y comentarios que contribuirn a mejorar las futuras ediciones.
/RV DXWRUHV
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Cartula .....................................................................
Presentacin ..............................................................
ii
ndice .........................................................................
iii
Gua 01
1- 6
Gua 02
7 - 12
Gua 03
13 - 19
Gua 04
20 - 26
Gua 05
Principio de Arqumedes............................................
26 - 31
Gua 06
32 - 38
Gua 07
39 - 42
Gua 08
43 - 48
Gua 09
49 - 54
Gua 10
55 - 59
Bibliografa ...............................................................
60
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E 'HWHUPLQDU OD FRQVWDQWH HOiVWLFD GH XQ UHVRUWH XVDQGR ORV PpWRGRV HOiVWLFR \
GLQiPLFR
F &DOFXODULQGLUHFWD\H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWHODPDVDGHXQUHVRUWH
,,(;3(5,0(172
$ 02'(/2)6,&2
3DUDDOFDQ]DUORVREMHWLYRVGHHVWDH[SHULHQFLDHVQHFHVDULRWHQHUHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQORV
VLJXLHQWHVDVSHFWRV
(ODVWLFLGDG
/DHODVWLFLGDGHVODSURSLHGDGTXHWLHQHWRGRFXHUSRHQUHFREUDUVXIRUPD\WDPDxR
RULJLQDOGHVSXpVTXHFHVDQODVIXHU]DVGHIRUPDGRUDV
&XDQGR XQ FXHUSR HOiVWLFR WDO FRPR XQ UHVRUWH VH HVWLUD PHGLDQWH XQD IXHU]D
DSOLFDGD VREUH pO VH REVHUYD OD GHIRUPDFLyQ [ GHO UHVRUWH HV SURSRUFLRQDO D GLFKD
IXHU]D(VWRVHYHULILFDPLHQWUDVQRVHH[FHGDHOOtPLWHHOiVWLFR3RUORWDQWROD/H\GH
+RRNHDILUPDTXHODIXHU]DTXHDSDUHFHLQWHUQDPHQWHHQHOUHVRUWH\TXHKDFHTXHpVWH
UHJUHVHDVXSRVLFLyQGHHTXLOLEULRHV
) = N[
'RQGH N HV OD FRQVWDQWH HOiVWLFD GHO UHVRUWH TXH UHSUHVHQWD OD IXHU]D UHTXHULGD SDUD
SURGXFLUXQDGHIRUPDFLyQOLQHDO\HOVLJQRPHQRVQRVLQGLFDTXHVLHPSUHHVWiGLULJLGD
KDFLDODSRVLFLyQGHHTXLOLEULR
)LJ
- 13 -
0RYLPLHQWR$UPyQLFR6LPSOH
&RQVLGHUHPRV XQ FXHUSR GH PDVD P VXVSHQGLGR GHO H[WUHPR LQIHULRU GH XQ UHVRUWH
YHUWLFDOGHPDVDGHVSUHFLDEOHFRQFRQVWDQWHN
(Q HO HTXLOLEULR ODV IXHU]DV DSOLFDGDV VRQ HO SHVR PJ \ OD IXHU]D ) HMHUFLGD SRU HO
UHVRUWH FX\D PDJQLWXG YLHQH GDGD SRU ) = N VLHQGR G OD GHIRUPDFLyQ HOiVWLFD GHO
UHVRUWHHQODSRVLFLyQGHHTXLOLEULR3RUORWDQWR
PJ N
6XSRQJDPRV DKRUD TXH VH HVWLUD HO UHVRUWH OOHYDQGR HO EORTXH KDFLD GHEDMR GH OD
SRVLFLyQGHHTXLOLEULRXQYDORU$\OXHJRVHDEDQGRQDDVtPLVPRVLQYHORFLGDGLQLFLDO
6H RULJLQDUi XQ PRYLPLHQWR RVFLODWRULR KDFLD DUULED \ GHEDMR GH OD SRVLFLyQ GH
HTXLOLEULRGHVGHODSRVLFLyQ$DODSRVLFLyQ$
;
;
9HDPRVHOVLJXLHQWH*UiILFR
%
3RVLFLyQGH
Z W
(TXLOLEULR
)LJ0RYLPLHQWR$UPyQLFR
6LPSOH(QHOHMHYHUWLFDO
-A
Posicin de
Equilibrio
F = -k
+
)LJ
- 14 -
mg
3DUD HO HVWXGLR GHO PRYLPLHQWR VXSRQJDPRV DO EORTXH HQ OD SRVLFLyQ S HQ HO WLHPSR
W
6HD ; OD SRVLFLyQ GHO EORTXH PHGLGD GHVGH OD SRVLFLyQ GH HTXLOLEULR 2 WRPDQGR
KDFLDDEDMRFRPRVHQWLGRSRVLWLYRGHOHMH[
<DKHPRVDILUPDGRTXHODVIXHU]DVDSOLFDGDVVRQHOSHVRPJ\ODIXHU]D)HMHUFLGDSRU
HOUHVRUWHHQpVWDSRVLFLyQFX\DPDJQLWXGVHUi
) N ;
'HDTXtODUHVXOWDQWHGHDPEDVIXHU]DVYHQGUiGDGDSRU
3HURPJ N
) N;
Que nos dice que las resultantes de las fuerzas aplicadas al bloque, es proporcional a la posicin X medida
a partir de la posicin de equilibrio O. Y el signo que siempre est dirigida hacia la posicin de equilibrio.
(VWH WLSR GHPRYLPLHQWREDMRODDFFLyQGHXQD IXHU]D UHFXSHUDGRUD HOiVWLFD )
N; \ HQ DXVHQFLD GH WRGR UR]DPLHQWR VH GHQRPLQD 029,0,(172 $501,&2
6,03/(
6L [ HV OD SRVLFLyQ GHO FXHUSR UHVSHFWR D OD SRVLFLyQ GH HTXLOLEULR HQ HO LQVWDQWH GHO
WLHPSRWHQWRQFHVODHFXDFLyQGHOPRYLPLHQWRHV
PD N[
G 2 [ N[
+ =0
GW 2 P
ODVROXFLyQPDWHPiWLFDDHVWDHFXDFLyQGLIHUHQFLDOVRQODVIXQFLRQHVDUPyQLFDVVHQRR
FRVHQR&RLQFLGLHQGRHQODSUiFWLFDFRQORREVHUYDGRHVWRHVODPDVDRFXSDODPLVPD
SRVLFLyQ GHVSXpV OR WDQWR GH LQWHUYDORVLJXDOHV GH WLHPSR VLHQGR SRU XQ PRYLPLHQWR
SHULyGLFR$VtWHQHPRVTXHODVROXFLyQGHODHFXDFLyQDQWHULRUHV
'RQGH$
[ = $ cos( W + )
\ VRQFRQVWDQWHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHFDGDPRYLPLHQWRDUPyQLFRVLPSOH
/XHJR HO PRYLPLHQWRDUPyQLFR VLPSOH HV XQ PRYLPLHQWR SHULyGLFR FX\R SHULRGR HVWD
GDGRSRU
7 = 2
/DIUHFXHQFLDIGHXQPRYLPLHQWRDUPyQLFRVLPSOHHVLJXDODOQ~PHURGHRVFLODFLRQHV
FRPSOHWDVSRUXQLGDGGHWLHPSRHQWHQGLpQGRVHSRURVFLODFLyQHOPRYLPLHQWRGHLGD\
YXHOWDKDVWDYROYHUDOSXQWRGHSDUWLGD$Vt
I =1 W
- 15 -
/D FDQWLGDG
UHODFLRQDGDFRQ/DIUHFXHQFLDSRUXQDUHODFLyQVLPLODUDODGHOPRYLPLHQWRFLUFXODU\
FX\DIyUPXODHVWiGDGDSRU
7DPELpQ
7 = 2 = 2 I
= N / P 7 = 2 P / N
6L OD PDVD PU GHO UHVRUWH QR HV GHVSUHFLDEOH SHUR VL HV SHTXHxD FRPSDUDGD FRQ OD
PDVD P GHO FXHUSR VXVSHQGLGR GHO UHVRUWH VH GHPXHVWUD TXH HO SHULRGR GHO
PRYLPLHQWRHV
%
7 = 2 ( P + PU / 3) N
',6(f2
5HJOD
JUDGXDGD
5HORM
6RSRUWH
XQLYHUVDO
3HVDGH
PHWDO
Fig. 4
&(48,326<0$7(5,$/(6
8QUHVRUWH8QLYHUVDO
8QVHQVRUGHGLVWDQFLD
8QSRUWDSHVDV
8QMXHJRGHSHVDV
8QDUHJODJUDGXDGD
8QDEDODQ]D
8QFURQyPHWUR
+RMDVGHSDSHOPLOLPHWUDGR
- 16 -
'9$5,$%/(6,1'(3(1',(17(6
4XpLQVWUXPHQWRVQRVGDQODVYDULDEOHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHVHQHOH[SHULPHQWR"\&XiOHV
VRQHVWDVYDULDEOHV"
(9$5,$%/(6'(3(1',(17(6
4XpLQVWUXPHQWRVQRVGDQODVYDULDEOHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHVHQHO[SHULPHQWR"\&XiOHV
VRQHVWDVYDULDEOHV"
)5$1*2'(75$%$-2
&XiOHVVRQORVUDQJRVGHWUDEDMRGHORVLQVWUXPHQWRVXWLOL]DGRV"
([LVWHDOJ~QRWURLQVWUXPHQWRRHTXLSRTXHQRKD\DVLGRFRQVLGHUDGR"
*352&(',0,(172
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0HGLUODPDVDGHOSRUWDSHVDV\GHOUHVRUWH$QRWDUORVYDORUHVHQODWDEOD1
6XVSHQGHUHOUHVRUWHGHOVRSRUWH\KDFHUFRLQFLGLUVXH[WUHPRLQIHULRUFRQXQYDORU
GHWHUPLQDGRGHODUHJOD
6XVSHQGHU HO SRUWDSHVDV GHO H[WUHPR LQIHULRU GHO UHVRUWH \ FRORFDU XQD PDVD
DGHFXDGDSDUDSURGXFLUXQSHTXHxRHVWLUDPLHQWRHQpO$QRWDUHQODWDEOD1OD
5HSHWLUHOSDVRFRORFDQGRRWUDVPDVDVFDGDYH]PD\RUHV\FRPSOHWDUORVYDORUHV
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVHQODWDEOD1VLQGHWHULRUDUHOUHVRUWH
&RORFDU HQ HO SRUWDSHVDV XQD SHTXHxD PDVD GH WDO IRUPD TXH DO GHVSOD]DUOD
YHUWLFDOPHQWHXQDGLVWDQFLD$\OXHJRGHVROWDUODSURGX]FDRVFLODFLRQHVOLEUHVVLQ
TXHVHSURGX]FDSHUWXUEDFLRQHVQLPRYLPLHQWRVODWHUDOHV
PLVPRDQRWDUHQODSDUWHLQIHULRUGHHVWDWDEODHOYDORUGHODDPSOLWXG$VyORSDUD
HVWDSULPHUDPDVD
'HWHUPLQDUFRQHOFURQyPHWURHOWLHPSRWTXHHPSOHDHOVLVWHPDPDVDUHVRUWHHQ
GDUQ yRVFLODFLRQHVFRPSOHWDV7HQHUFXLGDGRHQFRQWDUGHVGHFHURFXDQGR
VHHPSLHFHDPHGLUHOWLHPSR3URFXUHTXHODDPSOLWXGVHPDQWHQJDFRQVWDQWH
&DOFXODUHOSHULRGR7 WQSDUDHVWDPDVD\DQRWDUHVWHYDORUHQODWDEOD1
5HSHWLUORVSDVRV \ SDUD RWUDV PDVDV FDGD YH] PD\RUHV \ DQRWDU ORV
YDORUHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVHQHVWDPLVPDWDEOD
2EVHUYDUH[SHULPHQWDOPHQWHHOHIHFWRGHODDPSOLWXGVREUHHOSHULRGRVROWDQGRXQD
PDVDGHWHUPLQDGDGHVGHGLIHUHQWHVSRVLFLRQHV9DUtDHOSHULRGR"
- 17 -
+ 0(',&,21(6',5(&7$6(,1',5(&7$6
1
0NJ
1
)1
3HVR
3 1
;P
7$%/$1
1
0NJ
7$%/$1
$PSOLWXG
$ FP
3HULRGR
7 V
7
V
)1
;P
7
V
7
V
,&8(67,21$5,2
8VDQGRORVYDORUHVGHODWDEOD1JUDILFDU) );5HDOLFHHODMXVWHSRUHOPpWRGR
GH ORV PtQLPRV FXDGUDGRV 3DVD OD FXUYD WUD]DGD SRU HO RULJHQ GHO VLVWHPD GH
FRRUGHQDGDV"([SOLFDU
$ SDUWLU GH OD JUiILFD ) ); GHWHUPLQDU HO YDORU H[SHULPHQWDO GH OD FRQVWDQWH
HOiVWLFDNGHOUHVRUWH
&XiO HV HO VLJQLILFDGR GHO iUHD EDMR OD FXUYD REWHQLGD HQ OD JUiILFD ) );"
'HWHUPLQDUVXYDORU
8VDQGR ORV YDORUHV GH OD WDEOD 1 P P7 (V pVWD XQD FXUYD WRWDOPHQWH
OLQHDO"3RUTXp"
UHVRUWH&RPSDUDHVWHYDORUFRQHOREWHQLGRHQODSUHJXQWD14XpYDORUHVPiV
GLJQRGHFRQILDQ]D"3RUTXp"
- 18 -
4Xp FRQFOXVLyQ H[SHULPHQWDO REWLHQH GHO SDVR GHO SURFHGLPLHQWR GH HVWD
H[SHULHQFLD" 9DUtD HO SHULRGR DO YDULDU OD DPSOLWXG SDUD XQD PLVPD PDVD"
([SOLFDUSRUTXp
FRUUHJLGD DGLFLRQDQGR D OD PDVD WRWDO P HO YDORU PU FRPR VH LQGLFD HQ OD
HFXDFLyQ
3RUTXpQRVHKDFHHVWDPLVPDFRUUHFFLyQGHDGLFLRQDUPDODPDVDPGHOD
H[SUHVLyQ) PJXVDGDHQHOSDVRGHOSURFHGLPLHQWRGHHVWDH[SHULHQFLD"
&RQVLGHUDQGR TXH OD PDVD GHO UHVRUWH PU QR SXHGH VHU GHVSUHFLDGD SHUR VL
SHTXHxDFRPSDUDGDFRQODPDVDPVXVSHQGLGD\TXHWRGDVODVSDUWHVGHOUHVRUWH
QR VRQ DFHOHUDGDV HQ LJXDO IRUPD SXHVWR TXH FDGD SDUWH GHO UHVRUWH WLHQH XQ
GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GLIHUHQWH GHPRVWUDU TXH HO SHULRGR GHO PRYLPLHQWR HV
7 = P +
PU
.
6XJHUHQFLD /D FRQGLFLyQ PU < P HV HTXLYDOHQWH D OD VXSRVLFLyQ GH TXH HO UHVRUWH VH
HVWLUDXQLIRUPHPHQWHHQODGLUHFFLyQGHVXORQJLWXG
([SOLFDUHOVLJQLILFDGR GH ORVGRV VLJQRVSRVLEOHV TXH VH LQGLFDQ SDUD OD YHORFLGDG
HQIXQFLyQGHODSRVLFLyQHQODHFXDFLyQ
&LWDU DOJXQRV HMHPSORV GH PRYLPLHQWR TXH VHDQ DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH DUPyQLFRV
VLPSOHV 3RU TXp VRQ UDURV ORV PRYLPLHQWRV TXH VRQ H[DFWDPHQWH DUPyQLFRV
VLPSOHV"
,,,&21&/86,21(6
,9%,%/,2*5$)$
$XWRU 7tWXOR (GLFLyQ (GLWRULDO /XJDU GH ,PSUHVLyQ $xR H ,PSUHVLyQ 1XPHUR GH
SDJLQDVFRQVXOWDGDV
- 19 -
26&,/$&,21(6)25=$'$6$0257,*8$'$6
,2%-(7,92
,,(;3(5,0(172
$
02'(/2)6,&2
([SHULPHQWDOPHQWHHOPRYLPLHQWRGHXQEORTXHVXVSHQGLGRHQXQUHVRUWHQRRVFLOD
LQGHILQLGDPHQWHFRPRVHFUHHDOHVWXGLDUHOPRYLPLHQWRDUPyQLFRVLPSOHFRQORFXDO
OD DPSOLWXG VHUtD FRQVWDQWH VLQR TXH D FRQVHFXHQFLD GHO UR]DPLHQWR VX DPSOLWXG
) = P.D
. .[ .Y = P.D
5HDOL]DQGRODVVXVWLWXFLRQHV
G[
Y=
GW
G 2[
D= 2
GW
Kx
VHREWLHQH
x
G[
G 2[
= P. 2
GW
GW
2
G [
G[
P 2 + + .[ = 0
GW
GW
. .[ .
Fig. 1
'LYLGLHQGRWRGRVORVWpUPLQRVGHODHFXDFLyQSRUODPDVDP
G 2 [ G[ .
+ + = 0
GW 2 P GW P
= 2
P
.
= R2
P
'RQGH R2 YLHQHDVHUHOYDORUGHODIUHFXHQFLDDQJXODUVLQDPRUWLJXDPLHQWRVH
REWLHQH
G 2[
G[
+ 2
+ R2 [ = 0
2
GW
GW
- 20 -
3DUD UHVROYHU HVWD HFXDFLyQ GLIHUHQFLDO KDUHPRV XQ FDPELR GH YDULDEOH
FRQVLGHUHPRVODYDULDEOH]HQOXJDUGHODYDULDEOH[WDOTXH [ = ]H t
+DOODQGRODSULPHUD\VHJXQGDGHULYDGDGH[UHVSHFWRDW
G[
G]
= H t
H t ]
GW
GW
2
2
G [
G]
t G ]
=
2H t
+ 2 H t ]
H
2
2
GW
GW
GW
\ UHHPSOD]DQGRODHFXDFLyQGLIHUHQFLDOVHREWLHQH
G 2]
= R2 2 ]
2
GW
VLVHKDFH 2 = R2 2 VHREWLHQH
G 2]
= 2 ]
GW 2
X
T
A
t
Fig. 2
/D HFXDFLyQ FRLQFLGH FRQ OD HFXDFLyQ GLIHUHQFLDO GHO PRYLPLHQWR DUPyQLFR VLPSOH
FX\DVROXFLyQFRQRFHPRV
3RUFRQVLJXLHQWH
] = $ sen ( W +
[ = $H t sen ( W + )
- 21 -
&',6(f2
Soporte
Universal
6oporte
UniverVDO
-A
Posicin de
Posicin de
Equilibrio
Equilibrio
-A
Regla
Graduada
Regla
Graduada
+
m
g
m
g
Fig. 3
Vaso
Probeta
Fig. 4
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8QUHVRUWH
8QDUHJODJUDGXDGD
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8QDEDODQ]D
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8QFURQyPHWUR
8QMXHJRGHSHVDV
+RMDVGHSDSHOPLOLPHWUDGR
'9$5,$%/(6,1'(3(1',(17(6
4Xp LQVWUXPHQWRV QRV GDQ ODV YDULDEOHV LQGHSHQGLHQWHV HQ HO H[SHULPHQWR \
FXiOHVVRQHVWDVYDULDEOHV"
(9$5,$%/(6'(3(1',(17(6
4XpLQVWUXPHQWRVQRVGDQODVYDULDEOHVGHSHQGLHQWHVHQHOH[SHULPHQWR\FXiOHV
VRQHVWDVYDULDEOHV"
)5$1*2'(75$%$-2
&XiOHVVRQORVUDQJRVGHWUDEDMRGHORVLQVWUXPHQWRV"
([LVWHDOJ~QRWURLQVWUXPHQWRRHTXLSRTXHQRKD\DVLGRFRQVLGHUDGR"
- 22 -
*352&(',0,(172
3UHYLDPHQWH KDOODPRV OD PDVD GHO FXHUSR VXMHWR D YLEUDFLyQ DVt FRPR OD PDVD
GHOUHVRUWH
3URFHGHPRVDKDOODUR VLQDPRUWLJXDPLHQWR'HODHFXDFLyQ
6L7
HQWRQFHVSRGHPRVKDOODU
R
7
4. Medir la masa del portapesas y del resorte. Anotar los valores en la tabla N 1.
5. 6XVSHQGHU el resorte del soporte y hacer coincidir su extremo inferior con un valor determinado
de la regla.
6. 6XVSHQGHU el portapesas del extremo inferior del resorte y colocar una masa adecuada para
producir un pequeo estiramiento en l. Anotar en la Tabla N 1 la masa total m (masa del portapesas + masa colocada) y usando la expresin F=mg, anotar en la Tabla N 1 la fuerza
correspondiente a esta masa y el estiramiento X producido por esta fuerza.
7. 5HSHWLU el paso (3) ,colocando otras masas cada vez mayores y completar los valores
correspondientes en la Tabla N 1.
1
0NJ
)1
TABLA N 01
1
;P
0NJ
)1
;P
LL&iOFXORGHODIUHFXHQFLDGHDPRUWLJXDPLHQWRYD SRUHOPpWRGRGLQiPLFR
&RQODPLVPDPDVDVXMHWRDYLEUDFLyQSURFHGHPRVDGHWHUPLQDUHOSHULRGRVREUHHO
YDVRFRQOtTXLGRSURYRFDQGRDVtHODPRUWLJXDPLHQWRFRPR
- 23 -
',6(f2
7 7LHPSRWUDQVFXUULGRQ~PHURGHRVFLODFLRQHV
$GHPiVVDEHPRVTXH
7 D
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R J
352&(',0,(172
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6XVSHQGHU HO UHVRUWH GHO VRSRUWH \ KDFHU FRLQFLGLU VX H[WUHPR LQIHULRU FRQ XQ
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- 24 -
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+&8(67,21$5,2
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,,,&21&/86,21(6
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35,1&,3,2'($5480('(6
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,,(;3(5,0(172
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/D GHQVLGDG GH XQ FXHUSR R GH XQD VXVWDQFLD HV OD UD]yQ GH VX PDVD D VX
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H[SUHVDU OD PDVD \ HO YROXPHQ 'H DTXt HQ HO VLVWHPD 6, HV NJP VRQ XQLGDGHV
SDUDH[SUHVDUODGHQVLGDGGHXQFXHUSRRXQDVXVWDQFLD
Al determinar la densidad de un cuerpo de forma irregular se puede encontrar la dificultad de calcular
su volumen. Sin embargo, este problema puede ser superado fcilmente aplicando el principio de
Arqumedes, el cual establece que "cuando un cuerpo se sumerge total o parcialmente en un fluido,
aquel experimenta una disminucin aparente de su peso como consecuencia de la fuerza vertical y
hacia arriba, (llamada empuje) que el fluido ejerce sobre dicho cuerpo. La magnitud del empuje es
igual al peso del volumen de fluido desalojado". Esto es:
( (PSXMH J9
Fig. 1
6HGHVSUHQGHTXHVLXQFXHUSRVHVXPHUJHWRWDOPHQWH
6LSHVRGHOFXHUSR!HPSXMHHOFXHUSRIORWD
6LSHVRGHOFXHUSRHPSXMHHOFXHUSRVHKXQGH
3RUWDQWRHOSHVRDSDUHQWH: GHOFXHUSRHQHOIOXLGRHVWiGDGRSRU
: :(
- 26 -
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^:::}
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- 60 -