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Psychological Association 6 .. 2010 American Psychological
Association 6 Crediting Sources
7 Reference Examples

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/) APA
4) 11 APA
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APA 11 5) APA
15
APA Style

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1.
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1.1.1

40 3
1.1.2

40 3
1.1.3

1.2
2. APA
2.1
2.2
3. APA
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.2 APA
3.2.1

3.2.2

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5.6
5.7
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5.11
5.12
5.13
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AMA Manual of Style American Medical Association

APA Style American Psychological Association

Chicago Manual of Style Chicago University

MLA Style Modern Language Association

Turabian Style

Vancouver Style

APA (APA Style) Publication

Manual of the American Psychological Association 6 .. 2010
APA Style



(Quotation)

(7)
(Paraphrasing) (Citing References
in Text) (Footnote)
APA
(References) (Reference List)
( ) APA
(Bibliographies) (American Psychological Association, 2010, p.180)


(for Background)
(for Further Reading)
(APA, 2010, p.180n1.)

 APA 6

1.






(Quoting) (Paraphrasing)
(Citing References in Text)
(Listing References)

1.1 (Quoting)

/ [sic] []

Miele (1993) found the following:

The placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared
when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were
never exhibited again [emphasis added], even when reel [sic] drugs were
administered. Earlier studied (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature
in attributing the results to a placebo effect (p. 276)

APA
/
40 3 40 3

APA 6

1.1.1 40 3


1)
(Quotation
Mark) ( )

Interpreting these results, Robbins et al. (2003) suggested that the therapists in dropout cases
may have inadvertently validated parental negativity about the adolescent without adequately
responding to the adolescents needs or concerns (p. 541), contributing to an overall climate of
negativity.

2) ( )
1
(.)

Confusing this issue is the overlapping nature of roles in palliative care, whereby medical needs
are met by those in the medical disciplines; nonmedical needs may be addressed by anyone on
the team (Csikai & Chaitin, 2006, p. 112).

1.1.2 40 3
3
0.5 ()
3
0.5 ( 1 )
2 0.5

(.) 2

APA 6

Others have contradicted this view:

Co-presence does not ensure intimate interaction among all group members.
Consider large-scale social gatherings in which hundreds or thousands of people
gather in a location to perform a ritual or celebrate an event.
In these instances, participants are able to see the visible manifestation
of the group, The physical gathering, yet their ability to make direct, intimate
connections with those around them is limited by the sheer magnitude of the
assembly. (Purcell, 1997, pp. 111-112)

1.1.3


para.

Basu & Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest the need for a new intellectual framework
in which to consider the nature and form of regulation in cyberspace (para. 4).

( )

Empirical studies have found mixed results on the efficacy of labels in educating
consumers and changing consumption behavior (Golan, Kuchler, & Krissof, 2007,
Mandatory Labeling Has Targeted, para. 4).

( Mandatory Labeling Has Targeted Information Gaps and Social Objectives.)

1.2 (Paraphrasing Material)

APA 6

2. APA

(Citing References in Text)


( )


References Reference List Reference Cited, Literature Cited
Reference List

References

Bibliography

2.1 -

APA 6 (Author-date
Citation System) (
) (Intext Citation)
/

(Reference List)
Reference List Reference List
2

-
1) 1 (One Work by One Author)
(
) Jr. ( )
/

 APA 6

/


- :

Kessler (2003) found that among epidemiological samples

- :
(,)

Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessler, 2003).

/
(,)

In 2003, Kessler s study of epidemiological samples showed that

Among epidemiological samples, Kessler (2003) found that early onset social
anxiety disorder results in a more potent and severe course. Kessler also found
The study also showed that there was a high rate of comorbidity with
alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression (Kessler, 2003).

APA 6

( (,))

Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessler, 2003).
Kessler (2003) also found

(, . ) / Surname (Date, pp. )

(, , . ) / (Surname, Date, pp. )

(2555)

( , 2555)

(2525, . 42)

( , 2525, . 42)

Adam (2010)

(Adam, 2010)

Kidd (1987, pp. 1516)

(Kidd, 1987, pp. 1516)

2) (One Work by Multiple Authors)

2 2
35
et al. ( (.) al. )

Kisangau, Lyaruu, Hosea, and Joseph (2007) found

Kisangau et al. (2007) found

Kisangau et al. found
()

: 2 3
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(Ireys, Chernoff, DeVet, & Kim, 2001)

2 (Ireys, Chernoff, Stein, DeVet, & Silver, 2001)

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(Ireys et al., 2001)

2, 3, .. et al.
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Ireys, Chernoff, DeVet, et al. (2001) and Ireys, Chernoff, Stein, et al. (2001)

6 et al.


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( , 2536, . 45)

Drucker and Keegan (2009)

(Drucker & Keegan, 2009)

Anderson and Pratl (1995, p. 156)

(Anderson & Pratl, 1995, p. 156)

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(Kate, William, & Domon, 2008)

Abeles, Morgan, and Saltvit (1992, p. 23)

(Abeles, Morgan, & Saltvit, 1992, p. 23)

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Durbin, Cornor, Martin, Jerard, and Santum

(2005, pp. 3538)

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2005, pp. 3538)

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1 (, . )
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Green et al. (2009, pp. 4447)

(Green et al., 2009, pp. 4447)

(Basic Citation Styles)

(2555)
1
Walker (2007)

(2555)
Walker (2007)

( , 2555) ( , 2555)
(Walker, 2007)
(Walker, 2007)

2
(2554)
Walker and Allen
(2004)

(2554)
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2004)

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Bradley, Ramirez, and Bradley et al. (1999)
Soo (1999)

(
, 2554)
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2004)

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& Soo, 1999)

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Bradley, Ramirez, Bradley et al. (2006)
Soo, and Walsh
(2006)

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2006)

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Walker et al. (2008)
Bradley, Ramirez,
and Soo (2008)

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2005)

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(2005)

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(Wasserstein et al.,
2005)

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National Institute NIMH (2003)
of Mental Health
(NIMH, 2003)

( (, 2556)
[], 2556)
(National Institute (NIMH, 2003)
of Mental
Health [NIMH],
2003)

(2557)
University of
Pittsburgh (2005)

(,
2557)
(University of
Pittsburgh, 2005)

(2557)
University of
Pittsburgh (2005)

(2557)
(University of
Pittsburgh, 2005)

10

APA 6

3)

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unpaged
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(Halpin 1966, pp. 2728) ..

Halpin (1966, pp. 2728) .

 APA 6

11

Panyarachun (2005, p. 33)

(Panyarachun, 2005, p. 33)

9)

/
( et al. )

(in press)

Training materials are available (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2001, 2003)
Past research (Gogel, 1990, 2006, in press)

a, b, c, d, , , , ,

/
Several studies (Derryberry & Reed, 2005a, 2005b, in press-a; Rothbart, 2003a,
2003b)

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Derryberry (2005a)

(Derryberry, 2005a)

Derryberry (2005b)

(Derryberry, 2005b)

(surname) (;)
Several studies (Miller, 1999; Shafranske & Mahoney, 1998)

12

APA 6

:
see also

(Minor, 2001; see also Adams, 1999; Storandt, 2007)

10) (Secondary Sources)

Allport Nicholson Allport

Nicholson
Allports diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003).

Arnett (2000, as cited in Claiborne & Drewery, 2010) suggests there is an
emerging adult stage in the lifespan of humans, covering young people
between the ages of 18 and 25 years

/
Claiborne, L., & Drewery, W. (2010). Human development: Family, place,
culture. North Ryde: NSW, McGraw-Hill.

11) (Classical Works)

trans. (Version) version

(Aristotle, trans. 1931)

James (1890/1983)

 APA 6

13

12)


page = p., pages = pp. = .
chapter

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005, p. 10)

(Shimamura, 1989, Chapter 3)

13) (Personal Communications)

( )

/ (Reference List)

()
personal communication

(, 15 2555)
( , , 15 2555)
T. K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001)
(V.-G. Nguyen, personal communication, September 28, 1998)

14)
(Tables) (Figures)

Table Table 5, Table 5.1,. 5 5.1.. Figure

14

APA 6

Figure 5, Figure 5.1,. 5, 5.1 Table 5,

Table 5a, Table 5b,
14.1)
4
(1) (2) () (3) (4)

Table X
Factor Loadings for Exploratory Factor Analysis With Varimax Rotation of Personality Pathology
Scales
Table body.................
Note. Factor loadings > .40 are in boldface. SPQ = Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire; DAPP =
Dimensional Assessment of PersonalityBasic Questionnaire. Adapted from A Dimensional Model
of Personality Disorder: Incorporating DSM Cluster A Characteristics, by J. L. Tackett, A. L. Silberschmidt,
R. F. Krueger, and S. R. Sponheim, 2008, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, p. 457. Copyright 2008 by the
American Psychological Association.

(1) (table number) Table
Table 5.1 5.1
(2) (table title)

(3) (table body) /

(4) (table note)

p values
3
(4.1) (A general note)
3 /
..(
)

 APA 6

15

(4.2) (A specific note)

(Superscript Lowercase Letters (e.g.,a, b, c ))
(cell)
a, b, c,
a

Table X
Individual and Family Characteristics as a Percentage of the Sample
(Census Data in Parentheses)
Characteristic

Selfidentity
Mexican
Mexican American
Nativitya
Mexico
United States
Language preferenceb
English
Spanish
Education level completeda
8th grade or less

Mother
(n = 750)

Father
(n = 466)

Child
(n = 750)

77.2
22.8

71.0
29.0

41.0
59.0

74.2 (38.2)
25.8 (61.8)

80.0 (44.2)
20.0 (55.8)

29.7
70.3

30.2 (52.7)
69.8 (48.3)

23.2 (52.7)
76.8 (48.3)

82.5 (70.0)
17.5 (30.0)

29.2 (30.7)

30.2 (33.4)

Note. Adapted from Sampling and Recruitment in Studies of Cultural Influences on Adjustment: A Case Study With
Mexican Americans, by M. W. Roosa, F. F. Liu, M. Torres, N. A. Gonzales, G. P. Knight, and D. Saenz, 2008, Journal of
Family Psychology, 22, p. 300. Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association.
a
Census data are for all women or men and are not limited to parents or adults in our age group. bThe most comparable
census data for mothers and fathers are for all adults 18 and older and for children are for 15 to 17 yearolds. cCensus
data are for all women, not just mothers, whereas the male data are limited to husbands.

16

APA 6

(4.3) (A probability note) p value

3
(*) (asterisks)

Table X
Predictors of SelfReported Moral Behavior

Selfreported moral behavior

Model 2
Variable
Constant
Gender

Age
Social desirability bias

Model 1 B

95% Cl

3.192**
0.18*
0.06
0.08**

2.99**
0.17
0.05
0.08**

[2.37, 3.62]
[0.00, 0.33]
[0.14, 0.03]
[0.10, 0.05]

Note. N = 242. Cl = confidence interval. Adapted from Moral Attentiveness: Who Pays Attention to the Moral Aspects of
Life? by S. J. Reynolds, 2008, Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, p. 1035. Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological
Association.
*p < .05. **p < .01.

(note.)

14.1.1)

( = 1 )

 APA 6

17

. Note. (). Adapted

from , ( K. L. Klauer), ,
( ), ()
,. p. pp.. .

Note. An examples of application of the Rubber Elasticity Theory to Biopolymer Gels. Adapted
from A method for using measurements of shear modulus to estimate the size and thermodynamic
stability of junction zones in noncovallently cross-linked gels, by D. G. Oakenfull, 1984, Journal of
Food Science, 49, pp. 1103-1104, 1110. Copyright 1984 by Journal of Food Science.

14.1.2)

. Note. . Adapted from

(. p. pp. ), , , : . .

Note. Adapted from Emotion Marketing (p. 109), by S. Robinette and C. Brand, 2001, New York:
McGraw-Hill. Copyright 2001 by Hallmark Cards. Adapted with permission.

14.2) (Figures)
5 (Graphs)
/ (Charts) (Maps) (Drawings) (Photographs)
1
(.) 4.1 Figure 4.1
1 4

14.2.1) /

X. Figure X. (). Adapted from ,

, , (), () , . p. pp. .
[] .

18

APA 6

Figure 5.1. Generic mediation model being tested (on the basis of Baron & Kenny, (1986)). Adapted
from Preschool Home Literacy Practices and Childrens Literacy Development: A Longitudinal
Analysis, by M. Hood, E. Conlon, and G. Andrews, 2008, Journal of Educational Psychology, 100,
p. 259. Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association.

14.2.2) /

X. Figure X. (). () (. p.
pp. ), , , : . .

Figure 5.2. Showing the structure diagram for the cruise control system. Adapted from
Concurrency state models & Java programming (p.163), by 37 J. Magee and J. Kramer, 2006,
England: John Wiley & Sons. Copyright 2006 by John Wiley & Sons.

2.2

(Footnotes)

APA
APA
APA
1) 2

1.1) (Content Footnotes) /

 APA 6

19

1.2) (Copyright Permission Footnotes)

2)
2.1) ()


(Superscript) ( 1 ...)


1 3
2.2)
0.5
2.3)
Footnotes

/
Footnotes
A new dietary ingredient is defined as dietary ingredients that were not marketed in the
United States in a dietary supplement prior to October 15, 1994.
2
From the chapters Motive-Based Trust and Decision Acceptance and Societal
Orientations: Legitimacy and Connections With Society in Trust in the Law: Encouraging
Public Cooperation With the Police and Courts, by Tom R. Tyler and Yuen J. Huo, 2002, New York:
Russell Sage Foundation. Copyright 2002 by the Russell Sage Foundation, 112 East 64th Street,
New York, NY 10021. Reprinted with permission.
3
Supplementary data are available on the journal Web site (http://apnm.nrc.ca) or may
be purchased from the Depository of Unpublished Data, Document Delivery, CISTI, National
Research Council Canada, Building M-55, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
DUD 5396. For more information on obtaining material refer to http://cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/
eng/ibp/cisti/collection/unpublished-data.html.
1

20

APA 6

3)
3.1)

(.)

.......1.......................................................................................


.
1

Content Footnote:

Under the DSHEA, dietary supplements no longer receive approval from the FDA before
being marketed unless the supplement contains a new dietary ingredient (DSHEA, 1994).1
A new dietary ingredient is defined as dietary ingredients that were not marketed in the
United States in a dietary supplement prior to October 15, 1994.
1

 APA 6

21

3.2)

From [or The data in column 1 are from] Title of Article, by A. N. Author
and C. O. Author, year, Title of Journal, Volume, p. xx. Copyright [year] by the
Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or adapted] with permission.
[ 1 ] , 1
2, , , , . p. pp. . []
. [] .

, ,
2553, , 29(2), . 2540.
.
1

From [or The data in column 1 are from] Title of Book (p. xxx) by A. N. Author
and C. O. Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher. Copyright [year] by the
Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or adapted] with permission.
1
[ 1 ] (. p. pp. )
1 (: . . ()
) 2 (. . ),
, : . . [
] .

(. 4951),
, 2556, : .. 2556
.

From An easyguide to APA style (pp. 107108), by B. M. Schwartz, R. E.

Landrum, and R. A. R. Gurung, 2012, Los Angeles: SAGE, Copyright 2012 by
SAGE Publications, Inc.

22

APA 6

()

Copyright Permission Footnote:

Trust in authority was measured using four items drawn from models of
motivebased trust (Tyler & Huo, 2002).2
From the chapters MotiveBased Trust and Decision Acceptance and
Societal Orientations: Legitimacy and Connections With Society in Trust
in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation With the Police and Courts, by
Tom R. Tyler and Yuen J. Huo, 2002, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Copyright 2002 by the Russell Sage Foundation, 112 East 64th Street, New
York, NY 10021. Reprinted with permission.
2

 APA 6

23

3. APA
3.1

(Listing References)
(References)
(Sources) (Reference Data)
APA (APA Style) 6
.. 2010 4 (Author) (Year of publication)
(Title) (Publishing Data)

. (). . .

()
URL

APA

3.1.1
APA
( Vol. 3 Vol. III)
/
(Attention and Performance XIII)
3.1.2
APA

ed.

edition

Rev. ed.

Revised edition

24

APA 6

2nd ed.

Second edition

Ed. (Eds.)

Editor (Editors)

..

Trans.

Translator(s)

n.d.

no date

p. (pp.)

Page (pages)

Vol.

Volume (as in Vol. 4)

( 4)

Vols.

Volume
(as in Vols. 14)

(/ 14)

No.

Number

Pt.

Part

Tech. Rep.

Technical Report

Suppl.

Supplement

...

2
()

3.1.3
(Order of References in the Reference List)
(References List)
References
(Hanging indent format)
() 1
0.5

1) (Alphabetizing Names)

 APA 6

25

nothing precedes something

Brown, J. R. Browning, A. R. i j
Singh, Y.,
Singh Siddhu, N.
Girard, J.B.,
GirardPerregaux, A. S.
Villafuerte, S. A., VillaLobos, J.
M, Mc, Mac
Apostrophe ()
MacArthur McAllister
MacNeil MCarthy

Macomber, J., II Macomber, J., III
2)




Upenieks, V. (2003).

Upenieks, V. (2005).

Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2000).

Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2001).

Alleyne, R. L. (2001).
Alleyne, R. L., & Evans, A. J. (1999).

Boockvar, K. S., & Burack, O. R. (2007).

Boockvar, K. S., Carlson LaCorte, H., Giambanco, V., Friedman, B.,
& Siu, A. (2006).

Hayward, D., Firsching, A., & Brown, J. (1999).

Hayward, D., Firsching, A., & Smigel, J. (1999).

26

APA 6

1 2
(a, b, c, d, )
Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control
Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of
3)

Mathur, A. L., & Wallston, J. (1999).

Mathur, S. E., & Ahlers, R. J. (1998).
4)

()

3.2 APA

4

3.2.1
1)


1
1 () :
Author, A. A.
, ()

(Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C.,...)
(. . .)

 APA 6

27

Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C.,
Asgaard, G., . . . Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG
activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are more
severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits.
Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 249267. doi:10.1080/1462220041000
1676305

Janet, P. [Paul]. (1876). La notion de la personnalit [The notion of personality].

Revue Scientifique, 10, 574575.
Janet, P. [Pierre]. (1906). The pathogenesis of some impulsions. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 1, 117.
(hyphenated)

Lamour, J.B., JeanBaptiste Lamour

(suffixes Jr., III)
& ( )

Strong, E. K., Jr., & Uhrbrock, R. S. (1923). Bibliography on job analysis. In

L.Outhwaite (Series Ed.), Personnel Research Series: Vol. 1. Job analysis
and the curriculum (pp. 140146). doi:10.1037/10762000
Chamberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing
worker wellbeing: Occupational health psychologists convene to share
their research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5),
2629.

study group, government agency, association, corporation ( Royal Institute of
Technology; National Institute of Mental Health)

28

APA 6

Employee Benefit Research Institute. (1992, February). Sources of health

insurance and characteristics of the uninsured (Issue Brief No. 123).
Washington, DC: Author.
Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School Programs. (1949,
November 56). Meeting of Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel
in School Programs. David Shakow Papers (M1360). Archives of the History
of American Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, OH.

with with

Bulatao, E. (with Winford, C. A.)

(.)

Six sites meet for comprehensive antigang initiative conference. (2006,

November/December). OJJDP News @ a Glance. Retrieved from
http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/news_at_glance /216684/topstory.html
Heuristic. (n.d.). In MerriamWebsters online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved
from http://www.mw.com/dictionary/heuristic
Psychoanalysis institute to open. (1948, September 18). [Clipping from an
unidentified Dayton, Ohio newspaper.] Copy in possession of author.
2)
()
(Ed.) (Eds.)
(..) (.)

VandenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC:

American Psychological Association.

 APA 6

29

Piaget, J. (1988). Extracts from Piagets theory (G. Gellerier & J. Langer, Trans.).
In K. Richardson & S. Sheldon (Eds.), Cognitive development to adolescence:
A reader (pp. 318). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (Reprinted from Manual of
child psychology, pp. 703732, by P. H. Mussen, Ed., 1970, New York, NY:
Wiley)
In
( () )

et al.

Author, A. A. (2008). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Location:
Publisher.

In

Author, A. A. (2008). Title of chapter. In Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Location: Publisher.

3.2.2 (Publication Date)

(
)
(
) (,)

Chamberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing
worker wellbeing: Occupational health psychologists convene to share
their research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5),
2629.
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The
Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
papers posters
(,)

30

APA 6

Presenter, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of paper or poster. Paper or poster session Presented at the
meeting of Organization Name, Location.

Liu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent
agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh
In ternational Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL.
Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htm
In press
(

Manuscript submitted for publication.)

Briscoe, R. (in press). Egocentric spatial representation in action and
perception. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Retrieved from
http://cogprints.org/5780/1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf
Ting, J. Y., Florsheim, P., & Huang, W. (2008). Mental health helpseeking in
ethnic minority populations: A theoretical perspective. Manuscript
submitted for publication.
()
n.d. (n.d. = no date)

Heuristic. (n.d.). In MerriamWebsters online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved
from http://www.mw.com/dictionary/heuristic
() multivolume work
several letters from the same collection

Koch, S. (Ed.). (19591963). Psychology: A study of science (Vols. 16). New York,
NY: McGrawHill.
Archival sources
() ca. (ca. = circa)

 APA 6

31

(.)

[Allport, A.?]. [ca. 1937]. Marion Taylor todayby the biographer. Unpublished
manuscript, Marion Taylor Papers. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College,
Cambridge, MA.

3.2.3 (Title)
1) (Article or chapter title)

(subtitle)

Mental and nervous diseases in the RussoJapanese war: A historical analysis.
quotation marks
(.)

Chamberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing
Worker wellbeing: Occupational health psychologists convene to share
their research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5),
2629.
Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective wellbeing. In
M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective wellbeing (pp.
1743). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
2) (Periodical title: Journal, newsletters, magazines)


Social Science Quarterly
3) : (Nonperiodicals: Books and reports)
(subtitle)



(.)

32

APA 6

Development of entrylevel tests to select FBI special agents (Publication No.
FRPRD9406).

/

(.)

Strong, E. K., Jr., & Uhrbrock, R. S. (1923). Bibliography on job analysis. In L.
Outhwaite (Series Ed.), Personnel Research Series: Vol. 1. Job analysis
and the curriculum (pp. 140146). doi:10.1037/10762000
4) (Nonroutine information in titles)

(notation) /
(Description of form)
notation
/ ()
notation
[Letter to the editor] [Special issue]
[Special section]
[Monograph]
[Abstract]

[Audio podcast]
[Data file]

[Brochure]

[Motion picture]
[Lecture notes]
[CD]

[Computer software]
[Video webcast] [Supplemental material]

Greenfield, P., & Yan, Z. (Eds.). (2006). Children, adolescents, and the Internet

[Special section]. Developmental Psychology, 42, 391458.
MarshallPescini, S., & Whiten, A. (2008). Social learning of nutcracking

behavior in East African sanctuaryliving chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes

schweinfurthii) [Supplement material]. Journal of Comparative Psychology,

122, 186194. doi:10.1037/07357036.122.2.186
Thomas, N. (Ed.). (2002). Perspectives on the community college: A journey of

discovery [Monograph]. Retrieved from http://eric.ed.gov/

 APA 6

33

()
() () (
)

Comprehensive MetaAnalysis (Version 2) [Computer software]. Englewood,
NJ: Biostat.
3.2.4 (Publication Information)
1) :
(Periodical title: Journal, newsletters, magazines)
/ (Volume number)
Vol.
Social Science Quarterly, 84, 508525.
(Journal issue number)
()
Volume number

(.)

Chamberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E. & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing

worker wellbeing: Occupational health psychologists convene to share

their research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5),

2629.

2) :
(Nonperiodicals: Books and reports)
()

34

APA 6

Author, A. A. (1967). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (1986). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

VandenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA dictionary of psychology.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.



2
( New York NY)

Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Canal Zone
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois

AL
AK
AS
AZ
AR
CA
CZ
CO
CT
DE
DC
FL
GA
GU
HI
ID
IL

Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey

IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ

 APA 6

New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina

NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
PR
RI
SC

South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Virgin Island
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

35

SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
VI
WA
WV
WI
WY

(:)
1
/
Publishers, Co., Inc.
Books Press

Publishers home office
Author

(.)

Real Academia Espa ola. (2001). Diccionario de la lengua espa ola [Dictionary

of the Spanish language] (22nd ed.). Madrid, Spain: Author.

New York, NY: McGrawHill.
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Washington, DC: Author.

Pretoria, South Africa: Unisa.

3)

36

APA 6

Long data sets

version of record

4) (Electronic Sources)
(Electronic Sources) URL
APA (2010, pp. 189192)
4.1) URL 1
URL (hyphen)
URL ( http://)
4.2) (A period) URL
URL APA Style
4.3)
URL URL /

( URL URL )
4.4) (Retrieval Dates)

URL ( Wikis)

New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001). Retrieved March 21, 2001, from

http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_13178.asp

 APA 6

37

4. APA
11
APA 6 APA (Examples of
References in APA Style) 77 ( 177)
11 (Categories)
1) / 2) 3)
4) // 5)
6) 7) 8) 9)
10)
11) APA
(The APA Style website) www.apastyle.org

4.1 (Periodicals)

Periodicals
journals, magazines, newspapers, newsletters
:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, pp-pp.
doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, pp-pp.
Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxxx

1) DOI *(Journal article with DOI)

HerbstDamm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and
the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229.
doi:10.1037/02786133.24.2.225
*(DOI=Digital Object Identifier)
2) DOI 7
(Journal article with DOI, more than seven authors)
Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard,
G., . . . Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and

38

APA 6

attention last for more than 31 days and are more severe with stress,
dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits. Nicotine and Tobacco
Research, 6, 249267. doi:10.1080/14622200410001676305

...... (Gilbert et al., 2004).

(

)

3) DOI
(Journal article without DOI (when DOI is not available))
Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and selfesteem
mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness.
EJournal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 3848. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib
.swinedu.au/index.php/ejap
Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigration
in the United States and its implications for local law enforcement. Law
Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, 8(1), 7382.

1

DOI URL
journal home page (no retrieval date)

4) DOI
(Journal article without DOI, title translated into English, print version)
Guimard, P., & Florin, A. (2007). Les valuations des enseignants en grande section
de maternelle sontelles prdictives des difficults de lecture au cours
prparatoire? [Are teacher ratings in kindergarten predictive of reading
difficulties in first grade?]. Approche Neuropsychologique des Apprentissages
chez lEnfant, 19, 517.

 APA 6

39

5) DOI
(Journal article with DOI, advance online publication)
Von Ledebur, S. C. (2007). Optimizing knowledge transfer by new employees
in companies. Knowledge Management Research & Practice. Advance
online publication. doi:10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500141

: 4
DOI
DOI URL
Advance online publication DOI URL

advance online publication

journal publishers peerreviewed work

Update /

6) A preprint archive
(In-press article posted in a preprint archive)
Briscoe, R. (in press). Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception.
Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Retrieved from http://cogprints
.org/5780/1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf

7) (Magazine article)
Chamberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing
worker wellbeing: Occupational health psychologists convene to share
their research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5),
2629.

8) (Online magazine article)

Clay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight back about the
misuse of research. Monitor on Psychology, 39(6). Retrieved from
http://www.apa.org/monitor/

40

APA 6

9) (Newsletter article, no author)

Six sites meet for comprehensive antigang initiative conference. (2006,
November/December). OJJDP News @ a Glance. Retrieved from
http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/news_at_glance /216684/topstory.html

10) (Newspaper article)

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The

Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
p. pp.

pp. B1, B3, B5B7
11) (Online newspaper article)
Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile. The New York
Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
12) (Special issue or section in a journal)
Haney, C., & Wiener, R. L. (Eds.). (2004). Capital punishment in the United
States [Special issue]. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 10(4).
Greenfield, P., & Yan, Z. (Eds.). (2006). Children, adolescents, and the Internet
[Special section]. Developmental Psychology, 42, 391458.


(.)

[Special section].
[Special issue].
( 1)4)
13) (Monograph as part of journal issue)
Ganster, D. C., Schaubroeck, J., Sime, W. E. & Mayes, B. T. (1991). The nomological
validity of the Type A personality among employed adults [Monograph].
Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 143168. doi:10.1037/00219010.76.1.143

 APA 6

41

(monograph)
() 58(1, Serial
No. 231).
(monograph)
(issue no.) /
(supplement or part no.) (Vol. No.) 80(3, Pt. 2).
14) (Editorial without signature)
Editorial: What is a disaster and why does this question matter? [Editorial]. (2006).
Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 14, 12.
15)
(Online-only supplemental material in a periodical)
MarshallPescini, S., & Whiten, A. (2008). Social learning of nutcracking behavior
in East African sanctuaryliving chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes
schweinfurthii) [Supplemental material]. Journal of Comparative Psychology,
122, 186194. doi:10.1037/07357036.122.2.186
[Supplemental material] (nonroutine information)
[Letter to the editor], [Podcast], [Map]

16) (Abstract as original source)

Lassen, S. R., Steele, M. M., & Sailor, W. (2006). The relationship of schoolwide
positive behavior support to academic achievement in an urban middle
school. Psychology in the Schools, 43, 701712. Abstract retrieved from
http://www.interscience.wiley.com
17) (Abstract as secondary source)
Hare, L. R., & ONeill, K. (2000). Effectiveness and efficiency in small academic
peer groups. Small Group Research 31, 2453. Abstract retrieved from
Sociological Abstracts database. (Accession No. 200010185)

42

APA 6

4.2
(Books, Reference Books, and Book Chapters)

DOI
:
Author, A. A. (1967). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Author, A. A. (1997). Title of work. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxx
Author, A. A. (2006). Title of work. doi:xxxxx
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (1986). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1995). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor
(Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1993).Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title
of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxx
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1995). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor
(Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher. doi:xxxxxxxx

() (no byline)
Title of entry. (1998). In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of reference work (xx ed., Vol. xx, pp. xxx-xxx).
Location: Publisher.
Title of entry. (1998). In Title of reference work (xx ed., Vol. xx). Retrieved from http://www
.xxxxxxxxx

Author

/
(editions, revised edition) (volume numbers)

: (Rev. ed.). (Vol. xx, pp. xxx-xxx). (Nonroutine
information in titles) (periodicals) [Brochure]

 APA 6

43

Major reference works

(The lead editor) et al.

( 19)-22), 24))

18) (Entire book, print version)

Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency.
London, England: Taylor & Francis.

19) (Electronic version of print book)

Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency
[DX Reader version]. Retrieved from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk
/html/index.asp

20) (Electronic-only book)

OKeefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from
http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=135

21) (Electronic version of republished book)

Freud, S. (1953). The method of interpreting dreams: An analysis of a specimen
dream. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete
psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 4, pp. 96121). Retrieved from
http://books.google.com/books (Original work published 1900)

22)
(Limited-circulation book or monograph, from electronic database)
Thomas, N. (Ed.). (2002). Perspectives on the community college: A journey of
discovery [Monograph]. Retrieved from http://eric.ed.gov/

23) (Several volumes in a multivolume work)

Koch, S. (Ed.). (19591963). Psychology: A study of science (Vols. 16). New York,
NY: McGrawHill.
(Koch, 1959-1963)

44

APA 6

24)
(Electronic version of book chapter in a volume in a series)
Strong, E. K., Jr., & Uhrbrock, R. S. (1923). Bibliography on job analysis. In L.
Outhwaite (Series Ed.), Personnel Research Series: Vol. 1. Job analysis and the
curriculum (pp. 140146). doi:10.1037/10762000
DOI DOI URL

25) (Book chapter, print version)
Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective wellbeing. In
M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective wellbeing (pp.
1743). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
26)
(Book chapter, English translation, reprinted from another source)
Piaget, J. (1988). Extracts from Piagets theory (G. Gellerier & J. Langer, Trans.). In
K. Richardson & S. Sheldon (Eds.), Cognitive development to adolescence:
A reader (pp. 318). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (Reprinted from Manual of
child psychology, pp. 703732, by P.H. Mussen, Ed., 1970, New York, NY:
Wiley)


: (Piaget, (1970/1988).
27) (Reference book)
VandenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
28)
(Non-English reference book, title translated into English)

 APA 6

45

Real Academia Espa ola. (2001). Diccionario de la lengua espa ola [Dictionary of
the Spanish language] (22nd ed.). Madrid, Spain: Author.
29) (Entry in an online reference work)
Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of
philosophy (Fall 2007 ed.). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entires
/behaviorism/
30)
(Entry in an online reference work, no author or editor)
Heuristic. (n.d.). In MerriamWebsters online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved From
http://www.mw.com/dictionary/heuristic

4.3 (Technical and Research Reports)

Original research Peer reviewed (

)
Author, A. A. (1998). Title of work (Report No. xxx). Location: Publisher.
( Report no., Contract no.,
Monograph no.)


: Retrieved from Agency name website: http://www.xxxxxxx (
33)-34))
31)
(Corporate author, government report)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health,
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma:
A guide for schools (NIH Publication No. 022650). Retrieved from
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/lung /asthma/asth_sch.pdf

46

APA 6

32) (Corporate author, task force report filed online)

American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls.
(2007). Report of The APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls.
Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/wpo/sexualization.html
33) (Authored report, from nongovernmental organization)
Kessy, S. S. A., & Urio, F. M. (2006). The contribution of microfinance institutions
to poverty reduction in Tanzania (Research Report No. 06.3). Retrieved
from Research on Poverty Alleviation website: http://www.repoa.or.tz
/documents_storage/Publications/Reports/06.3_Kessy _and_Urio.pdf
34) (Report from institutional archive)
McDaniel, J. E., & Miskel, C. G. (2002). The effect of groups and individuals
on national decisionmaking: Influence and domination in the reading
policymaking environment (CIERA Report 3025). Retrieved from University
of Michigan, Center for Improvement of Early Reading Achievement
website: http://www.ciera.org/library/reports/inquiry3/3025/3025.pdf
35) (Issue brief)
Employee Benefit Research Institute. (1992, February). Sources of health insurance
and characteristics of the uninsured (Issue Brief No. 123). Washington,
DC: Author.
35) issue briefs, working papers, other
corporate documents

4.4 // (Meetings and Symposia)

(Proceedings of Meetings and Symposia)

( 39)
( 38)
( 36) Paper or Poster Symposia ( 37)

 APA 6

47

: Symposium:
Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., Contributor, C. C., & Contributor, D. D. (Year, Month).
Title of contribution. In E. E. Chairperson (Chair), Title of symposium. Symposium
conducted at the meeting of Organization Name, Location.

: Paper presentation or poster session:

Presenter, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of paper or poster. Paper or poster session presented at
the meeting of Organization Name, Location.

/
( 36)) [
]
36) (Symposium contribution)
Muellbauer, J. (2007, September). Housing, credit, and consumer expenditure. In
S. C. Ludvigson (Chair), Housing and consumer behavior. Symposium conducted
at the meeting of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Jackson Hole,
WY.
37) (Conference paper abstract retrieved online)
Liu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent
agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh
International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL.
Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htm
38) (Proceedings published regularly online)
HerculanoHouzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., & Lent, R. (2008). The
basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 105, 1259312598. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805417105
39) (Proceedings published in book form)
Katz, I., Gabayan, K., & Aghajan, H. (2007). A multitouch surface using multiple
cameras. In J. BlancTalon, W. Philips, D. Popescu, & P. Scheunders (Eds.),
Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Vol. 4678. Advanced Concepts for

48

APA 6

Intelligent Vision Systems (pp. 97108). Berlin, Germany: SpringerVerlag.

doi:10.1007/9783540746072_9

4.5 (Doctoral Dissertations and Masters Theses)

Author, A. A. (2003). Title of doctoral dissertation or masters thesis (Doctoral dissertation or

masters thesis). Retrieved from Name of database. (Accession or Order No.)

: (Unpublished dissertations or Theses)

Author, A. A. (1978). Title of doctoral dissertation or masters thesis (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation or masters thesis). Name of Institution, Location.

(Doctoral dissertation) (Masters
thesis)

(Accession number) (Order number)
(UMI No. 1434728)

40) (Masters thesis, from a commercial database)

McNiel, D. S. (2006). Meaning through narrative: A personal narrative discussing
growing up with an alcoholic mother (Masters thesis). Available from
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1434728)

41) (Doctoral dissertation, from an institutional database)

Adams, R. J. (1973). Building a foundation for evaluation of instruction in higher
education and continuing education (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from
http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/

42) (Doctoral dissertation, from the web)

Bruckman, A. (1997). MOOSE Crossing: Construction, community, and learning in
a networked virtual world for kids (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology). Retrieved from http://www-static.cc.gatech.edu
/~asb/thesis/

 APA 6

49

43) DAI (Doctoral dissertation, abstracted in DAI)

Appelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture
amplification, motion representation, and figureground segregation.
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering,
65(10), 5428.

44)
(Doctoral thesis, from a university outside the United States)
Carlbom, P. (2000). Carbody and passengers in rail vehicle dynamics (Doctoral
thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden). Retrieved from
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3029

4.6 (Reviews and Peer Commentary)

:

Reviewer, A. A. (2000). Title of review [Review of the book Title of book, by A. A. Author]. Title
of complete work, xx, xxx-xxx.

( )
Review of , Peer Commentary on

45) (Review of a book)

Schatz, B. R. (2000, November 17). Learning by text or context? [Review of the
book The social life of information, by J. S. Brown & P. Duguid]. Science,
290, 1304. doi:10.1126/science.290.5495.1304

46) (Review of a video)

Axelman, A., & Shapiro, J. L. (2007). Does the solution warrant the problem?
[Review of the DVD Brief therapy with adolescents, produced by the
American Psychological Association, 2007]. PsycCRITIQUES, 52(51).
doi:10.1037/a0009036

50

APA 6

47) (Review of a video game, no author)

[Review of the video game BioShock, produced by 2K Games, 2007]. (n.d.).
Retrieved from http://www.whattheyplay.com/products/bioshockforxbox
360/?fm=3&ob=1&t=0#166
48) (Peer commentary on an article)
Wolf, K. S. (2005). The future for Deaf individuals is not that bleak [Peer
commentary on the paper Decrease of Deaf potential in a mainstreamed
environment by K. S. Wolf]. Retrieved from http://www.personalityresearch
.org/papers/hall.html#wolf

4.7 (Audiovisual Media)

:

Producer, A. A. (Producer), & Director, B. B. (Director). (Year). Title of motion picture [Motion
picture]. Country of origin: Studio.

:
Writer, A. (Copyright year). Title of song [Recorded by B. B. Artist if different from writer]. On Title
of album [Medium of recording: CD, record, cassette, etc.] Location: Label. (Date of
recording if different from song copyright date)

49) (Video)
American Psychological Association. (Producer). (2000). Responding therapeutically
to patient expressions of sexual attraction [DVD]. Available from http://www
.apa.org/videos/

50) (Podcast)
Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). Shrink rap radio [Audio podcast].
Retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/

51) (Single episode from a television series)

Egan, D. (Writer), & Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate
[Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House. New York,
NY: Fox Broadcasting.

 APA 6

51

52) (Music recording)

Iang, k. d. (2008). Shadow and the frame. On Watershed [CD]. New York, NY:
Nonesuch Records.

53) (Map retrieved online)

Lewis County Geographic Information Services. (Cartographer). (2002). Population
density, 2000 U.S. Census [Demographic map]. Retrieved from http://www.co.lewis
.wa.us/publicworks/maps/Demographics/censuspopdens_2000.pdf

4.8
(Data Sets, Software, Measurement Instruments, and Apparatus)
:

Rightsholder, A. A. (Year). Title of program (Version number) [Description of form].

Location: Name of producer.
Or
Rightsholder, A. A. (Year). Title of program [Description of form]. Retrieved from http://xxxx

(Tille of a data set)

(Description of form) [Computer

program], [Computer software], [Computer language],

(.)
()

54) (Data set)

Pew Hispanic Center. (2004). Changing channels and crisscrossing cultures: A
survey of Latinos on the news media [Data file and code book]. Retrieved
from http://pewhispanic.org/datasets/

52

APA 6

55) (Measurement Instrument)

Friedlander, M. L. Escudero, V., & Heatherington, L. (2002). ESOFTA: System for
observing family therapy alliances [Software and training videos]. Unpublished
instrument. Retrieved from http://www.softasoatif.com/

56) (Software)
Comprehensive MetaAnalysis (Version 2) [Computer software]. Englewood, NJ:
Biostat.
57) (Apparatus)
Eyelink II [Apparatus and software]. (2004). Mississauga, Canada: SR Research.

4.9
(Unpublished and Informally Published Works)

(Unpublished and Informally

Published Works)

ERIC preprint archive
:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of manuscript. Unpublished manuscript [or Manuscript submitted for
publication, or Manuscript in preparation].

58)
(Unpublished manuscript with a university cited)
Blackwell, E., & Conrod, P. J. (2003). A fivedimentional measure of drinking
motives. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
59)
(Manuscript in progress or submitted for publication)

 APA 6

53

Ting, J. Y., Florsheim, P., & Huang, W. (2008). Mental health helpseeking in ethnic
minority populations: A theoretical perspective. Manuscript submitted
for publication.

60)
(Unpublished raw data from study, untitled work)
Bordi, F., & LeDoux, J. E. (1993). [Auditory response latencies in rat auditory
cortex]. Unpublished raw data.

61)
(Informally published or self-archived work)
Mitchell, S. D. (2000). The import of uncertainty. Retrieved from http://philsci
-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00000162/

(..2007) The Pluralist

:
Mitchell, S. D. (2007). The import of uncertainty. The Pluralist 2(1), 5871.

62)
(Informally published or self-archived work, from ERIC)
Kubota, K. (2007). Soaking model for learning: Analyzing Japanese learning/
teaching process from a sociohistorical perspective. Retrieved from ERIC
database. (ED498566)

4.10

(Archival Documents and Collections)

(Apparatus) ()

:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of material. [Description of material]. Name of collection
(Call number, Box number, File name or number, etc.). Name and location of repository.

54

APA 6

/




ca. (circa) (
67))

( 69), 70))
63) (Letter from a repository)
Frank, L. K. (1935, February 4). [Letter to Robert M. Ogden]. Rockefeller Archive
Certer (GEB series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 3877), Tarrytown, NY.
64) (Letter from private collection)
Zacharius, G. P. (1953, August 15). [Letter to William Rickel (W. Rickel, Trans.)].
Copy in possession of Hendrika Vande Kemp.
65) (Collection of letters from an archive)
Allport, G. W. (19301967). Correspondence. Gordon W. Allport Papers (HUG
4118.10), Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
66)
(Unpublished papers, lectures from an archive or personal collection)
Berliner, A. (1959). Notes for a lecture on reminiscences of Wundt and Leipzig.
Anna Berliner Memoirs (Box M50). Archives of the History of American
Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, OH.
67) /
/
(Archival/historical source for which the author and/or date is known or is reasonably
certain but not stated on the document)
[Allport, A.?]. [ca. 1937]. Marion Taylor todayby the biographer. Unpublished
manuscript, Marion Taylor Papers. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College,
Cambridge, MA.

 APA 6

55

68) (Archival source with corporate author)

Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School Programs. (1949, November
56). Meeting of Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School
Programs. David Shakow Papers (M1360). Archives of the History of American
Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, OH.
69)
(Interview recorded and available in an archive)
Smith, M. B. (1989, August 12). Interview by C. A. Kiesler [Tape recording].
Presidents Oral History Project, American Psychological Association. APA
Archives, Washington, DC.
70)
(Transcription of a recorded interview, no recording available)
Sparkman, C. F. (1973). An oral history with Dr. Colley F. Sparkman/Interviewer:
Orley B. Caudill. Mississippi Oral History Program (Vol. 289), University of
Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg.
71)

(Newspaper article, historical, in an archive or personal collection)
Psychoanalysis institute to open. (1948, September 18). [Clipping from an
unidentified Dayton, Ohio newspaper.] Copy in possession of author.
72) (Historical publication of limited circulation)
SciArt Publishers. (1935). SciArt Publications [Brochure]. Cambridge, MA:
Author, A. A. Roback Papers (HUGFP 104.50, Box 2, Folder Miscellaneous
Psychological Materials), Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
73) (Photographs)
[Photographs of Robert M. Yerkes]. (ca. 19171954). Robert Mearns Yerkes Papers
(Box 137, Folder 2292), Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University
Library, New Haven, CT.

56

APA 6

4.11
(Internet Message Boards, Electronic Mailing Lists, and Other Online Communities)
blogs,
newsgroups, online forums & discussion groups electronic mailing lists
:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of post [Description of form].
Retrieved from http://www.xxxx

screen name screen name (screen name
screen name
instant messaging (IM) applications)

(Subject line of the message)
the message (Description of the
message) [Electronic mailing list message]
Retrieved from URL
the message
URL
74)
(Message posted to a newsgroup, online forum, or discussion group)
Rampersad, T. (2005, June 8). Re: Traditional knowledge and traditional cultural
expressions [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://www.wipo
.int/roller/comments/ipisforum/Weblog/theme_eight_how_can_cultural
#comments
75) (Message posted to an electronic mailing list)
Smith, S. (2006, January 5). Re: Disputed estimates of IQ [Electronic mailing list
message]. Retrieved from http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/ForensicNetwork
/message/670

 APA 6

57

76) (Blog post)

MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences
of partitioning your mind [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://
scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisites
.php
77) ( Video blog post)
Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video
file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs

58

APA 6

5.
APA
5.1

5.1.1 1
. (2548). ( 4). :
.
. (2556). ( 9 ). :
.
Pant, K. M. (2004). Science and technology: Textbook for Class VIII. New Delhi,
India: National Council of Educational Research and Training.
Jones, C. (2013). Office markets & public policy. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley.
5.1.2 ()
Chatchay Suvannit. (1998). The integration of AIDS prevention and management
into the Primary Health Care System. Nonthaburi: Office of Primary Health Care.
Sodsri Thaithong. (1992). Malaria parasites. Bangkok: Research Division, Chulalongkorn
University.
Sunait Chutintaranond, & Than Tun. (1995). On both sides of the tenasserim range:
History of Siamese Burmese relations. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.
5.1.3 ()
, . (2547). . : .
, . (2555). ( 4). : .
5.1.4
, . (2553). . : .
, . (2555). .
: .
, . (2552).
( 3). : .
Prachakijkaracak, Phraya. (1995). Some languages of Siam translated by David
Thomas and Sophana Srichampa. Bangkok: Institute of Language and Culture for
Rural Development. Mahidol University.

 APA 6

59

Cartledge, B., Sir. (1993). Energy and the environment. Oxford, England: Oxford
University Press.
5.1.5
( ). (2556). . :
.
( ). (2553). : (
5). : .. 2550 .
(). (2549). . : .
5.1.6
1) (..)., (Ed.)., (Eds.).
(.) 1
(..). (2542). ( 5). :
.
, (..). (2555). :
( 2 ). : .
, , , (..). (2554).
Optimizing practice in pediatric respiratory diseases. :
.
Smith, A. D. (Ed.). (1986). Endourology principle and practice. New York, NY: Thieme.
2)
. (2543). : .
5.1.7 2
2 (,)
& (Ampersand) ( /)
2
, . (2552). . : .
, . (2556). . :
.
Smith, B., & Yamamoto, Y. (2001). The Japanese bath. Saltlake City, UT: Gibbs Smith.
Hisrich, R. D., & AlDabbagh, A. (2013). Governpreneurship: Establishing a thriving
entrepreneurial spirit in government. Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar.

60

APA 6

5.1.8 3-7
(,) &
( ... )
, , , , ,
, . (2557).
. : .
, , , , ,
. (2548). . :
.
James, E. A., Slater, T., & Bucknam, A. (2012). Action research for business, nonprofit, &
public administration: A tool for complex times. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
Cates, A. R., Harris, D. L., Boswell, W., James, W. L., Yee, C., & Peters, A. V. (1991).
Trance and clay therapy. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
5.1.9 8 8

(three ellipses) (, . . . )
(... )
, (), , , ,
, . . . . (2555). ( 7 ).
: .
Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G.,
. . . Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention
last for more than 31days and are more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1
allele, and depressive traits. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 249267. doi:10
.1080/14622200410001676305

5.2

2543 : .
(2543). : .
. (2556). 100 . : .
. (2551). : 100
. : .

 APA 6

61

5.3

, . (2552). [The illustrated: A brief

history of time] ( 17) ( , ). :
.
, . (2556). [Introducing economics] ( ,
). : .

5.4

. (2553). . , 26(303), 129132.

, . (2548).
. ,
12(1), 111.
, , . (2548).

. , 28(101), 6068.
( ). (2550).
. , 2(4), 6179.

5.5

. (2553, 21 ). .
, .7.

5.6

. (2549). . ( 1, , .
1216)
Schneiderman, N. (2000). Coronary Heart Disease. In Encyclopedia of Psychology (pp.
305311). London, England: Search Press.

5.7

. (2543).
(
). , .
. (2556). :
( ).
, .

62

APA 6

Sirinoot Teanrungroj. (2005). The Development of an innovative integrated approach to

ICTMediated Learning in Science. (Doctoral dissertation). Srinakharinwirot
University, Bangkok.
McNiel, D. S. (2006). Meaning through narrative: A personal narrative discussing
growing up with an alcoholic mother (Masters thesis). Available from ProQuest
Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1434728)
Adams, R. J. (1973). Building a foundation for evaluation of instruction in higher
Education and continuing education (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://
www.ohiolink.edu /etd/

5.8

( ). (...) :
. : .
Hua HinChaam: Idea map [Pamphlet]. (2004). Bangkok: PSP.

5.9

. (...). []. (...).

5.10

. (2553, 10 ). [].
Smith, M. B. (1989, August 12). Interview by C. A. Kiesler [Tape recording]. Presidents
Oral History Project, American Psychological Association. APA Archives,
Washington, DC.
Sparkman, C. F. (1973). An oral history with Dr. Colley F. Sparkman/Interviewer: Orley
B.Caudill. Mississippi Oral History Program (Vol. 289), University of Southern
Mississippi, Hattiesburg.

5.11

. (2542). []. : .
(). (2544). []. :
.
Mactyre, L. (Reporter). (2002, January 23). Scandal of the Century [Television series
episode]. In H. Cashore (Producer), the fifth estate. Toronto, Canada: Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation.

 APA 6

63

Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). Shrink rap radio [Audio podcast].
Retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/
Egan, D. (Writer), & Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate [Television
series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House. New York, NY: Fox
Broadcasting.

5.12

. (2557, 18 ). : :
. , . 11. http://www.dpu.ac.th/laic/upload
/content/file/article_instructor/article2557/B232.pdf
OKeefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from http://
www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=135
Freud, S. (1953). The method of interpreting dreams: An analysis of a specimen dream.
In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological
works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 4, pp. 96121). Retrieved from http://books.google
.com/books (Original work published 1900)
Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of
philosophy (Fall 2007 ed.). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entires
/behaviorism/

New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001). Retrieved March 21, 2001, from http://
news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_13178.asp

5.13

Realizing the Potential of Information Resources: Information, Technology, and Service.

(1996). Boulder Boulder, CO:, CAUSE. [CDROM]. Abstract from: Silver Platter File:
ERIC tem: ED392340

5.14

. (2557). . , 2(2).
http://journal.msu.ac.th/wpcontent/uploads/2014/07/2TouristPlacesReligion
inMekongBasin.pdf

64

APA 6

Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and selfesteem mediate
between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. EJournal of Applied
Psychology, 2(2), 3848. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap

5.15

. (2552).
. http://thesis.swu.ac.th/swuthesis/_Inf_Sci /Vorraluk_T.pdf
Kachoka, N., & Hoskims. R. (2009). Measuring the Quality of Service: a Case of
Chancllor, University of Malaysia. South Africa Journal of Library & Science,75(2),
170178. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost
Bennett, D. (2010). Outcomes assessment in accredited health information management
programs. Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=6&did
=2101519391

 APA 6

65

(Legal Materials)
(Legal Periodicals)
APA Journal (Footnotes)
APA Journal ()
(Reference List)
(Court Decisions)
(Statutes) (Other Legislation)

(1) (One Party vs.

Another)
(2)
(Reporters)
, The Bulebook: A Uniform
System of Citation 18 .. 2005

Cong.

U.S. Congress

Fed. Reg.

Federal Register

Cong. Rec.

Congressional Record

H.R.

House of Representatives

F.

Federal Reporter

Reg.

Regulation

F.2d

Federal Reporter, Second Series

Res.

Resolution

F.3d

Federal Reporter, Third Series

S.

Senate

F. Supp.

Federal Supplement

U.S.C.

United States Code

66

APA 6

1. (Court Decisions)
(Bluebook Rule 10)
()

1.1 :
(Sample Reference List Entry to a Case)

Name v. Name, Volume Source Page (Court Date).

Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis 1972).

Name v. Name (Court Date)

(Name v. Name, Court Date)

Lessard v. Schmidt (1972)

(Lessard v. Schmidt, 1972)

: the Federal district court for the Eastern District of

Wisconsin (E.D. Wis) .. 1972 349 1078 the Federal
Supplement
1.2 :
(Sample Reference List Entry to an Appealed Case)

: (Reference list entry:)
Durflinger v. Artiles, 563 F. Supp. 322 (D. Kan. 1981), affd, 727 F.2d 888
(10th Cir. 1984).

: (Text citation:)
Durflinger v. Artiles (1981/1984)

 APA 6

67

: the Federal District Court for the Eastern District of

Wisconsin (E.D. Wis) .. 1981 10th Circuit Court of Appeals
.. 1984 563 322 the Federal Supplement
Federal Reporter, second Series (F.2d) 727 888
[affd Affirmed The Appeal Court affirmed the judgment of the Civil Court.
()]

1.3
(Sample Reference to an Unreported Decision)

Gilliard v. Oswald, No. 76-2109 (2d Cir. March 16, 1977).

: (the docket number)

16 .. 1977
(A Slip Opinion)
slip op. at ..[
]

LEXIS Westlaw

(Slip Opinions) (Screen Page Numbers)
(*) (A Slip Opinion)
()

Dougherty v. Royal Zenith Corp., No. 88-8666, 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
10807, at *2 (E.D. Pa. July 31, 1991)

Gustin v. Mathews, No. 76-7-C5 (D. Kan. Jan. 31, 1977) (LEXIS,
Genfed library, Dist file).

68

APA 6

(Court Cases at the Trial Level:)

1.4
(Sample Reference to a State Trial Court Opinion)
Casey v. Pennsylvania-American Water Co., 12 Pa. D. & C. 4th 168
(C.P. Washington County 1991).

: The Court of Common Pleas

Washington County Pennsylvania .. 1991
4 168
1.5
(Sample Reference to a Federal District Court Opinion)
Davis v. Monsanto Co., 627 F. Supp. 418 (S.D. W.Va. 1986).

: The Southern District of West

Virginia .. 1986 the Federal Supplement 627
418
: (Court Cases at the Appellate Level:)
1.6
(Sample Reference to a Case Appealed to a State Supreme Court)
Compton v. Commonwealth, 239 Va. 312, 389 S.E.2d 460 (1990).

: (The Virginia Supreme

Court) .. 1990 The Virginia Reports (
) 239 312 389 The South
Eastern Reporter, 2 460 (The South Eastern Reporter A Regional
Reporter )
1.7
(Sample Reference to a Case Appealed to a State Court of Appeals)
Texas v. Morales, 826 S.W.2d 201 (Tex. Ct. App. 1992).

: .. 1992
The South Western Reports 826 2 201

 APA 6

69

1.8
(Sample References to Cases Decided by the U.S. Supreme Court)
Brown v. Board of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
Maryland v. Craig, 110 S. Ct. 3160 (1990).

: The U.S. Supreme Court)

The United States Reports 2 The Supreme
Court Reporter The United States Reports The
Supreme Court Reporter

2. (Statutes)

(Bluebook Rule 12)

:
Name of act, Volume Source section number (year).

[ = / (Section Sign), 1
/ 5929012941 59 29012941]
2.1 (Sample Reference to a Statue)
:
Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. 9401 (1988).

:
Mental Health Systems Act (1988)
Mental Health Systems Act of 1988

2.2
(Sample Reference to a Statue in a State Code)
Mental Care and Treatment Act, 4 Kan. Stat. Ann. 59-2901-2941
(1983 & Supp. 1992).

70

APA 6

: Kansas 59 29012941 4
(Kan. Stat. Ann. = Kansas Statutes Annotated)
.. 1983 / 2
Kansas Statutes Annotated .. 1992
592903 2903 59
2.3
(Sample Reference to a Statute in a Federal Code)
Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C.A. 12101 et seq. (West 1993)

: .. 1990 12101 42
(United States Code Annotated U.S.C.A.) et seq.
(and following)
United States Code Annotated The West Publishing
West .. 1993
(U.S.C.)
(U.S.C.A.) (U.S.C.S.)

Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-336, 2, 104 Stat. 328
(1991).

: (version of the act)

336
101 2 ( 2
12101 42 (United States Code
Annotated U.S.C.A.) 2
United States Statutes At Large ( Stat.) 104
328 104 United States Statutes At Large .. 1991

 APA 6

71

3. (Legislative Materials)

(Bluebook Rule 13)

3 1)
(Testimony and Hearings), 2) (Bills and Resolutions),
3) (Reports and
Documents)
3.1
(Sample Reference for Federal Testimony)

RU486: The import ban and its effect on medical research: Hearings
before the Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and
Energy, of the House Committee on Small Business, 101st Cong. 35 (1990)
(testimony of Ronald Chesemore).

:
RU486: The Import Ban (1990)

(RU486: The Import Ban, 1990)

:
(A subcommittee of the U.S. House of Representatives) 2
101 35
.. 1990

(The Bill Number) () ()
( 3.2)
3.2
(Sample Reference for a Full Federal Hearing)

Urban Americas need for social services to strengthen families: Hearing before
the Subcommittee on Human Resources of the Committee on Ways and
Means, House of Representatives, 102d Cong. 1 (1992).

72

APA 6

:
Urban Americas Need (1992)
(Urban Americas Need, 1992)

: .. 1992
(The U.S. House of Representatives) 102

3.3
(Form for Unenacted Federal Bills and Resolutions)

Title [if relevant], bill or resolution number, xxx Cong. (year).

:
S. 5936, 102d Cong. 4 (1992).

:
Senate Bill 5936 (1992)
(S, 5936, 1992)

3.4
(Sample References to Unenacted Federal Bills)
Equitable Health Care for Severe Mental Illnesses Act of 1993, H.R.
1563, 103d Cong. (1993).
Equitable Health Care for Severe Mental Illnesses Act of 1993, S. 671,
103d Cong. (1993)

:
103 .. 1993 H.R.1563 2
S. 671 (S. = Senate)

 APA 6

73

3.5
(Form for Unenacted Federal Bills and Resolutions)

xx. Res. xxx, xxx Cong., Volume Source page (year) (enacted)

:
S. Res. 107, 103d Cong., 139 Cong. Rec. 5826 (1993) (enacted).

:
Senate Resolution 107 (1993)
(S. Res.107, 1993)

: 107 The Congressional Record

139 5826
(statutes)

3.6
(Form for Federal Reports (Rep.) and Document (Doc.)

xx. Rep. No. xx-xxx (year)

( H.R.) ( S.)
(Hyphen)

:
S. Rep. No. 102-114, at 7 (1991).

:
Senate Report No. 102-114 (1991)
(S. Rep. No. 102-114, 1991)

74

APA 6

: 102114 The Senate

Committee on Labor and Human Resources concerning the Protection and Advocacy for
Mentally Ill Individuals Amendments Act of 1991 7

4.
(Administrative and Executive Materials) (Bluebook Rule 14)

(Rules and Regulations)

(Advisory Opinions)
(Executive Orders)
()
4.1 (Form for Federal Regulation)

Title/Number, Volume Source xxx (year)

:
FDA Prescription Drug Advertising Rule, 21 C.F.R. 202.1 (2006).
Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System, 73 Fed. Reg.
82,082 (proposed Jan. 11, 2008) (to be codified at 45 C.F.R. pt. 1355).

:
FDA Prescription Drug Advertising Rule (2006)

(Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System, 2008)

: .. 2006 21 202.1
The Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) 73
The Federal Register (Fed. Reg.)
4.2 (Form for Executive Order)

Exec. Order No. xxxxx, 3 C.F.R. Page (year).

 APA 6

75

:
Exec. Order No. 11,609, 3 C.F.R. 586 (1971-1975), reprinted as amended
in 3 U.S.C. 301 app. at 404-07 (1994).

:
Executive Order No. 11,609 (1994)
(Executive Order No. 11,609, 1994)

: 3
(Code of Federal Regulations) 586 The United
States Code (U.S.C.) U.S.C. The United States Code Service (U.S.C.S.)

5. (Patents)

:
Smith, I. M. (1988). U.S. Patent No. 123,445. Washington, DC: U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office.

:
U.S. Patent No. 123,445 (1988)
(U.S. Patent No. 123,445, 1988)

: ..1988 I. M. Smith
123,445 (The Patent Number)

(A Utility Patent)
(A Design Patent) D D123,445

76

APA 6

. (2553). (American
Psychological Association APA Style) http://library.huac.th/apa_style_cm
. (2555). APA (American Psychological
Association). : .
. (2555). APA. :
.
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

 APA 6