BASIC EQUATIONS

(1)

Work and Energy Relations

We VIt

Wrot 2 n

w cv vdp (V12 V22 ) / 2 g(z 1 z 2 )

Wspring

KE = 0.5m V -V
2
2

(2)

ks 2
( x 2 x 12 )
2

Wb pdV

2
1

PE = mg z 2 -z1

Fspring = k s x

First Law Relations and Mass Conservation

Q W U KE PE

dE
-W
- m
e h+V 2 /2+gz + m
i h+V 2 /2+gz = cv
Q
cv
cv
e
i
dt
e
i

m - m =

v
V
m

m=VA

(3)

Second Law Relations

2

es e m
is i
m
e

Q
j

Tj

q
s
T int rev
1

cv

dm cv
dt

Q
dS
j
dt
j Tj

Q
S
T b
1

Q
- 0
T b

dScv
dt

PROPERTY RELATIONS
(4)

Pressure, Temperature and Energy Relations

pabs p atm p gage
p patm gL
mV v
pV nRT
pV mRT
RR M
pR p / pc
TR T / Tc
v R v p c / RTc

Pv ZRT
k C p /C v

x m g /(m f m g )

y (1 x ) y f xy g y f xy fg

y fg y g y f

h u Pv

u c v dT

h c p dT

Cp - C v R

u cdT

h u vp

h(T,p) h f (T)+vf (T)[p - psat (T)]

v(T,p) vf (T)

s(T,p) s f (T)

u(T,p) u f (T)
(5)

Entropy Relations (and isentropic processes)

Tds du pdv
T
v
s cv ln 2 R ln 2
T1
v1

s s o2 s1o R ln(p 2 / p1 )

T2 / T1 p 2 / p1

( k 1) / k

v 1 / v 2

Tds dh vdp
T
p
s c p ln 2 R ln 2
T1
p1
s c ln(T2 / T1 )

k 1

p 2 / p1 s

p r 2 / p r1

v 2 / v1 s

v r 2 / v r1

EFFICIENCY AND CYCLE RELATIONS

(6)

Device Efficiencies and Cycle Analyses

turbine w act w isen

th =

Wnet,out
Qin

th,rev =1-

TC
TH

compressor pump w isen w act

COPR =

Qin
Wnet,in

COPR,rev =

TC
TH -TC

COPHP =

Qout
Wnet,in

COPHP,rev =

TH
TH -TC

BWR

wpump
wturbine

TC Q C

TH Q H rev

UNITS CONVERSION TABLE

Mass and
Density

1 lb 0.4536 kg

1 kg 2.2046 lb
3

1 g cm 10 kg m

1 lb ft 0.016018 g cm
3

Length

1 g cm 62.428 lb ft ; 1 ft 0.3048 m
1 cm 0.3937 in
1 m 3.2808 ft

1 lb ft 16.018 kg m
1 in 2.54 cm
1 ft 0.3048 m

Velocity

1 km h 0.62137 mile h

1 mile h 1.6093 km h

Volume

1 cm 0.061024 in
3

1 m 35.315 ft

1 L 10

1 gal 0.13368 ft
3

1 N 1 kg m s
1 N 0.22481 lbf

Pressure

1 Pa 1 N m 1.4504 10

1 gal 3.7854 10

Force

Energy
Transfer
Rate

1 ft 0.028317 m

1 L 0.0353 ft

Energy
and
Specific
Energy

1 in 16.387 cm

1 lbf 32.174 lb ft s
1 lbf 4.4482 N
4

lbf in

1 bar 10 N m
1 atm 1.01325 bars
1 J 1 N m 0.73756 ft lbf
1 kJ 737.56 ft lbf
1 kJ 0.9478 Btu

1 lbf in 6894.8 Pa
2

1 lbf in 144 lbf ft

1 atm 14.696 lbf in
1 ft lbf 1.35582 J
1 Btu 778.17 ft lbf
1 Btu 1.0551 kJ

1 Btu lb 2.326 kJ kg
1 kcal 4.1868 kJ

1 W 1 J s 3.413 Btu h
1 kW 1.341 hp

1 Btu h 0.293 W

1 kJ kg K 0.238846 Btu lb R

1 kcal kg K 1 Btu lb R
Universal Gas Constant

1 kJ kg 0.42992 Btu lb

Specific
Heat

1 hp 2545 Btu h
1 hp 550 ft lbf s
1 hp 0.7457 kW
1 ton =12,000Btu/h=3.517kW

1 Btu lb R 4.1868 kJ kg K

8.314 kJ / kmol K

R 1545 ft lbf / lbmol o R

1.986 Btu / lbmol o R

Standard Acceleration of Gravity

9.80665 m / s 2
g
32.174 ft / s 2

Standard Atmospheric Pressure

1.01325 bars
1 atm
14.696 lbf / in 2

Temperature Relations

T(o R ) 1.8T(K )
T(o C) T (K ) 273.15
T(o F) T(o R ) 459.67