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Behaviorism
General Overview

According to Windsor et al.

(2015), behaviorism introduced
the terms stimulus and
response to explain the
interaction between the
environment and the individual
(p. 31).

According to Windsor et al. (2015),

behaviorism focuses on a humans
actions rather than a humans thought
process.

Classical Conditioning
Process

Ivan Pavlov (1927) as cited in

Windsor, Murrell, & Jackson
(2015) introduced the concept of
classical conditioning, which
primarily focuses on the ability
to use stimuli to create
involuntary responses, such as
blinking and salivating (p. 32).

Ivan Pavlov (1927) as cited in

Windsor, Murrell, & Jackson (2015)
stated that some stimuli brings about
natural behaviors such as jumping at
loud noises.

Classical Conditioning
(Pavlov) Findings

Windsor et al. (2015) explained

an experiment that Ivan Pavlov
demonstrated which illustrated
the fact that an unnatural
stimulus (UCS) is a natural and
automatic impetus that triggers
an unconditioned response
(UCR) and is an unlearned
response (p. 32).

Windsor et al. (2015) explained

Pavlovs experiment with a dog. He
used meat as the unconditioned
stimulus. When the dog saw the
meat, the dog would salivate (an
unconditioned response). Pavlov
stated ringing a bell (a neutral
stimulus) when he presented the meat
to the dog, so the dog would salivate
when he heard the bell because he
knew that the ringing of a bell meant
meat. Over a period of time, Pavlov
stopped presenting the dog meat, but
the dog kept salivating when he
heard the bell because he associated
the ringing of a bell with meat.

Watson Findings

Windsor et al. (2015) talked

about John Watson who wanted
to demonstrate that behaviors
such as emotional responses
could be learned by humans (p.
33).

Windsor et al. (2015) talked about

Watsons experiment with baby
Albert and a rat in order to prove that
some behaviors are learned. Watson
presented baby Albert with a rat. At
first, Albert loved the rat and other
white furry things. Then Watson
presented Albert the rat with loud
noises (banging a steel rod). Albert
became terrified of rats and other
furry animals because he associated
furry animals with loud noises.
Alberts behavior towards furry
animals was learned through life

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experiences.
Operant Conditioning

Windsor et al. (2015) stated that

operant conditioning refers to
the control of an individuals
voluntary responses, and places
emphasis on an individuals
actions (p. 34).

Windsor et al. (2015) stated that a

persons actions is based on
consequences that follow the action.
Was it a positive outcome or negative
outcome? If the action result in a
positive outcome, a person is likely
to repeat that certain action. If it is a
negative outcome, a person is likely
not to repeat that action.

Reinforcement

According to Windsor at al.

(2015), reinforcement is
anything that strengthens or
increases the likelihood that a
behavior will continue (p. 34).

According to Windsor et al. (2015),

there are two different types of
reinforcements: a positive
reinforcement and a negative
reinforcement. A positive
reinforcement is adding something
favorable, and a negative
reinforcement is taking away
something negative.

Punishment

According to Windsor et al.

(2015), punishment is anything
that might weaken or diminish
the likelihood that a behavior
will continue (p. 35).

According to Windsor et al. (2015),

there are two types of punishment.
Punishment I is adding an
unfavorable outcome like spanking
or time out. Punishment II is taking
away a favorable outcome like cell
phone access and hanging out with
friends.

Schedules of
Reinforcement

Windsor et al. (2015) stated two

types of schedules of
reinforcement: continuous
reinforcement in which the
behavior is reinforced every time
it takes place (p. 36) and
intermittent behavior in which
the behavior is reinforced only
periodically (p. 36).

Windsor et al. (2015) stated that

continuous reinforcement is
beneficial when a person is learning
new behaviors, and intermittent
reinforcement helps maintain a
certain behavior.

Social Learning
Theory

According to Windsor et al.

(2015), a substantial amount of
human learning takes place as
individuals observe the actions
that occur within the
environment (p. 36).

According to Windsor et al. (2015),

people are influenced by the social
groups around them.

Bandura Findings

According to Windsor et al.

According to Windsor et al. (2015),

Learned Helplessness

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(2015), Albert Bandura is an

American psychologists who is
credited for developing social
cognitive theory (p. 37) and
believes that human behavior is
a result of the interaction
between psychological processes
(i.e., cognitive states), the
environment, and a persons
behavior (p. 37).

Albert Bandura claimed that

behavior is based on imitating other
people, observing other people,
seeing consequences other people
experience, and judging his or her
own capabilities.

Martin Seligman (1975) as cited

in Windsor et al. (2015) stated
that learned helplessness
develops when an individual
responds passively to an adverse
stimulus rather than escaping and
avoiding it (p. 39).

Martin Seligman (1975) as cited in

Windsor et al. (2015) stated that
people with learned helplessness
responds to his or her environment in
a passive manner and is convinced
that the situation is unchangeable.

References
Windsor, D. L., Murrell, V.S., & Magun-Jackson, S. (2015). Lifespan developed: An educational
psychology perspective. Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions.