MODELING AND

SIMULATION
A BRIEF IDEA

MODELING
PROCESS OF PRODUCING A MODEL WHICH REPRESENTS
THE CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF ACTUAL SYSTEM.
SIMILAR AND SIMPLER THAN THE ACTUAL SYSTEM.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL IS REPRESENTATION OF MODEL
IN TERMS OF MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS.
STARTING FROM CONCEPTUAL DESIGN COMPLETE
DESIGN
PROBLEM
IS
FORMULATED
COVERING
DOMINANT ASPECTS OF THE SYSTEM NEGLECTING THE
SMALLER EFFECTS.
CONSERATION PRINCIPLES AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ARE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATIONS.
MATHEMATICAL
MODELING
YIELDS
ALGEBRIC,
DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL EQUATIONS.
EQUATIONS ARE DISCRETIZED USING FDM, FEM, FVM
FOR THE DOMAIN TO BE MODELED.

 MODELING AND SIMULAION HELPS TO PREDICT THE

BEHAVIOUR OF ACTUAL SYSTEM USING PRINCIPLE
OF
DIMENSIONAL
ANALYSIS,
GOVERNING
DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS.
COMPLEXITY OF ANALYSIS IS REDUCED BY
REDUCING THE NUMBER OF PARMETERS THAT
NEED TO BE VARIED TO CHARATERIZE THE GIVEN
SYSTEM.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL IS SOLVED NUMERICALLY
OR ANALYTICALLY AND RESULTS OF THAT ARE
COMPARED WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO SEE
THE ACCURACY AND VALIDITY OF MODELING AND
SIMULATION PROCESS.
MODEL IS SUBJECTED TO RANGE OF OPERATING
CONDITIONS TO STUDY THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE
SYSTEM AND THUS OBTAIN A SATISFACTORY OR
THE OPTIMAL DESIGN.

EXAMPLE: STEAM POWER

PLANT

BOILER, TURBINE, CONDENSER AND PUMP

ARE CONSIDERED INDIVIDUALLY AND THEN
COORESPONDING
MODELS
ARE
DEVELOPED.
DIFFERENT SUBSYSTEMS ARE LINKED TO
EACH OTHER THROUGH BCS AND MASS,
MOMENTUM AND ENERGY INTERACTIONS
BETWEEN THEM.
AFTER OPTIMAL DESIGN OF INDIVIDUAL
COMPONENTS THEY ARE FINALLY BROUGHT
TOGETHER TO MAKE UP COMPLETE SYSTEM.

SIMULATION
THIS BASICALLY SUBJECTING THE THERMAL SYSTEM TO
VARIOUS INPUTS,OPERATING CONDITIONS AND TO
DETERMINE HOW IT BEHAVES AND DETERMINE THE
CHARATERISTICS OF ACTUAL PHYSICAL SYSTEM IN
TOTALLY VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT FOR RANGE OF
OPERATING CONDITIONS WITHOUT MAKING ANY
PROTOTYPE.
SIMULATION CAN BE CARRIED OUT ON PROTOTYPES
ALSO, THE EXPENSE AND EFFORTS INVOLVED
GENERALLY MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO USE THESE FOR
DESIGN SINCE FOR DIFFERENT DESIGN MANY
OPERATING CONDITIONS ARE TO BE CONSIDERED AND
EVALUATED.
THEREFORE
PROTOTYPE
TESTING
IS
ALWAYS
PERFORMED AFTER SIMULATION WITH MATHEMATICAL
MODEL IS COMPLETE i.e. OPTIMAL DESIGN IS OBTAINED.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION
A
COMPUTER
PROGRAMME
OF
SOLUTION
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PROBLEM DERIVED IN
TERMS OF COMPLEX GOVERNING EQUATIONS,
COMPLICATED BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IS KNOWN
AS NUMERICAL MODEL OR CODE.
MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND EXPERIMENTALLY
AVAILABLE INPUT DATA IS INCORPORATED INTO
NUMERICAL MODEL.
THE PROCESS OF EXECUTING NUMERICAL MODEL
OR CODE SUBJECTED TO OVERALL RANGE OF
DESIGN VARIABLE WITHIN THE DOMAIN OF
CONSTRAINTS KNOWN AS NUMERICAL SIMULATION
OR
NUMERICAL
CODING
OR
NUMERICAL
ALGORITHM.

VALIDATION OF MODELING AND SIMULATION

HOW CLOSELY IT REPRESENTS THE REAL
WORLD SYSTEM?
HOW ACCURATE RESULTS AND BEHAVIOUR
DOES IT PREDICT WITH THAT OF ACTUAL
SYSTEM?
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SIMULATION
AND
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
ARE
PERFORMED TO SEE THE ACCURACY.
THE ACCURACY AND VALIDITY OF NUMERICAL
CODE DEPENDS UPON THE QUALITY OF
MODELING, MESHING AND SIMULATION.

CONTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER AND

TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION
D1 = INNER TUBE DIA, D2 = OUTER TUBE DIA,
T1 = INNER TUBE THICKNESS, T2 = OUTER TUBE THICKNESS
M1=MASS FLOW RATE INNER TUBE, M2= MASS FLOW RATE OUTER
TUBE
T1 (IT)= INLET TEMP FOR INNER TUBE, T1(OT)= INNER TEMP FOR
OUTER TUBE. L= LENGTH OF TUBE.
T2(IT)=OUTER TEMP FOR INNER TUBE.
T2(OT)= OUTER TEMP FOR OUTER TUBE.
FIX: L AND D1 VARY D2 , MASS FLOW RATES AND INLET TEMPS.
FIX: LAND D2 VARY D1, MASS FLOW RATES AND INLET TEMPS.
ASSUME OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COFFICIENT IS CONSTANT
DETERMINE THE HEAT TRANSFER RATE Q FOR EACH OF THE
COMBINATIONS OF DESIGNS. MANY ACCEPTABLES DESIGNS ARE
OBTAINED USING MODELING AND SIMULATION TECHNIQUE. THOSE
ACCEPTABLE DESIGNS CONSTITUES THE DOMAIN OF ACCEPTABLE
DESIGNS ALONG WITH THE GIVEN CONSTRAINTS. OUT OF THAT
DOMAIN AN OPTIMAL DESIGN MAY BE CHOSEN .

OPTIMAL DESIGN
OPTIMIZATION IS SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
TO MINIMIZE OF MAXIMIZE A CHOSEN
QUANTITY OR OBJECTIVE FUNCTION.
OPTIMIZATION PROCESS IS APPLIED TO
ACCEPTABLE DESIGNS.
THERE EXIST A LARGE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE OPTIMIZED AND NON
OPTIMIZED PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION,
PRODUCT
QUALITY, THERMAL EFFICIENCY, TOTAL
COSTS.

SAFETY FEATURES, AUTOMATION AND CONTROLS

SAFE OPERATION OF THE THERMAL

SYSTEM AND WITHIN THE CONTROLLED
OPEATIONAL LIMITS.
SENSORS BASICALLY MONITORS TEMP,
PRESSURE, FLOW RATES FOR THE SAFE
WORKING ENVIRONMENT.
IN CARS SENSORS INDICATE THE ENGINE
OVERHEATING OR MALFUNCTIONING OF
OTHER COMPONENTS.
SIMILARLY BOILER OVERHEATING CAN BE
AVOIDED BY INSTALLING THE FUSIBLE
PLUG ABOVE THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER.

 THE INPUT SIGNALS FROM THE SENSORS

(THERMISTORS, THERMOCOUPLES, FLUX
METERS,
FLOWMETERS,
PRESSURE
TRANSDUCERS,
ETC.),
ARE
ELECTRONICALLY PROCESSED AND FED
INTO THE CONTROL SYSTEM.
WHICH DETERMINES THE ACTION TO BE
TAKEN. AN APPROPRIATE SIGNAL IS
THEN GIVEN TO THE ACTUATORS, WHICH
MAKE THE DESIRED CHANGES IN THE
SYSTEM, SUCH AS REDUCING THE FLOW
RATE, INCREASING THE HEAT INPUT, AND
TURNING OFF THE POWER.

DESIGN COMMUNICATION
THE COMMUNICATION OF THE FINAL DESIGN TO THE
CLIENT OR CUSTOMER AND TO THOSE WHO WILL
IMPLEMENT
THE
DESIGN
IS
AN
IMPORTANT
INGREDIENT IN THE OVERALL SUCCESS OF THE
PROJECT.
DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS
A LIST OF PARTS AND MATERIALS SELECTED
COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
RESULTS MAY BE MORE APPROPRIATE FOR PROTOTYPE
TESTING
WORKING MODELS AND RESULTS ON IMPORTANT
OUTPUTS FROM THE SYSTEM UNDER DIFFERENT
OPERATING CONDITIONS, OFTEN SHOWN AS CHARTS
AND GRAPHS, ARE USEFUL FOR PRESENTATION TO
THE CUSTOMER.
THE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE DESIGN GROUP

MODES OF DESIGN COMMUNICATION

TECHNICAL REPORTS
ORAL PRESENTATION
GRAPHIC AND VISUAL AIDS
ENGINEERING DRAWINGS
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
COMPUTER PROGRAM AND
SIMULATION RESULTS
WORKING MODELS

PATENTS AND COPYRIGHTS

THE IDEAS AND INTELLECTUAL WORK DONE IN
DEVELOPING THE RELEVANT TECHNOLOGY ARE
COLLECTIVELY
KNOWN
AS
INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY. PATENTS AND COPYRIGHTS ARE THE
MEANS
USED
FOR
THE
PROTECTION
OF
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OF A COMPANY OR AN
INDIVIDUAL.
PATENTS COVER A WIDE VARIETY OF INVENTIONS
IN THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES: PROCESSES,
MACHINES, MANUFACTURED ITEMS, MATERIALS,
AND HUMAN-MADE MICROORGANISMS. COMPUTER
PROGRAMS ARE GENERALLY NOT PATENTED,
THOUGH THESE ARE COPYRIGHTED, AS MENTIONED
BELOW, AND PROCESSES BASED ON COMPUTER
USAGE MAY BE PATENTED.

 TO OBTAIN A PATENT, IT MUST BE ESTABLISHED

THAT THE INVENTION IS NEW, FEASIBLE, USEFUL,
AND NOT SOMETHING COMMONLY USED IN THE
RELEVANT
AREA.
THUS,
NATURAL
LAWS,
MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS, COMMONLY USED
PROCEDURES, AND FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
CANNOT BE PATENTED. A THOROUGH SEARCH IS
FIRST CARRIED OUT TO DETERMINE IF THE IDEA IS
NEW. IF IT HAS BEEN PUBLISHED IN THE
LITERATURE MORE THAN A YEAR BEFORE APPLYING
FOR A PATENT, IT IS NOT TREATED AS NEW.
MANY INVENTIONS THAT VIOLATE BASIC LAWS,
SUCH AS THE FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF
THERMODYNAMICS, HAVE BEEN PROPOSED IN THE
PAST AND TURNED DOWN.

COPYRIGHTING
COPYRIGHTS ARE USED FOR A VARIETY OF ITEMS THAT REPRESENT
CREATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES. THESE INCLUDE
BOOKS, COMPUTER SOFTWARE, MUSIC, AUDIO AND VIDEO
RECORDINGS, DRAWINGS, PAINTINGS, AND SO ON. THE TERM OF THE
COPYRIGHT IS 50 YEARS BEYOND THE LIFE OF THE WRITER OR
COMPOSER. FOR A COMPANY, IT IS 75 YEARS FROM THE PUBLICATION
OF THE MATERIAL.
TRADEMARKS ARE SYMBOLS, NAMES, WORDS, PATTERNS, ETC., USED
BY A COMPANY TO INDICATE ITS PRODUCTS, AND THEY MAY BE USED
AND PROTECTED INDEFINITELY. TRADEMARKS TEND TO BE SIMPLE AND
EASY TO REMEMBER SO THAT THEIR APPEARANCE IN A MAGAZINE,
NEWSPAPER, OR TELEVISION WILL IMMEDIATELY REVEAL THE
ASSOCIATION WITH A GIVEN COMPANY OR PRODUCT. A TRADEMARK IS
A COMPANY PROPERTY AND THE SYMBOL R IS USED TO INDICATE THAT
IT HAS BEEN REGISTERED. APPLE, NIKE, FORD, GM, AND MICROSOFT
HAVE WELL-KNOWN TRADEMARKS, AS DO MOST OTHER PROMINENT
COMPANIES. FORMULAS, PROCEDURES, AND INFORMATION THAT A
COMPANY WANTS TO MAINTAIN AS SECRET ARE NOT PATENTED, BUT
KEPT AS TRADE SECRETS. THE FORMULA FOR COCA-COLA IS A WELLKNOWN EXAMPLE OF A TRADE SECRET. THERE IS NO LEGAL
PROTECTION AND THE COMPANY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR KEEPING IT A
SECRET.

LICENSING
LICENSING OF A PATENTED INVENTION MAY BE
UNDERTAKEN BY A COMPANY OR AN INDIVIDUAL BY
GIVING EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS TO ANOTHER COMPANY TO
MANUFACTURE, USE, AND SELL THE ITEM OVER A
SPECIFIED REGION. SEVERAL COMPANIES MAY BE
LICENSED OR A SINGLE COMPANY MAY BE CHOSEN.
ROYALTIES ARE PAID, USUALLY AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE
PROFIT, TO THE HOLDERS OF THE PATENT.
THUS, THE PATENTS CAN BECOME A SOURCE OF
REVENUE, BEING QUITE SUBSTANTIAL IN MANY CASES.
COMPUTER SOFTWARE HAS BECOME VERY IMPORTANT IN
THE LAST TWO DECADES, WITH MANY COMPANIES SUCH
AS MICROSOFT CORPORATION ENGAGED IN DEVELOPING,
SELLING, AND LEASING SOFTWARE. APPROPRIATE
PRICING AND SALE OF THE SOFTWARE RECOVER THE
EXPENSES
BORNE
BY
THE
COMPANY
IN
THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOFTWARE.

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON MATERIALS

SELECTION OF MATERIALS
DETERMINATION OF MATERIAL
REQUIREMENTS.
CONSIDERATION OF AVAILABLE
MATERIALS.
SELECTING A GROUP OF POSSIBLE
MATERIALS.
STUDY OF MATERIAL
PERFORMANCE.
SELECTION OF BEST MATERIAL.

PROBLEM BASED UPON MATERIAL

SELECTION