Important equations for Thermodynamics

The First Law of Thermodynamics

is the change in the internal energy of a thermodynamic system,
is the heat energy supplied to the
thermodynamic system and
is the mechanical work performed on the thermodynamic system.
Work Done on the System for the Expansion of an Ideal gas
is the mechanical work performed on the thermodynamic system,
change in volume of the gas.

is the external pressure and

is the

The First Law of Thermodynamics under Isochoric conditions

is the internal energy change of a thermodynamic system and
under isochoric conditions.

is the heat energy supplied to the system

Definition of the State Function Enthalpy

is the enthalpy of the thermodynamic system, is the internal energy of the thermodynamic system,
pressure of the thermodynamic system and is the volume of the thermodynamic system.

is the

The First Law of Thermodynamics under Isobaric conditions

is the enthalpy change of a thermodynamic system and

is the heat energy supplied to the system under

isobaric conditions.
Work Done on the System for the Reversible Isothermal Expansion of an Ideal gas
is the mechanical work performed on the thermodynamic system, is the quantity of gas, is the ideal gas
1
1
constant = 8.314 J K mol , is the temperature in K, is the final volume and is the initial volume.
Definition of Heat Capacity of a Substance
is the heat capacity of the substance, is the heat energy supplied to the substance and
temperature change of the substance in K.

is the ensuing

Definition of Specific Heat Capacity of a Substance

is the specific heat capacity of the substance,
the substance in kg.

is the heat capacity of the substance and

is the mass of

Definition of Molar Heat Capacity of a Substance

is the molar heat capacity of the substance,
substance in mol.

is the heat capacity of the substance and

Page 1 of 3

is the quantity of

Important equations for Thermodynamics

Definition of Isochoric Heat Capacity of a Substance
is the isochoric heat capacity of the substance,
is the heat energy supplied to the substance under
isochoric conditions,
is the ensuing temperature change of the substance in K and
is the internal energy
change of the substance.
Definition of Isobaric Heat Capacity of a Substance
is the isobaric heat capacity of the substance,

is the heat energy supplied to the substance under isobaric

conditions,
is the ensuing temperature change of the substance in K and
change of the substance.

is the change in the enthalpy

Relationship Between Molar Isobaric and Isochoric Heat Capacities of a Substance

is the molar isobaric heat capacity of the substance,
substance and

is the molar isochoric heat capacity of the

is the ideal gas constant = 8.314 J K mol .

Entropy Change of a Substance Upon Heating

is the entropy change of the substance,
final temperatures in K.

is the heat capacity of the substance,

and

are the initial and

Definition of Entropy
is the entropy change of the thermodynamic system,
is the heat energy reversibly supplied to the
system and is the temperature in K at which the reversible heat transfer to the thermodynamic system
occurs.
Definition of Gibbs Energy
is the Gibbs Energy of the thermodynamic system, is the enthalpy of the thermodynamic system,
temperature of the thermodynamic system in K and is the entropy of the thermodynamic system.

is the

Gibbs Energy Change for an Isothermal Process

is the isothermal Gibbs Energy change of the thermodynamic system,
is the isothermal enthalpy change
of the thermodynamic system,
is the temperature of the thermodynamic system in K and
is the
isothermal entropy change of the thermodynamic system.
Temperature at Which a Reaction Switches Spontaneity
is the temperature in K at which the reaction switches spontaneity,
and
is the entropy change of the reaction.

Page 2 of 3

is the enthalpy change of the reaction

Important equations for Thermodynamics

Reaction Gibbs Energy

is the reaction Gibbs Energy, , , and are the stoichiometric coefficients of a generalised chemical
reaction , A + B C + D, and , , and
are the chemical potentials of the reactants A and B and
the products C and D, at the composition of the reaction mixture.
Definition of Reaction Gibbs Energy
is the reaction Gibbs Energy,

is the slope of the graph of Gibbs energy

plotted against extent of

reaction .
Chemical Potential of a Species i
is the chemical potential of species i,
is the standard chemical potential of species i,
1
1
constant = 8.314 J K mol , is the temperature in K and is the activity of species i.

is the ideal gas

Relationship between Reaction Gibbs Energy and Reaction Quotient

is the reaction Gibbs Energy,
1
mol , is the temperature in K and

is the standard reaction Gibbs ,

is the reaction quotient.

is the ideal gas constant = 8.314 J K

Standard Reaction Gibbs Energy

1

is the standard reaction Gibbs Energy, is the ideal gas constant = 8.314 J K mol ,
in K and is the thermodynamic equilibrium constant.

is the temperature

The Debye T Law for Non-metallic Substances Near Absolute Zero

is the molar isochoric heat capacity of a non-metallic substance at temperature
determined constant and is a temperature in K in the vicinity of absolute zero.

is an empirically

Dr J.R. Agger 2014

Page 3 of 3