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(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
The first four of these are known as the prosthaphaeresis formulas, or sometimes as Simpson's formulas.
The sine and cosine angle addition identities can be compactly summarized by the matrix equation
(7)
These formulas can be simply derived using complex exponentials and the Euler formula as follows.
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
Equating real and imaginary parts then gives (1) and (3), and (2) and (4) follow immediately by substituting
.
for
Taking the ratio of (1) and (3) gives the tangent angle addition formula
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(20)
(22)
The angle addition formulas can also be derived purely algebraically without the use of complex numbers.
Consider the small right triangle in the figure above, which gives
(26)
(27)
Now, the usual trigonometric definitions applied to the large right triangle give
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
and
(32)
(33)
These can be put into the familiar forms with the aid of the trigonometric identities
(34)
and
(35)
(36)
(37)
(38)
which can be verified by direct multiplication. Plugging () into () and (38) into () then gives
(39)
(40)
as before.
A similar proof due to Smiley and Smiley uses the left figure above to obtain
(41)
so
(44)
Similar diagrams can be used to prove the angle subtraction formulas (Smiley 1999, Smiley and Smiley). In the
figure at left,
(45)
(46)
(47)
giving
(48)
Similarly, in the figure at right,
(49)
(50)
(51)
giving
(52)
(53)
An interesting identity relating the sum and difference tangent formulas is given by
(54)
(55)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Archives/Mathematics/20
14_August_10