LEVEL 2 BASIC FACTS ( SEE THE ANSWERS HERE): http://treenablythe.weebly.com/level-2-chemistry.

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The nature of solids (1)
Type of solid
Conducts electricity
- when solid?
- when melted?
- aqueous?
Metallic

Type of
particle
(atom/ion/mol
ecule)

Melting point
(high or low)

Strength of force
between particles
(strong/weak)

Covalent network
Ionic
Molecular
The nature of solids (2)
Solid
Type of solid
PbBr2

Type of particle

Name of force between particles

CS2
Mg
SiO2
Solids classification by name: Classify these solids as ionic, metallic, covalent molecular or covalent network.
1

potassium chloride

10

sulfur dioxide

copper

11

diamond

water

12

silver

silicon

13

carbon dioxide

lead bromide

14

graphite

iodine

15

magnesium oxide

magnesium

16

silicon dioxide

chlorine

17

sodium chloride

sulfur

18

sodium

Solids classification by properties: Classify each of these substances as ionic, metallic, covalent molecular or covalent network.
This substance is brittle because when you deform the crystal
electrostatic repulsion between like charges pushes the crystal apart.
This substance is extremely hard and does not conduct electricity
when solid or liquid

The forces between the particles in these substances is due to

weak intermolecular forces
This substance is composed of positive ions or atoms
surrounded by delocalised electrons.
The forces between particles in these substances are strong,
These substances have relatively high melting points because the
but these forces are also non-directional so the substances are
electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged particles is strong.
easy to shape.
This substance conducts electricity when solid, but has an extremely This substance is composed of neutral particles held together
high melting point and is brittle.
by weak forces.
This substance has a low melting point and does not conduct
This substance is composed of neutral particles held together
electricity when solid or liquid.
by very strong, highly directional bonds.
This substance conducts electricity when melted, but not when solid. This substance conducts both heat and electricity when solid.

Lewis diagrams: Draw Lewis diagrams and name and draw the shape for the following molecules. Then assign each
as a polar or non-polar molecule with bond angles.
1
NH3
2
HCN (C is the central atom)
3
O2
4

CCl4

OF2

BH3

Shapes of molecules: What is the shape of these molecules?

Lewis diagrams, shapes and polarity: Draw Lewis diagrams for these molecules, then use the diagram to determine
the shape and polarity of the molecule.
1

CH2O (carbon is the central atom)

Cl2

HOCl (O is the central atom)

CH3OH (C is the central atom)

PCl3

Basic Organic: name these and state the family to which they belong

H2NCH2CH3

4
5

CHBr2CH3

HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH

CH2 = CHCH3

CH2 = CHCH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3

10

CH3(CH2)2COOH

Basic Organic (2): Draw structural formula for these:

1

Propanoic acid

Methylpropane

3-methylbutan-2-ol

1,3-dichloropentane

aminoethane

propyne

Hex-2-ene

3-methylbut-1-ene

ethanol

10

3-iodoheptanoic acid

Cis, trans or neither?: Name each of these compounds.

Reaction types
Complete these reactions and state the reaction type in each case.

CH2=CH2 + Br2

CH3CH2CH3 + Cl2

CH3CH(OH)CH3 +

CH3CH2CH2OH

UV light

+ Cr2O72-/H+

Reactions of hydrocarbons: Complete these equations and state what kind of reaction occurs. (Where applicable, show
the major and minor products and any catalysts or conditions necessary.)
CH3(CH2)4CH=CH2 + H2
CH3CH=CH2 + H2O

CH3CH2CH3 + Br2
CH3CH=CHCH3 + HCl
CH3OH + PCl5
CH3CH2CH2OH + SOCl2
CH3CH2Cl + NH3(alc)
CH3CH2CH2Br + KOH(alc)
CH3I + NaOH(aq)
HCOOH(aq) + NaOH(aq)
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l)
CH3CH2COOH(aq) + Mg(s)
CH3COOH(aq) + Na2CO3(s)

Primary, secondary and tertiary: Write the condensed structural formula for, and name, the compounds described
below.
1
A secondary chloroalkane with 3 carbons.
2
A primary alcohol that is an isomer of butan-2-ol.
3
A tertiary haloalkane made by reacting methylpropane with bromine.
4
A secondary alcohol formed by the hydration of propene.
5
The carboxylic acid formed when propan-1-ol is oxidised.
Laboratory identification of organic compounds: Draw a flow chart to show how to distinguish between:
ethanol
ethanoic acid
hexane
hexene
aminoethane
using ONLY litmus paper and MnO4-/H+ solution.

Exothermic or endothermic?: Decide whether the processes below are exothermic or endothermic.
Burning a match.

2X + Y Z

Dissolving ammonium chloride in water: the test tube

gets cold.

Combining CaO and water: the mixture gets hot.

J + K L + M + energy

Exploding fireworks.

A+BC

O + P + energy R + S

H = + 25 kJ mol1

H = 52 kJ mol1

The thermal decomposition of copper carbonate.

Water freezing.

Ice-cream melting in the sun.

Removing the water of crystallisation from MgSO4.7H2O.

Diluting concentrated sulfuric acid: the beaker gets hot. Dry ice subliming.
Energy changes key facts
In endothermic reactions, the reactants have ___ energy
than the products.
In an ___ process the surroundings of the reaction vessel
increase in temperature as the reaction proceeds.
Energy must be ___ to break bonds.
___ changes are measured in J or kJ and need no sign.
In exothermic reactions the reactants have ___ energy
than the products.

___ changes are measured in kJ mol1 and always have a

sign (positive or negative).
___ symbols must be included in thermochemical equations
because it takes energy to change state.
When bonds are ___, energy is released.
In endothermic reactions, the H is ___.
In exothermic reactions the H is ___.

Thermochemical calculations
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)

6H2O(g) + 4NO(g)

H = 900 kJ mol1

Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic?

What is the H when 1 mole of NH3 is burnt?

If the energy change is 2700 kJ, how many moles of H2O are formed?

What is the energy change when 128 g of oxygen are consumed? M(O2) = 32 g mol1

Bond energy
Using the data below calculate H for the following reaction:

H2NNH2 NN + 2HH

Bond energies: NN = +163 kJmol-1

NH = +391 kJmol-1
HH = +436 kJmol-1
NN = +941 kJ mol-1
Rates key facts
In ___ solutions most collisions occur between water
molecules and few between reagent particles.

A chemical reaction will only occur when the reagents ___ with
sufficient energy to break the old bonds and form new ones.

As temperature increases, particles collide with more

energy and have ___ effective collisions.
___ energy is the minimum energy that must be added to
the reactants to produce an effective collision.
When ___ move faster they collide with more energy.

A catalyst speeds up a reaction by providing an alternative

reaction path with a ___ activation energy.
A few large lumps have a smaller total surface area than the
same ___ of fine powder.
As the temperature increases, particles move ___ and collide
more often.

Le Chateliers principle
1

For the reaction:

2SO3(g)

2SO2(g) + O2(g)

H = +95 kJ mol1

what will happen to the concentration of SO2 if:

a
b
c
d
2

the pressure is increased?

more SO2(g) is added?
the temperature is increased
a catalyst is used?
For the reaction:
2H2(g) + CO(g)

CH3OH(g)

H = 92 kJ mol1

what will happen to the concentration of CH3OH if

a
b
c
d

the pressure is decreased?

a catalyst is used?
the temperature is increased?
an excess of H2(g) is used?

Equilibrium constants: Write the equilibrium constant expressions for these reactions:
1

CH3OH(g)

CO2(g) + CO(g) + 5H2(g)

HCOOH(aq) + H2O(l)

4NO2(g) + O2(g)

2H2(g) + CO(g)
2CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)
HCOO(aq) + H3O+(aq)
2N2O5(g)

Equilibrium constant calculations

1. 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g)
0.600 molL-1 of SO2 and 0.600 molL-1 of O2 are present at equilibrium at 100oC. If the K = 680, calculate the SO3 concentration at
100oC.
2. 2 CrO4-2 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) Cr2O7-2 (aq) + H2O (l)
Calculate the K if the following concentrations were found at equilibrium:
CrO4-2 = 0.030 molL-1, H+ = 0.020 molL-1, Cr2O7-2 = 0.32 molL-1, H2O = 110 molL-1

Acid-base equations: Complete these acid-base equations and identify all acids and bases.
1 HNO2 + H2O

NO2 + _____

2 HOBr (acid) +

H2O _____ + _____

3 CH3NH2 + H2O

_____ + OH

4 _____ + _____

H2PO2 + H3O+

pH conversions Complete this table (3 sig fig).

[H3O+]
1

[OH]

0.0400

11.8

3
4

pH

2.00 1011
7.80 1010

Acids and bases key facts

Water is neutral because [H3O+] is ___ to [OH].

A solution of a strong acid has a ___ pH than a solution of a

weak acid of the same concentration.

Weak acids are only ___ dissociated.

The weaker the acid, the ___ the number of ions in solution.

___ acids react slowly with magnesium because [H3O+] In basic solutions, [H3O+] is ___ than [OH].
is low.
Equal amounts (moles) of strong and weak acids will
Solutions of strong acids are ___ conductors of electricity
react with equal amounts of calcium carbonate, but their than solutions of weak acids because they contain more
reaction ___ will be different.
ions in solution.
Strong acids are ___ ionised in solution.

As [H3O+] decreases, pH ___.

Weak and strong explanations

1. Hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid are both monoprotic acids (when dissociated they release one hydrogen ion).
Explain why the pH of ethanoic acid is significantly higher than the pH of hydrochloric acid.
2. When equal masses of calcium carbonate powder are added to equal concentrations of hydrochloric and ethanoic
acid, the reaction is much faster with the hydrochloric acid than the ethanoic acid. However, when equal
concentrations of these two acids are titrated against sodium carbonate solution, they require the same volume of
sodium carbonate to completely react. Explain these two observations.
Salts
Each substance below is dissolved in water. Would the solution formed be acidic, basic or neutral? (use equations in
your answer) Would the solution be a good, poor or non-conductor (electrolyte)?
NaCl
CH3COONa
NH4NO3