CEPAL (2015) - Discriminación Étnica en 4 Países

S E R I E
ISSN 1680-8800
ESTUDIOS Y
PERSPECTIVAS
sede subregional
DE LA CEPAL
EN mxico
Desigualdad horizontal y
discriminacin tnica en cuatro
pases latinoamericanos
Notas analticas para una
propuesta de polticas
Alicia Puyana

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Publicacin de las Naciones Unidas

ISSN 1680-8800
LC/L.3973
LC/MEX/L.1174
Copyright Naciones Unidas, marzo de 2015. Todos los derechos reservados.
Impreso en Naciones Unidas, Mxico, D. F. 15-00195
Los Estados miembros y sus instituciones gubernamentales pueden reproducir esta obra sin autorizacin previa. Solo se les
solicita que mencionen la fuente e informen a las Naciones Unidas de tal reproduccin.

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Carta/Convenio/Tratado
Objetivo
Ratificado
35,0(5$(7$3$&,8'$'$1$32/7,&$
Convencin de Ptzcuaro. Congreso
Indigenista
Ptzcuaro, Mxico, abril de 1940
Los gobiernos contratantes acuerdan elucidar los

problemas que afectan a los ncleos indgenas en
sus respectivas jurisdicciones, y cooperar entre s
sobre las base del respeto mutuo de los derechos
inherentes a su completa independencia para la
resolucin del problema indgena en Amrica, por
medio de reuniones peridicas, de un instituto
indigenista interamericano, y de institutos
indigenistas interamericanos, y de institutos
indigenistas nacionales, cuya organizacin y
funciones sern regidas por la presente
Convencin.
Chile: Decreto
Supremo 654 del 2 de
noviembre de 1967.
Colombia: mayo de
1944.


Objetivo
Ratificado
Mxico: Aprobada por
el Senado el 4 de abril
de 1941 y ratificada por
el Ejecutivo el 2 de
mayo de 1941.
Per: Resolucin
Legislativa 9812 del
19 de enero de 1943.
Carta de Naciones Unidas

26 de junio de 1945
Captulo XI. Artculo 73. Los Miembros de las

Naciones Unidas que tengan o asuman la
responsabilidad de administrar territorios cuyos
pueblos no hayan alcanzado todava la plenitud del
gobierno propio, reconocen el principio de que los
intereses de los habitantes de esos territorios estn
por encima de todo () y asimismo se obligan:
a) A asegurar, con el debido respeto a la cultura de
los pueblos respectivos, su adelanto poltico,
econmico, social y educativo, el justo tratamiento
de dichos pueblos y su proteccin contra todo
abuso;
b) A desarrollar el gobierno propio, a tener
debidamente en cuenta las aspiraciones polticas de
los pueblos, y a ayudarlos en el desenvolvimiento
progresivo de sus libres instituciones polticas, de
acuerdo con las circunstancias especiales de cada
territorio, de sus pueblos y de sus distintos grados
de adelanto.
Los pueblos de las

Naciones Unidas
Declaracin Universal de los Derechos

Humanos
Resolucin 217 A (III) de la Asamblea
General de las Naciones Unidas
10 de diciembre de 1948
Artculo 2. Toda persona tiene todos los derechos y

libertades proclamados en esta Declaracin, sin
distincin alguna de raza, color, sexo, idioma,
religin, opinin poltica o de cualquier otra ndole,
origen nacional o social, posicin econmica,
nacimiento o cualquier otra condicin.
Los pueblos de las

Naciones Unidas
Incluye un detallado artculo sobre obligaciones de

los Estados y derechos de los indgenas, en
particular para amparar la vida, la libertad y la
propiedad, defendindolo [al indgena] del
exterminio, resguardndolo de la opresin y la
explotacin, protegindolo de la miseria y
suministrndole adecuada educacin. Adems de
recomendar medidas para preservar, mantener y
desarrollar el patrimonio de los indios o de sus
tribus, la Carta de Garantas Sociales indicaba que
deben crearse instituciones o servicios para la
proteccin de los indios y en particular para hacer
respetar sus tierras, legalizar su posesin por los
mismos y evitar la invasin de tales tierras por parte
de extraos.
Los pueblos de las

Naciones Unidas
Artculo I. Las partes contratantes confirman que el

genocidio, ya sea cometido en tiempo de paz o en
tiempo de guerra, es un delito de derecho
internacional que ellas se comprometen a prevenir y
a sancionar.
Artculo II. () Se entiende por genocidio cualquiera
de los actos mencionados a continuacin,
perpetrados con la intencin de destruir, total o
parcialmente, a un grupo nacional, tnico, racial o
religioso, como tal:
a) Matanza de miembros del grupo;
Chile: Ratificada el 3 de
junio de 1953
Carta Interamericana de Garantas

Sociales
Novena Conferencia Internacional
Americana. Unin Panamericana
antecesora directa de la O.E.A., Bogot,
1948
Suscrita en Bogot en 1948 y reformada
por el Protocolo de Buenos Aires en 1967,
por el Protocolo de Cartagena de Indias en
1985, por el Protocolo de Washington en
1992, y por el Protocolo de Managua en
1993.
Convencin para la Prevencin y la

Sancin del Delito de Genocidio.
Asamblea General de
Naciones Unidas
Resolucin 260 A (III), de


Objetivo
Ratificado
b) Lesin grave a la integridad fsica o mental de los

miembros del grupo;
c) Sometimiento intencional del grupo a condiciones
de existencia que hayan de acarrear su destruccin
fsica, total o parcial;
d) Medidas destinadas a impedir los nacimientos en
el seno del grupo.
e) Traslado por fuerza de nios del grupo a otro
grupo.
Colombia: Ratificada el
27 de octubre de 1959
Mxico: Ratificada el 22
de julio de 1952
Per: 24 de febrero de
1960
Convenio 107 sobre Poblaciones
Indgenas y Tribales
Organizacin Internacional del Trabajo
(OIT)
Ginebra, 5 de junio de 1957
Artculo 3
1. Se debern adoptar medidas especiales para la
proteccin de las instituciones, las personas, los
bienes y el trabajo de las poblaciones en cuestin,
mientras su situacin social, econmica y cultural
les impida beneficiarse de la legislacin general del
pas a que pertenezcan.
2. Se deber velar por que tales medidas
especiales de proteccin:
a) No se utilicen para crear o prolongar un estado
de segregacin, y
b) Se apliquen solamente mientras exista la
necesidad de una proteccin especial y en la
medida en que la proteccin sea necesaria.
3. El goce de los derechos generales de
ciudadana, sin discriminacin, no deber sufrir
menoscabo alguno por causa de tales medidas
especiales de proteccin.
Chile: Decreto
Supremo 236 de 2008
Colombia: Ley 21 de
marzo 4 de 1991
Mxico: Aprobado por
el Senado el 11 de julio
de 1990
Per: Resolucin
Legislativa 26253 del 2
de diciembre de 1993
Convencin Internacional sobre la
Eliminacin de todas las Formas de
Discriminacin Racial
Adoptada y abierta a la firma y ratificacin
por la Asamblea General de Naciones
Unidas en su Resolucin 2106 A, del 21 de
diciembre de 1965
Entrada en vigor:
4 de enero de 1969
Artculo 5. (...) los Estados partes se comprometen

a prohibir y eliminar la discriminacin racial en todas
sus formas y a garantizar el derecho de toda
persona a la igualdad ante la ley, sin distincin de
raza, color y origen nacional o tnico
Artculo 2, numeral 2. Los Estados partes tomarn,
cuando las circunstancias lo aconsejen, medidas
especiales y concretas, en las esferas social,
econmica, cultural y en otras esferas, para
asegurar el adecuado desenvolvimiento y
proteccin de ciertos grupos raciales o de personas
pertenecientes a estos grupos.
Chile: Ratificacin el 3
de octubre de 1966
Colombia: Ratificacin
03/23/1967. Ley 22 de
1981


Objetivo
Ratificado
Mxico: Ratificacin
01/11/1966
Per: Ratificacin
07/22/1966
Convencin Americana sobre Derechos

Humanos (Pacto de San Jos)
San Jos, Costa Rica
7 a 22 de noviembre de 1969
Artculo 1. Obligacin de respetar los derechos.

1. Los Estados Partes en esta Convencin se
comprometen a respetar los derechos y libertades
reconocidos en ella y a garantizar su libre y pleno
ejercicio a toda persona que est sujeta a su
jurisdiccin, sin discriminacin alguna por motivos
de raza, color, sexo, idioma, religin, opiniones
polticas o de cualquier otra condicin social.
2. Para los efectos de esta Convencin, persona es
todo ser humano.
Chile: Decreto
Supremo 873 publicado
el 5 de enero de 1991
Colombia: Ley 16 del

30 de diciembre de
1972
Mxico: Aprobada por
el Senado el 18 de
diciembre de 1980
Per: Resolucin
Legislativa 22231 de
junio 11 de 1978
Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y
Polticos.
Entrada en vigor:
23 de marzo de 1966
Artculo 1.
1. Todos los pueblos tienen el derecho de libre
determinacin. En virtud de este derecho
establecen libremente su condicin poltica y
proveen asimismo a su desarrollo econmico, social
y cultural.
2. Para el logro de sus fines, todos los pueblos
pueden disponer libremente de sus riquezas y
recursos naturales, sin perjuicio de las obligaciones
que derivan de la cooperacin econmica
internacional basada en el principio del beneficio
recproco, as como del derecho internacional. En
ningn caso podr privarse a un pueblo de sus
propios medios de subsistencia.
3. Los Estados Partes en el presente Pacto, incluso
los que tienen la responsabilidad de administrar
territorios no autnomos y territorios en fideicomiso,
promovern el ejercicio del derecho de libre
determinacin, y respetarn este derecho de
conformidad con las disposiciones de la Carta de
las Naciones Unidas.
Chile: Decreto
Supremo 778 del
30 de noviembre de
1976

26 de diciembre de
1968
Mxico: Aprobado por
el Senado el 18 de
diciembre de 1980
Per: Decreto Ley
22128, del 28 de
marzo de 1978


Objetivo
Ratificado
6(*81'$(7$3$&,8'$'$1$62&,$/
Pacto Internacional de Derechos
Econmicos, Sociales y Culturales
Entrada en vigor:
3 de enero de 1966
Artculo 2.
1. Cada uno de los Estados Partes en el presente
Pacto se compromete a adoptar medidas, tanto por
separado como mediante la asistencia y la
cooperacin internacionales, especialmente
econmicas y tcnicas, hasta el mximo de los
recursos de que disponga, para lograr
progresivamente, por todos los medios apropiados,
inclusive en particular la adopcin de medidas
legislativas, la plena efectividad de los derechos
aqu reconocidos.
2. Los Estados Partes en el presente Pacto se
comprometen a garantizar el ejercicio de los
derechos que en l se enuncian, sin discriminacin
alguna por motivos de raza, color, sexo, idioma,
religin, opinin poltica o de otra ndole, origen
nacional o social, posicin econmica, nacimiento o
cualquier otra condicin social.
3. Los pases en desarrollo, teniendo debidamente
en cuenta los derechos humanos y su economa
nacional, podrn determinar en qu medida
garantizarn los derechos econmicos reconocidos
en el presente Pacto a personas que no sean
nacionales suyos.
Chile: Decreto
abril de 1989
Ratificacin el 16 de
septiembre de 1969

26 de diciembre de
1968
diciembre de 1969
Mxico: Aprobado por
el Senado el 18 de
diciembre de 1980
Per: Decreto Ley
22129 del 28 de marzo
de 1978
Ratificacin el 8 de
noviembre de 1977
Convencin Interamericana para Prevenir
y Sancionar la Tortura, OEA
Cartagena de Indias, Colombia,
Artculo 2.
Para los efectos de la presente Convencin se
entender por tortura todo acto realizado
intencionalmente, por el cual se inflijan a una
persona penas o sufrimientos fsicos o mentales,
con fines de investigacin criminal, como medio
intimidatorio, como castigo personal, como medida
preventiva, como pena o con cualquier otro fin. Se
entender tambin como tortura la aplicacin sobre
una persona de mtodos tendientes a anular la
personalidad de la vctima o a disminuir su
capacidad fsica o mental, aunque no causen dolor
fsico o angustia psquica.
No estarn comprendidos en el concepto de tortura
las penas o sufrimientos fsicos o mentales que
sean nicamente consecuencia de medidas legales
o inherentes a stas, siempre que no incluyan la
realizacin de los actos o la aplicacin de los
mtodos a que se refiere el presente artculo.
Chile: Ratificacin el 15
de septiembre de 1988

6 de julio de 2000


Objetivo
Ratificado
Ratificacin el
Mxico: Ratificacin
el 2 de noviembre de
1987
Per: Resolucin
legislativa 25286 del
4 de diciembre
de 1990
Ratificacin el
27 de febrero de 1990
Convencin sobre los Derechos del Nio.

Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas
20 de noviembre de 1989
Artculo 1.
Para los efectos de la presente Convencin, se
entiende por nio todo ser humano menor de
dieciocho aos de edad, salvo que, en virtud de la
ley que le sea aplicable, haya alcanzado antes la
mayora de edad.
Artculo 2.
1. Los Estados Partes respetarn los derechos
enunciados en la presente Convencin y
asegurarn su aplicacin a cada nio sujeto a su
jurisdiccin, sin distincin alguna,
independientemente de la raza, el color, el sexo, el
idioma, la religin, la opinin poltica o de otra
ndole, el origen nacional, tnico o social, la
posicin econmica, los impedimentos fsicos, el
nacimiento o cualquier otra condicin del nio, de
sus padres o de sus representantes legales.
2. Los Estados Partes tomarn todas las medidas
apropiadas para garantizar que el nio se vea
protegido contra toda forma de discriminacin o
castigo por causa de la condicin, las actividades,
las opiniones expresadas o las creencias de sus
padres, o sus tutores o de sus familiares.
Chile: Decreto
agosto 14 de 1990
enero de 1990

22 de enero de 1991
enero de 1990
Mxico: Aprobada por
el Senado el 19 de
junio de 1990
enero de 1990
Per: Resolucin
de agosto de 1990
enero de 1990
Declaracin Cuarta Conferencia Mundial
sobre la Mujer (1995)
Convencin sobre la eliminacin de todas
las formas de discriminacin contra la
mujer
Asamblea General de las Naciones
Unidas, 18 de diciembre de 1979
Art. 32.
a) Integrar a las mujeres, incluidas las mujeres
indgenas, sus perspectivas y conocimientos, en
condiciones de igualdad con los hombres, en la
adopcin de decisiones en materia de ordenacin
sostenible de los recursos y en la formulacin de
polticas y programas de desarrollo sostenible,
particularmente los destinados a atender y prevenir
la degradacin ambiental de la tierra.

Chile: Firma nica el 10


Objetivo
Entrada en vigor como tratado

internacional: 3 de septiembre de 1981
Ratificado
Art. 66.
b) Eliminar los obstculos que impiden a las
mujeres, en especial las indgenas y otras mujeres
marginadas, participar en la poltica y en la
adopcin de decisiones, como la falta de
capacitacin, la doble carga de trabajo remunerado
y no remunerado que recae sobre la mujer y las
actitudes y estereotipos sociales negativos.
Colombia: Ratificacin
el 17 de julio de 1980
Mxico: Ratificacin el
17 de julio de 1980
Per: Ratificacin el
23 de julio de 1981
7(5&(5$(7$3$&,8'$'$1$e71,&$
Convenio N 169 sobre pueblos indgenas

y tribales en pases
Organizacin Internacional del Trabajo
(OIT), 1989
Artculo 2.
1. Los gobiernos debern asumir la responsabilidad
de desarrollar, con la participacin de los pueblos
interesados, una accin coordinada y sistemtica
con miras a proteger los derechos de esos pueblos
y a garantizar el respeto de su integridad.
2. Esta accin deber incluir medidas:
a) Que aseguren a los miembros de dichos pueblos
gozar, en pie de igualdad, de los derechos y
oportunidades que la legislacin nacional otorga a
los dems miembros de la poblacin.
b) Que promuevan la plena efectividad de los
derechos sociales, econmicos y culturales de esos
pueblos, respetando su identidad social y cultural,
sus costumbres y tradiciones, y sus instituciones, y
c) Que ayuden a los miembros de los pueblos
interesados a eliminar las diferencias
socioeconmicas que puedan existir entre los
miembros indgenas y los dems miembros de la
comunidad nacional, de una manera compatible con
sus aspiraciones y formas de vida.
Chile: Decreto
Supremo 236 de 2008.
Publicado en Diario
Oficial de la Federacin
del 14 de octubre de
2008
Colombia: Ley 21 del 4

de marzo de 1991
Mxico: Aprobado por
el Senado el 11 de julio
de 1990
Per: Resolucin
de diciembre
de 1993
Convenio Constitutivo del Fondo para el
Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indgenas de
Amrica Latina y el Caribe
Pueblos indgenas de la regin
Adopcin: 24 de julio de 1992
Artculo 1. OBJETIVO Y FUNCIONES

1.1 Objetivo
El objetivo del Fondo para el Desarrollo de los
Pueblos Indgenas de Amrica Latina y el Caribe,
en adelante denominado "Fondo Indgena", es
establecer un mecanismo destinado a apoyar los
procesos de autodesarrollo de pueblos,
comunidades y organizaciones indgenas de
Amrica Latina y del Caribe, en adelante
denominados "Pueblos indgenas".

Chile: Decreto
Supremo 1856 del 29

Objetivo
Ratificado
Se entender por la expresin "Pueblos indgenas"

a los pueblos indgenas que descienden de
poblaciones que habitaban en el pas o en una
regin geogrfica a la que pertenece el pas en la
poca de la Conquista o la Colonizacin o del
establecimiento de las actuales fronteras estatales y
que, cualquiera que sea su situacin jurdica,
conservan todas sus propias instituciones sociales,
econmicas, culturales y polticas, o parte de ellas.
Adems, la conciencia de su identidad indgena
deber considerarse un criterio fundamental para
determinar los grupos a los que se aplican las
disposiciones del presente Convenio Constitutivo.
La utilizacin del trmino Pueblos en este Convenio
no deber interpretarse en el sentido de que tenga
implicacin alguna en lo que atae a los derechos
que pueda conferirse a dicho trmino en el Derecho
Internacional.
13 de julio de 1994
Mxico: Aprobado por
el Senado el 20 de
mayo de 1993
Per: Resolucin
legislativa 26176 del 28
de marzo de 1993
Declaracin de Ro de Janeiro sobre
medio ambiente y desarrollo
Conferencia de las
Naciones Unidas sobre
Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo
Ro de Janeiro, Brasil
3 al 14 de junio de 1992
Declaracin de principios jurdicamente no

vinculantes para un consenso mundial
sobre el manejo, conservacin y desarrollo
sostenible de todos los tipos de bosques
Principio 22: Las poblaciones indgenas y sus

comunidades, as como otras comunidades locales,
desempean un papel fundamental en la
ordenacin del medio ambiente y en el desarrollo
debido a sus conocimientos y prcticas
tradicionales
Programa de Accin 21. Numeral 26.3. Objetivos:
(i) Reconocer que las tierras de las poblaciones
indgenas y sus comunidades deben estar
protegidas contra actividades que presenten riesgos
para el medio ambiente o que la poblacin indgena
de que se trate considere improcedentes desde los
puntos de vista social y cultural
(ii) Reconocer sus valores, sus conocimientos
tradicionales y sus prcticas de ordenacin de los
recursos, con miras a promover un desarrollo
ecolgicamente racional y sostenible
(iii) Reconocer que la dependencia tradicional y
directa de los recursos renovables y los
ecosistemas, incluido el aprovechamiento
sostenible, sigue siendo esencial para el bienestar
cultural, econmico y fsico de las poblaciones
indgenas y de sus comunidades
Numeral 5 (a): La poltica forestal de cada pas
debera reconocer y apoyar debidamente la cultura
y los intereses y respetar los derechos de las
poblaciones indgenas, de sus comunidades y otras
comunidades y de los habitantes de las zonas
boscosas.

Los pueblos de las

Naciones Unidas

Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biolgica
Ro de Janeiro, Brasil
5 de junio de 1992
Objetivo
Artculo 1. OBJETIVOS.
Los objetivos del presente Convenio, que se han de
perseguir de conformidad con sus disposiciones
pertinentes, son la conservacin de la diversidad
biolgica, la utilizacin sostenible de sus
componentes y la participacin justa y equitativa en
los beneficios que se deriven de la utilizacin de los
recursos genticos, mediante, entre otras cosas, un
acceso adecuado a esos recursos y una
transferencia apropiada de las tecnologas
pertinentes, teniendo en cuenta todos los derechos
sobre esos recursos y a esas tecnologas, as como
mediante una financiacin apropiada.
Artculo 8-J. Con arreglo a su legislacin nacional,
respetar, preservar y mantendr los
conocimientos, las innovaciones y las prcticas de
las comunidades indgenas y locales que entraen
estilos tradicionales de vida pertinentes para la
conservacin y la utilizacin sostenible de la
diversidad biolgica y promover su aplicacin ms
amplia, con la aprobacin y la participacin de
quienes posean esos conocimientos, innovaciones
y prcticas, y fomentar que los beneficios
derivados de la utilizacin de esos conocimientos,
innovaciones y prcticas se compartan
equitativamente. Colombia: Ley 65 de 1994
Ratificado
Chile: Resolucin
30 de abril de 1993

9 de noviembre de
1994
Mxico: Aprobado por
el Senado el 3 de
diciembre de 1992
Per: Resolucin
30 de abril de 1993
Proyecto de Declaracin Americana sobre
los Derechos de los Pueblos Indgenas
OEA
Aprobado por la Comisin Interamericana
de Derechos Humanos el 27 de febrero de
1997, en sesin 1333a durante su 95
perodo ordinario de sesiones.
Declaracin de la Conferencia Mundial

contra el Racismo, la Discriminacin
Racial, la Xenofobia y las Formas Conexas
de Intolerancia
Prembulo. 5. El territorio y la supervivencia

indgena
Reconociendo que para muchas culturas indgenas
sus formas tradicionales colectivas de control y uso
de tierras, territorios, recursos, aguas y zonas
costeras son condicin necesaria para su
supervivencia, organizacin social, desarrollo,
bienestar individual y colectivo; y que dichas formas
de control y dominio son variadas, idiosincrticas y
no necesariamente coincidentes con los sistemas
protegidos por las legislaciones comunes de los
Estados en que ellos habitan
Seccin segunda. Derechos Humanos.
2. Los pueblos indgenas tienen los derechos
colectivos que son indispensables para el pleno
goce de los derechos humanos individuales de sus
miembros. En ese sentido, los Estados reconocen
el derecho de los pueblos indgenas LQWHUDOLD a su
actuar colectivo, a sus propias culturas, de profesar
y practicar sus creencias espirituales y de usar sus
lenguas
Pases miembros
Artculo 23. Reconocemos plenamente los derechos

de los pueblos indgenas, de conformidad con los
principios de la soberana y la integridad territorial
de los Estados, y recalcamos por lo tanto que
deben adoptarse las apropiadas medidas
Estados participantes


Objetivo
constitucionales, administrativas, legislativas y
judiciales, incluidas las que resulten de los
instrumentos internacionales aplicables.
Artculo 27. Expresamos nuestra preocupacin
porque, ms all del hecho de que el racismo est
ganando terreno, las formas y manifestaciones
contemporneas del racismo y la xenofobia estn
tratando de volver a adquirir reconocimiento poltico,
moral e incluso jurdico en muchas formas, entre
otras mediante las plataformas de algunas
organizaciones y partidos polticos y la difusin de
ideas basadas en el concepto de la superioridad
racial mediante las modernas tecnologas de la
comunicacin.
Naciones Unidas
Durban, Sudfrica
Septiembre de 2001
Declaracin de los Derechos de los

Pueblos Indgenas
Artculo 3. Los pueblos indgenas tienen derecho a

la libre determinacin. En virtud de ese derecho
determinan libremente su condicin poltica y
persiguen libremente su desarrollo econmico,
social y cultural.
Artculo 26-2. Los pueblos indgenas tienen
derecho a poseer, utilizar, desarrollar y controlar las
tierras, territorios y recursos que poseen en razn
de la propiedad tradicional u otro tipo tradicional de
ocupacin o utilizacin, as como aquellos que
hayan adquirido de otra forma.
Art. 32.-2. Los Estados celebrarn consultas y
cooperarn de buena fe con los pueblos indgenas
() a fin de obtener su consentimiento libre e
informado antes de aprobar cualquier proyecto que
afecte a sus tierras o territorios y otros recursos,
particularmente en relacin con el desarrollo, la
utilizacin o la explotacin de recursos minerales,
hdricos o de otro tipo.
Naciones Unidas
Resolucin aprobada por la Asamblea
General el 13 de septiembre de 2007

Ratificado

Los pueblos de las

Naciones Unidas
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Pas
Ronda 1980
Ronda 1990
Ronda 2000
Ronda 2010
Per (indgenas)
Lengua hablada
Lengua materna
Lengua materna
Lengua hablada
(ronda 2007)
Chile (indgenas)
Autoidentificacin
Autoidentificacin
Colombia (indgenas y afrodescendientes)
Lengua hablada
Autoidentificacin
Lengua hablada
Autoidentificacin
Lengua hablada
Autoidentificacin
Mxico (indgenas)
Lengua hablada
Lengua hablada
Lengua hablada
Autoidentificacin
Lengua hablada
Autoidentificacin
Fuente:Elaboracin propia.
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Pas
Colombia
Censo/
ao
1993
Pregunta
1992
2002
Identificacin
del pueblo/
comunidad
Identifica
afrodescendientes
Criterios de
identificacin
Pertenece a
alguna etnia,
grupo indgena
o comunidad
negra?
S, a cul?
No
Habla su
lengua
indgena?
S/No
Habla otra
lengua
indgena?
S, cuntas?
No
De acuerdo
con su cultura,
pueblo o
rasgos
fsicos se
reconoce
como:
1. Indgena.
Nombre del
pueblo___;
2. Rom;
3. Raizal del
Archipilago de
San Andrs y
Providencia;
4. Palenquero de
San Basilio;
5. Negro(a),
mulato(a),
afrocolombiano(a);
afrodescendiente;
6. Ninguno de los
anteriores
Habla la
lengua de su
pueblo?
S/No
Si usted es
chileno, se
considera
perteneciente a
alguna de las
siguientes
culturas?
1. Mapuche
2. Aimara
3. Rapa Nui
S. Pregunta
cerrada
Solamente
identifica tres
pueblos
Autoidentificacin
Personas de
cinco aos o
ms.
Pertenece
usted a alguno
de los
siguientes
pueblos
originarios o
indgenas?
1. Alacalufe
(Kawashkar)
2. Atacameo
3. Aimara
4. Colla
5. Mapuche
6. Quechua
7. Rapa Nui
8. Ymana (yagn)
9. Ninguno de los
anteriores
S. Pregunta
cerrada
No. Solicitud en
2004 Prueba
piloto de poblacin
afrodescendiente,
Censo Afro
Pertenencia.
Ley N19253,
la llamada ley
indgena
2005
Chile
Categoras
Autoidentificacin
Lengua hablada
S. Pregunta
cerrada
Autoidentificacin
Lengua hablada


Pas
Censo/
ao
Mxico
Pregunta
Categoras
Identificacin
del pueblo/
comunidad
Identifica
afrodescendientes
Criterios de
identificacin
1. S
2. No
No
Autoidentificacin
2000
Personas de
cinco aos o
ms. Habla
algn dialecto
o lengua
indgena?
Qu dialecto
o lengua
indgena
habla?
1. S
2. No
No
Autoidentificacin
2010
Habla algn
dialecto o
lengua
indgena?
Personas de
cinco aos o
ms. El idioma
o dialecto
materno
aprendido en
su niez es:
1. Quechua
2. Aimara
3. Otra lengua
nativa
4. Castellano
5. Idioma extranjero
Solamente
dos pueblos
No
Personas de 3
aos o ms.
El idioma o
lengua con el
que aprendi a
hablar fue?
1. Quechua
2. Aimara
3. Ashninka
4.Otra lengua
nativa; especifique
5.Castellano
6.Idioma extranjero
7. Es sordomudo(a)
Solamente
tres pueblos
No
Qu dialecto
o lengua
indgena
habla?
Per
2003
2007
Autoidentificacin
Fuente: Elaboracin propia.
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Pas
Censo/
ao
Pregunta
Categoras
Chile
1992 a
Si usted es chileno
se considera
perteneciente a
alguna de las
siguientes culturas?
1. Mapuche
2. Aimara
3. Rapa Nui
S. Pregunta
cerrada
Solamente
identifica
tres pueblos
Autoidentificacin
2002 b
Pertenece usted a
alguno de los
siguientes pueblos
originarios o
indgenas?
1. Alacalufe
(Kawashkar)
2. Atacameo
3. Aimara
4. Colla
5. Mapuche
6. Quechua
7. Rapa Nui
8. Ymana
(yagn)
9. Ninguno de
los anteriores
S. Pregunta
cerrada
N solicitud en 2004
Prueba piloto de
poblacin
afrodescendiente,
Censo Afro
Pertenencia
Identificacin
pueblo/
comunidad
Identifica
afrodescendientes
Criterios de
identificacin
Ley N19253,
llamada ley
indgena

a
XVI Censo Nacional de Poblacin y de Vivienda. Chile, 1992. Instituto Nacional de Estadsticas-INE.
Boleta censal 1992. INE.
(http://espino.ine.cl/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=CPCHL1992COM&MAIN=WebServe
rMain.inl).
XVII Censo Nacional de Poblacin y VI de Vivienda. Chile, 2002. INE (http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/sintesiscensal.pdf).
Boleta Censal 2002. INE.
(http://espino.ine.cl/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=CPCHL2KCOM&MAIN=WebServerMain
.inl).
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3256(;2(1',&('(0$6&8/,1,'$'
Ambos
sexos (n)
Hombre (n)
Mujer (n)
Proporcin
mujeres
ndice de
masculinidad
2 622
1 423
1 199
45,7
118,7
Atacameo
21 015
10 852
10 163
48,4
106,8
Aimara
48 501
24 188
24 313
50,1
99,5
3 198
1 687
1 511
47,2
111,6
Mapuche
604 349
304 580
299 769
49,6
101,6
Quechua
6 175
3 037
3 138
50,8
96,8
Rapa Nui
4 647
2 263
2 384
51,3
94,9
Ymana
1 685
876
809
48,0
108,3
692 192
348 906
343 286
49,6
101,6
Poblacin no indgena (PNI)
14 424 243
7 098 789
7 325 454
50,8
96,9
Poblacin total (PT)
15 116 435
7 447 695
7 668 740
50,7
97,1
PI/PT (porcentajes)
4,6
4,7
4,5
Etnia
Alacalufe
Colla
Poblacin indgena (PI)
Fuente: INE (2005).


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Ao
1993
Mdulos de identificacin tnica

Pertenece a alguna etnia, grupo indgena o comunidad negra?
Para todas las personas
S__ A cul?_______
No______
Habla su lengua indgena? S/NO
Slo para personas censadas con F2 en

reas predominantemente indgenas
Habla otra lengua indgena?

S___ Cuntas?
No ____
2005
De acuerdo con su CULTURA, PUEBLOS O RASGOS

FSICOS... se reconoce como:
Indgena
Nombre del pueblo:____________.
Rom
Raizal del Archipilago de San Andrs y Providencia
Palenquero de San Basilio
Negro(a), mulato(a), afrocolombiano(a), afrodescendiente
Ninguno de los anteriores?
Para todas las personas
Habla la lengua de su pueblo?

S
No
Para indgenas rom, raizales del

Archipilago de San Andrs y Providencia y
palenqueros de San Basilio
Fuentes: DANE, ;9,&HQVR1DFLRQDOGH3REODFLyQy 9GH9LYLHQGDy &HQVR*HQHUDO.
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Censo 2005
Censo1993
De acuerdo con su cultura,

pueblo o rasgos fsicos se
reconoce como:
Poblacin
Indgena
Porcentajes
Pertenece a alguna
etnia, grupo indgena o
comunidad negra?
Poblacin
Indgena
532 233
1,61
502 342
1,52
Porcentajes
1 392 623
3,43
4 858
0,01
30 565
0,08
7 470
0,02
4 273 722
10,52
Poblacin negra
Sin pertenencia tnica
34 898 170
85,94
Sin pertenencia tnica
32 003 340
96,87
Poblacin con informacin

sobre la pertenencia tnica
40 607 408
100,00
Poblacin con
informacin sobre la
pertenencia tnica
32 505 682
100,00
Rom
Raizal del Archipilago
de San Andrs
Palenquero de San Basilio
Negro, mulato, afrocolombiano
Sin informacin
Totales
860 976
Sin informacin
41 468 384
Totales
71 923
33 109 839
Fuente: DANE, Censo General 2005 y Censo 1993, poblacin censada.
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&8$'52
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Pas
Censo/
ao
Pregunta
Categoras
Identificacin
pueblo/
comunidad
Identifica
afrodescendientes
Criterios de
identificacin
Mxico
2000
Lengua indgena.
Personas de cinco aos o
ms.
Habla algn dialecto o
lengua indgena?
Qu dialecto o lengua
indgena habla?
1. S
2. No
Pertenencia
tnica
Es nhuatl,
maya, zapoteco,
mixteco o de
otro grupo
indgena?
No
Autoidentificacin
2010
Lengua indgena.
Personas de 3 aos o
ms.
Habla algn dialecto o
lengua indgena?
Qu dialecto o lengua
indgena habla?
1. S
2. No
Autoadscripcin
tnica.
De acuerdo con
la cultura de
ella (l) se
considera
indgena?
No
Autoidentificacin
Fuente: Elaboracin propia con base en el Censo de 2010.
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2000 a
Tipo de
lengua
2010
Porcentajes de la
Poblacin de cinco aos o
poblacin de cinco aos o
ms que habla alguna
ms que habla alguna
lengua indgena
lengua indgena
Nhuatl
Poblacin de tres aos o

ms que habla alguna
lengua indgena
Porcentajes de la
poblacin de tres aos o
ms que habla alguna
lengua indgena
1 448 936
24,0
1 544 968
23,1
Maya
796 314
13,2
786 113
11,7
Mixteco
444 498
7,4
476 472
7,0
Zapoteco
452 887
7,5
450 419
6,3
Tzotzil
297 561
4,9
404 704
6,0
Otom
291 722
4,8
284 992
4,3
Tzeltal
284 826
4,7
445 856
6,7
Totonaca
240 034
4,0
244 033
3,6
Mazateco
214 477
3,5
223 073
3,3
Chol
161 766
2,7
212 117
3,2
Otros
1 411 526
23,4
1 622 481
24,2
Total
6 044 547
100,0
6 695 228
100,0
Fuente: Elaboracin propia. INEGI, &HQVRGH3REODFLyQ\9LYLHQGD\, Consulta interactiva de datos, &HQVRGH

3REODFLyQ\9LYLHQGD, Muestra censal. Base de datos. Mxico, INEGI, 2011.
(http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/microdatos/default2010.aspx).
a
Para el ao 2000 corresponde a la poblacin de cinco aos o ms; en el cuestionario del censo slo se formularon
estas preguntas a la poblacin a partir de esta edad. Para el censo de 2010, en el cuestionario se ampli el grupo de
edad al cual se le pregunt el tipo de lengua a partir de los 3 aos o ms.
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Pas
Per
Censo/
ao
Identificacin
pueblo/
comunidad
Identifica
afrodescendientes
Criterios de
identificacin
Pregunta
Categoras
1995
Cinco o
ms aos
de edad.
El idioma o
dialecto
materno
aprendido
en su niez
es:
4XHFKXD"
$LPDUD"
$VKiQLQND"
2WUDOHQJXD
QDWLYD"
&DVWHOODQR"
,GLRPDH[WUDQMHUR"
Autoidentificacin
2007
Personas
de tres
aos o ms
de edad.
El idioma
o lengua
con el que
aprendi a
hablar fue:
4XHFKXD"
$LPDUD"
$VKiQLQND"
2WUDOHQJXDQDWLYD"
(VSHFLILTXH
&DVWHOODQR"
,GLRPDH[WUDQMHUR"
(VVRUGRPXGRD
Autoidentificacin
Fuente: Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO), Per, 2000, Instituto Nacional de Estadstica e Informtica (INEI). No
registra informacin publicada en la pgina oficial del INEI (http://www.inei.gob.pe/srienaho/Enaho2011N.asp), y
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Fuentes de
datos o de
informacin
Censo de
poblacin y
vivienda
Caractersticas
Ventajas
Es la fuente primaria de las

estadsticas bsicas de
poblacin que son necesarias
para fines gubernamentales y
aspectos de planificacin
econmica y social y las
investigaciones en el campo
acadmico.
z Son indispensables para los
marcos de muestreo, aspecto
que contribuye para que las
encuestas sean
representativas de la
poblacin.
z Con la informacin censal se
calculan las proyecciones y
estimaciones de la poblacin.
z Por lo general tienen una
periodicidad de cada 10 aos.
z Permite medir fenmenos de
gran importancia en nuestros
pases, como la migracin
interna e internacional.
Contribuyen para analizar la

situacin sociodemogrfica de
poblaciones poco numerosas
(hoy en da combinando con
sistemas de informacin
geogrfica).
z Identificacin de grupos
vulnerables (pobres,
desplazados, indgenas,
discapacitados, mujeres, jvenes,
tercera edad).
z Elaborar estimaciones de la
demanda sectorial (vivienda,
educacin, salud, seguridad
social, empleo, transporte).
z Servir como marco de muestra
para estudios en profundidad, en
especial de las encuestas.

Desventajas
Son costosos en su operacin.
Es restringido a un nmero muy
reducido de preguntas bsicas.
z Las personas que participan en el
operativo censal, en este caso
encuestadores, por lo general tienen
muy poco tiempo de preparacin. Al
ser un operativo de gran
envergadura, es imposible contar con
encuestadores experimentados y
especializados. Los problemas estn
ligados con las dificultades en la
interpretacin de conceptos que en
ocasiones son muy tcnicos.
z Tiene una periodicidad de 10 aos,
lo que impide la captacin de
cambios en el perodo intercensal.
Sumando a lo anterior y por ser
universal, no permite profundizar en
ningn tema en especial.
z
z

Fuentes de
datos o de
informacin
Caractersticas
Ventajas
Desventajas
Registros
administrativos
Son permanentes,
normativos, su finalidad es
administrativa y, por otra parte,
sirve para control normativo, es
decir, registra un evento o acto
individual (cambiando la
unidad de anlisis segn el fin
u objetivo del mismo) referido a
una persona, hogar, empresa,
unidad econmica,
transacciones, servicios, etc.;
sin embargo, contribuye en la
generacin de estadsticas y
en especial de gnero.
z Existen al menos tres
condiciones necesarias para
su uso estadstico: un diseo
adecuado, accesibilidad y
exhaustividad.
z Su periodicidad puede estar
establecida o no de acuerdo
con lo que se establezca en la
legislacin correspondiente.
Bajo costo de la produccin de

datos.
z Permite la circulacin de la
informacin entre los rganos de
gobierno y con ello evita la
duplicacin de esfuerzos en la
administracin pblica.
z Logra una cobertura completa
de la poblacin objetivo. Los
errores de no respuesta son
menores que en otras fuentes.
z Es posible la desagregacin en
subpoblaciones.
z Fortalece a los sistemas de
informacin en todos los mbitos
territoriales de un pas.
z Constituye una base cierta para
la construccin de series de datos
Encuestas de
hogares
z La caracterstica principal es
el levantamiento de la
informacin por muestreo. La
unidad de anlisis pueden ser
las personas, hogares,
vivienda, empresas,
instituciones, etc.
z Los temas de estudio que se
pueden capturar mediante
encuestas son muy variados y
con cierta profundidad: grupos
y organizaciones, cultura y
socializacin, estructura social,
poblacin y familia,
medioambiente, economa y
trabajo, poltica, educacin,
salud, problemas y servicios
sociales, etc.
z Incluye recopilacin de
informacin de los individuos
por sexo y edad, aspecto
importante en la generacin de
estadsticas de gnero.
z Dependiendo de la unidad de
anlisis, el inters o tema de
estudio, se pueden tener
encuestas permanentes,
especiales, politemticas,
polifsicas de panel, entre
otras.
z Caracteriza la situacin social

de los individuos y de los hogares
en funcin de su insercin en la
estructura econmica.
z Pueden ser continuas,
mensuales, bianuales o anuales.
z Los encuestadores son
especializados y entrenados.
z El control para evitar sesgos y
errores es estricto.
z Las encuestas de hogares por
lo general permiten tener
informacin regular, actualizada
(revierten el rezago de los
censos, estadsticas vitales y
encuestas especializadas) y
comparable.
En algunos casos de refiere slo a

la poblacin urbana.
z El anlisis no se puede realizar tan
desagregado, pequeos grupos o
poblaciones; resulta limitado, ya que
a medida que disminuye el nmero
de casos, el error de muestras
aumenta.
z En algunos casos, las personas sin
alojamiento o residentes en viviendas
colectivas no son poblacin objetivo.

Falta de homogeneidad, en
especial las diferencias en las
definiciones de las variables, que
pueden dificultar la comparabilidad.
z Efectos de los cambios polticos
(cambios de funcionarios pblicos,
alcaldes, coordinadores de
programas, etc.) en la continuidad de
los registros administrativos.
z Falta de un identificador comn en
los registros para realizar la
conciliacin de los datos y falta de
personal.
z Falta de una visin de largo plazo
que conduzca al desarrollo del
sistema estadstico y que privilegie la
coyuntura.
z Carencia de una poltica de
cooperacin entre los rganos que
suministran los registros, la
inexistencia de un acuerdo entre
todos los actores e instituciones
partcipes y la ausencia de leyes
estadsticas para todas las
desagregaciones territoriales.
z No todos los pases de Amrica
Latina tienen informacin sobre
registro civil o continuo, los cuales
pueden usarse para obtener varias
medidas comparables a lo largo del
tiempo. Rezago entre el registro y la
disponibilidad de la informacin.
z

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Habitantes
Tipo de municipio
A) Ms del 70% de
la poblacin
indgena
B) Entre el 40% y
69% de la poblacin
indgena
C) Menos del 40%
de la poblacin
indgena
D) Poblacin
indgena dispersa
E) Sin poblacin
indgena
Total
Nmero de
municipios
Poblacin
indgena
Porcentajes
Poblacin total
Distribucin
de la PI por
tipo de
municipio
Distribucin de
la poblacin
total por tipo
de municipio
Porcentaje de
la PI con
relacin a la
poblacin
total
468
4 694 923
5 283 947
42,17
4,70
88,85
156
1 805 799
3 330 132
16,22
2,96
54,23
239
3 644 105
59 706 935
32,73
53,15
6,10
1 561
987 735
43 975 087
8,87
39,15
2,25
32
40 437
0,00
0,04
0,00
2 456
11 132 562
112 336 538
100,00
100,00
9,91
Fuente: Clculos realizados por los autores basados en:

<http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2578:catalogo-de-localidades-indigenas2010&catid=38:indicadores-y-estadisticas&Itemid=54>.
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081,&,3,266(*1*5$'2'(5(=$*262&,$/
Tipo de municipio
Observado
Esperado
Residual ajustado
Tipo de municipio
Observado
Esperado
Residual ajustado
Tipo de municipio
Observado
Esperado
Residual ajustado
Tipo de municipio
Observado
Esperado
Residual ajustado
Total
Observado
Muy alto
Alto
264,0
8,0
23,9
113,0
78,2
4,8
48,0
28,3
4,2
47,0
26,1
4,6
8,0
43,4
-6,3
32,0
39,9
-1,4
120,0
283,3
-18,0
213,0
260,8
-5,4
440
405
Fuente: Clculos propios basados en CONEVAL, 2010.

Grado de rezago social

Medio
Bajo
Muy Bajo
A. Ms de 70% de PI
88,0
2,0
1,0
179,9
74,5
50,4
-9,7
-10,2
-8,2
B. Entre 40% y 69% de IP
57,0
4,0
0,0
60,0
24,8
16,8
-0.5
-4,7
-4,5
C. Menos de 40% de PI
67,0
40,0
92,0
91,9
38,1
25,7
-3,5
0,4
14,6
D. Poblacin indgena dispersa
720,0
340,0
168,0
600,2
248,6
168,1
10,4
10,6
-0,11
932
386
261
Total
468
156
239
1 561
2 424

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0e;,&275$<(&725,$'(/$6%5(&+$662&,2(&210,&$6(1/26081,&,3,26
6(*1325&(17$-('(32%/$&,1,1'*(1$
PANEL A
Porcentaje de poblacin
PANEL B
Poblacin indgena 1990
93,1
56,6
14,9
4,1
92,8
54,2
14,3
91,9
54,9
Analfabetismo
(15 aos o ms) 1990
39,3
Analfabetismo
(15 aos o ms) 2000
Total
nacional
Total
nacional
A/A
B/A
C/A
D/A
26,3
1,00
0,61
0,16
0,04
0,28
4,1
26,1
1,00
0,58
0,15
0,04
0,28
13,9
4,5
25,2
1,00
0,60
0,15
0,05
0,27
30,2
15,5
17,7
22,7
1,00
0,77
0,40
0,45
0,58
32,3
25,0
12,2
14,3
18,4
1,00
0,77
0,38
0,44
0,57
Analfabetismo
(15 aos o ms) 2010
26,0
19,1
8,8
10,9
14,1
1,00
0,74
0,34
0,42
0,54
Sin alcantarillado 1990
60,0
50,9
27,2
37,1
41,7
1,00
0,85
0,45
0,62
0,70
27,5
25,0
14,1
17,2
19,5
1,00
0,91
0,51
0,63
0,71
9,9
9,7
5,1
6,1
6,9
1,00
0,99
0,51
0,61
0,70
Sin electricidad 1990
37,1
30,1
17,9
19,3
23,4
1,00
0,81
0,48
0,52
0,63
17,7
14,9
7,9
7,4
10,0
1,00
0,84
0,44
0,42
0,57
6,9
6,6
3,2
3,1
4,0
1,00
0,95
0,47
0,45
0,59
Sin agua corriente 1990
46,0
46,0
27,8
29,9
33,9
1,00
1,00
0,61
0,65
0,74
25,9
28,7
17,0
16,0
18,9
1,00
1,11
0,66
0,62
0,73
19,6
23,0
12,8
12,9
14,7
1,00
1,17
0,65
0,66
0,75
En hacinamiento 1990
74,9
70,1
61,3
63,0
65,6
1,00
0,94
0,82
0,84
0,88
68,4
64,5
51,5
52,3
56,2
1,00
0,94
0,75
0,76
0,82
55,7
51,1
41,3
41,6
44,7
1,00
0,92
0,74
0,75
0,80
Con ingreso inferior a dos

salarios mnimos 1990
86,6
80,3
66,4
73,5
75,9
1,00
0,93
0,77
0,85
0,88

88,1
81
59,5
69,3
73,0
1,00
0,92
0,67
0,79
0,83

80,6
72,3
46,4
57,5
61,8
1,00
0,90
0,57
0,71
0,77
Fuente: Elaboracin propia basada en INEGI, censos de poblacin 1990-2000-2010.
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Pobreza en los municipios clasificados segn concentracin de poblacin indgena, 1990-2000-2010
Pobreza alimentaria a
Pobreza de capacidades b
Pobreza de patrimonio c
Tipo de municipio
1990
2000
2010
1990
2000
2010
1990
2000
2010
Ms de 70% de
poblacin indgena
53,6
69,7
52,7
62,4
76,0
63,0
80,8
87,8
83,9
Entre 40 y 69% de O
47,9
58,2
42,6
56,7
65,3
52,6
76,5
80,5
75,57
28,5
31,8
24,0
36,6
39,2
32,4
58,7
58,9
56,34
32,6
36,8
26,1
41,0
44,0
34,9
63,0
62,2
59,53
Razones
1990
2000
2010
1990
2000
2010
1990
2000
2010
A/A
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
B/A
0,89
0,83
0,81
0,91
0,86
0,83
0,95
0,92
0,90
C/A
0,53
0,46
0,46
0,59
0,52
0,51
0,73
0,67
0,67
D/A
0,61
0,53
0,49
0,66
0,58
0,55
0,78
0,71
0,71
Menos de 40%
poblacin indgena
Poblacin indgena
dispersa
Ratios
Fuente: Elaboracin propia basada en INEGI, Censos de Poblacin, 1990-2000-2010.

a
b
c
Ingreso inferior al costo de la canasta alimentaria.

Ingreso inferior al costo de alimentacin, salud y educacin bsicas.
Ingreso inferior al costo de alimentacin, salud y educacin, habitacin y transporte bsicos.


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Tipo de municipios
Indicadores de Incidencia
Razones
D
A/A
B/A
C/A
D/A
Pobreza multidimensional
Poblacin en situacin de pobreza
84,2
77,6
53,5
63,8
1,00
0,92
0,64
0,76
Poblacin en situacin de pobreza moderada
47,0
35,7
15,6
18,7
1,00
0,76
0,33
0,40
Poblacin en situacin de pobreza extrema
37,2
42,0
37,8
45,1
1,00
1,13
1,02
1,21
Poblacin vulnerable por carencias sociales
13,9
18,0
26,8
25,5
1,00
1,29
1,93
1,83
Poblacin vulnerable por ingresos
0,5
1,3
4,6
3,3
1,00
2,37
8,52
6,18
Poblacin no pobre y no vulnerable
1,4
3,1
15,2
7,4
1,00
2,25
10,86
5,32
Privacin social
Poblacin con al menos una carencia social
98,1
95,6
80,2
89,2
1,00
0,97
0,82
0,91
Poblacin con al menos tres carencias sociales
74,2
62,2
36,0
40,6
1,00
0,84
0,49
0,55
Indicadores de carencia social

Rezago educativo
40,2
34,1
22,6
28,5
1,00
0,85
0,56
0,71
Carencia por acceso a los servicios de salud
41,2
36,7
33,0
33,1
1,00
0,89
0,80
0,80
Carencia por acceso a la seguridad social
89,5
83,0
66,4
76,2
1,00
0,93
0,74
0,85
Carencia por calidad y espacios de la vivienda
79,7
70,9
33,3
40,0
1,00
0,89
0,42
0,50
Carencia por acceso a los servicios bsicos de

vivienda
44,3
34,3
20,1
19,8
1,00
0,77
0,45
0,45
Carencia por acceso a la alimentacin
35,2
32,6
27,5
26,4
1,00
0,93
0,78
0,75
Bienestar
Poblacin con un ingreso inferior a
la lnea de bienestar mnimo
84,7
78,9
58,1
67,1
1,00
0,9
0,7
0,8
Poblacin con un ingreso inferior a

la lnea de bienestar
56,1
46,9
24,7
31,5
1,00
0,8
0,4
0,6
Fuentes: Clculos propios basados en: CONEVAL, 2010; CDI, 2006a; INEGI, Censo General de Poblacin y Vivienda 2010,
y CONAPO, 2010.


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a
325*5832'(('$'
(QSRUFHQWDMHVGHODSREODFLyQWRWDO
2000 b
Grupo de edad
(aos)
Habla
lengua
indgena
No habla
lengua
indgena
2010
Total de la
poblacin
Razn
no
indgena/
ndgena
Habla
lengua
indgena
No habla
lengua
indgena
Total de la
poblacin
Razn
no
indgena/
indgena
De 3 a 9
11,9
13,2
13,2
110,8
12,3
14,8
14,7
119,7
De 10 a 19
22,8
24,6
24,4
107,8
20,0
21,0
21,0
105,0
De 20 a 29
17,9
20,5
20,3
114,6
16,4
17,9
17,8
109,4
Entre 3 y 29
52,6
58,3
58
1,1
48,8
53,8
53,5
1,1
De 30 a 39
14,9
16,0
15,9
107,1
15,1
16,1
16,0
106,4
De 40 a 49
12,0
10,9
10,9
90,6
12,4
12,4
12,3
100,0
De 50 a 59
8,8
6,9
7,0
78,3
9,9
8,5
8,6
85,9
De 60 a 69
6,3
4,4
4,6
70,8
7,0
5,1
5,2
72,8
De 70 o ms
5,4
3,5
3,6
65,0
6,9
4,2
4,4
61,5
11,7
7,9
8,2
0,68
13,9
9,3
9,6
0,67
6 044 547
78 381 411
84 794 454
6 913 362
97 250 211
104 781 265
Ms de 60
aos
Total
Fuente: Elaboracin propia basada en datos de INEGI, censos de poblacin 2000 y 2010.
a
Las frecuencias relativas pueden no sumar cero debido al redondeo o a la omisin de la categora no especificada.
En el ao 2000, la categora de 3 a 9 aos slo reporta la poblacin de 5 hasta 9 aos, debido a la naturaleza de los
datos obtenidos en el censo.
&8$'52
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a
<12,1'*(1$3256,78$&,1&21<8*$/
2000
Habla
lengua
indgena
No habla
lengua
indgena
2010
Total de la
poblacin
Razn
no
indgena/
indgena
Habla
lengua
indgena
No habla
lengua
indgena
Total de la
poblacin
Razn
no
indgena/
indgena
Soltero(a)
28,9
37,6
37
130,1
27,9
35,7
35,2
128,0
Casado(a)
47,4
44,4
44,6
93,8
43,3
40,4
40,5
93,4
Unin libre
14,4
9,9
10,2
68,9
18,6
14,1
14,4
75,7
61,77
54,36
54,87
88,01
61,91
54,53
54,93
88,08
Separado(a)
2,0
2,6
2,6
128,9
2,9
3,8
3,7
132,4
Divorciado(a)
0,4
1,0
1,0
256,4
0,5
1,5
1,5
339,0
Viudo(a)
6,6
4,2
4,3
62,8
6,7
4,2
4,4
63,2
Subtotal
Total
5 013 659
63 725 830
68 901 966
5 784 439
78 737 666
84 927 468
Fuente: Elaboracin propia basada en INEGI, &HQVRVGHSREODFLyQ\.

a
Las frecuencias relativas pueden no sumar cero debido al redondeo o a la omisin de la categora no especificado.


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2000
Nivel de
instruccin
Sin
escolaridad
Educacin
bsica
Subtotal
Educacin
Media
Educacin
superior
Total
Habla
lengua
indgena
No habla
lengua
indgena
2010
Total de la
poblacin
Razn
indgena/No
indgena
Habla
lengua
indgena
No habla
lengua
indgena
Total de la
poblacin
Razn
indgena/no
indgena
26,3
7,5
8,8
353,4
21,9
7,6
8,5
287,7
67,3
70,1
69,8
96,0
68,7
63,6
63,8
108,0
93,6
77,6
78,6
1,2
90,6
71,2
72,4
1,3
3,4
13,1
12,3
26,4
15,1
14,4
19,7
8,6
8,1
23,1
13,1
12,4
22,7
6 044 547
78 381 411
87 794 454
6 913 362
97 250 211
104 781 265
Fuente: Elaboracin propia basada en INEGI, Censos de poblacin 2000 y 2010.

a
Las frecuencias relativas pueden no sumar cero debido al redondeo o la omisin de la categora no especificado.
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Razn no
indgena/
indgena
Razn
indgena/
no indgena
Total de la
poblacin
No habla
lengua
indgena
Habla
lengua
indgena
Razn
indgena/
no indgena
2010
Total de la
poblacin
No habla
lengua
indgena
Derechohabiencia
Habla
lengua
indgena
2000
Con derechohabiencia
16,1
43,3
41,3
37,2
57,1
65,8
65,2
115,3
86,7
Sin derechohabiencia
82,9
55,7
57,6
148,9
42,5
33,9
34,5
79,86
125,2
6 044 547
78 381 411
84 794 454
6 913 362
97 250 211
104 781 265
Total

a
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(QHIHFWRVHKDQPHQFLRQDGRYDULRVFDVRVGHPXMHUHVWRGDVLQGtJHQDVTXHKDQGDGRDOX]HQODFDOOHHQODVDFHUDVRORVMDUGLQHVGH
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0e;,&232%/$&,1+$%/$17('(/(1*8$,1'*(1$<12,1'*(1$
a
6(*1'(5(&+2+$%,(1&,$$/6(*8523238/$5
2010
Habla lengua
indgena
Con derechohabiencia al Seguro Popular o
una Nueva Generacin
Sin derechohabiencia al Seguro Popular o
una Nueva Generacin
Total
No habla lengua
indgena
Razn no
indgena/
indgena
Total de la
poblacin
40
22
23
54,56
59
78
77
130,95
6 913 362
97 250 211
104 781 265
Fuente: Elaboracin propia basada en INEGI, Censo de poblacin 2010.

a

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SREODFLyQGHPiVGHDxRV3DUDFRQILUPDUHVWDVXJHUHQFLDHVQHFHVDULRXQDQiOLVLVSRUJUXSRVGHHGDG
\ HVFRODULGDG &RPR VH VHxDOy DQWHV OD SURSRUFLyQ GH SREODFLyQ RFXSDGD FRQ PHQRV GH GRV VDODULRV
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FRQ PiV GH GH SREODFLyQ LQGtJHQD TXH HQ DTXHOORV FRQ PHQRUHV SURSRUFLRQHV GH SREODFLyQ
LQGtJHQD 8QD H[SOLFDFLyQ HV TXH HVWRV PXQLFLSLRV VRQ SUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWH UXUDOHV \ DJUtFRODV FX\RV
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&8$'52
0e;,&232%/$&,1'($f26206+$%/$17('(/(1*8$,1'*(1$<12,1'*(1$
a
6(*1&21',&,1'($&7,9,'$'(&210,&$
2000
Condicin de
actividad
2010
Habla
lengua
indgena
No habla
lengua
indgena
Total de la
poblacin
Econmicamente
activa
49,3
49,4
49,3
No
econmicamente
activa
50,4
50,3
50,3
5 041 137
64 019 691
69 235 053
Total
Razn
indgena/no
indgena
Razn
indgena/
no
indgena
Habla
lengua
indgena
No habla
lengua
indgena
Total de la
poblacin
99,9
48,8
53
52,6
92,0
100,2
50,5
46,5
46,7
108,8
5784,439
78 737 666
84 927 468
Fuente: Elaboracin propia basada en INEGI, censos de poblacin 2000 y 2010.

a


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TXHHQDJXDHQWXEDGD/RVHIHFWRVVREUHODVDOXGGHHVWDVGRVEUHFKDVQRVRQFODURVQLVHKDQFRPHQWDGR
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0e;,&232%/$&,1'(&,1&2$f26206+$%/$17('(/(1*8$,1'*(1$<12,1'*(1$
a
6(*1$&&(62$$*8$(178%$'$(1/$9,9,(1'$<
2000
Accesos
agua
entubada
Disponen de
agua
entubada
No disponen
de agua
entubada
Total
Habla
lengua
indgena
No habla
lengua
indgena
2010
Total de la
poblacin
Razn
indgena/
no
indgena
Habla
lengua
indgena
No habla
lengua
indgena
Total de la
poblacin
Razn
indgena/
no
indgena
59,5
85,6
83,7
69,4
74,9
92,3
91,1
81,2
38,5
13,4
15,2
286,7
24,6
7,3
8,4
337,6
6 011 721
78 065 443
84 433 162
6 673 117
92 868 076
100 036 275
Fuente: Elaboracin propia basada en INEGI, censos de poblacin 2000 y 2010.

a
&8$'52
0e;,&232%/$&,1'(&,1&2$f26206+$%/$17('(/(1*8$
a
,1'*(1$<12,1'*(1$
2000
Disponibilidad
de drenaje
2010
Habla
lengua
indgena
No habla
lengua
indgena
Total de la
poblacin
Disponen de
drenaje
31,6
80,3
76,8
No disponen
de drenaje
67,6
19,1
22,6
6 011 721
78 065 443
84 433 162
Total
Razn
indgena/
no
indgena
Razn
indgena/
no
indgena
Habla
lengua
indgena
No habla
lengua
indgena
Total de la
poblacin
39,4
56,3
92,3
89,8
61
353,6
42,8
7,1
9,5
601,9
6 673 117
92 868 076
100 036 275

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Se describira usted como parte de un grupo que es discriminado en >pas@ o no, segn lengua
Pas
Espaol
S
Lengua autctona/indgena
No
No
Total
S
No
Chile
17,9
82,1
57,1
42,9
22,2
81,8
Colombia
21,6
81,0
29,4
64,7
21,8
80,9
Mxico
26,1
73,9
35,3
48,7
29,4
70,6
Per
26,1
73,9
51,3
48,7
29,4
70,6
Promedio de los
cuatro pases
21,0
79
48,2
51,8
22,1
77,9
Fuente: Elaboracin propia, basado en Latinobarmetro 2011, disponible en:

<http://www.latinobarometro.org/latNewsShow.jsp>.
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Qu le falta a la democracia en su pas? Falta participacin ciudadana, segn lengua
Pas
Espaol
No menciona
Lengua autctona/indgena
Menciona
No menciona
Menciona
Total
No menciona
Menciona
Chile
61,4
38,6
57,1
49,2
61,4
38,6
Colombia
58,7
41,3
58,8
41,2
58,7
41,3
Mxico
68,1
31,9
77,8
22,2
68,3
31,8
Per
67,6
32,4
74,2
25,8
68,4
31,6
Promedio de los
cuatro pases
63,8
36,2
72,6
27,4
64,2
35,8
Fuente: Elaboracin propia, tomando como fuente de informacin Latinobarmetro 2011.

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161
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ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
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CEPAL (2015) - Discriminación Étnica en 4 Países

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(VWHGRFXPHQWR IXHSUHSDUDGRSRU ODFRQVXOWRUD $OLFLD3X\DQDGHOD 8QLGDGGH'HVDUUROOR6RFLDOGH OD 6HGH

Publicacin de las Naciones Unidas

3DUDPD\RUGHWDOOHYpDVH3X\DQD   LQpGLWRWH[WRVXPLQLVWUDGRSRUODDXWRUD 

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Los gobiernos contratantes acuerdan elucidar los

Carta de Naciones Unidas

Captulo XI. Artculo 73. Los Miembros de las

Los pueblos de las

Declaracin Universal de los Derechos

Artculo 2. Toda persona tiene todos los derechos y

Los pueblos de las

Incluye un detallado artculo sobre obligaciones de

Los pueblos de las

Artculo I. Las partes contratantes confirman que el

Carta Interamericana de Garantas

Convencin para la Prevencin y la

b) Lesin grave a la integridad fsica o mental de los

Artculo 5. (...) los Estados partes se comprometen

Convencin Americana sobre Derechos

Artculo 1. Obligacin de respetar los derechos.

Colombia: Ley 16 del

Colombia: Ley 74 del

Colombia: Ley 74 del

Colombia: Ley 589 del

Convencin sobre los Derechos del Nio.

Colombia: Ley 12 del

Chile: Firma nica el 10

Entrada en vigor como tratado

Convenio N 169 sobre pueblos indgenas

Colombia: Ley 21 del 4

Artculo 1. OBJETIVO Y FUNCIONES

Se entender por la expresin "Pueblos indgenas"

Declaracin de principios jurdicamente no

Principio 22: Las poblaciones indgenas y sus

Los pueblos de las

Colombia: Ley 165 del

Declaracin de la Conferencia Mundial

Prembulo. 5. El territorio y la supervivencia

Artculo 23. Reconocemos plenamente los derechos

Declaracin de los Derechos de los

Artculo 3. Los pueblos indgenas tienen derecho a

Los pueblos de las

Colombia (indgenas y afrodescendientes)

Fuente: Elaboracin propia.

Fuente: Elaboracin propia.

Poblacin no indgena (PNI)

Poblacin total (PT)

Poblacin indgena (PI)

Fuente: INE (2005).

Mdulos de identificacin tnica

Para todas las personas

Slo para personas censadas con F2 en

Habla otra lengua indgena?

De acuerdo con su CULTURA, PUEBLOS O RASGOS

Para todas las personas

Habla la lengua de su pueblo?

Para indgenas rom, raizales del

Fuentes: DANE, ;9,&HQVR1DFLRQDOGH3REODFLyQy 9GH9LYLHQGDy &HQVR*HQHUDO.

De acuerdo con su cultura,

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