SS Gravity Calculations 4.7

USER NOTES
version 4.7 (11/29/12)

visit www.stonestrong.com to check current version
Stone Strong LLC is the owner of this computer file and retains all common law, statutory, and other reserved
rights including the copyright. Limited license is granted to copy, print, or use this spreadsheet as an aid in
performing design calculations for Stone Strong retaining walls. Thiele Geotech, Inc. and Stone Strong LLC
make no warranties, either expressed or implied, of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose, and
accept no responsibility for the accuracy, suitability, or completeness of information contained herein.
Licensee acknowledges that this computer file is the proprietary property of Stone Strong LLC. Licensee certifies
that he/she will maintain this computer file as a confidential trade secret and will not copy or distribute the file to
any person or entity that is not acting under his/her direct supervision and control.
This calculation spreadsheet is provided for general information purposes only. Anyone making use of
this spreadsheet and related information does so at their own risk and assumes all liability for such use.
Site specific design should be performed by a licensed Professional Engineer who is familiar with the
actual site conditions, materials, and local practices.
1
The conventional (non LRFD) calculation methodology generally adheres to the AASHTO Standard
Specifications for Highway Bridges (17th Edition, 2002). Additional methods and practices follow the FHWA
Mechinically Stabilized Earth Walls and Reinforced Slopes Design and Construction Guidelines, NHI-00043. Specific methods, procedures, equations, and nomenclature can be found in the Gravity Wall Design
Methodology and Example Gravity Calculations in the Engineering Manual and available on the Stone
Strong web site www.StoneStrong.com.
The end user is responsible for all highlighted input values and changes to unhighlighted program default
values. Properties for soil and other materials should be obtained through testing or from recommendations
by an experienced geotechnical engineer with knowledge of local materials and practices.
The backfill height defaults to the total wall height, assuming that the wall is backfilled to the top of any Cap
units or Dual Face units. The backfill height may be overwritten where the Cap or Dual Face units are
allowed to project above grade. The total wall height and backfill height are measured from the top of the
base pad, neglecting embedment. The exposed height is the total backfill height less the embedment
depth. Note that passive resistance at the toe is neglected per customary engineering practice for modular
wall systems. See the Wall Height Terminology sketch located below.
The lateral load above the wall will evaluate live loads such as wind loads on a fence, lateral forces on a
hand-rail, or barrier loads on an above grade Dual Face section. This live load is not included in seismic
calculations (if used). The height above the top of the wall is defined as the height above the blocks, not
above the backfill height (where the backfill height is set at less than the wall height for a Cap or Dual Face
projection above grade). See the Wall Height Terminology sketch located below.
The soil parameters default to uniform conditions. The foundation soils are set to match changes in the
retained soils, but can be overwritten for non-uniform soils. For a sound rock foundation, enter "rock" or
"ledge" (without quotations) instead of a friction angle for the foundation soil.
The trial wedge routine will automatically solve complex slope, tier, and surcharge geometry. Sloped
embankments may be defined by entering the slope value (run per foot of rise) or by entering the elevation
change over the defined segment length. Entry method is toggled by entering "slope" or "elevation" in the
entry field in the non-printed space to the right of the slope section. The segment lengths for the zoned
slopes and surcharges are measured successively beginning from the front face of the wall. Up to 4
segments may be entered, and all segment lengths are horizontal. The total defined distance must exceed
the influence distance of the trial wedges, typically beginning at approximatley 30 degrees above horizontal.
The length of segment 1 is measured from the face of the wall, and the lengths of segments 2, 3, and 4 are
measured from the previous segment. Tiers may be entered between segments. For purposes of the trial
wedge analysis, all tiers are assumed vertical. See the Backslope & Surcharge Terminology sketch located
below.
A rigid boundary, such as a rock ledge or an embedded structural element, may be modeled by entering a
negative tier height at the location of the rigid boundary. The boundary is assumed to be vertical.
Live load surcharges may be entered for individual zone segments. Live load surcharges would include
vehicle loads and other intermittent surcharges. The vertical component of LL surcharges is neglected, and
LL surcharges are omitted in seismic analysis (if used).
The conventional calculations for overturning and contact pressure use a reduced block base width to
account for rounding of the face (reduced by 2 inches by default). Contact pressure can be reduced by
increasing the thickness of the granular base (see note #14).
10
The recommended design procedure for extended blocks (24-62, 24-86, or 24-ME) or tail extensions is to
determine the maximum gravity height without an extension for the specific soil and loading conditions, and
to use extended blocks or tail extension for at least the entire wall section that exceeds this limiting height.
Several precast extended block types are included in the Block Library, but the user should verify
availabiltity of extended units. Cast in place extensions may be added to individual block courses. For
blocks with a height of 3 feet (24SF units), the extender may be limited to the bottom half by selecting "1/2
H" in the cell next to the extension width. This feature is neglected for blocks with a height of 1.5 feet (6SF
units).
11
For calculating driving forces applied to the wall, the effective batter of the back of the blocks is taken as the
facing batter when a Mass Extender is not used, even if a Dual Face block or cap block is used at the top of
the wall. If a Mass Extender is used, the batter on the back of the wall is recalculated following AASHTO
recommendations for stepped modules, but ignoring the reduced width of the DF unit as conservative. The
soil wedge that is mobilized by the tail extension is included in stability calculations.
12
When an extended block (24-62, 24-86, or 24-ME) or a cast in place tail extension is included, the interface
friction angle is taken as 3/4 of the retained soil friction angle per AASHTO recommendations for stepped
modules. In other cases, the interface friction angle is taken as 1/2 of the retained soil friction angle.
13
The aggregate infill weight and the weight of the soil wedge (when Mass Extenders or tail extensions are
used) are reduced to 80 percent of actual when calculating overturning resistance. If all of the block cells on
the bottom course are filled with concrete (including the center void), the ratio may be increased to 100%
(see variable in cell O11). Note that AASTHO recommends a maximum unit weight of 110 pounds for the
unit fill.
14
The toe embedment should typically be at least 5% of the differential wall height (exposed backfill
height/20). If the grade slopes away from the toe, the embedment should be increased. The suggested
minimum embedment can be expressed as H'/(20*s/6) where H' is the exposed backfill height and s is the
horizontal run per unit of slope (sH:1V). For example, the embedment for a 3H:1V toe slope would be H'/10.
Minimum embedment should be 6 to 9 inches for private projects, 20 inches (0.6 m) for AASHTO
conventional design, and 12 to 24 inches for AASHTO LRFD design.
15
The base materials, configuration, and properties are entered to the right of the printable space. Sliding
resistance across the surface of the base is evaluated using a composit friction coefficient based on the
contributory area for each interface combination. The calculated coefficient can be overridden by entering a
composite coefficient in the OVERRIDE entry cell. If ANY value is entered in this cell, it will be used to
calculate the sliding resistence regardless of the other values entered. The sliding resistence routine also
includes evaluation of sliding failure throught the foundation soils below the base, and the lower result is
reported as the sliding resistance Rs.
16
The aggregate base thickness may be adjusted for site and other conditions. The base thickness is typically
set at 9 inches, but may be reduced to 6 inches for shorter walls (6 feet or less) or for hard and stable
foundation soil conditions. In soft conditions with lower allowable bearing pressures, the contact pressure
may be reduced by increasing the thickness of the granular base. The horizontal dimension of the base
should be set to provide a minimum projection in front of the face equal to 1/2 of the base thickness plus 3
to 6 inches for construction tolerance. The rear projection of the base behind the tail should provide at least
3 to 6 inches for construction tolerance.
17
The thickness of a concrete base is typically set at 6 inches unless site conditions dictate a thicker base to
distribute the wall weight over soft soils. When an unreinforced concrete base is used, the front projection
of the footing should be at least equal to the concrete thickness. For calculating the equivalent bearing
width and the contact pressure, a 1:1 distribution is taken through the unreinforced concrete base instead of
the 1:2 distribution traditionally used for an aggregate base. If a reinforced concrete footing is used, the
front projection dimension is used to calculate the equivalent bearing width regardless of the thickness.
18
An allowable bearing pressure may be entered if specified by the geotechnical report or other requirements.
This allowable bearing pressure will override the calculation of allowable bearing pressure based on the
entered properties of the foundation soil. If a net allowable bearing pressure is indicated, then the
overburden at the toe will be added to determine the gross allowable bearing pressure. If unsure as to
whether the specified bearing pressure is net allowable, select "gross" to indicate gross allowable
(conservative). If an allowable bearing pressure is not entered, bearing capacity is calculated using the
Vesic equation. The calculation includes the thickness of the aggregate base and the cover depth in the
embedment factor Df.
19
Internal stability analysis can be performed at any unit interface within the wall. To switch to internal
analysis, select "internal" in cell O10. At a minimum, internal stability should be checked at each change in
module size (i.e. top of Mass Extender or tail extension) and for all courses where lateral loads are applied
above the wall or for seismic load cases. Interface shear properties are taken from full scale testing.
20
Seismic analysis follows pseudo-static Mononobe-Okabe methodology. Version 4.0 incorporates the M-O
model into the trial wedge analysis. Live load surcharges and lateral loads at the top of the wall are omitted
for the seismic load case. Required safety factors are taken as 3/4 of the indicated static condition safety
factors. The seismic acceleration PGA is the peak ground acceleration, expressed as a fraction of gravity.
21
The Block Library includes all standard Stone Strong units and some custom or cast in place elements. The
user should verify availability of individual units from the precaster/dealer in the area of the project. The
Block Library also includes cast in place concrete coping, and the dimensions may be edited by the user. A
user entry section is also available to enter custom block units for unique applications.
22
The LRFD version follows the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification (5th Edition, 2010). Load and
Resistance Factor Design methodology applies separate factors to address the variability of the applied
loads, materials, and design components that provide support. The factored loads must be less than the
factored resistance to satisfy the design requirements.
Specific methods, procedures, equations, and
nomenclature can be found in the LRFD Design Methodology and LRFD Example Calculations in the
Engineering Manual and available on the Stone Strong web site www.StoneStrong.com.
23
A table of load and resistance factors used in the LRFD spreadsheet is included on page 2 of the program
output. These are based upon tables 3.4.1-1 and 3.4.1-2 in the AASHTO LRFD specification. Calculations
are provided for relevent load cases - Strength I (a & b variations), Strength II, Strength IV, Extreme Event I
(seismic), Extreme Event II (collision), and Service I. For this type of Precast Modular Block (PMB) system,
load cases Strength I and Extreme Event I (seismic) will typically control design. Results are summarized
for load case Strength I (relevent behaviors from a or b cases) and Extreme Event I (seismic, if applicable).
Detailed calculations for all of the load cases are presented in tabular form below the summary. If these
additional calculations indicate stabiltiy problems, a flag occurs in the Results summary.
24
Lateral loads at the top of the wall are assumed to be guardrail or barrier collision loads in the LRFD
analysis (treated as live loads in conventional analysis). Collision loads are treated in Extreme Event II load
case. If the lateral load is a different type of loading, this may be investigated by editing the load factor CT
and load case designation. Note that the last 2 load case headings and the CT load factor designation are
not protected and can be edited by the user, as can all of the individual load factor values.
STONE STRONG GRAVITY CALCULATIONS - ver 4.7

Project Name: Gravity Retaining Wall Design
Location: Stone Strong, Lincoln, NE
Job#: 08110.00
Section: Trial Data
Calc by: Author
7/30/15 2:35
Notes
Wall Configuration
batter/setback
block units
W
(lb) xb (in)
face (in) tail (in)
b
unit fill
W a (lb) xa (in)
block
w (in)
h (ft)
44.0
1.50
8.0
8.0
400
27.00
296
29.50
24
44.0
3.00
4.0
4.0
750
23.20
601
26.80
24
44.0
3.00
0.0
0.0
750
19.20
601
22.80
Err:504
44.0
7.50
8.0
8.0
1,900
22.42
1,498
25.73
backfill height
7.50 feet
6.34 deg
exposed height
6.75 feet
'=
6.34 deg
Retained Soil
120 pcf
n/a psf (if specified)
Seismic Load
PGA
0.00
Aggregate Unit Fill
110 pcf
120 pcf
base embedment
9 in
c'
psf
base thickness
9 in
26 deg
kh
Backfill Slope & Surcharge
agg/conc/reinf base
0.00
Toe Slope
rise in grade
LL surcharge
ft
psf
length 2
feet (horizontal)
ft
psf
length 3
feet (horizontal)
ft
psf
length 4
feet (horizontal)
ft
failure plane
psf
51.98 deg
N
Tier Height
ft
ft
ft
avg LL q
S
###
H:1V slope
30 feet (horizontal)
H:1V slope
agg
length 1
effective slope
CIP Extension
we (in)
ht
Foundation Soil
(net)
interface friction angle
13.0 deg
26 deg
allowable bearing pressure
soil wedge
W s (lb) xs (in)
0 psf
T

Job#: 08110.00
Section: Trial Data
Calc by: Author
0.0 deg
7/30/15 2:35
zone of influence
9.53 ft
Page 2 of 2
Analysis
e=
Bf' =
0.44 ft
Ka =
0.311
Qlh =
0 lb
KAE =
Ph =
1,044 lb
Rs =
### lb
PIR =
0 lb
eeq=
0.44 ft
Pv =
122 lb
qult =
4,670 psf
PAEh =
0 lb
Bf'eq =
3.37 ft
Results
0.000
Overturning:
Desired FS =
1.5
Actual FS=
2.52
Sliding:
Desired FS =
1.5
Actual FS=
###
Bearing Capacity:
Desired FS =
2
qall = 2,335 psf
Actual FS= 4.10

qc = 1,138 psf
qall =
qc =
3.37 ft
OK!
###
OK!
Ground Surface & Trial Wedge Plot
1200
Resultant (lb)
25.0
1000
Height (ft)
20.0
800
15.0
600
10.0
400
5.0
200
0.0
0.0
S
5.0
10.0Distance
15.0
20.0
from Face
(ft)
S
25.0
S
30.0
S
0
35.0
10.0
400

5.0
Location:
Stone Strong, Lincoln, NE
200
Job#: 08110.00
Section: Trial Data
Calc by: Author
0.0
0.0
7/30/15 2:35
5.0
10.0Distance
15.0
20.0
from Face
(ft)
25.0
0
35.0
30.0

Job#: 08110.00
Section: Trial Data
Calc by: Author
7/30/15 2:35
Notes
Wall Configuration
batter/setback
block units
W
(lb) xb (in)
face (in) tail (in)
b
unit fill
W a (lb) xa (in)
block
w (in)
h (ft)
44.0
1.50
8.0
8.0
400
29.00
296
31.50
24
44.0
3.00
4.0
4.0
750
25.20
601
28.80
24
44.0
3.00
0.0
0.0
750
21.20
601
24.80
###
44.0
7.50
8.0
8.0
1,900
24.42
1,498
27.73
backfill height
7.50 feet
6.34 deg
exposed height
6.50 feet
'=
6.34 deg
Retained Soil
125 pcf
n/a psf (if specified)
Seismic Load
PGA
0.00
Aggregate Unit Fill
110 pcf
125 pcf
base embedment
12 in
c'
psf
base thickness
9 in
30 deg
kh
Backfill Slope & Surcharge
agg/conc/reinf base
0.00
Toe Slope
rise in grade
LL surcharge
ft
psf
length 2
feet (horizontal)
ft
psf
length 3
feet (horizontal)
ft
psf
length 4
feet (horizontal)
ft
failure plane
psf
54.29 deg
N
Tier Height
ft
ft
ft
avg LL q
S
###
H:1V slope
30 feet (horizontal)
H:1V slope
agg
length 1
effective slope
CIP Extension
we (in)
ht
Foundation Soil
(net)
interface friction angle
15.0 deg
30 deg
allowable bearing pressure
soil wedge
W s (lb) xs (in)
0 psf
T

Job#: 08110.00
Section: Trial Data
Calc by: Author
0.0 deg
7/30/15 2:35
zone of influence
9.06 ft
25.0
Page 2 of 2
1000
Ground Surface &
900
Resultant (lb)
Trial Wedge Plot
800
Height (ft)
20.0
700
15.0
600
Unfactored Loads
Ka = 0.260
500
10.0
300
Ph =
Pv =
902 lb
137 lb
Qlh =
0 lb
200
KAE =
PIR =
PAEh =
0.000
0 lb
0 lb
400
5.0
100
0.0
0.0
Distance 15.0
from Face 20.0
(ft)
10.0
5.0
Load Cases:
25.0
Strngth Strngth Strngth Extrme Extrme Service

I-a
I-b
IV
Overturning:
3,383
3,383
3,383
2,256
2,256
Sliding:
1,353
1,353
1,353
902
902
Bearing:
1,238
1,416
1,502
1,026
e=
Bf' =
0.65
0.40
0.34
3.11
3.61
Overturning:
7,063
Sliding:
###
###
Bearing:
3,773
(@ top of base) Max e:
0.92
LL
EH
EQ
CT
LL Surcharge over Wall
Factored Loading
II (CT)
I
OK!
902 lb
###
1,026
1,026 psf
OK!
0.31
0.31
0.31 ft
OK!
3.73
3.79
3.79
3.79 ft
9,386 10,352
7,179
7,179
7,179 lb-ft
###
###
###
4,085
4,163
9,335
9,335
9,335 psf
0.92
0.92
1.22
1.22
0.92 ft
1.75
1.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.75
1.50
0.00
0.00
1.75
0.00
1.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.50
1.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
DC
EV
BC
0.90
1.00
0.45
1.25
1.35
0.45
1.50
1.35
0.45
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
precast to agg
CIP to agg/soil
0.90
0.80
0.90
0.80
0.90
0.80
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Load & Resistance Factors
I (EQ)
2,256 lb-ft
Factored Resistance
0
35.0
30.0
### lb

Job#: 08110.00
Section: Trial Data
Calc by: Author
7/30/15 2:35
soil to soil
precast to precast
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Block Library
11/12/2012
Unit Width
(in)
44
44
56
50
62
68
62
86
Lift
(in)
19.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
Align
(in)
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
xc
xv
(in)
21.0
21.2
32.7
38.5
50.0
44.2
29.1
40.0
(in)
23.5
24.8
25.8
25.3
26.5
26.1
33.0
45.1
Alternate top units (not typically used - regular 24SF top unit is used in most applications, analyzed as regular 24 SF unit)
Cap
Cap unit
1,600
0.00
8
0.58
32.0
DF
Dual Face unit
3,500
0.00
8
1.50
28.0
14.0
16.0
14.0
16.0
14.0
16.0
14.0
Cast-in-place coping (overhang would be 19 inches less than the Alignment dimension entered - custom coping may be entered below)
12" cp
cast-in-place concrete coping
604
1
1.00
50.0
18" cp
906
1
1.50
50.0
24" cp
1,208
1
2.00
50.0
30" cp
1,510
1
2.50
50.0
coping
custom cast-in-place concrete coping
755
1
1.25
50.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
Vertical stack units (modified recess and face to permit construction of a vertical face)
V6
6SF unit (6 square feet)
1,600
10.75
V24
6,000
43.74
V24-ME
24SF Mass Extender unit
10,000
45.45
V24-M6
24SF w/ 6" Mass Extender (check availability)
8,000
44.35
V24-M18
12,000
45.56
V24-M24
14,000
46.16
V62
24SF-62 unit
6,855
75.87
V86
24SF-86 unit
7,693
115.07
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
1.50
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
44
44
56
50
62
68
62
86
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.2
32.7
38.5
50.0
44.2
29.1
40.0
23.5
24.8
25.8
25.3
26.5
26.1
33.0
45.1
Green Wall units (increased setback - use for green wall or as isolated planter block)
G6
1,600
10.75
G24
6,000
43.74
4
8
1.50
3.00
44
44
19.0
21.0
-4.5
-4.5
21.0
21.2
23.5
24.8
Block
Type
6
24
24-ME
24-M6
24-M18
24-M24
62
86
Description
24SF Mass Extender unit
62HD
86HD
Conc. Wt.
(lbs)
1,600
6,000
10,000
8,000
12,000
14,000
6,855
7,693
Void Vol
(ft3)
10.75
43.74
45.45
44.35
45.56
46.16
75.87
115.07
Length
(ft)
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Height
(ft)
1.50
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
Custom user entered elements below (use for any dealer specific variances from above default dimensions/weights)
Special
Top
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

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USER NOTES

version 4.7 (11/29/12)

STONE STRONG GRAVITY CALCULATIONS - ver 4.7

n/a psf (if specified)

Aggregate Unit Fill

Backfill Slope & Surcharge

interface friction angle

allowable bearing pressure

STONE STRONG GRAVITY CALCULATIONS - ver 4.7

Actual FS= 4.10

Ground Surface & Trial Wedge Plot

STONE STRONG GRAVITY CALCULATIONS - ver 4.7

STONE STRONG GRAVITY CALCULATIONS - ver 4.7

n/a psf (if specified)

Aggregate Unit Fill

Backfill Slope & Surcharge

interface friction angle

allowable bearing pressure

STONE STRONG GRAVITY CALCULATIONS - ver 4.7

Ground Surface &

Trial Wedge Plot

Strngth Strngth Strngth Extrme Extrme Service

(@ top of base) Max e:

Load & Resistance Factors

STONE STRONG GRAVITY CALCULATIONS - ver 4.7

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