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10
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11
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eTqTw\+<] \_dT+~. yTes, eT $X, <y
>\ d++<yT$T{ \TdT=qy] n+<TuT +T+~.
ssyTq <y eT]eT++ #XsTT V+<TeT+,
deeTT. V+<Te\T <y eTsT\ $w]+qf
de\T {{ (jTVAy, VA d]{, dt?) $w ]+|
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yTy<+|syTq n+X+ eyT <T <e+ eqys+
+q <e ds|+ +f >=|~ ns#jTyTq~.
|PjTyTq~. ksyTq <e&+f >DjTyTq~.
<y+X <e #sT&+ eT {\yTq $wjT+. <
12
m+ eTD neds+. eT|syTq jTeTb\q +f

]qyTq eTD neds+. <eeTT, <eeTT B &e+~.
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<e&T, s #s#s >T jeT eT\|<s n+X+
dw+#&qy.
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$e]dTHsT.
nDTeqT+& n$<\T> n n+X\T deT+> q n
neT]\T deT>+> qJe\ es, nTeTyTq (eqe)
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dw u>. <eX |J$q, |bDq @<
_+<Te <>Zs \jT&+ <+. ysTysT> >#seTeTq
bDT\+{q <eX +T+~.
j bDT\ eTT <e+ L&q dwsb\T n
*jTbe#T. eT eT<s+ <y+X n *jTbe#T.
nsTTq|{ $XeT+{ y|+q bD{ yTT+
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13
V+ <e+ >#]dT+~. u\ |P\T n+<Te&+ e\q

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s+s+>, @ s&, nH s\ eTqTw\T |P+#&+ e\q
$>V+/V+ +>H <e|~>/<e+> u\
n|dT+~.
|P\+<T=H $>V+/V+ <e yTq |~
be#T. < |P+#&+ jT<syTq <e <sq+
be#T. ss\T>, |P+|&+ # j e\
eTqdT\ |yTq u ueq $>V+/V+ <e
d+]+#T=H $<+> #dT+~. eqd+> $<yTq u ueq
*q ys+<] n~ <eX>H |dT+~.
| ] q <e + <]+#T&+ dT\u s + . s
nHwD ws+. uV ||+#+qTq n $wj\|
$eTTK+ #|y] n+sZ + qTq Wq\T y\& e sTT.
uV ||+# $d]+#+& +&&+ L& <
JeH neds+.
uV >T $wj\| $eTTK #|&+ $<yTq
\e+ & \>#dT+~. n+& uV >T
|u\, s|Tw\qT e k<H\T> esT& +
neds+ . n+sZ $\Te\T uV|sy T q s +& neds yT .
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|+#Te&+ < JeH neds+.
eTq+ eddTq ||+#+ =ksT sTV+>q,
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14
q|&e#T. qqT, sT\qT n+{ <y <]+#>\

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csTTc\qT sd]+, eTqdT <s\qT ] +#T&+
<s d k]+|#dTe#T.
<e+ ds y|+ nH eqT sTEe #jT& mH
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d+#]+#~ bsTT, <MT< ~|+ #sTT+#\ #&&+
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bDT\qT m+ eTs<> #&*. n$ eTw ded+ |{q T
u$+#s<T.
<e mH n+X\THsTT. ne e~*yd @<
n+X b<q$Te&+ >< T . T e\, eTd+ +< s\
eyT b<q$TeL&<T. |P\T, |qks\T eTw
eTD *+#e#T, n& |esq |P]> es<qT
=qe jTT n+sZ+ es<T. eT|syTq #s\T,
k+|<j\T eTw esT# $<+> +&*.
eTqMT ||+# @ <<+ #dTHy eTq |P\T
q |]Cq+ C| eTq <wD ssTT+#~. y]
#q\T, y] n\yf eTq q&|+ #~. _q+ dw jTT
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|s+|sqT>yTq #q\qT+& |{q<.
eTq < >TsTe\T HqT, H~ nH ueqqT
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15
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n\yq{ <qTy*. HqTqT s|eb*.
ns_+< eTV] n_bjT$T~: ds y|y T q d + y| ,
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|<s+ & +T+~. u|<s+ qT+&
(|]DeT+) y\Te&+<. B |]DeT eT+ |f~ u
|<se TT. bDeTT (JeeTT), Je eTT, eTqdT, n>=| eTqdT,
|se q+<eTT, # q X, nd\T jT<se TT d<q+<eTT
(dY Y q+<eTT). d<q+<eTT $_q dwdT+~.
nX+ u< \T>#dT+~.
eTw <edsb \TdT+& #d$ eT&T
$wj \T: { \eTT s +&T <V eTT (ueTT) eT&T y$ < eTT
u>e+T&T/u>eY ds|eTT. r ds|eTT.
dsb ={|&jT&+ e\q eTw u>e+T |
$<yTq d+s ueeTT+~. u>e+T&T n+ XX*
nqT=+{& >, <eeTT $yeTT, |eT eTs= s|eT ns+
#dT &T. u> e +T&T X ds|&> eyT \ dsb
|dq+ #dT=H+<T \T\T e&+ e+{$ #k&T eTw.
jTT<u$T nsTqT& |+# w&T ;ss+
($Xs|+) +&+ sT>TT+~. $Xsb ujT
u+Tq ysT <y |dq+ #dT=H+<T @yy |<T\
|PksT. n+<T * e&+ {: *yTq/V
]\qT rsT=H+<T ujT+syTq |< ne\+_+#&+
sT>TT+~.
16
<y , | |r> rdTe&+ e\

sT>TT+~. nqT>V + b+<&, #&T s*+#& \T
*e&eTH~ #] eTq |dT+~. u>e+T&T eqe
s|+H/s b s|+H +#& nes
eT+{sT. nes+ \|]$T #+~+~. #H|sT \T
nes+ |< |</eTs\ eTs\ |qseeTjT nqTue+>
u$ksT.
u> e < ds|eTT ryT q ~. n~ ns#jTyTq ~,
q+<<jTyT q ~, n~ d++<y T q ~. |se qT |se
>H =\y*. dsy| nsTTq <e&H sTH y] DyT
nqTu \T>TT+~. y] *> n q+<+ <e
|k<eTT.
eTw d+|Ps+> $eTT b+<\+f b|; qT+&
jT|& #\<T. n& eTqdT b|+ | |P] E>T|/
ndV + @s&*. n+s |P]> e]by*. $<y T q E>T|
@s&&+ e\q n& b C|\T HXqeTesTT. HqT
C|\ $q+ HqT nH ue+, | dw nH ue+ #
#<T seT+~. jT<s+ u<| & T +~. u (Blake) nH $, y
@eT+{&+f eTqdTbs\T =\+ #d, \T|\T us s
#d n+ $~e TeT+~. nq+yT q dw >#]dT+ ~. Aldous
Huxley V<jT Hs
\+ \y] d+kseTT, sDeTT, <XeTT,
n<XeTT, \eTT, nq+eTT n s+>H >#]ksTT
n+{&T.
17
n<jTeTT 3
eTqTue +
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<+f >=|~ +< eTq y* n|dT+~. +>+
s*jTH nHe re-ligare n+f eT yTT<{ #sT&+
n ns+ . <e eTT qT+& |{q eTq+ eTs\ <e #sT &+
nqe.
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< s e+ + . n~ eTq+ n+< T e\d q m T
#sTe\dq ksTT. ||+#+ nTe+{ <se+yTq
d<T. d #sT&+ <<| nk<+.
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ksTTd+ b&<T. <s+ d+ m>u<T. e> <s+
eyT #\<+T+~ eT+.
eT+ d\, d<+\ <T. eTeT+f eTq+ #~y
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18
eTq nqTue+ sy*. d#yTq eTqdT qysT eT

J$+ <e <]+#>\ sT. +<T uVyTq yk<q =s mTe+{
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eTq |<* n <e+ q>&q$. <e #sT=H X
eTqH +~. |<T\T e\+ |dy]. eT\T |d\qT
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n eT\T s \yTTf. q eTqdT, q
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ysT eT\T ysT ysT esZ\qTd]+#e#T. \+ e+
f. q ~e nqTue+ #T&+. eTeTH~
eTw n+s+> ]\ n |<qyTq~. n& eTqdT
q XX+/neTs+ b+<\H ]qT+& |{+< eTeTT.
n~ =\+#Ty\H =\+#T |jT+. uV
||+#+ @B n& ||s#<T. eTw n+s+
<eq <V+ rsT&+ dyT eTw eT XsTT+#&+
]+~.
eT+ <s eyT eTw d #sTe >\&T. dyT
n& |see~. dyT eTw J$+ n bs\q
d+|>\<T. eTw`<e&T, y] kV+, y] nqT+<+`
e n eT\ <suyTq$. eTw Jeqk>s+
n\\yTq|&T, y<q *q|&T eTw k+q *+#
>*+~ eTeTT f.
sD+ #H eTw <&+> { +#>*>~. n&
q&|+# #<X, n& X+, CH *+#~, y*+#~
19
eTyT. n+<Te\H eTq+ #] >eTkyTT n+X+. n~

eT eTw q b<q n q n jTT>q
k<T|+>e\, eT|<\ |yTq >T]+| >s eeTT
e&+ ]+~ eT+ eTw d+d d+Vu>yT+~.
||+#+ q n<TyTq &\T \T, d+êTT,
Kq+ n eT_yX+ |{qy.
eTw #q\, <s\ n{ eT\+ n& q
|q, |]|Ps b+<\q ]. yT<dT <s>,
k+<ss<q e\q > d~ b+<&+ n& |ee.
qH ~e <]+#*. |H eT_yX eT\+.
XX, neTs b+<\H~ eTw +. q
\Vq\T q n|]|eTT, q sT#eTT n&
+>BksTT. <e + |]|Ps , >=|<q+ n& d+ue T+
*dT+ ~. q | y T q ~eeTT eT<syT q ~e+
y| >TT+~. <<| n eT\T eTw ~eeTTq<
>T]+#sTT. y<++ n+Xq beTTK eT]s
eT\T e<T. eT= <seTT+&*/\eTT+&*. n~
e\yTT d<++> +&s<T. eTeT+f = >TD\ |{
s<T. =+<sT e\ deTV+s<T. < V<T\T+&s<T.
<e + =+<sT e\ T deTV+> @s&q+ eeTTq
|jq+ <T.
n+<Te\dq ksTT(d) #|+~. eT #q+ q
< |{dT+~. eTw n+sZ+> |yT q<e
20
|k$dT+~. qT n~ +. e <e y* rd+<T

$$< eT\T $$< esZ\qTd]+#=#T.
eT+ eTw, <e&T ysT ysT <T. s+& \d f.
eTw d+\+ <ed+\+ $q+ #jT&yT eT<jTeTT.
eTqTw\T <e qT+& |{q nH |sb\T.
eTeTT #sD \y\eTT, <se+eTT. e\T
<se+yTq #sD |f $<+> r]~<*.
$<+> #d n$ <| +={ <s|& HsTT.
$~+# $<T\T, eT+ $~+# $<T\T f. d\T
< eTs={ & ={#T. n< $<+> = eT d\T
s eTd\ bd> be#T. eT m|&
|TsD s<T. <q+< e]\&+ w+. < eT+ jTT
ds nedseTT. eTeTT $Xd+ L&q~. $XdyT
\+q.
eT $Xd + qeT\T, # s D \T d e + j T T
|<sqqT sksTT. <X+ |\ keTV q&e&
<X+ b{dTq eT{ +T+~. keTV q&e&
eTq= |eD+> / =\eq+> |=dT+~. n~ m+ es
e\qT eT Jeq |see~ #sT&+ eTsTT+<
\T|T+~.
eTqT eTT d+d]+#T+& <e& b]+q |*
eTT+&<T. 1.=+<sT <e& eT ]\T rs k<q+>
|]>D+, eT+\T, +\ kjT+ <e& yT& +
21
|+<+ #d eT s\T rsTy\qT=+{sT. \T\T, L&

e #+~qy. 2. eT] =+<sT eTT#d |qT\{ <e&
y<eTT< +< #bsT. eT ks+ d+ eT ]
+d+, <qdsD d+ #d |qT\ <e& edT+<
qeT\TsT. eT n&T|T=, n\T #dT+{sT.
#s <c #d dHq<s+ eTw < Jeq+
y| bVdT+< nseTeT+~. XXeTT, bNqeTT
nsTTqTe+{ dHq<seTT V+<<XeTT >+
|u$+q <<| n eT\ <su+. $<+> #d
|eT <X\ |{q eT\ |{\ #|<q eqe
eT+ L& e #+~+<. (Religion of Humanity) eqe
eT+ n+T+~.
eTw |eT, u< m\\T/d]V<T\T <{ T++
qT+& <X <X+ qT+& n <X\ |\ $d]+q|&T
$CqeTT (Science) ||+#eT+{ b<T|= n+<sT
eTqw\qT, deC\ {> *|q|&T eqy[ < +<
_+<Te neT+~. b eT\T eqy[ jTT ,
\|sq+ \eTT y{ eTs<qT b&T=HsTT.
|eTqT, dy sqT, ke Hj, eT+H,
$Cq deTTbsq n$ bV+#sTT. eqeeT+ |{+~
eqe+\, eqe , n~ m~+~ eqe |eT,
< <jT+ eqedy. eqedy e<ede> |{
eTsTT+~. q $< T \ , u< \ b< q Z + ~.
T+u |$T+#&+ +f deC |$T+#&+ |#T,
22
deC +f <X |$T+#&+ eT]+ |#T, <X+f

eqy[ yTT |$T+#&+ n+ >=| <s+.
eqe eT+ beT\ HXq+ #jT<T. y{
<s\qT #sD |&T+~. T++ +f de+ $Tq
n+f T+u s+ #j\ ns+ <T. <+ |]|w+
#dT+~. <X |$T+#T yTT+ eqy[+ V#T>
|$T+#T n u~dT+~. <qd+b<q e<, ueds\T
rsT&+ nedseT nq<T. y{+f yTT+ eqy[
XjT dT deTLs&+ eTTKeT n+T+~. e\ +f de+
d+|Tue+ >=|e n+T+~. |eT nqTs>+, $Cq+ n
eqede nedsyTqy n+T+~. n~ <={ edT
|\T eqy[ u>Td+ eTT+<&T>T yj* n+T+~.
$yq+< n+{sT eTyTT d<++ <T, e q
d +f qd #s esZeT~. eqe& neTs
k~+|#d~, |Xe> q eTw <e& #d~ eT+. eTw
yT<dT eTqdT s+& eTTKeTT. s+&T \d |#dH n_e~
k<+. yT<dT eyT +& eTw m+&b&T.
e\+ d<+\ <s+> eT+ eTqT>& k<+<T.
n~ ss|+ sy*. nqTuy y<+ y*. n~ X\+>
\ +& >eTqX * +&*. u\+ qT+& jTeH,
jTeq<X qT+& |]| m{ #sT=+{y n< $<+>
d<++ qT+& ss|+ sy*.
23
n<jTeTT 4
eqe J$+
J$due+
J$eT+f @$T{ ? $T*q n $w j \ uT,
J$+ eTq ksTT < d eTq J$ s+#&+
&&TT+~. eTq \\T, ]\T, eTq j|j\T, eTq
>qTuy\T, H{ |]dT\T e eTq+ J$ ns+
#dT&+ &&sTT. *<+&T\T eT+T\T <s
esqTq y] |\\, *<+&T\T >&\T#dysT <TsX \
ysT nsTTqy] |\\ & +T+~. J$+ mH s+>T\T,
mH $Xc\THsTT. y{ @sTe |&+ >, n
bs\qT $e]+#&+ > <s<T.
J$+ _q<y\THsTT. eTq J$+ ]> nHyTq
d+|Tq\T, $wj\T` n$ <T eTTK+. y{| eTq d+<q
eTTK+. eTq J$+ n+sZ+, uVeT s+&T _q
<y\THsTT. s+&+{ s+s |TsD sT>TT+T+~.
< |]DeTyT J$+.
uksTT L& eTq~ |dT+~. eTq+ H +&,
|>*, >sT n \Tw+. b eTq Xs+ eTq*
eTT\ qT+&, s>\qT+& s+# |]d eTq+ s>\
b\|&+. & L& |TsD |dT+~. uV ||+#+ qT+&
eTq Xs+ |y+# eTT\, s+ q s uesZ
]> bs+ L& eTq J$ sdT+~.
24
J$+ eTq eT+, #&T` s+& m<TsesTT. eT+

eTq yT\T #jT&+ #&T eTq &T #jT&+ eTq \TdT.
d + | T s D eTq J$ + eTs= s | + L &
|dT + ~. |&T eTqeTTq d qT+& esT#+~ eTs= $<+ >
|]D$T+#&+ rdT+&. |]dT\ |ue+ e\ eTq uV
J$+ esT d+u$+#e#T. eTq n+sZ+> q |*
eTw mTe+{ esT qTbe#T.
J$+ eT&T eTTKyTq =\eH\THsTT. n+<T
yTT<{~ J$Xj @ssT#T&+. J$= \eTTq
e ysTT |\T #d n~ y&T juy\ |\T #k &T.
J$ \+ <seTT+&&+ eTTKeT k$T $yq+<
nHsT.
eTq J$ + neTTKy T q < s +/ + eTq
_&yT q <e qT>=q&+. eTq eTq+ =+#&
>*H eTq* eTq+ jT++#>\T>T+. n~ sT\
njT| <T. me] ysT #dTe\d+<. J$+ |D+
<e ||*+| #jT&yT eTq <jT+ y\+{sT k$T
$yq+<.
eTq \+ neTT nTqeTT/weTT, q+<+
*+#~ nsTT +&*.
neTT nq> ueTT ~. d++~+q~.
J$ |see~ e\+ uq+<+ <T, nqTuy\ <s
J$ ks+X qT>=q&+ <s+ qT+& +=
25
<s |jD+#&+ n+#\+#\T> k~+q CHqT+&

wyTq CH b+<&+. M eTq \\T y*.
] \ T +& J$+#* n eTqTw \T s + s +
|jTksT. uyTq ]\ n+yT <T. n+# _
+ + &T L&u&&T. <=+> <=+>q+ #k&T.
=+<sT y<+ e+|{+#T=H |jT+ L& #ksT.
]\T r]q sTy @+ #j *jT d @s&TT+~.
$wjT dsD
eyT $Cq deTTbsq C\<T. $wjT ds D
<T'Ks+ L& e#T. $wjTdsD +& $y,

$y#q |+b+~+#Ty*. q+<+ eTq J$ q+<
eTjT+ #dT+~. @ eTw nsTT q q+< qH
yT+{&, q e\dq y\T>TqT qH yT+{&,
q e\dq y\T>TqT qH <]k&, q nedsyTq
|X+ qH qT=+{& n& J$+ d|\eT
u>eBZ #TT+~. \ @ss#T=H < k~+#
esZ @ssT#Ty*. < q dHV+ #j*. q
edT\T @ssT#Ty*. \ >*, neX e~jT
L&<T. < nedsyTq X, H|D, eqsT\T #LsT
y*. n|& \k<q k<+.
n< $<+> eTqdT q <T y*. ~ s+s+>
=qk>*. ~ me] ys #j*.
nqTu #q #qqT neT\T #jT&+ ` $ ysT
ysT |jT\T e. < eTs={ <s|& +{sTT.
nsTTq|{ n$ ysT ysT> |#jT&+ sT>TT+T+~.
26
eT&+{ nqTd+<q+ #d y{ | #sTT+#>* eTqdT

+ q+<+ \T>TT+~. eqdq+<+ uq+<
<]rdT+~.
<seTT #sD+ y*. D+ <q+
y>\>*, eTsTD+H Xs XeT #jT& dq<+
>\>*. y| |e#H\ $|]+# >\>*. eTs=y|
k<sDyTq |#jT>\>*.
e++{ ]q+ <&+ +&* d dVeT>T
kes+, eT<T+ +&* n+{sT k$T $yq+<.
>TD\qT |+b+~+#T&+ e\H eTq n+s+>+ <&s
eTT+~. eTqH \Vq\T, n$yyTq #q\T m<TsT
>T\T+{sTT. y{ |uy qT+&, eTqdTqT |$ +>
+#T>\>*. eTq \k<qqT>TD+> eT\T#Ty*.
eTq+ <se+yTq \ @ssT#Te&+ ||P]
<T. < neT\T |{*. B s+&T $<H\THsTT. {
|T<\ neT\T#jT&+, s+&T <s mTe+{ &
+&, <H eTq Jeq$<q+> esT&+.
eTq <s\T eTq n\yT y*. J$+ u>+
y*. nqTd]+#bsTTqsTT nTe+{ <s+ &=\e+{~.
#sD+ <s+ |jq+ ~.
<e&T, <e+ $ eTq nqTue+ sy*. s+
<e s|+#&+, eT nqTu #+<&+ k<+ <T.
<e&T + eT+ + n eTq+ q$Tq|& n$ nqTue +
eksTT.
27
eTqyTssT#T=q \ cew> rdTs<T. <

>{> qe*. < X<> #]+#*. #sD ny+s\T
@s&e#T. n&+\T >#T. y{ |q|{ n+] yTq
B eTT+<T =qk>* n u>eBZ #|+~.
eTq \k<q #&T\+|\T, #&T #q\T eTq
eTH<s ~>Cs |jT+ #ksTT. n< eT+ #q\T,
j+ nesTT. \yTssT#TH= |<| mTe+{ |]d
q < $d]+#s<T. \+ k~+# es =qk+#*.
B, |T<\ |#j* m&, m|&T bjT |d
sjTL&<T.
#ksT eTq eTqyT ny+s\T *>T #dT=+
+{eTT. eTq&T e#y{ =\+#T&yT eTq $~.
\k<q # ws+. < k~+#& m+ B |T< \
y*. eTD <s X qTeT&dT+~. \k<q MT< <w
+B]+#&+ e\q eTqX jTT\ ~XH |jTksTT.
eTqq Xq+{ \k<q $j+#*.
\k<q eTq ks |jH $j+#&+
n$y+. k$T $yq+<, eTq $eTT bT sT\
yT\T \>#jT&eTH~ eTses<T. eTq <e y*Bd
|jT+ sT\T eT <e k]+| #dT=H+<T
&&* n+{sT.
;sT e\ #b\+f e |{q|&T e @&Td
+ n&T>T|{e. q+ |T| Vs+ y*T#s T.
28
e eTsD+q|&T + Te+{ eT+ e b>=T

q+<T <T'+#*. e D+ =s J$+#*.
J$+ #e|T\ eT<q ]> +T nqT=+{sT
=+<sT. eTVTTw\T eqe J$+ XX e+q
e+{<+{sT. Jeq|yV+ XXyTq q+<eTH deTT<
#ses ><T. < n+eT \eT<. |jD+ eT< *>
q+<+>, u<> <H|e. eqe J$yT+ w
yTq~, $\Tyq~. < n C>> J$+#*.
mTe+{ eT+ +& s&+s J$ >&|&yT
<se+eTT. jo\eTT, X\eTT, nqTs, $s,
k+|<jT+, |s>eTq+, <seTT, nDe, *eTqdT, |d _&
s\+ n +&*.
|$, sTD e+{>TD\T * +&*. @| #dTH
< < b+ bs*. <e+q J$ q+<
eTjT+ #dT+~. M{ $T+q J$ |+ ksyTq |eT,
n&>+& # |eT. e&+ | |#Te&+ *jT @eT.
||+#+ n+<sT Hy n|+# |eT. mes
n| ] T \Ts T , n+< s | ] T , |ed < T . s
V<j d+ ]+#>\ |eT, sT\ q+< |+
e>*q|& J$+ <qeTeT+~.
|eT kssV de | += $<+> e
]+#&+ <s<T. |eT m\\T~. \+ eT+ C
s+>T e+{ u<qB |eT. ~ deTT<eT+ q~.
29
nsTTq|{ +<H \T qTe+{~. & qTe+{~. sT \

| eTq sy $d]+#s<T. <e | #| |eT >=| ~.
b|+ |eT u< <]rdT+~. <qe+T\T <eD eT
<q+qT, <qVqT\T <e HeT+ d]+#T# =\eeqT.
J$+ D\T
z! neTsTs! nCH+< s e\ <B|eq+> y*>
|seqT HqT qT>=HqT. n& \TdT=qys
#eqT sTT+ neTs+ k~+#>\sT. n |{+#&=
y<y<T&q TTw.
nTqyTq < J$H >&b |wT\
n>|yTq/>&yTq uw u~+#sT >TsTe\T. mTe+{
s#]+#, jTC\T, |yk\T, <H\T, B\T #j
y<\ $|\+> +~.
'The cloud of unknowing' -
djTH eT #+~q eTV>+<+ sd +~.

J$+ H\T>T $<\T: 1. k<sDeTT 2. |eTT 3. <q
|P]eTT 4. |]|PseTT.
1. u|+ |#T=H keq eqe\ J$+ k<sD+.
2. ||+#dTU $d]+ >&| < Jeq+ |+.
3. |P]> <e <q+H >&| J$+ <q|P]+.
4. <e yTq y] Jeq+ |]|Ps+.
30
T> s #d < JeH, JeH

|< & <T . <<+ eyT &. \T < Jeq+
>&T|T+&=#T. <\T b{dT+&=#T.
J$+ L& m+ n+<eTT, q+<eTT HsTT.
q T+ duT\d+ |eT X$T+# \T, |eT
bs\T #| >TsTe, #<Te n+yTq $<], |eT s
de\+~+# y<T&T` n+<sT eT J$\qT #> >&|qf.
MsT |$yTq J$ >&b\ sT=+f nqTd+<q+
#jT& d<|& y] J$\T + T\HeTesTT.
eTw d+|TJ$ n& #T q ||+#+ MT< n&T
n MT< ||+#eT |ue+ #|sT. e> d+|TJ$>
n&T q u<\T s]+#\+f m+ H|D+ y*.
eTqdT, jT ||+# b+q k~+qy] J$+
eT<Ts+. u<+ nV+d, dd+<, <=+>q+ #jTbe&+,
dN\, eT<+ d$+#be&+ nH <T d\qT b{+#
eT+T+~ |+* j>Xg+. nV+d, deTT, <=+>q+
#jTbe&+, dN\eTT d L&uT+&TqT b{+#
eT+T+~. $ dw q+\eT n \, n
d>T\ b{+#*q d\T.
sT\ de #jT&yT eTq |seT<s+. =k]
|#jT&+ =+ u< \>e#T. n+<T mHsT
q+< e TT+~. e T e > J$ + q, d e +q
\d~d+ bT|&*.
31
J$ <jT+
eTq s#T m<TsjT |X ` J$ <jTyT$T{?
eTTK+> H J$ <jTyT$T{? nH~. q+< |X+qT
b+<&+ nqT=HeTT. eTq \_+q<$T{? +<q,
sX, dV\T. m& | ]+~?
eTq+ eTq #H ds[ esT=, eTq$T+ eTT+<T
+q < es+> keTqT+&, H sT J$+
HqT q+<+ nqTu$+#& <T, ~ sT\ q+<+ d+
He&+~ nqT+&. H sT J$+ <e n++
nqT+&. n< MT J$ d]jTq s#q+.
<e& e deT]+#<\#T=q n Hy<\+f, qqT
e Hy<+> n]+#T=+f <e&~ n+ |b
eTeT+~. nV+ q @ esT&T k <e *
e& d<|&&T. Jddt J$+qT, eTsD+ L& qqT
qT <e& * # >=s|\ nsTTH&T. qT e n]+#T& +
>=| |eTqT, qeT, > \T|T+~.
eTqeT~ #jTeTT. n+<T ns\ u<\T c\T.
+>| < + Sacrifice, X|C eTq+ d]> ns+ #dT <T .
eTq+ @<H VQeT sT\ d, rdT=qy& |jq+
\T>TT+~ #y& @+ sT>TT+~ nqT=+{eTT.
{H uw X|sY (Sacrificare) nH |<, |$qT
b+~q nH ns+. eTq+ |Py, |+& <e deT]keTT.
q edTe |$ d+]+#T=+T+~. e&eTH |
32
~e b+<TT+~. <e&~ d]+#&+ <s n~ |$

eTT+~. n< $<+> qqT HqT deT]+#T&+ <s
|jq+ b+<~ HH. HqT |$eTjqT. <e& ]>~
@MT<T. H yTT+ u+. <e& <B<T. H J$
ks \T>TT+~.
eTq+ m|{| &T eTq\ eTq+ =X = V+
+|y*. eTq\ eTq+ = e\T>, Xe+T\T> r]~<T
y*. eTq eTq sT>T bsT>T, deC |jq+
#L s e\ T> |]$T #+<*. eTq eTq+ =+ #dT=
eTq #&T #q\qT bs<*, eT+ #q\ +|y*.
T, +#T nH~ eTq <jT+ y*. mesT eT
$<T\qT, u<\qT $d]+#+& b{ks, ysT sT\
V\qT >s$ksT. +#T n+f eTq bsT>Ty&T
u<|&T +f L& #d +&&+ <T. u< =\+#
>\>*. @ neXyTTdT+< n m<TsT#d < <=s
T#T= sT\ yT\T \T>#j*. edT< T+eTH
ueq d]+ n+<] q+<+ *+#>\>*. n|&T
X+, ku+ @s& J$+ <qeTeT+~.
J$+ |<|, q| | <sqqT
d]+#sTT. e> u<\ s]+#T. | qqTd]+#&+
u<. @| #|{H | m{ #dTHeH~ eTTK+.
eTqyT+ u> #dTq|{ c<Tse&+ eqe. n$ L&
J$+ u>. nsTT w deTjT+ L& |X+
##<ss<T.
33
eqe u$eeTT
|e qT eT+ J$+ >&|<{> nH~
|<dy\T. J$+ <e&T eTqq es+. eT+ J$+
$, $y#q <s d+$TdT+~. $CqeT+f $wjT dsD
<T, d]+q $wj\ dHX> eT\T#T>\>*.
$yeTT J$ T> |]o*+|#dT+~. < <s q+<+,
|X+ \T>TT+~.
eTq n+s+>+ n+sTKyTq|&T, HH+<T, m{>
J$dTHqT? HH&qT+& e#qT? m&qT? H J$
<jTyT$T{? J$ HH q+<eTjT+ #dT>\qT?
` Te+{ |X eTw u$y ssTT+#~.
eTw u< qT s |sTw&T e&+. ||+#+
|jT, X, | e>s n eTT+<T>H ssTT+#&
HsTT. ||+#+ |r~ | <s\qT>TD+> +T+~.
H r|, >T; |]eT+, $Xd+, uT <qeTT
>&< zsT, u$T |j>eTT mq{ ese. #| H\MT<
TC\<T, sT q #s+ MT<Tq eT#\qT =\+#T
<T. ddb\T >* m>se. eTw u$eeTT
ysT. eTw #+<T&MT< eTq>\&T, deTT<| T
y>\&T. nDTe $#~+#>\&T. X |]X~+ =
\ qT>=q>\&T. | <s\qT m<T]+#>\&T. X
n& s |sTwD #jT>\<T.
n& |esq $yTq~. n&T #+<T& MT<
y >\&T q +{ keTsd +> +&& T . n& uyyX+
34
+~ sT D <T . y>e TT+~ ~#<T . #jT >\&T,

deq+> |+#&T, edTe\THsTT u>e+T&T&T. n&
<Hsq MT<, n~s+ MT< qT, d+ MT< $y#qMT<
oqT #T jT+\T+{sTT. eqe+ <T. n>
k&T d+~+#&T . *$ +~, C*<T . eT+ \D
\
MT< #&T \D\T k] #ksTT.
#&T \D\T =+&=# V<T\T MTsTsTT. |*
eTs= |* #+|<T, &\T += &\TqT y{&<T.
jT+ \~ H\qT eTTeb\T #k&T.
s=feTT d #\T J$+eTT $Xd+> +T+~.
eTw n +&&T. eT+, <+, <TsX, s, >s+
e+{ #&T>TD\ n& q&|ksTT. eTw Ls d]k{
+={<T.
eT+ eTw <e< +f >=|y&T. #&eTw <jTeTT
+f #T&T. eTw n $| T<T. es uy.
n& u$e$TB n #|&+ w+.
u<|&+ eTw $~. u< J$+. n< n& eTT+<T
q&|+#~. q&# <] n+ eTTeTjT+. eTw w+ n&T
#sT<\q >e { +T+~. e XeT(<q+) me
|j q+ b+<\qT=+f w+ b\T L& my +T+~. |
c <s +T+~.
eTw qT #] \by\, >=|y&T y\
+k&qT+& n&T # me> w|&* +T+~.
35
eTw s+s+ esT nH |yV+ =T= bT+{&T.

= #q\T, uy\T, ]\T, uy<\T n& ]
_] #dT+{sTT. M{eT< d+jTeTq+ b n& >
n<> neT+~. #{ ne>Vq qsTT d]jTq ~X>
n&T |jDk&T. s+&T $<H\q XeT |<T. w +
|<T.
eTw |qT>T mH sD\T: = dVd<yTq$,
= ]+ = keTV+, = n+sw \T>TsTT.
* q _&\ q+<+ d+ |& bT dVd<yTq$. +&
q T++ q+<+ d+ ]+> k&T.
HjT&T meeT+~ XjT dT =s keTV+> k&T .
k<Te d n+sw #~k&T. Ms+<s m+
X$TksT. mH c\T sT=+{sT. u< M] dTK+>
+T+~. n+<TH y]q+<+ \_dT+~.
eqe J$ q&|+# eTs= <jT+: nTqksTT
< wksTT #sT&+. BH V+< TTw\T |]|Ps
eTHsT. eqe #q+ |\T n+X\T n<T+> yT$d
n$ |]|Ps+ k~ksTT. eqd, Xs n+sZ+
n{ |]|w+ #d $&T<\jT X X\, Xj\,
<s\ k~+#+<T y&*.
eTw u$y s+# X *q wyTq $\Te\T:
deTT, n+<eTT, HjTeTT, |eT mTe+{ |b <sD
+& q< qT ||*+|#d~ deTT. <e& d eTT,
36
dyT <e&T. deTT q~, ndeTT ueT. deTT eTT

ndeTT eT&qeT+. eTw $~ d X~+#&+.
n+<eTT |]|PseTT/d+|PseTT. n u>\T d]jTq
b +&+ edTe n n+X\ deT> k~+#&+
n+<+ \D+. >T_ |e dTes+, dTydq,
s+>T, s+, C<q+ n+{ deT> k~++~.
u>e+T dw n n+<yTqy. n+<+ u>e+T ds|+.
eTw u>e+T |s|+ qT n+{ n+< nHw+
k~ + #*. n+< < +q =B eTw n+< +
u>eTe&+ sT>TT+~.
s, eTqk eT<~s~/~]+#~ HjTeTT
me] @~ #+< < y] |+#&+ HjT+ |.
HjTXK sh|]b\q eTTKyTq u>+. s+&T es
X\qT \|&+, eT+ #&T eT< ]> >=&e\ y]+
keTsk k~+#&+ HjT+ |. HjTeT+f eT|<
n+<+, deTT\. eTw m\|& HjTe++> +&*.
<e&T @H&, me]|{ nHjT+ #jT&T.
eTw eTqdTqT <e+ +|~ |eT. ||+#
q&| #<X |eT. <su+ |eT. n+{ <eq
n+sZ C jT |f~ |eT. eTw |]|+#
~eyTq n+<+ |eT. eTw eTw eT< #\s> \V\qT
eTT|f~ |eT. eTw eTqdTqT ueq\qT d+
d+~+|Cd ~eX |eT. |$T+# e nqTeTT n+<
qT>=H |jT+ +&&yT <T, n+< d+, s~+,
37
< XX+ d+b~+#\H |q +{&T. |eT \Vq

yTq <+ <T *+ <T. n~ dHyTq~.
J$q+ #T{yd~.
eTw u$e+ wyTq \\y| |jT+#&+,
yT<dT dVyTq >TD\qT, < >TD\qT nqTd+<
+#&+. yT<dT <e&T eTwq VQeT. u>e+T&T
eTw edTH& *|~ yT<d. < kjT+ eTw
eTqk/n+s |s|+#*. n|& eTw de+ |
qq u< >Vk&T.
eTw >=| yT<dT +f #\<T. n& n+s
eTVjT * +&*. yT<dT @$T #|+<+f eTw
J$+ dqX me beTTKeT <qsTTH q nBq+
+#T= nqTu$+#&+ >=| @MT<T. #] >=|
sT\qT, Xgy\qT |]X<\qT, nHw\qT, \,
e\ >TsT|T=+T+~ eT nBq+ +#T=Hy]
<T. eTw q e+yTq e+ |+b+~+#T=H
|jT+ #j*. ||+#+ @B qdyT qT +&<T.
dsT&T y&, y\TTsT e& qf | deTd
Je\T, #T #eT\T, =+&\T jT\T, q<T\T e>s sT\
dyT HsTT. =y= y\T>TdT+~. #T qqT qse#
y& d+ &dT+~. e b*dT+~ ><T. eTw
$yTq bD. n qy, q dyT HjT+{&T. ~ H
sTT\T, H d, H d+|<, H n~s+ n+{&T. | #d
HsTy*+<+ +~.
38
||+#+ |r~ m<T>T<\ <X +<, qT

m<T>T<\ <V<+ #j* ++ *+#s<T. $q+
yTTsTT, #sTT |P\T |+&T dT+~ < DdT+~. eTw
L& m<>*, eTqdTqT, \|s#* < eTw L&
Dk&T.
dw esT s>&eTT, esT s>+& +&&+
s+& HsTT. \T, TTTe\T, Xs+ esTT+{sTT.
n< $<+> esT$` e$T&#T qT+& e$T&|+&
edT+~, & >T&TqT+& &| |&TT+~. eTw eqe& >H
+&*. n|&|&T <qe&> es&T.
q Xs+ eyT qdT+<, #e< eTw
>V+#*. eTw <e |s|+. ~e+ neTs+. eTw>
|{ qT #d |qT\+{ <e& yT #b* +T+~.
<e&T qq d+|<qT |<\d+ +& qd+ ey T
yd sT&e&T. deC $d]+#s<T. eT+|qT\H
=qk+#*.
J$ J$+#&+
qT >H |]>V+#&+ #sDyTq eT+.
dyT n $wj\ eT<s+ y*. $wj
>V+#\+f s+&T esZ\THsTT. ys>eTT, <qeTT.
dqd+#&+ ys>eTT e\q, <qeTT e\q k<eTT.
dqd+#&eT+f n +<\qT +ydT&+. H u
39
J$ y T T< T , B + f q y T q ~ y\ s T e& +
dqd+#&+. <q+ <s eTq *q V =\+#T&+.
eTq J$yT+ yX\yTq< n+ eT+~. ={
|]$TyT n~ eTsD eyT <] rdT+~. eTq+ $X\
<<+ n+<]d+ q D yTq D\T. d+
<w *q eTw eTsD ujT+ \T>TT+~. eTw m|&
HqT n+{ HqT, n Jy\ HqT, HH ||+#+
nqT=+{& ujT+ M&bT+~.
y<++ J$+ |sds<s ueT #|+~.
nDTe, q nDTe\+{ qbT rdT= y>*H
eTT+<T b>\T>TT+~. \dT> |#dH n_e~ k< +.
C, CrjT ue+ e+{ d+ uy\ @B k~+#eTT.
| #q ||+ #q+ #T{y j
*. | <s eTT, XjT eTT
||+#+ eqy[q+, J$q+ #TTeTT{*.
eTw +] J$+ >&|&+ nk<+. n+<] d+wyT
q d+weTT n ns+ #dTy*. nd $X+ >{|H~
MT< @s&+~. sT\ <T'K+ q <T'KeT, sT\ q+<yT
q q+<eT, q |eT ||+#eT+ y|+|#jT>\>&+
e $~.
ks+ eTsD+, ks+ JeqX. sT\ de#jT&+
J$+ +&&+, q ks+ d+ #jT&+ eTsD d<X+.
&, |&, esZ\qT <Te&+ eTq se+. eqede
#d, sTy qT e <e]+#T. n|&T
40
$|yTq X, \eTT \T>TsTT. sT\qT |$T+#

J$+ es+ d++ |yT JeH eT\d+ ks
|eT eTq <s+ y*.
d+ M& J$ $d]+| #j*. n+<]
$CH y<*. XjTdTqT |+|{*. eTq+ <q+~q
J$+ |TsD m<Ts=+T+{eTT. eTq+ eTq $<T\qT |eT
#jT>\>*. n|&T $<T\qT s]+#&+ eTq q+<+
*dT+~. |eT, d# $T& +T+~. eTq <q+~q
J$ + s d | & | e TT, s e+{ < T s T Z D \qT+&
|+#T= d# d+b~+#*.
n \ +f J$+#&+ >=|. m d<+\T #dH
< d]se. n~ nqTu$+#*+<. < #+#\eTT,
}VreTT. d+^+ > <= > +~. <#T
>+<s>+ e]+ +~. + > n~ s+>T\
ud\TT+~. <#TT q\T| \T| ^\T+{sTT.
ssTT>, #> e+> qT dT+~. * *
# q <eq eT] $w]+|#d, dJe+ #k&T. J$+
L& n+. J$+ ysT ysT <s\ L&q~. y{q+{
{ n* #j *. d<+, #sD
, uV, n+sZ
deT+ +#&yT J$+.
k$T $yq+< n+{sT, @<H #q <s+
rdT, ssTT+e <H d]dT +&T, <H J$
eT\_+<Te #sTT. Xs+ | u>eTT nDTeDTe
41
< +| $T*q #q\T |q|T. $jT+ $<+>H

k<eTT. >=| < y\ q > k<eTsTT+~. eTq
> sh| &.m.|.C.nT + eT+H +
|]dT+{sT, #|+{sT.
eTq eT+ #q\T, #&T #q\T L& \T>T
T+{sTT. eT+ #q\T * d+w+#*. #&T
<seTT+#*. m|{|&T #jT&+ e\q eTqdT
|X+ \T>TT+~.
eTq <j<T <j\ k~+# esZ\T L&
d#+> +&*. eTq+ u>T+fH ||+#+ u>T+T+~.
eTq\ eTq d#+>, |]|Ps+> +#T>* ||+#eT
n< $<+> +T+~.
<s rdT= <d+ |#j*. eTq X n+
< <sbj*. eTq <s + d |P]yT +&*. eTq#T
qysT y] <s\ HsysT=H+<T eTq+ kjT|&*.
dVq+ bsTTqsTT eTqMTJ$+ @B k~+#eTT.
eTq uy<\ n&T yjTb |> k~+#eTT.
seT+ $T& n<T| +#T&+ $X+K\ <T'U,
y<q *dT+~.
sT\ kjTeT+~+# | eT>yTq e X+
\T>TT+~. sT\d+ bT|&+<T< esZ+ \_dT+~.
eTq |esq eTq o\+ MT< <s|& +T+~. eTq
o\+ eTq n+sZ #q\| <s|& +T+~. eTq
~e y* rjT&+| <s|& +T+~.
42
|&T eTq+ >&T|Tq J$+ ndyTq~. < eTq

<s\ b+q<T. n+# < bs<*, jT<syTq
J$ y* rj*. n~ neT bjTeTT, nseTseTT.
dHwD >TV\, n&e\ eyT k< eTqT=+{&T
eTw. n~ d]jTq #q<T. n~ @d >T\HH
k<yT. dHwD #dq ys+<sT >TV\, n&e\ eTT
eTdT= Ls<T. y] =+<sT sC*qysT, dH\
q&|qysT, \~ |\ XjTdT d+ |#dqysT,
s+s+ XeT #dq ysT HsT.
deTT\yTq < Jeq+
d]+ | eq edTe> ||+#
e]dT+{sT. n+<T#H B n+{ #=#T= bjTX,
s+s #\qeTT, es X\ eT< |TsD/s|& @s&sTT.
sD+ #H e\ J$\, <X\ #]\, CT\,
H>]\ |qTesT\T, | e&+, +<|& & \T. sD+
e\H jTT<\T =H, X+ =H +{sTT. |eT <w+ ,
ks+ ks+ b{ |&TT+{sTT. ||+#+ HXH n+#T
+T+~.
e > <X+> >=|<q+ k~+#\+f eT&T
>TD\eds+. 1. eT+q+ MT< qeT+, 2. s nqTeH\T
+&&+ 3. eT+ |+# y] kjT+ #&jT+.
eT+> +&&+, eT+ #jT&eTH < m\|&
n+{|T= +&&+. ysT/VqT+ q+<+>
43
J$+#&+ #d eTq }d \>e#T. n~

|s<T.
eT+&|wT +~. dyTTf sTTdT+~,
nd+ sTT+#<T. $jT+ yqTy+H s>be#T,
n+eT+> n~ | <T. < |* + eTq us |D q|&
be#T n+s+>+ | \T>TT+~. uV ||+#+
eTq d+|< $j\ e+{$ +s+ | b*d @b{?
n~ Jeqk| \ + n~ q+< y T ~? n+< s X+
sT+{sT. X+d+ @$T #j y{ b{+#sT.
X+eTT\T eT #H ds[ d]~<Ty*. X+
d #sT eH +T+~. eTV>+B n+{sT, X+
esZyT desZ+. X+ +f d+ >=|~. nd+ V+d
eT<s+. CsTTr|sT&T m+ \+ V+dqT =qk+#
&T . =+ qT V+dqT =qk+q+ \eTT d
<seTq V+d qeds+ < >Vk&T.
eT+q+ &|<s+ <T. | q|& $<+>, >T|+>
|#dH < $|yTq X +~. #eT+~ eT+q+
#d eTVsyTq $wj\T *jTe. me eT+~ eT+q+
MT<, CsTTr\ MT< qeT+ @s&*. n< |dT |]d
neds+.
d<TZD\T m+edsy <TsTZD\+ nqedseTT. eTTK+>,
s, nqTeq+ +&s<T. V+d ||+# nT&k+~.
, Tb M{ uV sb\T eyT. ndq V *+#~
44
s, ndjT. @ eT>TsTe e\T$H, +< eT&qeT+

H e eT+| #jTe#T eqy[ +>
|$T+#yses sT\ | s, nqTeq+ * +&sT.
]+H, <HXH ||+#+ >=|ysT ]MT<
+=sT ndjT|&=#T. ndjT q+ \eTT nV+d
<s+ sT.
(eqd <s\eTTqy]) nu< ueeTTq y]
n{MT<, n+<]MT< nqTeqyT. eT#TT @yy es
X\T, X+<\T qT }V+#T= J$eT+ y{
bs&T >&|ksT. s, nqTeH\T +f eTq+ eTq
X eT+ |qT\ $j+#e#T.
eT&e~:` eT+ |esq * +&, sT\ yT\T
#dy] kjT+ #jT&+. eTq+ sT\ dVjT+ #d y]
<>ZsqT+& @< {, d+ nsTTq k+. n
+& (ed++) { } @$<+ > n+<] |j >|& T T+<
$<+> #jT&+ yTq kjTeT+{sT X+s#sT\T.
mTe+{ ] + e eyT ks+> |#d
X +T+~. reyTq + +& e q<TsjT |e,
|| eT ] rsT& |jk&T. eT|j>|&
e\ ysT kjT|&sT. n~ yTq kjT+ <T. eTqMT
eT&T d<TZD\T * qsTT eTqyT&TH eT+ J$
>&|>\T>T+.
45
||+#+ q+ qT esT #+~H #+<bsTTH

eT+y] d+ esTT+~. eTq\ eTq+ sTT+#>*
||+# sTT+#>\eTT. m+<T+f ||+#yT& jT<T.
eTqH +~. s+ |eV+|#d sC\T eX+ #d=qy]
$jT+ $jTyT <T. eT n|]|yTq nV sTT+
<kH |]|yTq nV |w+|#dy& yTq $C
n+{sT l seTw |seTV+d. nV+s+ HXqyTq|&
eTq\ eTq+ <e _&\T> de\T> nqTu #+<>\+.
yTq d+w+ eTqqy{ { +&, eTq+ @M
+& J$+#>\T>Ty n|&q+<+ \T>TT+~.
<e& +> |$T+#y @ #+<sT. \
eed qeTsT. <e|eT Xs, eTqdT, |$+
#dT+~. u eTqTw\ Wq+ *dT+<+{sT l seT w
|seTV+d.
<e+ MT< eTqdT \>+ #jT&+ e\q b|+ deTd\
<s+> +&=#T n+{sjTq. b|+ deTd\T eTw
#TTeTTfd ] _] #ksTT. <T'K+, y<q *ksTT.
b|+ $wj\MT< eTqdT +B]+q=B n$ eTq\
+~+|#ksTT.
seTw\ysT s+&T d\V*dTHsT deTd\qT+&
<s+ e&. { eTsD dsD +#T&+, s+&T
<e deT]+#T&+. |{q | bD eTsD+# |< T.
|qT+& |{ |MT< m> q+ ebs n< $<+>,
eTq+ @<|MT< =#eTT n<e>sT y[beTT.
46
<e& |esY |t |{ sdsTT. qT @ y<H u~+#<T.

eT+ e u<\|+ q|&T L& @ nqseT \><T.
<e # =qk>.
eTw , deC q d++< u+<y\qT ssTT+#<
Jeq. de+ q $<T\, u<\ s]d, <e
MT< eTqdT \>+ #j*. <e q J$ n]+#*,
k<T|+>e\ d+>+ #j*, q| qT eT>eTsTT
+& deTjT+ L& <eD d]dT +&*. qT $T
eTD, n+ <e <jT n \#*, qT #dTq~ <e
syTq u$+#*, s+ jTT |* <e n]+#*.
eT+ J$+/ < +q jTT <jT+ eTq {y]
de #jT&yT, n~ u>e<]+ #jT&yT.
eTw qT edT< T++ u>eT, u$+,
deTT\ *q < JeH *+>q+ #dTy*.
|seTV+d j>q+< n+{sT. ||+#+ eTs\ keq
J$+ >&| ~X> q&# sE <>ZsH +~. eTq J$+
s $wj\ beTTK Z+#T= <e =s deTjT+
{sTT+#*. eqe\+ nq<eTT\T, n# nH Cq+
*. ||+#+ sE sE qZseTHsTT. ||+#+ q b++>
e]b +~. |sds+ bT <s #q\T, uy\T q
47
eTqTw\ f T++ $T& +&&+ w+. <X\

$wjT+ ~ eT]+ w+. eTTK+> |eTsV+ B
sD+. e\T L& deTd qT+& $eTT\T y\+f
eqy[ n+<] X+, keTsk #Ls>\ n+X\qT
|+b+~+# T y*. eTqd ] > , e q + # j *.
< +q #Ls>\ n+X\qT |+b+~+#Ty*.
eTqd]>, eq+ #j*. < +q #LsT
y*. eqy[ |dT+ < \_+# ns+>
jssTT+~. Xg|]Cq+, f\ uMT<T+& deTd
H\ VseT+~+#& esZ\T H]+~. d+|q <X\T
L& nd+| s>T\TTHsTT. eT J$\ syT$T{
*jT #eTeTHsTT. nd+| n_e~ esZ\T
yTT+~. H&Tq &T\T eTq= esZ+ #b* +~.
m& | ]+<, |yT&T+<, eTq J$ <jTyT$T{,
B |]csyT$T{, < #]+#<{> \TdTy*.
J$ <jT+ dHwD n+{sT |seTV+d j>q+<.
eTq ysT ysT <j\T+&=#T. e]~, n+eTyT+~, n
eTTKyTq~ f:` qqT qT \TdT&+, q <y
\ Td T & + , < e y T d eT \ Td T & + . <
|<]eT+f ns+ n\eT{dTq< ns+<T.
n++<T. Jeq+, |eT, eTq\ \uf~ .
eTqe n+s \T|\T eTdyd eTq sTD, <seTT
e+{ q >TD\T * n\eT{ksTT. n_e~ +T
|&TT+~. nTe+{ >TD\T ejTyT nsTTbe#T.
48
<e+, XX+ eTq+ => d+b~+#Te\dq

neds+<T. n~ ~es +~. eTq~ *jT<T. y<+
@+ #|+<+f <\+& +&T HH <e&q \TdT. e
#\q+ +& q|&T, eqd |]~ n~>$T+q|&T,
n+s+>+ nyyTq |eT, m\\T <y+X+,
n+T $y#q |eVksTT. n< eTq nd\T dd\T +.
d #sTy\+f d]jTq msT #q+ y*.
$y#q, deTT, <eeTT eTq J$\ <&+> +~+
+#TsTT. <e<q+ n+<T eTTKyTq~. <H deTjT+
<H y] +> deTjT+ <T. (n\&) nX+
n\yT|&&+. <e+ d+ deTjT+ <+f e d+
deTjT+ < #|&+. n+s deTjT+ < #|&+.
n~ n $<\ qc\, n|j\ <]rdT+~. <
deT+ k~+q e n|jT+ +&<T. eTw j|
j\T eTqq d+|< e>s\ { +& eTqyT$T{
nH < =\TksT. e sT\$T#e nH~ =\eq+.
nX+ nH~ (n+s+>+ jTT s>+) eqd s>+. nX+,
nd+| ndeq+, n\&, sTD$T n |sds<s+.
<H deTjT+ be&eTH~ T. TqT
>T]+#>H <edsyTq #j*. b <
Jeq+ n|]|+>H +T+~.
edTe\T, uyTq d+|< e>s\T *+> d+c
*+#=#T. n+s+>+ nX+ +T+~. nX+
b>=Ty\ @yy #k&T eTw, eT]+ nX+ LsT=
49
b&T. deTd\ qT+& b]bjT |jT+ #k&T d]j Tq

|<<T. deTd\ H<Tsb n$ n{> +&bsTT.
nX+ =qk>TH +T+~.
=+<sT eT >yuy <s+ #dT= \
#ksT. >yT+ >=|<sTTq|{ |{ |]d @$T{
nH~ eTTK+. H&T y$T{ nH< eTTK+. eTq+ >+ nH #T
|\ d+ nsT\T #k+, eTq ys $d]k+. H{
|Tq H{ D<XqT b&<T. > eTsb, H{ >T]+,
s|{ >T]+ +#T. eseq+ u$wT MT< <w|T.
H eT b TqT neX+ d n
=+<s+T+{sT. n~ deT+dyTq #q <T. eTq
s> d\ \TdT. y{ b{+#+ m>=Z&eTT.
d+T* VsyT< \TdT. eTqeT~ d]+#+& eTq
V#| ||]# |jT+ #k+. $jT+ k~+#&
| = ]w ds]+~. eTq$ \TdT
b{+#eTT. eTq+ eTq+ y{ eTsT>T |sT keTT. sT y
eTq+ $~ &eTT.
*<+&T\T |\\$ #jTT<T, $ #jTT<T n
d\T #bsT. |\\ eTT+< y{ \+|TksT.
H > J$ eTs\ J$+# neXyT Td nH e >+
+f |&T $y e+T&j& qeTTTH& ns+. n<
yT >, >+ #dq |\, bb\, *q y<q
|q |{ |{ J$ d]=>, @ eTTc eTTw+
50
eT+q+ =#T. @ sEsE $qyTq #q\

|]X<yTq uy\ sE D* eTs\ ]
seqT>, sE, D+ eyT $T* HjTqT
|e]+#*. He |H HeqT n&T>&T >Tq C> rdT =
eTT+<T q&|+qT J$H q&|+#*. >+ >T]+
u<, u$wT >T]+ +<q e~j*. n+s |u<\
qqTd]+ J$ d]=> yTT<\T|{ sC q ||+#+
sT\ = J$ H+~ n u$+#*.
e< <y\\e&q e n\yT e+#&
eT]= e< <y*esT. n< $<+> nX+ s>T\TTq
e eT]+ nX+ \>#d |jT eT+~<T. <qyTTf
< eT+<T. Xs, eTqdT, uy<\ n+s+>
X\+> \|&+, <e+ +|&yTTf esZ+.
<q+ eTq n+sZ+ q uy\qT uV ||+#+
J$ nqTd+<q+ #dT+~. |jT eTq\ eTq
T++ qT+& > s d++<\ qT+& +yjT<T. <
<T\T +<\qT eT]+ |{w+ #dT+~. eTq |eT,
dys |+#TT+~. sT\ XjTdTd+ m|&T eTq+
bsq #ky n|& eTq < +q yTT<\eT+~.
<qeT+f #eT+~sTTw+. <q+ #jT& deTjT+
eT n+s+> =+#d <s+ eT q
eTw+ n+X\ m<TsT|& kVd+ #jT < < T\T
@yy VsZ $wj\ b<T|#TsT.
51
eqd keT]q+ B sDeT |+* n+{sT.

n< < +q&T|\ yd~.=+<sT ds! <eTT&! H sE
e Hq deTd\ \eTTq\T> HqT. s| >T]+
kqT n+{s. jTT>jTT>\T>, \~ q+ kH
n&+ |T=HsT. <= ueT. m+<T+f s| sHs<T.
Te+{ dsTuT eTT eT J$\qT u>T|s#T
=H neX $j+#TsT. rs eT J$\T y<q,
Xu+>\, <eTjT es y +& n|&T <e& <X
sT>TsT. eT J$+ $qeTjTes, u< |eTjT
es m+<T y +&*? q |jT+ #d #\T. <q+
<e MT +|T+~.
eTqk n+s |u<\ qT>TDyTq J$+ m+
es T d T + ~. d e T T \ \ T> # d T + ~. | s e TV +d
j>q+< $<+> b]ksT.
! >H! HqT H sT J$ q+<+> >&|
esZ+ u~+#T. H $<T\qT s]+#&+ Hq+<+ *>T
#sTT. | k+<s k~+#sTT. dw
n+<\qT ne+#, J$+ d#yTq q+<\
nqTu$+#, es uy\, n+<s q+~d +f
q+<\ MT<, #\ ={ @&|+# H \>+&
qqT s+#T.
< Jeq+ >&| k<Te |db|> J$+
keqyTq q+<\ m+ >=|> nqTu$k&T. #eT+~
52
Te+{ q+<\ nqTu$+# nqTs +&<T. jT{

$wj\MT< q+ d y]+<T +&<T. |\+
. >T&T e+{ y{ n\yT|& sT. $\Te\T be&yT
n <s>\ eT\sD+. |dT de+ q<+
N& nHs>+. HqT |X+qT b+<<{> nq&T>T
T+{sT. B ys esZ+<T. <e& y&T&+ |. <q+,
H{ qT+&, n\& qT+& b& eqd deTT\
@ssTdT+~.
53
n<jTeTT 5
J$+ esZ\T
J$+ nq++. n+<T |\ (n<j\) D+>
ns+ #dT=+f | yTT+ ns+ <T. eTq+ uMT<
J$+#~ =~\+ eyT. =~ nqTue+ J$qs+
#dT&+ w+. n<= es |jd. n|&T \VqT\| < w
|& deTjT+ #\<T n> +& ||+#+
bsX\ n, nTe+{ &T\HeTTHjT, y{>T+&
|jD+ #d | eTqeT \TdTeT ne L&
XXyTq | <s\qqTd]+ \& \T>TT+~.
eTq#T q eTqTw\qT |]+# deTjTeTT, y] kjT+
#d neXeTT \T>TsTT.
$yq+< n+{sT: u ||+#+, +~j\
MT< <s|& ||+#+, nq+yTq $X+ u>+ e yT.
B |qTq nq++ #&T<T (+&<T).
+~j\T eTq\qT u+ +#TsTT. #bsTTq
sTy L& +~j\T+&\ sT=+{sT eTqTw\T.
=+<ss TT | \ y] eT] nejTy\T+{jT, <e&T
eqes|+ d+Vdq+ MT< Ls= +{&, n&
++f q+<\ *be#, u ||+#+ n&
=qk>TT+< @<< }V+#T=+{sT. XsyT |see~>
u$ksT.
54
J$yTT yjeTX\. ~ XX+ <T. bse]

yTq J$yT yTq J$+. u J$q~>$TdH yTq
q+<+ b|dT+~.
neTs y T q $w j \qT+& keqy T q $w j \|
<w|& eTq J$+ mH ysT<\T eTq q|&sTT.
eTw sT=+f n \TdT>\&qT=+{+. =
n&T>T\T eTT+<T yjT>H @< { n&T>&> *
n& s~dT+~.
J$+ q+<+, y<q *d +{sTT. J$+#&+,
eTsD+#&+ n+X #+~q u+&TeTTU\T. n$ ysT ysT
<T. eT+, #&T, d+w+, <T'K+ n +>H +{sTT.
J$yTT s+s bs+. |DeTT eTq n+sZ
jT{ X\ |TsD sT>TH +T+~. eTq+ J$+ +&
& +&, >* y*. n$ <=sb eTsD+ <+. eTq+
bs+ z&b eTq eTsD+ b|dT+~. J$+ q+
\eTT bs+ |<T. J$+ |]de|yTH eTq
y<q |]de|eTeT+~. J$+ y<qqT eTs
by\+f f es Z e TT+~. n< e T+f s T \ y < q qT
|+#T&+, y] u< qT+& |+#T=H+<T kjT|&&+ ,
m<T{y] y<q qT |+#T&+ e\q eTq u<\ qT eTsbeTT.
eTq eTqdT s\eTeT+~. eTq\ eTq+ eTsbe&eTH
>=| bs HsT=+{eTT. eTq J$+ mH <X\THsTT.
Je<e+ qT+& Xe, |q u\+, es+, jTeq+,
55
e<|+ <X\y> |]DeT+ #+~ J$+ =qk>TT+~.

| |]DeTyTT yT*. Je<e+ qT+& <y+X d+uT&> T
eqe&T +#&+ J$\+.
<X\{ <suyT Je<e+. <X\
|]De\ eT\+ Je <e+. n< <X\y>, HeT~,
HeT~> jT=dT+~. >=\TdTT JeH eTTKyTq
n+X+ nDTs|+, ds|+ Je<e+ +T+~.
n~ ds+s+> y|yT q | <s+ u>+.
eTsD+ J$+ <T. J$+ eTsD+ <T. n$
sb+s\T eyT. &MT e. @yT Jeqks+X+.
m<T>T<\ Jeq \D+. d+ eTsD \D+. |$T+#&+ Jeq
esZ+, |eTsV+ eTsD+.
J$+ T<T< bjT+. e $CqK e#T < |X
bjTT&T e#T n+ |<y&T e#T, |< <qe+T& T
e#T, sc, <X n~] e#T. @MT sT|<
e#T, LsyTq e e#T, <j>TD+ \y&T e#T.
n+<] J$ yesZeTT+~. n~ <eeTT. eTw
q <y+XqT qT>=q >*q|& n& J$+ neT
bjTeTeT+~ < u]+#s<eT+~.
y<+|syTq J$+
||+#+ $$<eT\T |sds $sT<+ e. ne
eT #+~q ysT ysT <X\T. XXeTT, nseTseTT
56
nsTTq $XeT+ ysT ysT CT\, ysT ysT Ts\

ysT ysT> >#]dT+~. eT+, H eT+, e <X| eT+,
MT <X| eT+ n+ @M e. k$T $yq+< n+{sT.
me] neds\ qT $$< |]dT\, $$< b+\
qT #]+#>*+< eT+ y<++ dseT ks+XeTT:
n~ qMq+ <T. <eyT+ bNqy y<+eT+ bNq+.
n~ b+, deTj T& +&<T. s*jTH
nq> +~+ +#~ nqs+. y<+eTq> n< ns+.
y<++ eT&T eTTU+X\THsTT. {: <e+
eqe nd\TH+. s+&T: eTq <e d+<]+#&+
eTq J$ se+. eT&T: neT\T yTT<{ s+&T n+X\
@u$+#&+.
eTw yTq n& <eyTq|&T q|& u
||+#+, +~j\qTue+ qTq ||+#+ $T<. s+s+
esT qjT ||+#+ &=\. =+&\T &\T eyT
q+{&T fdH (Tennyson)
esT qjT u ||+#+ T esT #+<
<eeTT+~. < VeT+{sT. n< . n< #qeTT.
n< q+<eTT. q+<+ |X+ eyT <T, |seT dTK+
L&qT.
V+ ns#jT+. +~j\ , $CH
n+<~.
57
eT+ dsy|+. n~ n+<]q, n+{q |yT

+T+~. e nqTue >V+ ~, dsy|yTq~.
y<+ |s+> eqe J$<jT+ eTq
k]+| #dT&+. eTq yTq . < nqTue+
#Ty\+f, HqT |&T J$dTq J$+ H
nd+|> +~, H H + H q#&+ <T n n+^]+#&+ .
eTq+ T> s #d eTq J$+ ]\ |. nqT+|q\
deTV+. eTq#T q |]ds\, |]dT\ nqT>TD+>
+T+~ eTq |esq. |]dT\T, |]ds\ bT esT
+T+~.
eTq yTq due+ (<e+) eTq nV+s| bs\
< +T+~. nV+s+ eTq dsb |ydT+~.
nV+s+ e\H HqT, H~, H ], H >=|, H kseTH
ueq\T \T>TTHsTT. C $X+, eqd+>, u+ >
sjT+>, ]+> < eTs={ |qydT= HsTT
n+T+~.
$X+ n bDT\T, n edTe\T f, HqT
L& n+<T n+s>H, HqT ysT <T nH n+X
n+^]+#&eT+ dT\uyTq $wjT+ <T. HqT, H~, H
$jT+, H |sjT+ nH ueq\T M&&+ neds+. u<\T
s]+#*, |* >T]+ +#s<T. Xs+ qT
58
ks+ |#d |eTTT eyT n u$+#*. $<yTq

d] #d || |P deq+.
y<++ | yT q ~, $XqyT+ ~. n~ V+< <
|s+|s qT+& e&>{q ks+X+.
y<++ m\\T~, nq+yTq~, < #H
<]#| s+s de+. < eTq JeqH <s+, eTq
$y#q eT\+, eTq +J$+ rdT=H nHyTq
sj\qT d]e++ #d~.
y<+|syTq J$+ e\, #\ |TsD +&<T.
#q, nH #s\ eT< ds +&<T, e>
J$, Vs+> J$ & +&<T. n+s+>+
qeT\, uV J$+ #\ b+q, ne>Vq +T+~.
eTq, eTq#T q ||+#, nqT+<+ *+#~>
+T+~.
eTq J$q $<qyT eTq beD+, TTEe. eT+
>T]+, <+ >T]+ eTq+ e{& e\ y{ eTq
J$+ b{+#qsTT, nsyT +&<T. eTq #\
<s+> |\T eTq* $XdksT. e\+ eTq e\ {
<T. e\ #\ eT< b+q qsTT eTq+ q
C> rdTy*. b\qT d]~<Ty*.
=+<sT >T]+, CsTTr >T]+, <+ >T]+,
V\ >T]+, eT+ $wj\qT>T]+ n<TyTq |Hk
59
\qT, nqsZ+> dT+{sT. y{ b{+#sT. #|<={

#d<={. y<+|syTq Jeq+ k+#ysT \T |\T\T
|\sT. eTT #]+#< #bsT. #|< #ksT: d<++ ysT
#sD ysT <T.
y<+T\T d |$TksT. l seTw |seTV+d
d | n+{ $d]+#sT. dyT <jTeTT, dy T
y] esZeTT.
q <e k]+| #dT=q e q <
>T]+ >, q< >T]+ +#&T. j|j\
>T]+ eT<q|&&T. q J$+ >T]+ eTsD+ >T]+
j#q #jT&+, |P]> d+ * n+{ nr+>
+{&T. n{ nr+> +&&eT+f ]|+> +&&+ <T.
ksyTq |eT * +&&+. q <e <]+q
e n+{ nr+> +&>\T>T&T. yTq d#,
q+<, d#, $y#q nqTu$k&T.
$s nqTs es+ <T. n~ |X+ .
nyTq |X+. |eT +&q nqTs. ys>eTT, <e
jT&\ |eT |sds<s ueTT. <yTq ]\T eTq\
eTq J$ <jT+ qT+& <s+> +#TsTT. lseTw
|seTV+d $e]ksT. <s+ q b>T jT{
b&T#T= H <s+ d~ +{ <s<T, eTq ]
<s+ b>T\T. eTq <j&T |& nes<\T.
60
# eTT nes< \T eTq+ * +# T =qy .

nes<\qT T=H zsT # nedseTT. @~ @yTH eTq
\ eTq+ eTseL&<T. s |u\ +>L&<T.
#+#\+ eTq\ s+ #dT+~. eTq |H <] rdT+~.
yTq CqyT<+f n+{ HqTHqT, H deTdeTT <
+~ n \TdT&yT. < y<++ jTT n+eT \+.
yTsH nH _ e = n<Ty T q nqTue +
M~eT\ *+~. d#yTq e+ n D\
q yTsT| @ $<+> |d]+| #dT+< n< $<+> <e< yTq
y\T>T HqT n+<] V<j\ *+#&+ #XqT. n
~X\ |kseTeTq y\T>T sK\, sD\ #
+B]+|& yTT+ N{ , Ls |P]> bs<\TT+~.
nTe+{ |X HqT <]+#qT. n~ H <q n|PsyTq
nqTue+ nH&jTq.
(Mr. Merton)
u>eBZ lw&T n+{&T, n+{ HqTHqT

n+{ qqT <]+#>\>&yT yTq<, n+{, n+<]
q <y #&>*qy&T, eqy[ de]eTe&T.
|<y], \VqT\ eD <]+#>*q y& <qT&T. e
$>V + eyT <]+#y&T s>T &T n+{sT $yq+<T&T.
y<+eT+f eT* yTe&+, eTq <e
<]+#T&+, eqe\T> |{q+<T eTq T ks+
#dT&+ n< n+eT \+.
61
eTq+ \ s> #sT=H~, <q+> #sT=H~ eTq

|jT\ MT< <s|&TT+~. eTqMT |jD+ yTT<\T
|>H *dbT+~. B |&+ weT | q$wjT+
qT+& |< $wjT+ < q+<eTjTyTbT+~. y<+ |syT q
J$yT q+<<jTeT \TdT+~. eTq J$+ eTq=
eseT, sT\ L& es|<sTT neT+< nseTeT+~.
V+<<s+
eT |esH jTee[, Xgd++< jTeT +<
q\, w<\ # eT\T, eT eTH#]+# y]
J$\qT jT++#\ #ksTT. y<+ <s, V+<
<sq & @$T+f y<++ XX d<+\, V+<
<s+ Te\T, #s\ & +T+~. B MTe+d
|< n L& n+{sT. V+<Te J$+ yTT+ V+< <s <X
|s+ q&TdT+~.
|{q~ yTT<\T eTsD+ es eT>+<\ <XqTkseTT
q&TdT+< nyw >Vd+ #|+~. V+<Te @ @
jTe\qT, @ @ d+<s\ @ $<+> #]+# V+<
eT >+<\ HsTT. eTqT <s Xg |s+, X (y<+ )
d (#seeVs\T) V+<Te\ J$ XdksTT. M{
<X\qT\+|T+#&+ dV+#&+s><T. eTqTe n+{&T,
< Jeq ds[ mqT=qy&T, s+&T (X, d)
Xk\ jTe\qT b{+# y] Hd\T> |]>D+#*
n.
62
V+<Te J$+ |<X V+<T <sXg <X\

qT>TD+> s>*. Te\ #]+#& d+ks
eT+{sT. $yV d++~+ <T d+ks\THsTT.
n|P d++~+q c+&, <+| d~ d++~+q
>s<qs, |Td+ #d |P |+>deq, >]D Xj TdT
d+ #d oeT+e+, Xq d++~+q Cs,
|sT |& HeTsD, Xe yTT<{ eTT< Vs+
|+#& nq bdq, yTT<{ XK+&H #&s,
#e\T {+#& sy<, #<Te s+u+ $<s+u+,
+<+ yd|&T |qjTq+ e+{eHsTT.
V+<Te eTsD+q|&T, eTsD+q y] d+dsD
#d+<T, = >VsD eTT+<T, >V|yX, nesTT
|<eTw nsTTq|&T #]+#+<T | Te\THsTT.
V+<<s eTT eT, ns, <s ye TH H\T>T < j\THsTT.
+~jT dTU\T eTqTw\, +Te\ L& dVyTq$.
n$ n{ +f n<eTd *jT#ksTT. ns eTq> <q
d+b<q, d L&u&+. edTdsD $ eTqTw\ ey T
|]$TeTT. <s #]+#&eT+f eT d++<yTq u< \T
s]+#&+, du $d]+#T. eTeTT, nseTT |P]>
kseTT L&q$. <s+ n<T. yeTT u>e+T
ks+ \_dT+~.
<e&T dsy| * H&, |eTwq |yT
H& V+< <s+ qeTTT+~. < Jeq <jTeTT
<y+XqT <]+#>\>&+, <y+X \TdTe&yT y eTT.
63
<eyT eTw nd\T dd\T ds|eTT. q

e eTTK+> uVyTqe es+. +#e\dq$ eTT+<,
yq eTw y+ k~+#&+ <+. <d+ < k< q
neds+. X~ k<q #dy] n~ s> \_dT+~.
yk<H eqe J$ eTTKyTq XjT+. Te\T,
d+ks\ <e |sT, <e d+dsD eTT&|& HsTT
qT n~ yk<q |jTT\T.
V+< <sqTks+ eTw J$+ H\T>T <X\THsTT.
n$, V#seTT, >sdeTT, yq|deTT, dHdeTT. eTw
+~jT #|\eTT L&q q+<\qqTu$+# <XqT+& q
ds ks $&H& dqd+# <X #sTy\ TTw\T
$<yTq @sT#XsT. dHdeT+fH ks d #sT&+ .
$ T s T e w \
u~+#$: CsTTr, >s, <eTT *<+&T\ jT&
>seeTT, >TsTe\+<T, d+kse+T\ jT& eTqq.
V+< <s + $yVeTT dTBsy T q T e. |ydeTT,
bsq , |P\ L&q~. nd\T $yVeTH~ <s \uf+ <T
#d e+. |+&es |sTw& us nsTTq|&T yTqT
dV<s #]D n+{sT. n+f <s+ #]+#&+ &T
#~ nqseTT. us, us*<sT ] d+ sT >+
#jT& d<|&*. ~ *<+&T\, LT], =&T,
dVT\ +<] e]dT+~.
64
>VdT $<T\{ eTV sD+ ++ s++~.

<e kjTT+ k~+#& Xk\T |<+# n $<T\
>VdT s]+#*. qT #d |qT\ |*\ u>e+T
]+#*. q J$+ u>e<]+ qT qT #d |qT\+{
dd+< #j*. |<\qT, dVjTT\qT <Ty*. eT
*<+&T\qT <e |<T\T> #&*.
q T+u, deC d+s+#T=H+<T >VdT
@ $<+> |e]+# ` Xk\T #bsTT. >VdT $<X\
+&+ ] K+> $<T\T b{+#qeds+ <
L& Xk\T #bsTT.
|d+u d, eTqTd, Hs< |sD+ es{,
HX |P]> K+&ksTT. n~ *<+&T\T eT |\\
neTT=qfq #bsTT. < +q k+|T <Ts#s
\ bs<\TT+< <+.
j Jeq $<q+
j>qT H\T>T $<\T> k$T $yq+< $u+#sT,
| ~e+ * +T+~. eTq n+sZ, uV
jT++ ~e k]+| #dT&yT eTq <jT+:
| <s> | P <s>, (Je ) eTqd T qT
jT++#&+ <s>, y<++ <s >, M{ n+{
| j + >, =+{ ne\+_+ > < j
k~+#e#T.
65
| esZ\qqTd]+#&+ <s eTqeTT d#yTq, s\yTq,

d<q+< d #sT=+{eTT. |jD+ n+sZ,
uV |P]> e]ydT>\>*. ~ j Jeq $<q+
k<|&TT+~. |X+, X\+, s>eTT, q+<eTT
X, bMDeTT +{sTT. +~jT >V+, ]#s, n\d+
+& M{ &&sTT. j Jeq+ >&|&eT+f eTq
d#qT u+>, bD>(?) eqd+> uy<|s+>,
yT<|s+> \>#dT&yT. d# m. yT<dT d#qT
*jT#dT+~. d# qT+& dH dT+~. d#
qT|j+ eTq+ Wq+ b+<>\+. <H j>eT+{sT.
< $sT<+> |j+ s>eTeT+~. u+>,
eqd+>, uy<> |s+>, n+s+> |s+> d#qT
|+b+~+#>* n~ ~e d+]+#T=+T+~. d#
eT]+ qTeT& d T + ~. d# q T eTq+ y T T< { q T+&
b{+#*. Cqj>+ @~ y @~ ny *jT#dT + ~.
eTq+ s # yT q< mqTy*. s|wT
$wj #> $XB]dT+~. *yq e/ C @~ m
nsy, @~ nqsy uE yd #k&T. n+<eTT, eTHVs+,
q+<<jTeTT +f u>e<qT>V+ |+#>*q <H
m+#T=+{&T.
sj>+ nqTd]+qsTT eTq+ eTdTqT, sdTqT
$d]+, k, , CsTTr mqT=+{eTT. Xk\qT
#~$+q sTy >TsTe q w\ e+yTq J$
nqTd]+#eT u~k&T. jT |wT u~dT+~.
66
dH |\T, eT+H ne\+_+#T >TsTe <qy<\T,

VQeTT\T q |<| L& >TsT <X* b{k&T.qT
e b&T. #<e&+, #~$+#&+`| nC>> +&.
sj>+, @$ #jTL&< @ jTe b{+#
#|+~, nV+d, dd+< <=+>q+ #jT+&T, |
* +&T, <y deTd+ deT]+#T ~ jTe\qT
nqTd]+#eT+T+~. J$+ sd c\qT n~>$T+#&+
d+ eTqdTqT d]+|#dTy*. eTqdTqT d#+> +#T
&, #+#\+ +& ds+> +#T& <qeTT,
u~T\ | sTD * +&T, eT+y]| >se+ *
+&T, b|+q <s+> +&T neds+.
j> yw+ +~, d#yTq VseTT, |]ds\T,
Xk\qT d]>Z ns+ #dT &+, s{\, n\yTq q+<\
b $d]+#T, dd+<T\ de #jTT, bDje
\|+& #]+#T Te+{ se\ + b{+#T
# eTq n+X\T, @ $<+> jTe HsT $<jT+>
+{s $<+> $<jT+> +{sTT.
u $Xk\T eTq\qT eT+ qT+& <s+ #d |eT
<>Zs #dT+~. |eT ||\+ +#<T. Hs+ |X+ b+<eT+T+~. mTe+{
| T s D, & +& | # d T eT+T+~. sj > +
67
_+<TeMT< \T|eT+T+~. uj>+ q<+

u>e<]+ #jTeT+T+~. Cqj>+ J$+ n <y
|s+ q&TkjT \T|T+~.
j J$+ < <jHssT#T=+T+~. <MT<
<d |&TT+~. nudeTT, ys>eTT nH esZ\ ddT +~.
s+sjTyTq, nqTyTq +q nudeTT. ys>+ |P]>
> ddT+~. <qs+ |+#H +#&eT ns+
<T uyTq $wj\MT< d, nqTs +&&+.
k+ Jeq ds[
KTsqT k+ eTdT\ ~e>+<eTT. n< y] JeH,
X <sueTT. J$eTT J$q+seTT @ $<+>
q&T#Ty H]+#~, J$ k|#~ KTsqT.
eT+ #&T qT+& ysT#d #|+#~, desq =s
|{+#e\dq d\qT *jT#d~, eTw eTTesZ+
u~+#~ |$>+<yT. k+ nsTT<T sj\ <s+>
q&TdT+~, n$: de, sC, {, Vu, VC, qeE
nq> bsq. |~q+, ssTT+q y bsq #jT&+ |
eTTd+ seeTT. ~ Xs, eTqdT L& q+ #dT+~.
sC nq> |ydeTT. seT<H H\ B {sTT+#&+~.
n! u>e+T&T |$yTq ed+ n+< $Tk&
eTTd+\ qeT+. qysT, |<y] eT d+|< =+
|+|{\q~ Y` nq> <q+. VC nq> rsj.
||+#+ n ~X\ ed+# eTTd+\T |$yTq uqT
68
<]+#&+, y] n+<] d$Tw u<qT, k+|T+> eT

yTs&& <V<+ #dT+B j.
$T*q bD{ +f eTw eqe *$
|k~+, n eTw q ksTT \u{&T . M{e\ eT+,
#&T\ eT< & \TdT+~. k+ V+dqT, >y<
u~+#<T. nejT\qT s+#eT+T+~. jTT<\T eTw
eTqdT #j*. uMT< <T. eT+#&T\ d+|TsD jTT<+.
|eT, d+|Tue+, $Xd+, <eTT, dVqeTT y
k+ eT ks+XeTT. yTq eTTd+ d\qT b{d,
desZ+ |jTd nqT #sT=H |jT+ #k&T. n
dsy| #+~jTTq n+ Xe+T&T.
de Jeq $<qeTT
b +<q, = +<q\T *dq u_\T de\
eT>+<eTT. eqe <y k]+#+<T #dq <e
yeT de\ >& qeT+.
de\ $Xd+ |s+ <e+ XXeTT, nq+eTT,
]weTT, d+eTT, djT+ d+ueTT. Cddt 1:27
#|&+~. <e&T eTw q s|eTTH dw+#&T. d
|sTw*sTesT <e |sb. eTw q jT\ <s
+& Jddt dT/@dT |uTe MT< +q $Xd+ <s
eyT <e kjTT+ #+<>\& de\ qeT+.
n+X+ q eT\ _q+> +&q|{ de+ eTw
dT>, |syeTT> r]~<\ sT=+T+~.
69
d e J$+ eTTK+> e++>, HjT e++> +&\,

e\ eT< keTsdeTT+&\, e\ +s+ J$+,
eqe J$ <jT+ keTsd+ * +&\ sT=+T+~.
de\ jTTjTT $#D Cq+ MT<, ds+ MT<,
>V+ MT<, HjT+ MT< <s|& +T+~.
$#D eTqTw\qT (s+) keq/k< J$+
>&|+<T, @> * +&T, |eT> +& #dT+~.
*$ qTeT&+|#dT+~. >V+ q+<* nqTu$+#
&+ d+jTeTq+ b{+#T #dT+~. HjTd] eTw
dd+<T&>, |#T=qT HjT+> eeV]+#T
#dT+~. ds+ s+&T s\ <s bVdT+~. | e<
m<Ts=H X, y<q L& <s+> +&>*q X. deeT+
q nqTjjTT\qT e T >TD\qT b{+#\ bVdT+ ~.
de d<++ nV+s e<* yj\ nDeqT
ne\+_+#\ #|+~. nV+s+ n edH\, nqs\
eT\+, <e n~ |P]> es+.
|e @< eT+ |+# | #|{*, q |<s
d+b~+q< $T u<|&y] d+ #+<T d<|&*.
<+ nq> y] eT d+|<qT |+#Te&eTH~ d e
eTq eTTKyTq <jT+.
eTqTw\T ]H=sT uVsb* { |qT\qT { uE
yks , <e + y] CsTTr\qT { ss TTdT+ < qeTTT+~
de+.
70
de+ n eTTKyTq <X+ @$T+f qT y>

|$Tky, n< $<+> bsT>Ty] L& |$T+#T. n~
bsT>Ty&T XTyH ds nqs+. ~ ysT #d bsq
b&+| yTeTT e jT&\ |\T #dqy] @ $<+>
$T+#<y, n< $<+> e yTeTT #d |\qT $T+|eT
<e y&T&+. eTq+ eTqjT+<T | #dqy] $T+#
>*H <e&T eTq+ #d |\qT $Tk&T. eTq+ eTq
eT+ >TD\qT #d eTq* |$Tk&T nqT=+{eTT. C
<e|eT syTq*H <e |eTs \_dT+~.
d\ Jeq $<qeTT
d nH |<+ d+d+ w nH |<+ qT+& e+~.
\+<sT eT k| &T >TsTHq w\T. n& d\ T,
|e#H\ b{+#&+ d\ <s+. , CsTTr\qT,
<qT eT se+> u$+#eT >TsTe\ <X+. jT q
|e+#sT. deTT deTTqyTq~. < b{+#&+
+ qyTq~. Ts< eTs Ts< n+T+&
qT { *j& uT sT n+qT, eTq MT Jeq
k>s <*. <eD eT~ k|+#T=, Xy<+
=qk>*.
>TsTHq |e#H\ eT&T eTTKyTq$. { <eD
eTse+&+, s+&T T sTeqT CsTTr >&|&+,
eTq+ d+b~+q< sT\ |+#T=q&+. n+<s
deqT nH d<+ n+<s neT\T #d+<TdeT,
71
d+>Y, |+>Y @sT #dT=HsT. d+>Y nq> d +>eTT,

|+>Y nq> deT|+ uq+, me e\ |d +&{
M<T.
d d+|<jT+ n nq> ryTq u>e+T
|P+#&+. d\ <y\jT+ >TsT<s e\+ <y\jTyT
<T, BqT\ XjT$T# XeT+. \eT\r+> n+<]
uq+ |{, +&+<T ed L& sTT# |$ |<X +.
d d+|<jT+ |s+ d\T <jH , kq+
sTy <e <q+ #j*. eTqdTqT, Xs |$+> +#T
y*. s |&T=H eTT+<T L& <edsD #j*. <eHeT
d+sq+, ds\T #jT&+ d\ $~ $<q+. z Hq!
|$ HeT+, \+ nseTs+ , e X+,
d+|< |+|T nH~ d\ bsq.
u<eT Jeq ds[
u< eT<s\T T<T&T s+q H\T>T eTTK
d\T. <T'KeTT, <T'K deTT<jTeTT, <T'K s<eTT, <T'K
s< esZeTT. J$+ <T'KeTT+~. < eT\sD+
<TsX. <T'U bs<\T, <T'U bs+<T
nqTd]+#*q esZeTT. y u<+ |<q n+X\T.
J$+ |T <T'KeTjT+, s>+ <T'KsD+,
eTsD+ <T'K<jT+ y<q, H=|, @&T|, u< eTqw+$
s>&+ |$T+qy] qT+& <s+ e&+ ]\T rs
be& + ` e < T 'KV T e\T. | | + # + < T 'Ky T
72
qsTT, n+ de+> qsTT, @ eT b{+#

qedseTT <T.
<q+~q J$+ <T'Ks\T @$? b*uw q,
d+d+ w, \T>T <TsX. < eTq c\{,
y\{ eT\+. < eTq *>, s, <w+, |eTT,
XeTT, nCq+, >s+, XbTq+, yd+, e+#q e+{
n <TsTZD\ <su+. ~ eTq eTqdT |yT +~.
n< $<+> B bs<\ >\ XL& eTqH +~. q+<
b+<>\ X L& eTqH +~.
eTqy<q, u< @$T{ sDeT eTq+ eTq eTqdT
=+#&>* H~ y*, H~ y\ ++#&yT
n \TdT+~. + eTqdT q+\+, m+ b]+H
ueTT+&<T. n~ =\b<T. @ uVX < rdyjT<T.
n~ eTq |jT+H k<eTeT+~. < =\+#Ty\H
B k<q #j *. @ se seZ T |#jT <T. eTq eTqdT
+qT =\+, \q+ #dT& T<T&T nc+>
esZ\qT|<+#&T. 1.deyTq #q\T 2.HjTyTq
]\T 3.yTq e 4.d]jTq | 5.e+yT T
sTe 6.eT+ |jTeTT 7.|$yTq eTqdT 8.s>e+
yTq @>. djT+ |q weT/nk<eT|dT+~.
n~ k<yT.
eTqTw\+<]q eTT eTT Xu|s#T=, d#
k~+# X +~. b ysT eT|< eT eTT
~#T=, B se =qk+#*. X n+T
73
<T, ks+T<T, |*+ u<\+T<T. eTsD+ s+

+&, J$+H wyTq/yTq J$+ =qk+#
e#T. y<q, u<, <TsX J$ k~+#e#T. n~ |P]>
eTqMT< <s|& +T+~.
deyTq #q\q> d]jTq ne>Vq, <& +
L&q #q. 2. sT\ V \| eT+ <j\T,
3. yTq e dd+< L&q~, nd $sT<yTq~.
4. d]jTq | n+f eTqk, y#, s\+<T sT\ HjT
\|~. 5. CsTTr L&q TsT e 6. #&T \+|\T
s+& d#yTq #q\T * +&&+. 7. d]jTq,
HjTe+yT q ne>Vq * +&&+ , 8. eTqdT <ed
qTq #qqT C>+ #d < X qTeT&+| #dT&+
nw$<\ esZ\qT nqTd]+qsTT, eTq eT, <,
eT<, es\T, <TsX e+{$ ejTyT eTqdT |X+,
|, q+<+ \T>TsTT.
@~ eT+, @~ #&T n ssTT+#<>? u< <sqTks+
J$ + < T 'U bs < \& y T eTTK+. @ | q T\T, @
#q\T <T'U |+ bwkj n$ #&T, @ #q\T,
@ |qT\T <T'U bs<\& <V<+ #kj n$ eT+
<sH\T.
@~ dy, @~ ndy u<+ ssTT+#<T. mes+
ysT ssTT+#Te\d+<. T<T&T $e]k&T. m&
$q~, ysT MsT #|+~ qyTT<T. ss\T> edTq<,
bNqyTq< < qyTT<T. |sT qyTT<T. meeT+~ <
74
>T]+ e{&T THsT >< n < qyTT<T. mes >

#+~q k<Te #|q e>< n < qyTT<T. d+|<bjT
<+ < n < qyTT<T. MT >TsTe\T eT|<\T #bsT
>< n < qyTT<T. e nqTu$+, reyTq | >T]#d,
s qT#d X~+ e&udq~ @<H , #T
qy] L& |j>jTTeT u$+q<H deT qeTT.
< <XqTksyT q&T#T.
mTe+{ d<+yT H ds |+ #<, nqTu$ +#< <
n+^]+#e<T. d eTT, |C|j >yT q < n+^]+# d#,
d+, |e*q Xw y<+ sd]+# X eqe
V n #|&+ T<T&T eqy[q >=| es+ . ++f
yTq m+| @ eT|s+|sq <T.
nX #e], #] sksTT> \be& sD+,
n&T jTT<+ k~+q $j\T, n& s $ds, d+|<
e. jTT<+ eyd < <T\T> s <X\ X+
<\qT |+b&T. sTD+, deTT, <seTT, nV+d, |eT
e+{ qyTq >TD\qT u~+#eT y] #b&T. q
ke+ T<T u<q\T #]+|#jT&yT +& s
<X\ y|+| #d+<T +D+ T=H&T.
eTq+ eTqk{ eqe\ yd|P]+>qT, ]q+>qT,
e<wq, nV+s+q, <j sV+>q |e]+
qsTT eTqyT |P\T, bsq\T #dH es+. |b\T
es+. q q $wj\ eTq+ sT\ | #| nqTs>+
eTq < ksTT \T|sTT. q $wj\ qT+&
75
|sywyTq ksTT es eTq+ |<]+# sTD |P]> eTq

ks, |r> \ $y, CH *dT+~.
T<T |e#H\T < |sT d]jT q esZ sX \T.
y y\T>T y*, y XsD + y*. s (uVyTq )
XsD+ <T. qT y b&T. y y k~+#T
nq T<T <X+ neTbjT+.
Cq eT $<qeTT
CqT\T eT nqTjjTT\T b{+#+<T eTT| nsTT<T
dT>TD\ L&q esZqTk] @sT #XsT. <
esZ+ qT+& |+& +&+<T d]jTq Jeq <<+
n\es#T=H+<T ~ <V<+ #dT+~. +<T C>>
b{+#e\dq$, <s+> +#*q >TD>D\THsTT.
| >VdT @<H ybs+>, <>+ > #j*
+T+~. n$ VqeTT, #eTT nsTT +&s<T. n&T q|
HjTe++>, CsTT, q |T&q Tks+> |#j *.
n&T sT\ +< |#dTqsTT q XqTkseTT
|#j*. eTqTw\ <T, |\, |Xe\, $T\
d+ V \|s<T. ksTT|, eTTeT+<T\ j], jTT<
keT/jTT<\ j] e+{ Vs ybs\qT #jTs<T.
CsTTr> d+b~+q keTT n&T VsTT> J$+#e#T.
q >+ e +& s >\ e |]DjT
e&*. eT+ o\eTT * q nesTT/nusTT mqT
=H*. n|& d]jTq ne>Vq * u<_bj\T +&
76
keTsd+> J$+#>\T>TsT. |<\qT >s$+#*. k<Te\,

n<T\ eTs<> #&*. dVjTT\ H<Ty*. qMT<
<s|& q y] # > |#sTT+ T+u+{ |j q+
*>T #&*.
<=+>\, <|&<sT\ #=seX+ +{ ed+#*.
q <jqTks+> KsT|{*. d]jTq y uq,
bj\qT d$+#*. +{H uT+#*. nedsyTq|&T
|yd+ #j*. e~*+#Te\dq >TD\T qeT <VeTT,
yd+#T, |eTT, nV+seTT, <TsX e+{$. jTT<
ueTT\, sTe b+\ <seTT+&*. eT<e+k\qT
eTT>&<T. +{ u<\qT eT|syTq |qT\qT s+
#jTs<T. eT+ #&T\ eT< &qT >eT+, b|s\
<seTT+&*. q T+ XjTdT =s # |D[
ydTy*. @ |HH bs+_+#eTT+<T q \yT&T+<,
\Vq m&T+< \TdTy*. q eqdd >=+T,
s |X++> +#Ty*. >=| >TD>D\T \y]
\dyT\d s>*. n+<]| sTD * n+<] ks+>
kjT|&*. q kjT+ #dq y] jT&\ * +&*.
nDe> +&*.
|$ >+<\qT #<y*, |e#H\T $H*, \qT,
<sXk\qT ns+ #dT= d]jTq |esqqT ne\+_+#*.
Cq d+|<jT+ q nqTjjTT\T ]+> |]|w *
+&\, <qT b{+#\ sT=+T+~. B {
CqeT#sT\T <q+~q J$+ | T> +#s
\TdT+~.
77
>VdT < JeH b{+#+<T <T nqTe \

H#]+#*. n$ nV+d, d eeTT, <=+>q eTT #jT +&T,
|$, d L&u+&T. >VdT <q+ #j*, d esq
* +&*, d#yTq #q\T * +&*. nV+d sTD
n Jy\| deq+> b{+#*. +Te\T, |\T, #T
#eT\T, $T\ Ls>jT\T n+{ jT&\ syTq
s T D+ # | + #*. eTqk, y#, s D # ] +#*.
eTVMsT&T n+{&T. | bD J$# >&+> +T+~.
H=|, y<qqT e<qT=+{sTT qT eTq+ @ bD V
\|s<T. n Jy\ jT&\ dVuy * +&*.
C q eT + n | b< q \ nV +d qT+&
+#sTT. de+ keTsd+ k~+#\+f dd+<
neds+. sT\ keTTqT <=+*+#&+, eTq #+<
edTe\ eTq <>ZsT+#T&+ |]>V+#&+ +< edT+~.
d# L& |<qyTq >TD+.
< esZ+ CqT\T sT d\qT b{+#*. n$:
desTT (dyT), #T]Hde, e+<q, | eTD, j TdsZ,
|UH.
desTT n+f < eX++& +&&+ . #e T\T,
uqc\T, n<w <Ts<c\T, dTK<T'U\T, dVT\T,
XTe\T ` y{ |{+ #T+& +&&+ . deTqjT+ b{+#&+ .
sE d+ 48 $Tc\T d +&+<T k<q #j*.
deTjT+ CqT&T q ybs d++<, T+ d++<
$wj\ <s+> +& <q+, &b*.
78
# ] qd e eT+f rs + s T \ u q\qT, k \qT

bsjTD+ #jT&+. rs+sT\T |$yTq Jeq+ >&|qysT.
||+#+ MT< nqTs>, $<weTT +& $s>T\T>
>&|qysT. k<Te\qT, kBeTDT\qT >s$+#&+, y]
d<TZD\qT HsTe&+ e+<q.
|eTD n+f <jT+, kjT+eTT <q+ >&|,
~q+ He\ @<H |<+ ]+< n, ]qsTT
|X||&&+, u$wT\ nTe+{$ s>+& |q
|Pq&+, #]+#&+.
jsZ n+f Xs eTT< *| +&+.
<e\q eTqdT @> k~+#e#T. |Uq nq>
nHw q J$+ d# k~+#&+ d+ |jT+#&+.
Xs e<* ydq sTy L& J$+ +T+~.
d+| k~+#&+ d+ k<q #j*. Cq d+|<jT+
|esq Wq k<sD |< | ydT+~. y
k<qd+ |]|+# CqT&T eT&T d\qT b{+#*.
u>yH eTVMsT e\ $, CqeT+f |<s\ duy
qT&+, $XdeT+f y{ qeT&+, s |&+, eTD
<s d#qT d+b~+#&+. CqT\ d\T $Xq+.
mesH m|&H b{+#e#T.
jT<T eT $<qeTT
jT<TeT+ |$ |< | ydT+~. ~ T |t
${d t (The Book of Leviticus), HH{ >s TT n jTe\
79
nr+> +{H, |$+> +{H eP n> +&T eT

jT<T\ |<dT+~. @ d<TZD\qT n\es#TeH,
mTe+{ |esq q&T#TeH \TdT&+ |$. yddt
<e dsb d+<]+#&T. <e qT $H&T. <e
>TD>D\T \TdT=H&T. n$: (yod) j&, (Hay) V, (Vav)
yy, V (Hay) sTDeTT, dVqeTT, e>TDeTT, eT<TeTT,
|eT, d# e+{$. yTT<{ H\T>T |<\qT s uw\
sTe #jTeTT. $T*q >TD\qT #]+#e#T.
d<TZDk|yTq eTqdT bT u Jeq+ >T]+ L&
jT<TeT+ <w|&TT+~. HjTe++>, sTD+>
J$d <e kjTT+ b+~qf. |$Jeq+ >&|&+ <s
eTq+ <e u>dT\eeTT. uMT< <e s|q |# d
yseTeeTT.
<e u>dT\ eT&T $<\ q&e&qT jT<TeT+
u~dT + ~. yTT<{~ HjTe++> +&&+ , e++> +&&+ ,
eTqdyT +& |X|<T\=s, sT\ =s J$+#&+
eTq d+|<qT e++> KsT|&+, sT\ |+|&+,
~ <q+ <T. HjTe+yTq Jeq $<q+. ||+#
|$+> es>\>&+. sT\ | |eTqT, sTDqT *
+&&+ . sT \T eTq u>yT q, n+<sT \d u> e +T
u>eT ns+ #dT&+. <w|P]yTq e\qT y&be&+.
e #\ Xe+yTq~. sT\ k+q *+#& |,
e\T u<qT *+#& y&s<T. n|]#jTdT\qT L&
d+y]> |$T+#>\>&+, T+ u<\qT d+w+>
s]+#&+, nV+dqT |$T+, V+d <s+> +&&+,
80
X+ |+|&+ jT<T\ sy\T. nDe * +&&+.

< JeH >&|&+. ys= sE $X+ rdT=
eq+ #dT&+, eTq \_+q < *
+&&+. |$ >+<\qT #<e&+, |+ <q+ #jT&+,
|s qe\ @<H |<+ ]+< n neq+
#dT&+, kjT+ #dqy] d]+#&+, +es #dq eT+
|qT\+f + @yTH #jT>\e n + #]+#&+,
<y kMT|+ b+<&+ ` M jT<TeT $w \D\T.
XdjT $~ $<q+
XgE\ J$+ ndwyTq uy\ #TT, |j>\ #TT,
|]o\q #TT sT>TT+T+~. +{ q|& $wj\ d++<
u+<y\ >T]+ T> +#&+, |]X~+#&+ Xgy
Jeq $<q+. d<++ m+es du \T&eT
$~. d<+eTT, |j>eTT |sds<s u\T. { +f
s+&e~ <T.
|j> ]wyTq |*eTT+&<T. mH nqT
n<T\T $w]+|&sTT. n$ J]+#T=H+<T =+
deTjT+ |&TT+~. |dTeT+<TuT qTq Xg|]Cq+
=y{ |+#* +T+~. Xg |]Cq+ n+eTeTT,
]weTT e. q{ Xg+ ~q+ <\ee#T. =
$wj\ <] rjTT#T. Xg|]CH m\\T e. n~
s+s+ y| #+<T +T+~. Xgy s+s+>
q |j> B =qkk&T. n& Xg |]CqyT n&
|j>+ ||*dT+~.
81
Xgy $<+> >=| nHw&T. kVd&T. Xg+/

$Cq+ @ ] k <T. n~ keTVyTq~. Xgy
q+f eTT+<Tq Xgy\ qT+& HsT= q sTy
sujT y] = #q*e>\T>T&T. Xg+ d$Tw w.
| Xgy = $wj\T HsT=H $<]. n< deTjT+
q *dq$ sT\ H]+# >TsTe L&qT. qT =>
\TdT=q $wj\T Xg|]~ |+#&+ Xgy q+<
<jT+.
$Xy|yTq Xgy\+<sT, n \qT m&>+&
|]X$TdT+{sT. eT eT e> nqTuy\qT Xk
C&dT+{sT. eT J$q+ <sbd = $wj\qT
$w]+|#d Xgy\T neTsT\T. ysT >+H y]
#q\T =qk>TsTT. y] w\T y{MT< |]X$TksT.
B, |T<\, @> eT eT |j>X\\
|]$TyTbjT Xgy\ J$+ & L&T= +T+~.
n+<TH n&q+<+ \_dT+~. q $CH
qe+T w n+<#jT&+ | *dT+~.
qT> d]= $wsD #d Xgy q+<
ne<T\T+&e. n&= j deq+. n&T q |j>+
eT>yT uV ||+#H eTsb&T. <<| n+<sT
Xgy\ J$\ < \TsTT. XgeTT, eTeTT |sds
$sT<\T e. Xgy, j +#T$T+#T sy T q \T.
eT |j>\ |*\T *+ e#T. n< $<+>
|d qT>=q < n+X\T L& *+ e#T.
82
e\+ }V\T e#T. n$ |j>+ |**#es

]w s|+ be#T. |= #q, = }V
V+#<q<. Xgy, < y <s nHw.
Xgy @ $<+> q #q\ |j>+ |k&, n<
$<+> j q e> nqTuy | qT #k& T.
Xgy\ |j>\T f |*ksTT. < n~
k<+ <T. y] y] e> nqTuy\qT { ysT |*\T
q|&=#T.
Xgy nsTTq+ eq < <s+ L&<T.
Xgy |j >X\ q #q\qT |+ # $<+ > <
y L& q uy\ | |{*.
83
n<jTeTT 6
< nqTue +
eTw ] J$. VTy<+ +#&+ n& |e.
+TC ] ds<T. n$ e\+ eT dV
d<yTq X\+ MT< <s|& J$ksTT. y{ u\+,
u$wT+&e. eseq+ eyT J$ksTT. eTw u
HeTsTydT, eseq+ ujT|&TT, u$wT MT<
X J$dT+{&T. |Xe\q dV d<yTq X\+ eTw
<T . q *$ <s+> eyT |#jT >\&T. q nqT +
q ry<, jTTjT T $#D
d+|T sD sT>TT+T+~.
q nV+s, < +q jTT<+ sT>TT+T+~.
d+|T sD eTw < $y#q edsy T q eqdd .
qT ese q+ J$d, (neT ) XX nsT\T##*.
q nV+sq~>$T+ q | e> <{by*.
q n<e T>TD\ bs&, y{ sTT+ q e T+
y| |jT+#*. q *$\ +f qyTq yT<|syTq
<w d <]+, <e+ |]~ #sTy*.
s+, *$ <ed~ #se. *$ uV+>q,
+s++>qT nqTyq |]dT\T *+ eTw <+
y| q&|+# X *$ e\+ #se+{~. n& \TdTe&+
e+{~. yT<dT d #~+#>\ X. eTw Xs+, eTqdT,
L& HsTT. eTw n k<sDyTq J$ J$+#e#T.
84
y\+f <eu kjTT+ #+~ qyTq J$ L&

J$+#e#T. Xs+ \ |yV+ J$dT+~. s+J$.
eTw V eTss|+. eTw + d<
\d +&&+ k<+ <T. eTw + \+ =+ deTjT+,
=+deTjT+ eyT \d +&>\<T. \+
=T=b XX #sT=+T+T+~. Xs+ \+
\d |jTksTT. ryTq~. dT>TDe+T\T eT
Xs\qT, eTqdT\qT < +|sT. <TssTZ\T n
<T.
|P]> < + +&q eTw XseTTèTqdT n&
eTsD+ sTy m& be. nTe+{ ys+<sT m&T+{s
eT *jTbsTTH, n& ysT. k<sD e
J$+ n d>T\ >T+& |jD+, eTsD+ sTy,
@ d y& }V+<<T. u<eTT, y<+eTT |seTT,
eTsD+ sTy \ +&~ e>+ <T. n~ esT#+<
#q eT]jTT esT#+~q eqd k<q qT+& <$+q~
e#T. }V d]jTq<qsTT eTw eTsDq+s+ L&
J$+ +&& neXeTT+<|dT+~. > qq,
u$wT q\q e J$ eT<s+> +&q,
e > + eTT+< T q& , @< s +
rdT=+T+<, n< deTjT+ esT #+~q eTqdT =
J$+ e|T <suyT, = e $w]+|
#dT+~. <e m] q d#yTq eTqdT nqTuy,
<e >T]+q uy<>yTq nqTuy bT <s<T.
85
+< u<s+ nsTTq|{ # #<s+& +~

n #|&<= <sq+. eTq eTqdTqT n|s~jTq
nV+s+ MT< +B]+ q+ es <e MT< \>+
<T. nV+s+ MT< eTq d #|+q+ \+ n~
+T+~. eTq < w <MT< qT+& rd y d q | & n~
ejTeTeT+~. < <e bT <s<T.
|X|+ #+~, |]esq ed | < Jeq+
k<|&<T. k<sD+> |X|+ m+ y<q +<
L&T= +T+~. y{H |T= y&+ deT+d+
<T. eTq+ #dq |\qT d]~<Ty> n$ eTq\qT
+#|sT#T& neX$Tes<T. Xu+>yTMT #jT<T.
eTq+ #dq |\qT <s+> m<Tsy> +#|&
L&<T. <e MT< us+ yd X J$+#*. u<, y<q
< JeH eT<s+ y* y{H eTTbs<T.
< Jeq+ ne\+_+#& H\T>T esZ\THsTT.
{, <q+, *$VqT\T/n<eTT\T B #]ksT. s+&T
<y+X ns (?) |]o*+#&+. eT&T: >TD sVyTq
<e<e MT< <d|&+. H\T>T: >TDsVyTq ds+
s$T kjTT+ #+<&+.
1. Xs+ T<T<bjTeT, n|$eT, u<|eT
*dq dqT+& eT+> #H sVd #s&+ <q+
|<q \D+.
86
2. nV+s sTT+qysT, e( ) > n~>$ T+q

ysT >TDsVyTq ~<e $$<yTq n+X\ ns
y&+/|]o*+#&+ s+&eesZ+.
3. eTw nV+s $&H&, ds+s$T MT< <d |&+ .
4. ds+s$T $q+ e&+. CH b+<&+
|sywyTq q+<, |X+ b+<&+. q|&
#s#s>T je ds+s$T eTss|eT
>V+#&+.
eTeTT <> |P]yTqsTT, s#>=f due+ * q
<sTT n~ |e<\ <]rdT+~. eTH<+ bV+#
deyX\T, eTw <|]# |u\T, eqeD <e
kq+ *| n& < yT s&T < ss*>
#| |jT+ @yy Te\T (eT+ |]) #d eTw
Xs, n<T \>#jT&+, >&yTq #s\
b\T|&&+ ` e eqdyTq e |P <]rksTT.
|<T\, eTw q nV+ <e&+f syTq
yyVeTT, | |eTqT |+#Te&+ sT>TT+~. &
<e+ +f uy<yT |<qeTeT+~. eTT |<s\
deH n\e&q e @ $<+> edH ud
ne& n< $<+> eTw eTeTH eTT ude&T.
eTw uy< s+# n+X\T eT\qT b{+#
ys me> +{sT. nTe+{ysT < eT&
87
<seTT+{sT. < sVyTq eT b{+#ysT #\

e> +{sT. @ =~eT+< e eksT.
qysT eTs\ eTs\ + eTs\ neX+ b+<TsT.
q #+ (q sTy q b+<&+) sT>T
+T+~.
88
n<jTeTT 7
< k<H \T
u>|sjTD $eTTKT&q e < Jeq+ sT
= k<H\T|jk&T. k<H\T eTTK+> yT<dT,
uy<\ qksTT rdT= y[ eTqdT <y
#sTe> rdT= y+~. eTw q >T]+ q *jT
#dT+~. nH nH d| k<Te $e]k&T, MT< H
d Zq=B e |se <>Zsee. + +f sV d
eT+ @MT<T.
< k<H\ <X+ eTw q]\ qT+&
<s+ #d q e> >T]+, q d+ >T]+
*jT#d, q , q eTqdT, $ $XeT+ y|+ q
|se , ds+s$T eTqdT u>yTq *jT
#jT&+ k<H\ e\q |X+ #LsTT+~. $
\T>TT+~.
n\\+> +& #q\, y<q *+# ueq\
|X$T+|#d, eTqdT |X+ + \T>#jT&yTT
$<q+. <s @> k~+#+<T esZ+ @s&TT+~.
@> +fH <q+ #jT& M\eT+~. |X+
@> <]rdT+~.
|X+ eTT <s <w @s&TT+~. H~ #dTH
<MT< <d |{*. n> #jT&+ e\q q ~esq
89
n\d+ bsTT, < kq+ $Xd+, |, + CqeTT,

X+ \T>TsTT. Cq+ *q sTy qT $X+
u>eT nseTeT+~.
< k<q #d e, z] * +&*. q #
H, q b\ ndVq+ #+<s<T m|{|&T
qHV+ eTs\ yTT<\T|{*. mq& qT |]|Ps+
#+~qT u$+#s<T. eTqMT< eTq dVq+ qsTT,
sT\ | dVq+ m k~+#>\eTT? q b\ | H
s*b +f y{ d]~<Te&yT> k<eTT. |X++>
+fH ~<TuT M\eT+~. < k<qqT eT<H
eyd e, q # q | |+#Tq y&+{
y&T. |+#T=q | eT |T&+ k<e.
H+ \TdT, Hq HsdT=HqT, |]|Ps+
k~+#qT n mesH nqT=+f n+ b>=T=qf. eTq
ndeT>qT *jT#jT&yT deT> jTT $~.
<q+~q J$+ | eT>yT q|&T, $X+>
q|&T <y eTse+& +&<>? = |qT\T =
$X+ y\T L& <eHeTdsD nqTL\+> +{sTT.
= |qT\ eT>yT q|&T <e d]dT +&&+
w+. |MT< <d | eT[ |\T #d neXeTT+~.
b @ | nsTTH e < <q+ #d|
#jT&eTk<+. eT< eT< eTqdT $X+ sT=+T+~.
eT<+s* eTq+ d~j>+ #jTT#T. y{ |>{
90
\\T q& >, <e d]+#& > y&Te#T.

n+ eTq # +~.
|eTT
< k<H\ n{+f, dT\usyTq~ me>
b#Ts+ #+~q~ |eTT` <eHe, |< |< #]+#&+.
V+<Te\, u<T\ ~ $Xw+> q|&TT+~. y<+
ksq+ q eTT&T=q z+ qT me> |dT+{sT.
<eHe\T, < s <e dsD\ |yTq eT+X
+< V+<Te\T qeTTsT. |yTT |$seT ysT
u$ksT. = d+<s\ <eHe |+#&+ e\q =+
eT+ |*yT <=#T. |< |< #]+#&+ e\q |<+
< eTT\T, eTT\T> $&Bd |]o*+q|{+f n+
n+sw *+# neXeTT+~.
d|* $e]ksT . |< |< #] +# |<+ ns \
\T|\T sT#T=+{sTT, \T|\ >T+& dHw D
#jT>\T>TT+~. $<+> s>=#T, s>+&be#T.
< nHwD n+<], ny $<yTq |*
$TdT+< #|eTT. q e> eTs <e+ q+
e#TqT. nsTT e\+ j++> |+ #jT&+ #&T
|*\ L& <]rjTT#T. dHw eTqdT|P]>, ds<,
|+& |+ #jT&+ e\q, n& eTqdT +~j\T
#+#\+ b>=T= @+ e#T, X\+ b+<=#T.
<y+X #sTe e#T. |seq+< d #sTe#T. d
91
nHw, n q+<+ |&sTT, q+<+H J$ksTT.

eTsDq+s+ q+<+ |jTksTT n \TdT=+{&T.
ueT ($>V+) MT<, #q MT< eTqdT
\>+ #jT&+ =ksT, =+eT+~ d*\T y=#T.
eqd ds+, yT<|syTq X+, >VeTT, uy<\
X+ H=+<&+ ]q|&T, <edsD #jT>\T>TT+~.
b ueT ($>V+) MT< @s&q @> deTH
u+ *+#=#T. n~ $>Vs<q <]rjTT#T. $|yT q
@> eqd+>, u+> eTw = nqedsyTq
ueq\T *+#=#T. <e+ q d+uwdTqT q | +
qT, q eTT+< n \TdTqT f*| e+{ = eqd
X\T q #L]qT nXjT|&&+ L& <T.
$|yTeT+f <V+ $|yTq y& |&+,
=+eT+~ k<Te\T y& >T C>\T rdT= eT
qT>TD+> esTe&+, n o\ |<X\ eT y&
|{+#& y&T&+ L& \<T. Ve\j\ |dT
#d |d$<+> #dT+{sT.
@> ( $>V+ MT< e>s) #eTT eT
eTqdT\ qT+& |{q< nsTT +T+~. Te+{ d
yTq <q+ k< + be#T. 'The Tibetan Book of the Dead'
nH |d+ Te+{ @> >T]+ > sXsT. @<
<e+ s+ eTT+<T X\+> \& <+> #&T
n&= eT] q|{, n~ + <, n<= eT+>&T
92
|<]+# e+{< y #|. #d +f eT]

ejTyT < kq+ +|++ q|&=#T, <MT<
eTqdT \>+ #sTT. eTs\ $>V eTs\ +|+C e]
e] #&T. HeT~ HeT~> yT<dT ]bsTT.
|eTT e+{$ eTw kssVT& #d eT+<.
n{qsTT M{ #]+#&+ eqyjT&yT yT\T. eqd
yTq bsq n&+\T nd\T $wj\T *jTbe&yT.
y] eT<eT< yssT uy\T \>e#T. n+sj\T
\>=#T. ks|P]T\ n+sj\T n~+> \T>TsTT.
=+< s T n+ s j \qT e T n_ e ~ nqTe>
y&Te&+ L& sT>TT+~.
< >TsTe\T Te+{ n+sj\ \e++>
nD|s< #bsT. nD|{q =B |sT>TjT eT
e>+ MT< <d |s>&+ ] u>e<q+ qT+& <w
eT[bT+~.
n+sj\MT< n+>&+> eTqdT \>+ #jT+&,
y{ n\y> rdT=qsTT, eT eTqdTqT ydeyTq
(u>e+T) < MT< \>+ #dT=qsTT n+sj\T
y+y ejTeTsTT.
n+sj\qT n~>$T+#+<T+= esZ+ L&
+~. n+sj\T @ #q\qT+&, @ uy\qT+&
edTHj >V+#>* eT e>+ u>e+T qT+& @
93
$<+> ysT |&TTq< nseTeT+~. ks+H eT\

sDeT \TdT+~. y{ @]yjT>* q u>eY
dsb >V+#>\T>TsT. <y nHw+# | s T
<e+ >T]+ \TdTy*. CsTTr e~* j++>
bsq #dqsTT n~ X< n<eTeT+~. <e+ >T]+q
|&T n_bj\T \ys $>Vs<q | d #|sT.
qqT qT \TdTe&+, nDe>, $<jT+> +&>*qys
<e kMT|+ #sT>\sT. n+sj\qT < k<q
|j+#T=+f djT+ MT< ne>Vq |sT>TT+~. +<T
+~. qMT< q *q ne>Vq <y+X
eTsbjT |e<eTT+~.
<qeTT
bsq\+{| <qeTT |sywyTq~. yk<q
w #d ys+<s <q+ #jT|<T. |se q+<T
=H+<T e\dq |]CH#~ <q+. e]yTq~ <q+.
n+s n+s+>, |se\ d++< u+<y\
|+b+~+| #d~ e]yTq <q+. >&yTq <qeTT.
n+s+> J$ d~+| #dT+~. nseTsyTq, XXyTq
J$ <] rdT+~.
n+s >T]+, < X jTT\ >T]+,
< b\ >T]+ *jT#d~ e]X |> eqe
deC\qT b& +# X. <ee X\qT q+|#jT+&
+#T&T. nTe+{ ||+# *| +#$ ny. nu<yTq
Al-Ghazzali
94
<y / <e \\ / <yqT>V b+< k<H\T. (#

eeT+~) yTq nDe \ysT/yTq k<\T +&sT .
eTqT eTT |P]> sD #dT=HysT e. n+<s
<q+ #j\*qys. yk<q eT&T esZ\THsTT:`
(eT #T\ <s eT u <s, eT Cq+ <s) #\T,
u CqeTT. u, #\T CqysZ <]rksTT. <y
nqTd+<q+ #d~ 2. Cq+ eyT eT |e # =+<sT
due d<+> yk<q y| <w eT[+#e#T. =+< sT
ku$+> <q + \ysT e#T. u\T nsTT+&=# T.
|MT< <d *qyssTT +&=#T. eT ku$yTq
esZyT +& s esZ\T L& ne\+_+#=#T. <q
|e \ysT #\<sqT, u <s L& yk<q
#jTT#T. u |e \ysT, #\qT eyT q$Tqys T
L& <q+ y| <d eT[+#Te#T.
<eeTT MT< <qyT +& + nH seTTq
edTe\MT< / d<+\ MT<, XdjT |<T\ MT<, k+<s ~
$wj\MT< L& <q+ #j\qT=H ysT+&e#T. nTq
yTq <qeTT u> e <+XMT~ <qeTT. n~+& s $wj \
MT< <qeTT, @> y\+ yi> |]D$T+#e#T. n~ yT<& T
u> | q u>\qT ++|#jTe#T. <e+
MT< eyT <q+ #dTq | yT<&T s u>\T
+#e#T. <e+ $X, e n+s+ <eX `
s+&+{ k]+| #dT& <q+ #dqsTT
+|#jT&+ nH~ +&<T. <e|q |P]> eTqdT \>+
#jT&eTH~ | @ y #|<T.
95
yeT+f:` |\ qT+&, #&TqT+&, y<q qT+& $eTT

b+<&+. H+<, eT+, CH b+<&+. e+eTT,
yT<e+eTT, < |seTT nH$ yk<H\T. y
k<q T<T&T, nc+>esZ u~+#&T. n+<T n+{
H eTTKyTq~, e]<q d]jTq <qeTT. e #d k<H
{ n~ k<eTeT+~. XsèqdyTq q+<\,
< e\q * > q+< & +~. Xs `
eqdyTq q+<\T b+<eTT+<T y{ ] dT+~.
] r]q sTy E>T|, nd+| $T>T\TsTT. <
q+<yT>T+T+< n~ b+<es *jT<T qT ]
+#&eTH<T+&<T. n~ b+~q sTy y{ nqTu
\T>TT+~.
Xsèqd q+<\T ks +q L&q$.
< q+<+ ks+, n~ nq++. yeT+<Tq
nq++, $Xy|eTT nsTTq V u>eTeT+~.
d++<yTq Cq+ ysT ysT ksT u<\Tqf y k<q
ysT ysT d<+\THsTT. e m+es y+ k~+#
>\&+f m+es q nCH b>=T<*#& n+es.
#+<> |wT #| + ~. Xs+ eTsD e\jT+ =
+T+~. Xs+ noss+> +&~ . n~ Xs+
bT, q+<, <T'U u]dT+~. Xs+ \+ q
sTy, < q+<+, <T'K+ @B +&<T. ks+
b+~q |eT nyTq q+<+ \T>TT+~.
yTjTq |wT $e]dT+~. ks+
b+~q e |P]> ksT& d#qqTu$k&T. ~ |sy
96
eTyTq d. eTw q +~j\, nqT>TD+>qT, ]

X nqTd]+N | #dq+\eTT m+ eT+ qeTTH
nyTq q+<+ \_+#<T. ksyT |see~.
X+s#s n+{sT m y<+ #s\T #sTT,
m+eT+~ <eqsTTH =\Te, n e\T, Te\T #sTT,
m d+sHH b&T, yyT|{ \T><T. e+<\, y\
@ >& H ds . nV+s sTT+, ks+ b+~
\T>TT+~. u<+ L& < e #|+~. qqeTsD\T ~
sD+. n~ nu<eTT, }V+<~. n~ <>T n+s+>
#qeTT.
<e+ XX+, eTw |T \+ u>+. \+
qT+& |P] $eTT #+<&+ XX+. eT+q+ eTw
XX+ MT< nqTs |+#TT+~.
X+
eTq n+s+>+ <e+ eTq |s|+#< <
Jeq+. < >T neX+ *+#*` X+ <s. eTq+
e\ eTT, X+ <e >=+TqT $q|&jT<T.
<e >=+TH eTq+ eTqk n+{eTT.
n+T y#\+ #&~ eyT <T, |e<s+
L&qT. eTq e\qT eT&T u>\T> $u+#e#T.
1. sT>TbsT>T y]MT< ndVq+, ndV+ e{&$
2. <TsX, +~jT #|\+, ks|P]yTq~. 3. ns+ |s +
97
y>T&T. seTT, <eTT, nedsyT e{& e\+f

|q qT&$q e\ d+U me. ns+ |s+ e\T
eTq+ <y #sT=H |jT+ n&+\esTT. H\TqT
eTq n<T| |T&eT+f eTqdTqT n<T| |T&yT.
< JeH~ |d].
X+ eT&T s\T. { H{ d++~+q~, s+&T
eTqdT d++~+q~, eT&T d++~+q~. HsT
eTdT= +&+ w+. <+f w+ eTq eTqdT, }V\
d+u[+#&+, < +f w+ <TsX e+{ y{ nD|{
+#&+. X+ (e\T) eTq @> #&>=&TT+~. X+
#q\qT d+|T{ |s, qT \|sTdT+~.
X+ H\T>T s\T: 1. e\ X+, 2. +~j\
X+, 3. $|+> nD|T 4. >&< X+.
+<T H\>e~ $y#q nqTL\yTq~. +<T nDy
<T. +~j\ >V+ <T. eTqdT nT dJe+> +&,
e+> +& d+> +T+~. mTe+{ d+<V\T \>
Xd m+ |X+ X+ L&q d.
eTq+ eV+#y&T eTT. m+ w|&, +~j\,
H{ nD|{ eTq+ eV+#y&= s+ &T H<
d +&+ sT>TT+~. n+& eqd $y#q+
*q e dd+<sqyT +&+ n+<sT eeT\T
e\e |e]+#&+ sT>TT+~.
> e+< #] >eTd n~ |P]> X dVeT
nseTeT+~. uyTq X+, eqd X+, ]\VAsT
98
+& +~. e \d X+ MT< <& #dTHsTT. s&j,

f*$H eTq qT, <> |<X\qT, yVH\ n+{
X+ +|ydTHsTT. Xu\T eTq su] <{ yT<& TqT
sTT. eTqdT $#*+ #ksTT. b ]\ \>#d,
nV+s |*+ #ksTT. ybs |q\ #d<=f`
Xu #~+#&+, |X+qT u+>+ #jT&+, ]\
s+#&+, ]\ <s|+ <* eTw #&Ty|
bVdT+~. y<q *dT+~. eTw n+s+>, <e
k< eT<q n&Ts> \TdT+~.
bsq
< k<H\+{qT eTTKyTq~ bsq. +<T
H\T>T $<H\THsTT. 1. $q|eTT 2. eT<e]eTT 3.
|P+#&+ 4. <qeTT. H~y* |k~+#eTH~ $q|eTT.
sT\~ b|+|#jTeTH~ eT<e]eTT. yT<dTqT,
ueq\, }V, n+s+> |j+ u>e+T&
|P+#&+ 4. <qeTT ~eT<+ sVyTq <e
<+#&+.
$q|+ #jT& eTw <y |$T+#qeds+<T.
eTwq >&yTq ]#\T. q y+#qT rsX Tq<q
qeT+ #\T. q bsq $qb\ X q ] rsT
#jTe#H $Xd+ #\T.
jTT>jTT>\T> eTw= qeTeTT+~. u $Xk\
=*d qT]+~ <e$TdT+<q~ eTw #q. q $qb
99
$ <e&T |k~+#~ eT+<, #&< \yT ssTTdT+~.

uyTq ]\T ]q|&T n$ <sTDyTq |*\
<]rksTT. eTq XjTdT, sT\ XjTdT s&+ eT+~.
|&T ]\qT, ys d++<yTq ]\qT s&+
ny+#jT+.
sT\ yT\T] eT<e]+ H]| eT+ |*\
<]rdT+~. |P (eT+eTqdT #d) nB d**dT+~.
eT<e]+ ` nq> sT\ XjTdTd+ b]+#&+
e\q ><\T+&e, |NsT qeTT+&<T. dV+ |]&
$\TT+~. |eTT, <weTT ejTeTesTT. eTq |esH
e]bT+~. sT\ yT\T] b]+# e mes <w+#
sT. eTw <y |P+q|&T qTysT, <e+ ysH ueq
+T+~. <q+ qT <ekjTT+ b+<>\T>T&T.
ks+>, |X++ #d bsq n{H nTq
yTq~. q e> J$+ >T]+, q +~j\ >T]+
+&, s T \=s b] + q| & T < e k s TT
#sT=+T+~.
yTq qeT, nDe +& nV+s |P]+>
+&, | eTT bsq #dq+ eq #\<T. qqT
qT |P]> u>e+T deT]+#T>\>*.
<+> bsq >=| k<q+. eTqdTq~ q
ksTT #sTdT+~. eTw +<TuT qTq~. nTq
100
k<q+. $~> n+<sT #]+#e\dq |jT. $~$<q+. <e

kjTTC edsyTq k<q+.
s&+s
yTq s&+s m+ qyTq >TD+. , CsTTr
+f >=| >TD+. n+<s s&+sqT w|&sT. >
+&&+ ysT s&+s+> +&&+ ysT. > +&ysT
s+s+ eT >T]+ eTT dT+{sT. sT\ ysT,
y] sT\T *$&> +&sT. y] d#, dVeTT
+&e.
b|+ $wj\H eTT&|& +&&+ $|yT, q
>T]+ | s $wj\T |{+#T+& +&&+ +=
$|+. s+& $|. { uV d++~+q~,
eTs={ < es+. s+& s&+s <syT. ( Fenelon)
|H s&+s >T]+ n+{sT. eTq >T]+
eTqq eq X, qT Cq+ eTq* s+s+
X~ #dT=H neds+ >T]+ *jT#dT+~. n~ uVyTq
$wj\| <s|& +&<T. s&+s #H sV,
qq <s+>+T+~.
uV ||+#+ $wj\T q| n$T+>
|u e+ #|+& #dT=+T+~. n{> q qT yTsT>T
|sT#T=H neX* e<T\T<T. q+ qT d>TZ|&
neX sjT<T.
101
nDydT>\>&yT s&+s. n<= >=| ~. <

k~+#+<T eT&T esZ\e\+_+#*. uVyTq y{
q{ e<*yjT&+, n+s+>+ =+ #&&+, q
yTq wyT< \TdT&+, s+&e~ u>e+T| <q+.
s+s+ qMT< qT <d |&+ e\q yTq
d#, X+ \_+#<T. n|&T <e<q+ yTT<\eT+~. n~
n+#\+#\T> qqT H eTsbsTT q |P]> u>e+T&H
\T|=H <X edT+~. q |\qT qT \TdT=H d
#sT=+T+~. n|&~ X\+ k~dT+~.
e\T eT eT<syTq <y+XqT eT]bsTT, $&
$& e\T>, me] qT ysT J$+#&+ # n|s<\T,
keyTq &<T&T\T qeTesTT. qqT qT |P]>
deT]+#T=q&+H s&+s +~. s&+s b{+#&+
# ]q s+ . s&+s X+ q>sTT+~. n+s+ >+
q, uV J$+q u+>qT, <+>q,
keTsd+ #LsTT+~.
=+<sT s&+s J$+ ksyTq~>qT, d+w+
~>qT u$ksT. n~ +<T. nedsyTq edTe\
+&q J$+ +f e\+ nedsyTq$ eyT q J$+
m+ VsTT>, X+jTT+> +T+~.
s&+s J$+ >&|>sT e q y>q+
#j* sT\ y] e\dq$ L& \_+#q|&T, HqT
Heds+ nsTTq <+f me n+^]+#qT sT\#
<XeTTq|&T ]+~ \_dT+~.
102
nedsyTqy{ eyT b+~ +&&+, n~+ +#

be&+ s&+s. dTU\ ud b eTw d#>
=#T. #eT+~ d# sT+#<T. @< #T eTqT
eTT _+#T=+T+{sT. j #T qT+& jT |&&
yT+ wy q yb +{sT. C ysT $we\jT+
qT+& jT |&\ sTsT.
< JeH eT\+ s&+s. &+s+>
+&&+, eTVT\T |<]+#&+ >=|<T. C J$+
>=|e s&+syTqy. kV+ nqedsyTq b&\T,
n\+s\T #sT>H < nd\T <jT+ eTsT>Tq |&TT+~.
>\>\bs @sT yT ydqeT+~.
eTq uyTq neds\T eTq+ eddTq u>[,
yesD |]dT\qT { s> { +{sTT. L&T,
>T&, & eTq eds\T. =+<sT d+êTT, kVeTT
e+{ \*\T J$+ kseT u$ksT. me]
n;c\qT { ysT, n_sT#T\qT { ysT eT nedsy
ssTT+#T=+{sT. eTqedsyTq+ eTq \_+## T
<TsseTeT+~. e\dq <+f me+f eT <Tss
eTT+~. J$+ y{ kbq+ #dT&+H >&bT+~.
J$+ $\Tyq y{ b>=T=+{eTT.
#T eTq | \ksTT. nTe+{ #T |+#&+ eTqe
nsTTqsTT, eTq+ sT\ JeH ds nsTTqT. n<
eTq e\ deC *> de.
103
s&+s J$+ |X++

N\T eT<TsyTq J$+
~ esq&sT> d**dT+~ J$+
m+ n+<+>, q+<+> +T+~ J$+.
$Xd+
$Xd+ nH e nH ns\THsTT. n+<T {
qeT+. @<H $wjT+ MT< n<jTq+ #d, |]X~+
sj=q y] eMT< qeT+. = $wj\T eTq+
djT+> X~+#bsTTq|{, eTq \TdT n$ dyTqe
qeT+. = eTq+ X~+#& M\TbsTTH eT
qeTTeTT.
eTqyTT de+ eddTq|&T eTq+ eTs<dT\+
qT sT\T L& eTs<dT n qeT&+ <q+~q J$+
u>+. yT<|s+> #dqsTT eT|<, w|<
#q\ eT\+ $Xd+. $X+ eTq+ J$+#&
nqTyq~ nH qeTyT +f XdjT $Cq+, f\J
eTqT>& +&~<T.
eT d++~+q $Xd+ Xg|\ ~ <T.
$#syT n eT\ >T+&jT e+{~.
$Xd+ k{eTqTw\ |>\ dVyTq dVue+.
||+#+ jTT H, < XMT< qeTeTT+&*.
ks+> |#d y]jT&\ $XdeTT+&*. y\T #d
104
|e#H\ MT< $XdeTT+&*. ysT #|$ d\, qT

L& ksTT #sT>* q| L& n$ sTEeejT
qe*. k<sDyTq $#s d+> q$TqsTT,
sTEe #jT |b<q\ \e++> qeTqeds+<T.
>&yTq qeT+ eTqdTMT< |#d, |b<q\ qyT+<T
edsyTq yesD *dT+~. ks+> +& eTw~
k<eTT+~.
||+# q&| @< ~eX +< qeT&+ C
nTqyTq < yde+<T. X |P+#&+ L&,
q XSqeT, qTq nqT=H+ >=|~<T.
nsTTq|{ eTq o\eTT m+ =+ yTsT>T|&T+~. yTsT> T
<\ b|+ |]D qsTT +T+~. ryTq X
kjTTeTT Hs<T. n~ XXeTT. <e+ MT< qeT
d++~+q~.
nTqyTq <e+ kjTT+ #+<&+, XX
b+<&+ +&, <+f +~ksTT eT+|qT\T #d
nseTs b+~H n~ \\+ \ +&<T. m+<T+f
s $y#q <]rjT<T. <e+ +~, <e+ +~, HqT
HqT (m+<T+f HqT <e+ u>yT qT), nq|&
yTq ndq y+ \T>TT+~ n+{sT X+sT\ysT.
\ |yV+ ]>~ @B \+ qT+& jT|&yjT<T.
XXyTq~ /V $wj\ C+ #dT=+f |
n> s><T. e qT dTq n, XSqeT u$d |
105
XX+ XSq+ |eV+#<T. >* rdyjT (>*

+& q) |<X+ sT m> |eV+#<, \+ (
V +) ]>~ @B $y#q <]rjT<T.
W+ n+<eTT sD
eTw |e n& #\ ||*dT+~. n& y+#
$T{? #q$T{? n& qeT$T{? n& nqTuT
$T{` n{ n& #\T d+\T. eTw u>e<+X|
eTqdT \>+ #dqy& n& #\T eT+>q, n+<+>q
q ks+ MT< eTqdT \>+ #dqy&sTT #&T>q, $s+
>q +{sTT.
eTw X deTT<jT+. eT+y&T eT+ sy&
>qT, #&TqT sy& #&y&>q e]+#L&<T. q
< q <e nqT>TD+> |e]+# y& eT+y&>q,
es+#y& #&y&>q |]>D+#e#T.
<TsX, ndjT, nV+seTT, <eTT n ks+
n+X. $ C ysT ysT >TD\T e. <={
nqT+<+> eeV]+#y. #|{dT= ]>y.
H\T>T >TD* ys sD\T+&qeds+ <T. eTqT
eTT esT=H X L& <T M{. u<, #&T s+& +>H
+{sTT. <eeTT MT< eTqdT +B]+#+& ks +q
MT< +ByT n& #&T ||dT+~. y<q L&
V#TT+~. n |esq ${dT+~. y<+|s+> #d
106
eTw q= ys <, qT >TDsVT&q <e+

u>yTq q #~ <eyTq n u$+#&+
eT+ +~, n+<eTT+~. >TDryTq X <q&+/
<q&+ q d+ || >\ +<qT&+ #&T
y|+ Hs |e\y] eTqd+, y] b&\T <e
es+> +{sTT.
eTqTw\T W (Grace) b{+#>\+<T y] d+\
\$Te&+~. d+\\+ W b{ks qeT&
yTq~. eTq+ <e+ u>dT\eTH ydy <w +# T
=, eTq#\{ dVq+ y| eT[+#*.
eTq Xg |s+ WeTH~ eTq #qe+ e>+
+f yssTTq~. eTq $wjT+> eT&Ts\ nqTue+
\_dT+~. | <sqqTd]+, eT Jeqds[ qqTd]+
|X|<T\T eT Xs <sqTks+ TT+{sTT.
y{ Jeqds[ me e\T+&e. u+>qT, Xs<s
|s+>qT n+ dV+>, de+> +T+~. T
es+> +T+~. ~ q{ qsTX+ |X|<T\
e]dT+~. eTw= #qeTT+T+~. qT $<+> Jeq+
=qk+#&T. eT+, #&T nH + CqeTT+T+~ qT
eTw = d + < s \ eTT Te+{ d V
nqTu$+#>\<T.
eTqJ$= n+<eTT, s D sT \qT+& de+
qT+& , eTq #q\qT+& , ueq\ qT+&
107
\_ksTT. J$+ eTqeTH s\ q+<\qT, odT\qT

n+<T=+T+{eTT. |dq+ neTHq, s T+duT\
qT+& eTq+ b+< <sD, sTy dVT\T, Xj_w \
qT+& \_+# dVue+, >TsTe\ odT\T, n_q+<q\T
e eksTT.
<yTq q+<+: mes HqT qT, H <eyT
+~ nH ksTT #]q e\ eyT <q+<+
\_dT+~. \ |yV+ =T= b+&, qqT e>
J$+ qT+& |+, <e+ qeTjTy] eyT ~
\u+.
dHyTq, yTq |s|D eqe d++<yTq~
e#T. <y d++~++~ e#T, < s+& $T[yT
+&=#T. s+>eTT @<H < nedsyTq qeT, nDe,
eTw yT<|s+>, ueH |s+>, u+>q +&*.
J$ n+yTq ysT, n+ <y# n, eT >=|<q
yTMT < $qjT+> #|+{sT. >=| sT\T, y \T,
Xgy\T u>esDH n k<eT #|+{sT.
|sD j+ |P] $sT<+. j+ bsbT
+&e. jT<<yTq, syTq |*eTT+T+~. qT
n+<T n+<+>, sD> +&e. j+ Jeq+ >&|
e mTe+{ d+<q, |sD +&<T.
|eT ` <eTT
|eT mTe+{ TbT ~. |<\T ~. |eT

sV+H n &<T&T\T |\T +{sTT. |eT
108
syTq CqeTT. |eTsVeTT nCqeTT. @B +#

|eT ~eyTq~. @< ks+q |$T+#&+ ]
n~ |byTq |eT. nTe+{ |eT d+|PsyTq CH
*+#<T. eTq>T]+, ||+#+ >T]+, n+{ >T]+ =+
yTs eTq+ \TdT>\T>T+.
<+ ksyTq~. |{ |]uw <eT+f <q
$Te&eT ns+ edTq~. ns+ d]<T. <+ q
<T\T> < +#<T. @ &Tq \>jT<T. <
V<T\T <T. n~ $Xy|yTq~. |eT |eT dyT, < +
<+ dyT. ~e|eT >TDsVeTT, sTZDeTT, d#e TT
(s+qeTT) (dHq qeTT) nTq ydd\eTT
(eTT) d< d yTq ~, (dT<e TT) |$yT q ~, (T<e TT) djT+
|Xe+eTT, s\ ds|eTT>\~. |$T+#&= sDeTT,
<XeTT +&e. << sDeTT, ||\eT L&qT.
<+ L& |||~.
n |eT\ wyTq~ <e|eT. nHw nHw+#
< nHwD |*yTq CH { #dT+~. nTqyT q
|eT, CqeTT e ks $&H& ~X> |jT+|#dT+~.
#q\, ueq\, #\ n+{ y+#sVT #d,
ys>uy\qT |+b+~+|#dT+~. q$T sT>TT+< nH
|{+| d, u<qT, y<qqT <q+ +& VsTT>
n+^]+|#d d, #&T #&T (+{ qT>) #j\H
<Td+\ nryTq d #sTdT+~. eTqdTqT |{ |&+#
y<q\qT+&, nes<\qT+& jT|&yd X+ *+#~
109
<eTT. <ed~ #s eTesZ+. nDe/qeT L &

nTe+{<. qeT |eT eTs|sT. H HqT nH ueq\
qT+& |P]> $eTT *+#~. nH] nH d| k<Te
n+{&T. |eT esZ+ |jT+# uk] eey n+<T
yTT<{ ns nDe qT e <[+f/&<+f Vq
eTqTy*.
ueq\T < <]rjTT#T. < eT\+
d+\+. |X+ d+, qeT d+, z] d+ sTD+
d+ d+\\+ y*. @B +# ks |eT <]
rj*. @B s<T, < <q<T d #sT=H+<T B,
|T<\ y*.
dVq+, qqT qT |P]> <edeTsD #dT&+,
n+{ m<Ts=H <s+, HjT+, $y#q, $ e
<yq+<TH+<T nedsyTq \+q\T.
m& H~y* nH <sD +&< n& yTq
|eT +T+~. @yTH b>=T=+{Hy nq ujTeTT+&<T.
dT, |s+< +&<T. <+ |P]> <yTq~.
<yT *ysT e+{~. <eTTq # |TsD
+&<T. |P] d# +T+~. <q< bw+#T+T+~.
<eTTq # #&T eTqT>& k~+#< T . <yT d+d\
eT\d+ y*. |d+d bsq #j* +~. <e&
eTeT* <+ qT+& <s+ #jT n eTeT* eT&yTq
eT$Xd+ qT+&, eT| qT+& $>Vs<q qT+&, eTqTw\
Hs~+#&+ qT+& b&T n y&Ty*.
110
y+ =s y<q|&T
eTw q n q\ wyT+~ n+{sT. eTw
, eTqdTbT Xs+ L& +~. n~ bsTTqsTT
yk<q wseTT+~. eTw eTsD+ |<T qT,
<+f eTT+< yk<q bT|&*.
<e+ eqe\k<+. <eeT+f |]|Ps+. deT>
q# y<q #T<T. ndeT>, n|]| q#f u<
+T+~. nd+| +T+~. b n~>$T+# |jT+
L& +T+~. q ndeT>qT |P&T= d+|Ps
n+<Ty\H |q +T+~. d+|Ps k~+#& eT+f
<e n+<T&yT.
u<+ <T'K+ >T]+ H\T>Td\T #|+~. |+#u\
\sTT eTw. n+X eTw <T'U <$+|#ksTT.
<T'U eT\sD+ e> Jeq+ sTe&+. m|&
] qdT+< n|& <T'K+ ejTeTeT+~. y
k<q nc+> $<q+ b{+#*. eTw q= d+yTq ,
e>yTq J$eTT+&\ nsT\T #k&T. ] |\T
$<\T> jT|&TT+~. Xs<s|s+>, n+sT~ |s+ >,
nkT> *> |sD |s+>` $$<s\T> eeTeT+~.
=ksT #q *jTT+& L& nTe+{ ] e+ e#T.
~ @ $<+> eyTq|{ y<q, <T'K+ yq+f +{sTT.
Xs+ u>+ s>>dyT q u>\TL& nded
eTesTT. n< $<+> e u< deTeT +f
111
n& #TT |\Tqy L& n& u< b\T|+#T& +

sT>TT+~.
eTw q= | +< u$+ | #T
=H+<T |jTdT+{&T. |jT+ e\q n& Xs
u>\T s>>d+ e&+ sT>TT+~. eTqTw\T | <s qT
ks+>, eTTK+> H>\ eTqT=HysT | <s,
dV <s+> +{sT. sD+ # y] y<q,
<T'K+ \T>TsTT.
=+< ] +& j e +T+~. $| + > q& + ,
qL& |<s\T n<|> q&+ e\q y] nHs>+
\T>TT+~. =+<] &T|, eT]=+<] ndVyTq
]\T+{sTT. y{d+ ysT |&s bT|& b
\T |T=+{sT.
eT eTT ndVyTq <\T *+#T&+ d+
ysT ndVyTq n\y ud eT >T+&, eT
Xj\, |>T\ nqs+ y{ $<+> #ksT. sTy
s>+ ||+ #TT|\Tq Xsu>\ y|dT+~. q ,
q T+u, deC L& usyTbsT. eT |qT
$<+> \uT&+ sT>TT+~.
<T'K+ jTT |*\T #&Te#T, eT<d+ e#T, eT+
e#T. q |qT \uTy\H ] eT]+ q
yTq|&T, < e\q *q <T'K+ #&T <]rdT+~. ]
d+> +&q|&T n~ eT<d+> +T+~. n~
112
|]> <]rd n~ eT+ <]rdT+~. q |qT,

|]+#&+ <s e <e w, |eT b&e&T.
<yTq |X+ \T>TT+~. e uj+<q\T
Z, eTHe< Z, u< L& |X$TdT+~.
<T'U |$T+#&+ >\ >=|<H >T]+q e q
+~j\H <T, q u<qTL& b>=T&+ sT>TT+~.
q Xs, +~j\ |uy, y<q L& n&T $d]+#
d #sT=+{&T. |eTd+ y<q u]+#y& y<q u~ +#
<+{&T Eekhart eTVqTue&T. Te+{ d #sT=q y
|< |< |swqqT (nqdwj) eTTeT+<T +& #sTT+#T
>\sT.
<T'K+ #es eTq #&T |esqe\q, e*q q+
e\q \T>TT+~. M{e\ V | yT\T s><T. <T'U
eT\sDyTq n$ s*d | <T'K+ |X$T+#<T.
#&T| #d, < e\q *q <T'U b>=T&+=
#&T #d $we\jT+ LsT= bT+{sT. ks|sT\T,
<y+X d+uT\T sT\d+ eTT <T'U dV+#+<T
n+^]+qysT, sT\ u<qT b>= >\T>TsT. q
eT+, <y+XqT sT\ |d]+|#d y] <T'U|XeTq+
*+#>\T>TsT. n+<Te\H k<Te\+f |\ u,
>seeTT. y] #\ ks+ <T. e\+ <T'K+ qy],
<T'K+ qT+& jT |&yjT&yT y] <XeTT. +<T
\e+yTMT<T. ysT u>e+T <jTqT <T'T\
|d]+|#d e<e\esT.
113
eTqTw\+<sT <y, |, eT{y] nqT+<+

* +{sT. d++<u+<y\T deTb +f <T'K+
n+> +&<T. d++<u+<y\T d]>Z q|& <T'K+
dT+~. d++<u+<y\T d]> qsTT ke+>,
<|&, n\&, jTT<\T sT>TsTT. b+> dV
eqsT\ HXH <]rksTT. Xs+> s>\, |s+>
n<> b\T, <|s+> eTw J$+ <
J$ |see~ |P]> eTsbjTT #dT+~. +&bTq+
e\q eTw >T+&, eTXj\T s+&+{ V ]qT,
nTe+{ de+ q nejT\T L& u<|&sT.
d<eq, sTEesq+ *q e q \VqqT n~>$T+#
>\T>T&T. n<+ dT\u+ <T. nsTTH |jT + #jT | <T.
$eTT mH esZ\THsTT. mH $<H\THsTT ne
|d] n mes #|sT. $<sDT\ e+{ y\T
y{ $~> s]+#\ #|sT. e+ |d]>
b{+#e\d+<.
$\Te\T = |d]> b{+#*q$, = b{+#&+
e\q yT\T ]>$. > q+ eq y+ \T>TT+<
#|eTT. eTw > +&&+ e\q q, { y],
deC yT\T sT>TT+~. yeT> <T. n~ e J$
|see~, nTqyTq XjT+.
\e++> ]\qT nDyjTT
]\qT \e++> nD|{ <V +|#jT&+
>=| XjT+ Hs<T. qyTq XjT+ =s # d
114
|jT+ eyT. ]\qT, y+#\qT nDyd $ d+,

$y#qd+ |+#&eT~. b{ (Plato) +{sT. $/$y+
n+{+f qyTq~ n+<T <y+XeTTq~
ssyTq jTe\T b{+q+ eq e dT>TD
e+T&qT <T. n&T |$, zsT, dVq+ e+{
>TD\qT b{dTq|{ dT>TDe+T&T be#T. n&
H= |yTq e nH nV+s+ b>sT #T #dT=
sT\qT q#| #&=#T. ]qyTq jTe\qT b{+#&
eT& nV+ue+ |+#TT+~. nV+ n+f HqT, H nH
ueq\T |#]\&+. +<T qqT qT |P]> <e+ $q+
#jT&+>, H= |yTq e q, |sVds |+
H= u>yTq u$+#&eTT+&<T. qqT qT yT#T&+
+T+~.
]\qD |T=H e, ys>+/$s <
$wj\ nHX |s>*. n|&~ dT>TDeTT+~. ]q
jTe\T b{+q|{ nV+s |P]+> +& e, @
jTe\T b{+# e q+<yT Jeq|see~ nqT=H
e & @$T+f dTK\d e H HXqeT&T,
nV+u$ sT\ V \>#jT& yqT&&T.
u+> ]q jTe\T b{+#&yT >=| XjT+
<T. = = d+<s\ ]qjTe\T b{+# e
< #sTee#T. # d+<s\ nTe+{
e = eqd X\T q>&e#T, s>\qT qjT+
115
#d X, u$wT =+ #dX, sT\ eTqdT

uy\qT #~yX +{$ #Lse#T.
nTe+{ d<T\T, $eTT <]rkjT nqTe&+ #
bsbT. C$ n&+\T e#T. =+&=# nHs>
*+#e#T. s>+ b < +q wseTT+~.
uyTq ]q jTe\T b{+# e >s+, +~
~>Cs&+ <T. u+> ]q jTe#]+# e ks
+q $&H&>*H |*eTT+T+~. < @$T
#|+<+f eTq <q+~q J$+ eTq+<TuT eq
|r< <e+ eTqq VQeT> u$+#>\>*. <
<y n]+#T>\>*. @yH jTe\T b{+#
<\T#T=+f n$ nHs> <]rjT+& #dTy*.
y~>dyTH XeqT q+~+#>\>*.
n $qj | < ] +# +& & + , n y#\
$&H&&+, <jsVyTq e\T, H=|+# e\T &+&
+&&+, nqedsyTq es |d+>\T #jT+&&+, ,
u<, n q+< y*T#+& +&&+ y+#jT+.
n{+f wyTq~ H, H~ nH ueqqT $&H&&+.
w& T nsTq T& u~+# u> e BZ ks+X$T<. e u< qT
HsysT. < |*yTeTeT+<qH $#s $&|T.
XjTX\ X$T+#T. eqT=q <+{ >*H, z&H f.
<ekjTT+ =s eTqdT |eT +|. $T>
$wj\MT< d, nqTs nqeds+. s yd+>\MT<
116
<w, <y <s+ #dT + ~. ;sT e\ #b\+f,

C/nHw&T q n+s+>+ nyyTq |eT, <
uT sdqT s+&+{ *| +#T=+{&T. >+>, jTeTTq
q<T\T *dqT s+& n& \d +{sTT.
s $wj\MT< yyV\T, nqTs q+\eTT
<e+ MT< |P]> eTT, <qeTT+#<T. nTe+{ yd+>
\ {|{ eTqdTqT U#d, U> +#>*H, U
<e|eT |eVdT+~. @ yyV\T e mesTeTT
@+ #jT>\sT?
]q jTe\T b{+#&+ wseTT. u<seTT.
=+es~ neds+. eTTK+> yT<|syTq, V<syTq
$wj\qT q+~+#&~ =*yTT.
sT&T, y, Xgy` MsT eTT#d | mTe+{
||\+ +#sT. sT&T qy]e |j>+ >T]+,
u+ >T]+ e{&&T. y k<sD nr+>
+{&T. Xgy | sVk\ #~dT < qyTb&T.
k{dT, >*j nTe+{ys. y] nHwD y] k+<s
s<q, = $wj\qT $w]+#&+ q+<yT y]
||\+. M] d#+<yTq, dVdT+<syTq |sD/d +<q
\>&+ <s M] y] y] s+>\ |]|PsyTq H|D+
d~dT+~. zsT s+> e\dq< b+< |jT+
#k&T. qT w#dTq s+>+ qT ]+~ d#>
$w]+#>\T>T&T. J$+#&+ L& . sT&T,
y, Xgy\ <sDH J$+#&+ neds+.
117
y T < d T , u eq, }V e eT+y . # q \,

ueq\, }V\ ]q jTe#]+#&+ eyT d]b<T.
n+<T sT\qT $eT]+#&+, y] MT< eTq n_bj\qT
e|s#&+ L& |P]> w<+. |$ k~+#\+f s T\
MT< eTq n_bj\qT e|s#L&<T.
Te\T, eT#s\T, +#H\T, k+|<j\T
Te\T, eTk+|<j\T, |PC$<H\T ` e+{
y{ bZHy yT+<T M{ bZ+THy,
<d+ #]dTHy, y{ eT\yTq <e b+< <H
$wjT+ >TsTq+ es M{ #]+#&+ eT+<. <e
e\+ d+\T eyT n >TsT|T= +&*. b
+<T deTd +~. d+\ deTV n\yT
|&q e\T += d+\ deTV <e ds|+>
u$+#& esksT.
<e&T ds+s$T. n#{, ny <y <]+#T
e#T. b $>Vs<& qT |P+# $>V+H
>#]k&T. eb\T b<T>TqT+& |+&Ty*. $<+>
#eT+~ eT V J$+ @y ]\T rsTy\
u>e+T |PksT. <=s |yTq |PC $<H\T
@ssTksT. ysT ysT <e\ |PksT. |P] u $Xk\
=*, eT]\T rsT=+{sT. b ]\T Dq+<
$T#ejTT+{sTT. |< |< Te\, k+|<j*
b{+#&+ e\q eTqdT |~\yTq s+ @seT+~.
118
<q+< |yTq @ss#T =+T+~. eTs\

eTs\ #s\qT, k+|<j\qT u $Xk\ b{+#
ysT eT #q\ }V\ nryTq <H< eTqdT
nqTu$ksT. j <eeTsT\ |yTq X\T de TL]
qf n|dT+~. eTqdTqT, <, s uyTq
$wj\T ~eX n<s+>H q&e&+ sT>TT+~.
<e, <e\T eTqTw\T |P+q+\eTT Xe++>
+{sT. u\ u, $Xk\T dq\>H <e <e \T
eT\|&sT. ||+#+ mH >T, eTd<T\T, #\THsTT.
y{ |y+#>H eTq @< |ue+ \T>TT+~.
eTqTw\ #q\T, u uy\+<T yV]+ +{sTT.
n$ yT nsTTq|{ ~eT<+sVyTq, >TDryTq
<e+ eTT n&T+< #|eTT.
Te, ydeyTq eT<qTq & u&
y{| q |d+<q { +T+~. u& eTqdT
wydT= q eT] u& m<TqTq $>V+ q|&& +
sT>TT+~. ~ |< |< #d |PC$<H{, #]+#
Te { +T+~. += eTTK$wjTyTeT+f u&
ys e\ L& @< ns#jTue+ \T>TT+~.
n+ u X<\ <eeT] |P+# u& eTqdT
$>V+ |wyT +T+~. nsT jsT#d e n sT
ydq ydqT eT] u& eTqdT wydT=+T+~.
;sT, MTs, >jT B <VsD\T.
119
>&yTq u, $Xk\, B fsyTq |PC$<q+

#]+# u\T y #q\, ueq\ eT]eT+
\>#jT&+. eT]| u, ujT+ |<]+#&+, eTT
|{+# eT+\ |yTq X keTs\qT b~+#&+`
e u\ | yTq nqTuy. y{ ||eTT.
n neXeTT+~.
<+ <yqT>VeTqTs<T. = |<X\T, =
|<\T, = jT\T = nr+~jT X\, = e]yT q
X\ \y\yT, u\ eTqdT\ >&TT= +{sTT.
<+ <+ C\<T. ~ e\+ >&X\ deVs+.
y{ e n L& nH=#T.
< nd\T ddq eTeT qeT&+ n$y+. eT]
< eTsT\T e\+ nd\T <y |sb\T>, eT
#q\T, ueq\T *+q$ | eT\yTq <e$T~ <T.
n$ >TsT+#T=q+ \eTT @ V <T. eT] |PC/
$>Vs<H eTTKeTH ksTT #sTs<T. n{ nqTe&+
e\q y] yTq, ndq |jT+ <e kjTT+ eT]+
\deTT+~.
n eT\ d++~+q < >TsTe\T Te\qT
esksT. nsTTq|{ n~ d+U\T k+|<jT <y Tq
eTH sT=+{sT. m+<T+f <e\q y] eqdyTq
| \ T> T T +~. < JeqeT+f #eT+~
120
eT+#sD\T, bsq\T, |P\ L&q<. <y #sT&

$ |yX<s\T> u$ksT. eT @< X |eVdTqT
nqTu #+<TsT. k<H\ |& q nV $&H&
b eTT e eTT k~+#&+ <Tsu+.
n+<sT < >TsTe\T $wj <M]ksT.
>T]+ *jTb <e&T >T]+ *jT&+ w+. eTw
$>V, <y\j, |PC$<H |P]>
n++ +&, q <q +~q J$+ | eTTweTT, |#s
u>e<+X u>yTq u$+#>\>*. qT *d |e ,
|PjTT&>, || |PC$<q+> u$+#>\>*.
eTqTw\ J$\T, #q\T, $wj\T n d+
(Logos) n y<++ #|+~. |\T eTqT, eT#T
qy] eyT ydeeTqT=+T+~. yde+ <
ydeeTqT&+ e\q ysT y <seTTHsT. edTe\T,
$wj\T d+\, #s\T Te\ eTq+ >T]+#*.
eTq ~q#s eT+ |qT\ Te\T>H u$+#*.
<seTT+#*.
| P C$< H\T, y\T e \ qT d e TV \T>
@ssTksTT. ] eTs=]q u+<y*, <e+ eTq
d++< *jT#ksTT. keTV JeH |+b+~ksTT.
+]>, e>+> <e bsq #d e, q\T>T] \d
keTV+> #d$ |P\T, y\T.
121
n<jTeTT 8
H
|]Cq+
H s#sD |<, < CH n$Hue
d++<eTT+~. ksyTq |esq eT]+ CH b+<
neX *dT+~. Cq+ +=/eT]= ksyTq
|qT\T #d+<T bVdT+~. $<+> $ s+& <
+={ nqTd+<q+ #dT=+, m&>+& eTT+<T
k>TT+{sTT. eTq+ d+b~+#T=H Cq+ eTq d+\\+
MT<, eTq eqd u d>T\MT<, yesD+ e+{$
eTq| #| |u e+ MT< <s|& +T+~. k+ $CHH
rdT=+<+. H ~ y*, H~ b+<* nH ]H
n~ yTT<\eT+~. ] ds+>H rsTT+~.
H, <s+>\ L& ~ k<+. k<Te
eT+{s+f y~ sT=+f n< d~dT+~. y+ C/
d sT=+f n+ \_dT+~ n. mTe+{ CH
] nTe+{< nqTue+ edT+~. n+ nq>
s k<& +T+~. <+> e |<y&yH
d#yTq eTqdT +f eTTH=d> <eCq+ \_dT+~.
Te+{ d # wsyTq~. s&+s |jTd
| k<eTT+~.
eTq+<TuT q ss\ |s|D\/|uy\
eT< >\ edyT $T{ \TdT>*> H yT<d T eTq+&*.
eTq eqT, eTq eTqdTqT >V +#T=H X < JeH
m+ nedsy yT<|syTq H n+ nedseTT.
122
e yTq H |]CqeTT+~ nHeT+f n&

sjT+/rsT HjTe+yTq~. n& @~ eT+# \TdTq
ns+. n& \yTq o\eTT HjT nHeT+f n&T
q eqd |]| <s+> |#k& nseTT.
d+<s+> eTw <<+ >T]+ #|y*. eTw
q << nqT>TDyTq ||+# @ssT#T=+{&T. n&
j|j\< |H~. \u&H, |&>=&H n<
eT\+. s eTqTw\ >T]+, |]dT\ >T]+ eTq
eTHuy\qT s]+#~ eTq <<yT. kqTL\yTq >TD
jTTyTq, d+wsyTq <<yT eT+ |*\dT+~.
es ueq\T es |*\ksTT.
eTqq *> ueq\T, eTq#T ]> $wj\T, eTq
]> d+|Tq\T, n eTq << @ssTksTT. @$T
]H, eTqe d+|TqqT @ <w #dTHeTH~ eTTK+.
eTq#T ]> d+|Tq\ eTq |yTjTyTMT<T. y{MT<
eTq ~|+ <T. y{| eTqyT{ d+~+#* nH~
eTq# +~.
jTTyTq <<+ |eTT eTqeq+<+ +&
>\>&yT +& sT\qT L& d+w |>\T>TeTT.
&, sX, dV\T eTq<] #sjTL&<T. J$+ |<~.
q q \T @MT #jTe. eTq ~>T eTq+ eTT
b+& sT\ +\qT bs< | eT>+ y*.
sT \ MT< <d|&+ eTq #H $<qyT e]bT+~.
123
eTq dVT\T, +<Te +& me] nedsyT y]

kjT+ #j*. + eTq$TsT\ kjT+ #d eTq
|~+\T kjT+ <=sTT+~.
=k] eTq+ nqqTL\ |]dT\ =+{+ e<
u]eTT+~ eTqdT. < |]csyTTf. =~> $seT+/
$X+ rdT&+. |]dT\T eTqdT y+y #&TsTT.
J$+ q~. yq ] #dT= u<|&&+ +f, eTq
<< esT=H |jT+ #j*.
sE\T, ys\T, H\\T, d+es\T y>+> |sT>&sTT.
y q T { sE\qT \ # T = +bj T < T \T, d + w
|T&jT\ eyT HeTsTydTy*. HqTq~ n wyTq
|]d. n >&T |]d +& +&=#T. @<H sDeTT+&
+&=#T. >TsT |Te\d+~ f ++ f wd qysT
eTq+f yTsT>q |qT\T #Xs >TsT+#T&yT.
mH nes<\qT, n&+\qT, c\qT m<Ts=
kqTL\ <sD n{ n~>$T+q ysTHsT. y]
k<yTq| eTq+<Tk<eTT+~. >TDjTTyTq <<+
m\|& eTq+<TuTH +T+~. #sTT# <q+<T
y*. n< eTq \+y*. es uy\TqysT eTq #T
Hds, eTq+ eT+ <<+ =qk>*. eTq#T qy]
es <sD eTqMT< |u e+ #|T+~. < qT+&,
C>> eTd\T=, eTq+ y] d]jTq <sD $ |jT+
#j*. es d+uwDqT n&Ty*. eT+y| eT[+#*.
eTq+ y] <w/<< eseTT nqT=+f n&qT+&
124
| y*. eTq <<+ kqTL\yTq < , deTd\T neX\T>

nes<\T =\, nk<\T dTk<\T> esTsTT.
=k] sT\T e{& esyTq e\T eTq\qT
$\+ #jTe#T. Te+{ |]dT\ nTe+{ e
UsT #jT+& +&*, eT+e\ |]dT\qT #
~<*. y] es duy <s+> nsTTH +&*.
sT\T > q|&T, y] =+d| +]>
e~d, y] eTdw+ #\&, eT+e\T #| y]qTd
|s#*. qT <s+ #j*.
eTq eTqdTqT d< V+> +#Ty*. n|&|&T
y\|&&+ dVyT. |jT+ d+ |Ty*.
| eTqH >=| es*+~. n$ b>=T=H < y{
$\Te eTq+ \TdTeTT.
es uy{ \T>TsTT?
esyTq #q\T es <sD *ksTT. n<
n\ysTT, n$ es uy\ L& ns+ d
#sT=+{eTT. es <<+ *dT+~. nsTTH <H
nT= b&T eTw. q #&T | eT+ s>< s]+#T
=+{&T < #+ sT>T +{&T.
kqTL\ << n\es#T&yT>?
B >{ |jTyT #j*. eTq n+sZ uy\
kqTL\+> esTy*. | #q $Xw+, eT+
125
ueq\T *>es |jTdH +&*. b>>&+ eHj

\+f yjeT+ #j*. eT+ #q\T d+ L&
X$T+#*+<. ~ sH, sEH njT| <T.
=+<sq e#T, @eT? |eT nqqTL\, es d+|T q\T
sT>TT+{sTT<? n|&> n. ~ |P]> |.
d+|Tq\T sT>TT+{sTT. n$ nqTL\yTqy, |L\
yTqy eTq <<+ ssTTdT+~. eTq #q\T, ueq\T @
$<+> +&\q~ eTq w+. sT\e] y{MT< |yTjT+
<T. eTq <sD eTq+ n<T| |Ty*. eT+ |*\T
<q+y eksTT. eTq |]d f |*\T+{jTHsT
|<\T. eTq~ kqTL\ <sD nsTTqsTT, ||+#+{
eTq d++<u+<y\T |Xeq+> +{sTT. n+{ V<
yesD+ n\TeTT=+T+~. s>+ u>T|&T+~. |X+
#LsTT+~.
eT+ << n\es#T&yT>?
B eT&T esZ\THsTT. 1. miT 2. n+^s+ 3.
<e|s#&+.
1. eTq+ |$Tw+ eTq #q\, #H $<H\
n_bj\ C>> |]o\TdT+&*. B k~+,
n\yT> esTy*. n+sY eTq+, j>< |jT\T
$wjT+> dVjT+ #ksTT. eTq\qT eTq+ X~+#T
=H+<T &&sTT.
2. n+ eTq eT+ nH <sD, q< qT
n+^]+# eTqd |+b+~+#Ty*. u>e+T&T eTq\
126
jT<$~> |$Tk&T. q<TqT n+^]+# |eT, nqT]+|

ksTT. $<q+ es ZksTT.
3. <MsD : nce& n+{&T. HqT d#> HqT
nqT=+f e d#> +{e. HqT +BH HqT nqT+f
e +B>H +{e. n+ eTq ueqH +~. $<yTq
#H <sD n\es#Ty\+f = >=| d\qT |<
|< eTqq+ #dT=+ +&*. =H $ eTq n+s>
\esTT.
eTq eTqdT n$ |P]> ~, #=#T=bsTT ~ <q+
e\q k<eTeT+~. ne< ^ |<dT+~. y<+
kseT+f, H= <T, HqT ss, sTZD <e+
u> nqTe&+. k<& + $T+q <MsD
+={<T.
eTq #q\T m>THj \TdT=+f, e>T]+,
$wj >T]+, d+|Tq >T]+ @ $<+> +&
ssTT+#Te#T.
>TDjTTyTq <<+ eTq Xs+ kqTL\yTq
|+|q\T |{dT+~. n$ #T q yesD |u$+
#ksTT. d+|Tq\ |u$+ #ksTT. u<qT <s+ #k sTT.
X+ q>sTksTT. keTsk qTeT&+| #ksTT. eTq
< q X eTq Xs+ *dT+~. >=| s\T
#jT& <] rdT+~. n< $<+> |L\ <sD nqs,
#T *dT+~.
127
n<jTeTT 9
H

<seTT eqe& ku$yTq TTEesH, |$,
< d++~+q~. n~ eTw |Xe++ #d
<e+ kjTTC <]rdT+~. H <seTT u >yT.
n~ de+ eTw |esq d++~+q~.
H |\ deTVeTT @ssT#T=q |esH
jTee[. m|{|&T |esH jTee[ uE
yjT&+, q esT\T #sT\T #jT&+ L& +<T u>y T.
#eTDqTq jTe\qT <w |]o*+#&+ L&
H u>+. eTqTw\ J$+ nH deTd\T
TT+{sTT. n$ q$ e#T, |<$ e#T, u+
e#T <+ e#T, T+|s+ e#T, e>+
e#T, ke+ , sjT + ` @<H e#T deTd
d]jTq |]cs+ d+ |jT+ yTT<\eT+~.
deTd e>yT nsTTH ks n_bjT+ <
|]cs+ eT<b eVdT+~. eTw d+|TJ$ <.
d e Td d + +~ + q n D\T, n $es\T
d]+q |<|, n+<TuT q H d\qT *eTT/
n*eTT s+&+{ s #d sjT+ rdTe\d +T+~.
eTT+<T q eTqdT/n+s @$T #|+< $H*. n+eT
sj neT\T #d+<T~ # eTTK+. @~ d]jTq
128
sjTeT eTqdT u$dT+< \TdTy*. HCqT\T/

y\T eTqTw\T eTT @~ eT+/d]jTq sjTeT
u$ks < #]+|#jT&+ q @~eT+# nH~ \TdT
e&+ eTTKeT+{sT.
V<jTyX\+, $T+, <jT <q>TD+ e+{$ eTw
n\yT. +>+ (ethics) H eT\|<+ ethos nq>
n\yT. n$ dVd<yTq$ bsTTH | $sT<yTq$
e. | qT+& eTq d+$T+, eTq n\yT> >{
|&sTT. eTw <edw n+{sT Pieper. dV> eTw
= V\deT nqT y~+#T=H V L& +~.
sT\T q V\T V]+ yjT+& #dT&+ L& eTw
V. eqeV\T n+f @~eT+# <d+ |qT>T&&+.
<Ts<weX H~y*, ~ H V nH ns+, q
ks+ d+ bs&&+ V> #eTD ne+~. eTw
#H|sT&T n #q eT<s+ sD+/VTe.
VTe nH~ n& yX\qT, >&yTq <\qT ||]#
d+> +& n& #q\ d]jTq ~X> eT[+,
dH+> |#d d+ y*.
n+<T# H n+f eTD. @~ eT+, @~#&T, @~
+, @~ |, @$ eTq u<\T, @$ eTq $\Te\T n~
eTq\qT, eTq |esqqT eTq V\ nqT>TD+>, q&e&
s+#~ H. jT+\T |#ksTT. eT>\T d+#]ksTT.
q\T <T\TsTT, eTw =& q&e& nH<T+~. n~
He++ y*.
129
n<jTeTT 10
deyTq #s
MTe+d |s+ s#sD |<T\T eT&T s\T:
{: eTw q m&+ e\q | d]> #jTe\dq$.
|qT\T #jT &+ | yT q |u n+ @MT +&<T . eTw,
deC, $Xk \u{ +#& $ nedseTT. s+&T:
=#jTs |qT\T #|& n$ nqs<jTeTesTT. n$
#jT+& q+ eq Hq yTMT s<T. nsTTH n$
#jT +& +&&+ L& | d]. eT&T: s+ |qT\T #jT &+
+. y\+f #jTT#T < eHjTT#T. J$+ @<H
k~+#\+f = >\T #jTe\d +T+~. b $
|d] e.
MTe+d eT++\ L&q se\qT >T]+
L& #TT+~. <X\qT s~+#&+, eT++\
kjT+ XTe\qT V+d+#&+ , #+|+#&+ e+{y{ >T]+
#T se\qT #|fy&T L& , V+d
qe& #TT+~ MTe+d. |< T \qT >T]+ #TT+~
V, <=+>q+, V+d e+{y{ >T]+ #|<T.
$wj\ u>eBZ = D+ $w]dT+~. eTw #|f
|qT\ e\q ye TT s<T n+{&T w& T . |qT\T #d~ XseTT.
n~ | |k<eTT. |qT\ mTe+{ d++<e T
<T. , | d++<+ <T. nsTTq|{ |
130
|]~ q+es q sy s]+#* +T+~.

nV+s+ d++<+ dVyTq |qT\T #|{*. |
n~>$T+ nryTq |qT\T #|{*q nedseTT+~. w&T
MTe+d d<+ <TjT&eT+f eT|syTq \T\qT,
<<e \qT XsTT+#& <TjT&y T . n+<T eTTe seZ TT
<T. $y#q <T. M{e\q w&T y<\qT Vw]dTH&
ns+<T. n+|&T H dsy< ks+XeT #|&y&T
<T.
@~ deyTq #s u>eBZ $e]dT+~. n< $<+> @~
n|dey L& #|+~. @ #s #jT+& +&& >T]+
L& #TT+~. @ #s #jT+& +&&eT+f , #T\T
&+#+& +&&+ <T. nV+ue+ +& #|f <
H #s nH=#T. < |* \ |u e+ #d e MT< |d] +#<T .
nTe+{ #s #|f e < qT <s+ dyT |
#dTH&, q d+ < \TdT. | q Xs, q
d+ < \TdT. | q Xs d++~++~.
d++<+ < L& \TdT. eTw || M\sTTq+ yTsT>Z
#j*. |* <e e~j*.
||+#+ |r #s |*eTT+T+~. J$+ q
|re @< | eT>yT +{&T. Cw&T
sy& #d &T >=| |+&T&e& Cw+ #b &qT
+&, sy&T @ |jT eT #jT +& |+&T &T nsTTb&?
<T. n&+ w #j *. w |* +>H n&T |+&T &jT
M\T +~. +<T $~ b @MT<T.
131
djT+w s+&T s\T. yTT<{~ > q d++~+q~

s+&e~ |dT J$ d++~+q~. |dT q / J$+
#|f |qT\/djT+w >q \ s\qT/|*\qT
|&>={#T, m<T]+#=#T. $~ n+f |Psq s|\yT. |dT
q, |Ps qs |* eTT d+|TsD #\s>T
+T+~. @~ \yTq< n~ >\TdT+~.
Xk\ qT>TD+ djT+w |*e<T. n+f n~
ue T/u+ <su] yT q djT+w. e+yT q djT+w
$T++~ <T . #&T qT eT+, > q s |* , |dT q
#d eT w m~]+ eT+ |* b+<e#T.
n\d, keT]H M\T|&e + w#d
+&*. J$+ m+ \+ =qk>< eTsb>&<T . eTT\T
NeTT <=sTTqT eTw +~jT\ qTL&<T.
CqdeTTbsq #d, $y#q #d djT+w eyT d *
dT+<, d <>ZseeT \TdTy*. wf
|*eTT+T+~. sTTcsTTc\ <s+> +&, Xk\qT d]>Z
ns+ #dT=, k<T|+>e\ |e#H\qT ne>+ #dT= # d
djT+w d <]rdT+~.
djT+w eT&T $<H\T qT eT&T s\ |\T
\_ksTT. n~ n+sZ + yT\T=\T|. eqd sj
T + uyT q
s#sD. >TsTe\ |<X\T, Xg |]CqeTT, djT+w
*dH TTEesZyTs&TT+~. & $~, >VbT #T
<T. \TwyTq eTqdT <] eT[+, w |$,
d# +b*. n~ $y#q <] rdT+~.
132
|Psq s|*+ < d+ks+ q #d eT+

|qT\ |+ #jTT#T. b qsV+ $eTT <sH
\_dT+~.
d+ks\T s+&T s\T. |$yTq$ y <]rksTT.
n|$yTq$ +<+H +#TsTT. |P] miT, #q+
|#d~ yTT<{~ s+&e~ &|<s+. sT\T #|~ +&
q qT \TdT= eTT+<T k>~ yTT<{~ . q b\qT
d]~<T +T+~. H+ |T<\ X$Td n+ |* yT TdT+ <
k<& \TdT. & $~ >VbT, \s, < e\
e+{yM |#jTe. d+>T\ \|+ #j* Xk\qT
X<>, *$\ nud+#*. dyTq |#|{*.
ys>+ (dHdeTT) eT&T $<\T: >eTT, <eTT,
|X|eTT. $ qT |q+ #ksTT. |*yT{ +T+<
q +#+& #|{*q se\T. ds\qT/deyTq
|qT\qT #|+& e~d e\T eTdT, >&+<sy Tq
nCq+ qT . nTe+{ |qT\T #|&+ wseT
m+ #|+& +&ysT sdT |ue+ +{sT |*+
>T]+ +#+&/+#+& nTe+{ |qT\ #|fysT
k >TD |ue+ +{sT. nTe+{ e yTq dHd,
ys, ndq k<&T ddq C.
d]jTq s#sD nedsyTq~ k<&T. k<q,
k~+#*q >eTeTT. +<T eTTKb eV+#$: s, s,
sk<H\T. y>TDeTT, sC>TDeTT, k >TD |uy\
133
H +{sTT. _q+ @ eTT. | |q q& &\qT +&,

y{ >&+> q V #&>*> e k& +{&T.
$X XjTd q seeT u$k&T. |* +#&T,
+#&T. |q q|& & deT q$T+#~ sC>TDeTT.
|* >T]+ +#&yT +& q$T sT>TT+~ n<
ueq +&y&T sC>TD |ue+ +&e. |Xee
@ #H+& ss+>+ <y&T y>TD |ue+
+{&T.
u>eBZ s\qT nsTT<T $<H\T> $udT+~. nsTT<T
VTe\T y{ |s|ksTT. n$ Xs+ <s>, <s
>, ss\ k<H\ <s>, #\qX, JeX <s >,
eTq *jT sD+ <s > s#sD s>e#T. n
d]jTq b nqTd+<q+ y*. nqTL*+#*.
+= $<+> s#sD eT&T s\T> $u+#e#T
Xse TT, |\T < e, #q e k >TDd+|qyT
+&*.
u>eBZ yTy<++ MT< d q|s#<T. de+ MT<,
eTw MT< < <d. nsTqT&T, w&T <] de X jTd
eTTKeTT. de+ d+ jTT<+ e n&e\ y[ dHd>
>&|+<T nsTqT&T d<+. sE/|]b\\T b |]b\q
#d<esT? n es\T \Twe TesTT, d |sTw\T $#\$&>
d+#]ksT. *$VqT\T, n<eTT\T, <TssTZ\T b\\esT.
es+ e>s >* =T= bsT.
134
nsTq T&T $yT q (?) eTqd $#sD #dT H & w &T

m #|&&T. @ deC <] +#\qT=+TH& de|
Tu n&T sd]dTH&, j<T&> jTT<+ #jT &yT
n& seeT $XB]k&T. de+ me]| ysT #j*.
w |se L& q $<T\qT qT deT+> sVk& T.
|seT&T @ $B sV+#+& +&b eTqTw\T L& n<
$<+> eT seb\q #jT+& +&bsT. de+
nde de TeT+~. e +T& sD+ ne&T. ||+ #
d]jTq ~X> q&|+<T, <s *|+<T u>e+T&T
ss\ nes\qT m sD, <TwD #jT&+ ]+~.
<e+ eqes|+ J$+#&+ e\q eqe\T ryTq
u> e Y dsb <>sZ e &+ sT>TT+~. <d+ <e&T eT&T
|jT \T #|& &T. nCH+< s+ =T= bTq |\
|<X*e&+, eqes|+ q qqT yV+| #jT&+
<s <y |\qT dV+ #jT&+, es |\qT
nqT>V+#&+ u>e+T& ||+#+ |, |\| m+
nqTs>eTT+< \T|T+~ u>eBZ.
u>eBZ (>+) jT+ nHe = nsdT+~.
nsTqT&T q d+ eTqTw\H / +<Te\H #+b* e+~.
MsT&> jTT<+ #jT &+, y] es+Z y] d+V]+#&+ n&
se+. | n&Te+{ ks +q<T qT <e\q
]> eT+>, V> n& n+e.
n+ u>e<#> u$+ u>e+T& MT< e~j*. |
#jT&+ es q$~ n u$+#&+ L& jT+ e+{<.
135
eTqT eTT |P]> u>e+T deT]+#T=q y]

j>T\T n+{sT. yT VeT, VyT eT ysT |P]>
<e+ qyT bsT. < de~d n+{sT.
sT\T eT eT Cqd+|<qT { eTqT eTT =+<sT
(eT) deTsDyT u>e+T&> u$ksT. =+<sT +~jT
\ qT L&< +~j\qT deT]ksT. =+<sT
Vs deT]ksT. =+<sT eT j>$<, =+<sT eT
b+& deT]ksT . >+ eTqdT, n+s | q+
#dT+~. MTe+d #|qT n+<T u>yTMT <T. deyTq
s#sD eTw <q+ y| |]>=\TT+~. eTw eTTK+>
H\T>T d<TZD\T n\es#Ty*. H\T>T |]eT\T #|{*.
<c =\+ |eTqT +|&+, ]\T +& +&&+,
eTq+> c\qT zsT&+, <s T& +&&+. <e yT
n+{ eT\eTH d >V+#&+ sT>TT+~. u<+ # |
nc+> esZ+ yTT<{ @&Td\T k<&T qqT qT
H+> jsT#dT&+ >T]+# #bsTT. $eTT esZ+
@ss#T&yT. y k<q qysT d+ks sD
& <, s+& fq \TdT=+{sT.
d++< u+<y\T ` u<\T
eTq sT\ q d++< u+<y\T y]| eTq
u<\ sksTT. ny eTq ksTT ssTTksTT. sT\T
@$T #dTHsT nH~ eTTK+ <T, eTqyT$T #dTHeTT, eTqeTT
dV+> | d<+> |e]dTHe nH~ +#*.
136
eTq+ eTqeTT sT\T u< *dTHsT nqT=+f |

eTq\HB u~+#<T . #H $<qyT eTq T+duT \,
eTq sT>T bsT>Ty], de+ s duT\ eTq
u<\qT ssTTdT+~.
<e& | eTq u+<e+ |$+> +&*. <e+ |
d]jTq ne>Vq +&*. <eeTT+< n< n+{
HjT+> |]b*dTq< qe*. <e+ | $<jT *
<esj & +&*. <esj $y#q ns+
#dT>\>*. n~ #d <e&T nHjT+ #dTH& s +
#dTH&H ueqs<T. syTq #H <sD n\e&\+f
eTq |]~ $wj\qT >T]+ eTq+ |{+#T+& eTq
|]~ q eT+ #&T\qT >T]+ eyT eTq+ +#*.
eTw dV> #&TqT+&, #&T s\ qT+& <s+ +&
eTqd+ * +{&T. n+<] |jTTyTq y{|
]+|&&T, y{ |X+dk&T. V ]q|&T, ~ q
q+<+ dyT ]+< m|{ u$+#&T . V q&T q+<
<jTeT u$+#&T.
m& n_w +T+< n& |$ +T+~. @~ s,
m+ s *dq e |$q T >s$k&T . eTw #jT e\d~
@$T+f q w|* k+|<jT<+>, |$+>,
eTqd]> <y n]+#*. q ksTT $T+>, nC>>
> #+> >, n\+> > #jTs<T. eTw q H
|< ssTT+#Ty*. +]> q|&T>, q\T>T]
137
\d q|&T > n< |< b{+#*. $T+> e{&*.

nedsyTq|&T, nedsyTq+ yTs e{&*. n> >,
nd+<s + > > qeL&<T . X|< + #jT &+>, | #jT &+
> M\sTTq+ es #jTs<T. eTq+ eT+y]H dVyd+
#j *. n|$T\ k+> + eTq #&T \># d neXeTT+~.
eTqedsyTq+ yTs Vsbj\qT, <TdT\T, ed
@sT #dT=, &+s, kU e~*yj*.
k+|<jT<yTq + dTU sTy*. mesH e
|ysT MT>T]+ #&T> e{&TTHsT n #| y+H
< |d+~+#+&, e H >T]+ |P]> *jT<T.
*d +f H s ne\D
\qT >T]+ L& e{&y &T
nH*.
dHqdu\ C* bs<T. y y[H >+;s
b{+#*. me] H=|+#L&<T. q ksTT q e
\y\ y[q|&T e +{ +&be#T, \T|
rjTHb e#T, eTq\ UsT #jT be#T. | |]d T \
eTq+ ye\d ed | qT<V]+q$ ]H |{+#TL&<T.
nqeds+> e#yT n u$+#L&<T. Te+{ uVyTq
$wj\ beTTKd eTq o\+ <+T+~.
sT\ k+>+ q|&T me]>T]+ ysT me>
e{& L &<T . eT >T]+ e{&& + eT u>H +&q|{
$Hy] n+> q#be#T. n> q$+#L&<T. ~
=k] nqeds |d+>\ <]rdT+~. eTT>, sT\T
138
> no\ d+uwD #jT+& #dTy*. ysT eTqe

$qb eTq+ <s>, eTTK e[\ <s> eTq
nd+|, ne|s#*.
@<H $wjT+ eTq q+<+ *+qsTT, <
=T= b+& eqTy*. =+#+ ee~ rdT= +#*.
|&q+<+ \T>TTq~, sT y +kHy n +#*.
q+< <s+> +&qT +&>*qsTT qqT HqT @
$<+> d+w|T>\qT n |+#Ty*. sD qT+&
jT|& es+Z +#*. nTe+{ yyV+ qT+& jT
|&>* eTqT eTT n_q+~+#Ty*.
@<H | |d]> #j*ed < Vs+>+>H
#j*. n~ #jTs | nsTT |P]> |y*. eT+|
#dTq|&T <|]yT+<T? nqeds+> +~+# yqT #d
m+<T ujT|&*?
eTq |]~ $T+, eTq X (VT) $T+ @<H |
|=HeT+f eTq+ #jT>*q < s+ #dqT .
q&TdTq|&T, yT+{ y{MT< \T |+& \T
uD+& C>|&*. || C>s #j*.
eTq b<+ =\\ qT>TD+> eTq+ *C&TqT neTsT
=+{+. eTq Xs+ $wjT+ L& < |eD #]+#*.
< $T+ |j d|& eTq+ =+&=q qT+& <=]qf neT+~.
*C&T |]eD+ d]>Z b q&e&~ n&+eT+~.
neds $T+ @B #jTL&<T.
139
mesH eTq >T]+ #&T> e{&, #&T> |e]d eTq+

n&T < q u< > u$dTH & >TsT+ #Ty*. s T \
de+> q|&~ n& de+> q|& b e#T. n& n_bjT+
+> | sTTqsTT n&T yd+#&& ns+ . yTq
deTT#j e |qT=+f | deTT#j~
<T, e< $wjT + eTqse TsTT eTqeT& | | e TT.
| edTe s +&T |&T \T+{sTT, { |T& qTyq ~,
s+&T nqTe~. eTq eTT&, VT& nHjT+> |e]d
nqTe> |& |j+#L&<T. e eTq eTT&,
dVT& eTq bf |{ |]>&, >TsT+ #T= n&H $<+ >
eT\T#Ty \TdTy*.
mesH HqT +f <q e+T&, +f H edTe \T >=|,
HqT +f >=|e , qT H |d+ >+ |d+ >+ +f >=|~
n+f n~ |P]> |. nCqT\ eTT+<T eTq b+& |<sq
#jTs<T. >=i L& H+ >& q< >=i\|] \T|<T.
eTT q >& |]eD deT+> b\qT, }\T dT+~.
e\ +f # eTTK+.
nC q ]>e jT{ |ue+ sT>TTH
jTqT=+{&T. y n+{ H s& \TdT. n&T
< me] +~+#&T, <w+#&T, b>&&T q >T]+ L&
@MT |\&T . @<q n&+ ed qH | |&&T . b& e\ qT
s~k&T. q | $sT<yTq $wjyH +f y{
=\+#T=H |jT + #k&T . n $wj \ $TyT q <sD
140
|<]k&T. qHesq *$ey&, nC n u$+H

n&T #jT<T. q H XTe> |]>Dk&T.
q Jeq $<H=s @yH d\qT, jTe\qT
@ssT#T=+f y{ | d]> #]k&T . b{+# b qqT
qT n|$T&> u$k&T. jTe\ n$T+#&T. m|{
|&T qqT qT yTsT>T|sT#T=H |jT+ +{&T. H
$#s+ |s+ yTT<{ d+ nd+ |\+& +&& +,
s +&e~ ]+> sTEe #jT &+ (|<] +#&+ ) eT&e~ yTT<{
s +&+{ < e|]#~, $X<| ] #~. eT&e~ s +&e< eT\+>,
s+&e~ yTT<{< eT\+> neds+. n+{+f eTTKyTq~
yTT<{~. eTq+ eT&e<d+ |jT|&eTT.
sD+> eTq+ yTT<{< |P]> $d]keTT. nq+
|\TeTT. nd+ |\s< eTsbeTT.
]\T ` <\T
]\ = dVyTq$, = nqedsyTq$. dVyTq
]\ = q+<<jT+, = Xs $X+ <jT+,
= J$ nedsy T q $. $wj \| d]jT q ne>Vq
qsTT eTq+ eTq Xs, \qT+& d# *+#
|qT\T eyT #|&eTT. n< J$ <jTeTT. \+ dyT
eTqeTT u<, uj <s+> +# |jT+ #keTT.
u< q|&T eTq d+w+ y* nH ueqs<T. u<
q|& u<\T by\, q+<+ y* n|dT+~. n+<TH
|X+yT q JeH d+weTT eTTK<seTT e+{~. n< eT+
141
eTT+<&T>T. eTq+ eTs\ eTs\ < <>Zs yeTT. m+<T+f

q+<yT eT+ n+{ =\eq eTeT+~. q+<
eTTq+\eTT Xs+ >, eTqdT> u<H~ +&<T.
q+< eT+ eTT&|{q|{ eTq+ n q+<\
sTeTT. |Hy{ e\ eTq q+<+ *>e
yTq|{, <e\ *> nks mesTTq|&T y{
C*beTT. =ksT d+w+ +f u<H sTe&+
sT>TT+~. m+<T+f dTBsyTq u< sTy b+< q+<+
m+ >=|> +T+~. $<+ > #d d+w+ bT u< L &
nedsyT n|dT+~. d+w+, u< y{ y{ nqTL\, nqqT
L\ d>T\qT { eTq~ y eTq+ ssTT+#T>\+.
eT+ nqT=q~ # & T >qT, # & T nqT=q~ eT+>qT
|]>D+#e#T.
dTKeTT (d+weTT) <q+< #&~<T. < b+<
esZeT d]jTq~ b, nqs\ L&T=q<sTT n~
e< |dT + ~. eTq+ n{ ny q+~+#e TT. eTqq$
=H nsTTqsTT =+{H q+~keTT. dV yTq d+c\T
dTk< eT, ndV yTq $ wk < eT ns+ #dT =+{eTT. $+<T
uq+ +f k<sDyTq uqyT m+ sTseT|dT+~
u> *>=q|&T.
keqyTq JeqyT eTq s>dT+~. nTe+{
Jeq$<q+ eTq m+y, @$T y H]dT+~. n~
n\ysTTq sTy u>\qTu$+# neX+ *H y{|
eTqdT ><T. u>*# d+|< MT< d \T><T.
142
= ]\T Hsy s b reyTq u< \T>TT+~. eT]=

]\T rsbsTTH u<MT \T><T. y{>T]+ eTq+ |{+#T
qeds+ <T. n$ rs k<H\T \_+#b y{ eTq+
eTsbeTT.
J$ |]$TT\T \TdT=q e, u<ysD \TdT=q
e, b{+ \TdT=q e y{C* b+& k<sD
J$ sT=+{&T.
q+<eTsTT J$eTT n+f $X+K\ nyT|&,
+~jT\ <kVeTH J$+ <T. T Xs+>,
eqd+> u<qT+& eTT b+~ d# nqTu$+# J$eTT
n nseTT. eTqeTT @ q+<\qT mqT+THeTT, y{
nsy T $T{, e+{ <Ts q #q\ rdT=q sj
\T V< s
J$ksTT.
eTqTw\ s+&T s\ <*\T+{sTT. { J$
nedsyTq$, n|jT|Ps\T. s+&T #|PsyTq$,
|jT |Ps\T. >T+& =Te&+, }|] |\T&+, eT\ $dsq
#jT&+ e+{$ J$eX\T. e{&&+, n s>&+
yT<&T <XqTks+ ]> <*\T. mTy| q&y*, m+<T ,
m> e+{ #q\T M{ eTT+<T> e# #q\T. $<+>
}V nH~ eTq J$dT+~. }VqT>TD+> eTq X
$j+#&+ sT>TT+~. |jT|Ps+> ]> <*\T
]\T e#T, ]\qT+& <s+> ]> |jT\T e#T.
eTq <d+ nsT\T ##&+ ], q < MT< nsTTw+
@s& <s+ #dT=+f < <w+ n+{eTT.
143
= csTTc\T |T eksTT. <VsD +&bT

q+. = csTTc\T nqTue+ @s&sTT. u< *+q
y{MT< nsTTw+ @s&TT+~. *jT y{ <s+> +&&+
L& dV+. = $wj\| w+>, nsTTw+> +&<T.
y{| syTq ~seTT+T+~. y{| <dq, s
$wj\| d y{qT+& <seTT+#TT+~.
eTw Xs+ + esT #+<T +T+~. m\|&
= (ny) $wj\T, f $<+>, syTq w+>
nsTTw+> \>#kjT #|eTT. n+<] csTTc\T
s+> +{jT #|eTT. eTw qwyTq $wj\
eT+e, w+ y{q{ #&e #|+{&T. eT+,
#&T nH esq\T e n_sT { +T+~. n+
j edTe\qT { +&<T.
uVyTq edTe\T eTq+{ q|& rsT, y{s+>T,
y\TTsTqT {, Xu\T #e\ $q& |<qT, ydq
eTT|{\ k rsTqT{ +T+~. n$ yT<&T #], yT<&T
y{ |d+~+, uV n+>\ <*\qT dT+~.
<*\T csTTc\qT *jTCksTT. eTqdT q+<+>
n>eT+> \>CksTT.
+~j\ <s *> q+<\T =: #|, $&, ydq,
sT, ds<s *>$. = = |qT\T, se\T |*+>
\_+#$. $ |y<eTT *ksTT. eT]= u<eT *ksTT.
144
ss\ |sT: V\\T, ]\T, u<\T, H=|\T j

d+<s\ y&+ sT>TT+T+~. eTqTw\q n_bj\
{ ysT +# |* {, j edTe\ {, keTV
|* { esq esT +T+~.
#&T n\yT eTw #&T |esq <]rksTT. n$ <y
~]+#&yT +&, eTw V *ksTT. qqT qT
$d]+#T&+ e\q sT>TT+~.
eTq\ eTq+ \TdTbe&+ m+<T sT>TT+<+f
C u]+#&+ w+. eTq >T]+ eTq+ @y s+>T\ +
^dT=, }V+ +&& w|&eTT. eTq >T]+
eTq+ \TdTy\+f, ujT|&eTT. nCq+ T u
J$H nT nryT q J$ s +&+{ Vs+ . eTw
+#*q qeT, $qjTeTT XSqeTesTT. q >T]+ q
*jT e u>e+T \TdT&+ weTeT+~.
uj
T eTT, +<q, eTw e + eTTKu>\T.
uj eTq djT |jT\ <s b>=Te&+ w+. eTq
e>+ +f eTTKyTq$ >=|$ q $wj\| +B]+#& +
<s eTq nV+s b>=Te#T. <e|eT eT>yT
uj\T b>=T=H neXeTT+~. eTq+ @<H eT+ \+
=s |#dsTT eTq uj\T =+es >TZsTT.
n+{+f eTyTq <es+ eT>yT uj\T |P]>
b]bsTT. <e|eT >&+> q|&T uj\ e+&<T.
HqT XSqeTT <e yT ds deTT nqT=q|& <e |eT \T>TT+~.
145
|jH\T ` k<H\T
|*+ u>T+f #\T @ esZ+ nqTd]d H$T nH~ #
b HqT&. |* eTTK+ nH~ L& nTe+{<. |*
f k<H\T+{sTT n+T+B y<+. |H esZeTqTd]dH
|jq+ k~+#& M\eT+~. esZeTqTd]d *>
s |*(\T)\ >T]+ |<> |{+#Tqeds+<T nH~
y<q. s |*\T y+y edbsTT nH~ +=
y<q. s |* \T m+ Vsy T H y{ >T]+ +#+&
eTq e\dq, <q |*yT |<qeTT nH~ M] y<q.
|j H\ eyT <w |T= k<H \+ b<q$Te
be&eTH y<q d]jTq~ <T. n<= $+&y<+.
|*\T, sD\T ` M{ |* sD\T, sD
|*\T n |&+<sT m]q d+. @B n+eT+ <T.
|jqyT eTTKeTT k<H\T <T nH y<+ VyTq~.
|j HH+ <d+ eTq+ j sT#d, y& | |]d /
jTeT+ L& |jqyT, ]. eTq+ n+eT |*+
nqT=H~ L& k<H += |*~ <] rdT+~.
+eTT+<T k~+q |*~ nqT+<yT. |*+
d++~+q< { n~ n&+>q |]D$T+#=#T,
+= |jH k<qeT e#T. = edTe(\T) eTq+
k~+#<\T#T=q |*\T nH $wj $d]<+ d|.
n|&T eTq e\dq |*y eTq+ ssTT+#Te#T.
V+> d+|Tq s d+|Tq\ q |sdsyTq
d++< { eTq ]\ \\ @ssT#Te#T.
146
\\T, esZ\T nH |<\ q uVQ+ = k<sD

yTq , ds keqyTq ns\T y&T HsTT. n $wj \
qf M{ L& y&T ns\THsTT. ]\T, \\T
|]d qT+& += |]d <]rksTT. n$ >{|&sTT. q
uVQ+ y&T q #q\T/uy\T = d+<s\
sjyTq yT< |]s\T> y&&+ sT>TT+~. =
d+|Tq\ $wjT+ = n+X\ y{H j d+|Tq\/
n+X\qT |+# jT+\T>/|eTTT> y&&+ |*\
uE yd k< \T> y&&+ <T . ~ yT D ] j \\
y{ =\eH\T>, +<q\T> |]>D+#&+ sT>TT+~.
y{ =+ $\TeqT b~+#&+ sT>T+~. y{H \\T>
L& >V+#&+ sT>TT+~. @ |]dT\ ]\T/\\T
@s&Tj, ujT |]De\H $<+> \\T> #|
&Tj nH $wjT |]CH <]rdT+ ~. |]d T \T =s ,
neds, d+|T sD d++~+q$. += d èTw #T
q yesD eT<q ]> |TsD e\q qeTjT~.
+= ] qeTjT neX+ <T . n]wy T q \\qT+&
]wyTq \HssT#T&+ k<+ <T. |j H
+ eTqdT q <X\qT \+> esT&+ n|{
jT<sy T q d >T \qT { +T+~. <VsD H= s
y< + #dT q y< T &T qT @@ $<y T q \T #j eTT+<T>
ssTT+#Ty*. n& n+eT \+ s |P]> s>
deTLs&yT n&T s>ssD #d s $<H
ssTT+#Te&+ sT>TT+~. qT #jTujT jTT
$\TeqT CsTT+| yk&T. s d+|Ps s>yT |see~>
147
|#jT&+ n& *jTbe#T. sq TqT { n&

mTe+{ q+~y, n T @ $<+ > qjT+
#dT+< n& \TdT. s s>+ b+<&yT n& n+eT
\ + <d+ ss \ |\ T #jT &+ sT>TT+~. |\ T
#jT&yT n& \+ <T.
n+eT\+ eT+< < nH $wjT+ < |j>
{ +T+~. n+eT \\T d]jT qy < y{ y{ neds
{ +T+~.
eTyTyT JeH k+#\+f < k~+# es+Z
L& d#yTq< +&*. \\ esZ\ eT< &< T.
u>e+T&T eTq yTqT=H esZ\| eTq n~s$T#&T
|* \ MT< e<T . \\T eT+yq |&T y{ k~+#esZ\T
L& |d]> eT+y nsTT +&*. \+ m+ eT+<H
<H< $<+ > k~+#\qTe&+ | . \ + k~+#&y T
<T, < k~+# esZ+ L& eT+~ y*.
sDeTT (seTT) ` eTqk
eTT s+&T s\T. { X<q, s+&e~ yeV]eTT.
yeV] d++~+q~. n~ eTq uy<>\ MT<
eTq+ #|f |qT\MT< |u e+ #|T+~. eTqTw\T k<sD+>
eT se+/$<T\qT { |#jT&+ #keTT. = |qT\qT
|d] n u$+ = |qT\qT #|&+, = |qT\T
nHjTeT u$+ = |qT\qT #| be&+ sT>TT+~.
=+<sT H y\ n_bjTyTeT+f eTq eeVsX* MT<
148
|ue+ * +T+~ qT < sD+/VTe e+&<T.

d\T eTq\ @yH |qT\qT #jT& bVs+>HH
+{sTT, < y]+#HH y]ksTT. d\,
VTy< b+H +&<T. VTy<q eTq s><c\ MT<
mTe+{ |u eeTT #|<T qT d\T VTy<q qT+&
<$+#sTT nqeTT.
VTe dd\qT sTEe #dT + ~. jT<sy T q #q\,
TTEesH, dyTq nqTd+<qyT q~. deTT
< _qeTT> q~ nd eTT. nqTL\, nqqTL\ <sD
qT $wjT+ VTy< d++<+ ~.
eTq <\, eTq #w\, eTq d+\ VTe
d++<+<T. n$ d+ || * q $wj\T.
d\ s\+ @M +&e. n$ VTe qT+& <$ +#e.
VTe eTqk mTe+{ d++<eT <T. XgeTT,
VTy<eTT #q\, y{ |sd s u+<y d++~+q$.
d++<\T/nqT+<\T _qyTq | * +f y{
s\ <s qTeTT. VTe eTq |esq MT< s +&T $<\T>
|ue+ * +T+~. $<q+: edTe < |H
edTe B d++~+q~ n #| < s +#&e TT, +=
$<qeTT: sD\ |*\ eT<qTq d++<\qT $e]+
< *+#&eTT, eTq #w\ d++~+q sj*y.
sj\T |L& e#T. n$ VTy<q \ebe#T.
eT+ #&T eT<qTq & VTe e\ *q~ <T.
& eTq #\MT< |ue+ #|T+~. < sD\T
149
VTe f C\<T. VTe, sjT+ < *+#

e#T. nTe+{ sj
T + d yTH , nd yTH n~ eT+ n>
#&T n> #| eTT. sj
T + s sj
\ <] rjTT#T.
nTe+|&T #\ sDuq y{MT< eTT< |&
neX+ +&<T. n+<T# , VTe d++<+<T.
VTe s+ <T. eT+ #&T nHy{ VTe d++<+
<T. |#w = <\T, = d+\T, = ueq\T,
= <X\T $T& +{sTT. n+<T jT<seTT/ydeeTT/
eTT n+ @MT +&<T. $wjT+ MT< <w|{ #d
n+<T #&T eTq >#s+ be#T. eTq+ #\T/|*\
MT< <w |& eTq #\ MT< $<y T q ndeT |{#T .
~ eTq ueq\ d++~++~ VTe d++~++~
<T. ueq eTq +T+~ $wjT+ > edTe
> +&<T.
@<H #w eTq+ #&T> u$+#&+ ] #w|
eTq, eTq |e, eTq <| es +< ns+.
eT+ #&T\ Xu\, s+>T\, y&, #\<H\ b\e#T.
j >TD>D\T eT+ #&T \ e. eTq >V DX
+{sTT. n+{+f eTq u<\T, eTq q+< eTq
eTTKeT|ksTT. ueq\T eT+ <>sZ > +&, #&T <s+>
qsTT n$ eTq |esq o eT<+ #jT>\T>TsTT.
eT+ #&T \qT VTe <s +&, b* <s +&, eTq
ueq\ <s, n$ eTq eTqdT yd eTT<\ <s >T]+#e#T.
d++~+q eTq sj
\T # eTT eTq eTqdT q
150
eTT<\ {/>TsT\ { +{sTT. qT nH< eTq+

eTqdT nqTu$+#e#T B n >{> ssTT+#eTT.
nqTu e + nqT D + eTq eTqd T > T s T \ T/eTT< \ T
ydT+T+~. eTq eTqdT q eTT<\T eTq q+<,
<T'U \T>#dT+{sTT. = #\T, = |jT\T eTq
eT+>qT < #&T>qT \|ksTT. eTq q+<+ \>#d
y{ eT+e, u< *+#$ #&Te n|ksTT. y{
\T#T>H | nd+| > *ksTT. | *+#
y{ yT#T&eTT, nd+| *+# y{ >&&eTT
sT>TT+~. |> nd+|> m+<T \T>TT +<
|]o*+#eTT. k+<s |bd < k+<sHwD>,
nqTuT\ $wjT+>, n_sT#T\ $wjT+ > Te+{
sj rdT=+T+{eTT. eTq VsTT *+# y{MT<
eT+ nHeTT< ykeTT. $<+> #d eT+, #&T nH y{
eTq+ eTq nqTuT\ <c ssTTdTHeTT n+> VTe
e\<T. j edTe\/ $wj\ >T]+ \T#T>H *>
q+<eTjT nqTuT\qT { +T+~. nqTuT\,
q+<\ nqTd+<qyT +{sTT. eTq d++~+q
eTq sj\T eTq |qTTy| yTT>TZ#|THj nH<
MT< eTq+ #d |qs#q\T eTq $~Gse| n+#T\qT
ssTTksTT. = $wj\ nqTuT\T eTq n+^s
\T>#ksTT. =+<] *$\T, #eTs+, k> +&
|esq sT\ y]| kqTu, d<eq \T>#ksTT.
sT\ |eTqT, >sy b+< >T#ksTT. Te+{ =
151
>TD\T =| d\e\ eTw dV +> q#TsTT. y{

| H n | yT q $esD eC\eTT. = ds k<sDyTq
d\ d++~+ +{sTT.
$<+> +&, eTqk nH~ eTw #q\qT,
|<\qT, #w\qT ssTTdT+~. eTq #q\T, #w\T, uw
eT+yqsTT eTq q+<, eT+$ qsTT u<qT
*ksTT. eTq n+s |u<+ @~eT+, @~#&T nH~
eTq \TdT+~. eTq n+s |u< eTq XdH\T>
|]D$TksTT. eTq+ rdT=H sj\qT XdksTT. $<+>
eTw q VTy<X eTqk eTq\qT H +> q&| es<Z s
\esTT. eT+ #&T\qT ssTTksTT. n k+|TyTq,
eT|syTq d+|<j\T H d\, H sj\
$\TeksTT. n d+|<j\T eTw |q'|]o\q
bVksTT. eTq\ >T]+ eTq+ T> |]o*+#T=H+<T
nedsyTq k<H\q+~ksTT. eTq\ H <+ #ksTT.
H X *jT#ksTT.
eTq eTqk Xe++> qsTT eTq #\ sT\
eTq d++< u+<y\ n~ |]o*+ < uE ydT+~.
s>e+yTq eTqk eseq+ eddT+~. n~ >
nqTd+<q+ #dT=+ eTT+<T k>TT+~. n~ q dV
due+ # sT\ eTT+<T # Ce++> +T+~.
eTqdT <X, *+ yT sT\= |b<q
#dT + ~. s>e+yT q n+s qq uy\qT >V +#+<T
d<+> +T+~. q nqTuy\qT, nqTuT\qT sT\
|+#T=, = |b<q\, #\ <]rd $<+ > |#dT+ ~.
152
dT>TDeTT
dT>TDeTT # wyTq~. s >TD\ b\&~.
n+<] n >TD\T deq+> +& esTT me], <
b& neds+ >, neX+ +&<T . n dT>TD\ eT\+
$y+ . $ye ++>, HjTe++>, eTs<|P s+> J$+#
\+f J$+ V<u]+> +&*. V<eTT |sds+ <s
u\T. V< u]+> +fH $ye++> +&>\+.
$ye+T&T m\|&T q+<+> +{&T. qT u<|&&T
sT \ u< *+#&T . n& byX\T>, s>< c\T
+&e. n&+ XX*> +{&T. |b\T e+{$
\VqT\ +{sTT> $ye+T\ +&e.
dT>TD, H & +~. s +& eT+H s#H.
nsTT =+ edeTT+~. H se b\q eTTKu>+.
dT>TDeTT L& se b\q u>yT q |{ n< |< qyTq ~
<T. eTq+ =+<] e\qT #d m+ >s$keTT. y]
>=|q+ y] dT>TD\ +~. y] H eT\+ y] kq+
qeds+<T.
|X+ksyTq >TD\T dT>TD\T. y{ yT<|syTqe
H |syTqe H|syTqe $u+#&+ ]+~.
$#s d++~+q $y#q m<T{ e\qT ns+ #dT=H
X #sD j>yTq *$\ ~ yT<dT d++~+ q
dT>TD\T. W<s+, d+jTeTq+, <+ e+{$ H dT>TD\T.
yT<|syTq dT>TD\T nud+ MT< nqTue+ MT< <s|&
+{sTT. H dT>TD\T n\yT MT< <s|& +{sTT.
153
dT>TD\H$ #sD <s \ueTesTT. HjTe+yTq

|qT\ <s HjT |esq <se+yTq |qT\ <s <seTT,
z] eV+#&+ <s d+jTeTqeTT n\e&TsTT. dTK\
d <s+> +&&+ e\q d+jTeTq+ \T>TT+~.
d+jTeTq+ b{+#&+ e\q dTK\d <s+> +&
>\T>TeTT. <seTT L& n+. > < ujT+syT q
$wj\| dV+>H $eTTK+ * +&&eTT nTe+{$
s~+#+<T qX * +&&+ <s e+T\ \D +. Te+{
dT>TD\qT u\+qT+&, jTeq+ qT+& n\es#Te+
nedseTT.
eTq+ #|f |qT\T/ |jT\T eTq q+<+ *kj,
u< *kj nH< { eTq |e @$T{ \TdT+~.
Xs dTU\ <s+> +&, n+<T q+<+ b+< e
d+jTeTq+ \y&T Xs dTU\ +>y&T d+jTeTq+
y&T. ujT+syTq y{ m<Ts=& * n+<T q+<+
b+<y&T <se+T&T ujT|&, u<|&y&T |]y&T.
H eTq dTU\ <T'U\ eTT&|& +T+~. =
#&T`n\yT e\q eTq q+<+/dTK+ \>&+ = eT+
|qT\ e\q u< \>&+ sT>TT+~. n+# eTq+ = eT+
|qT\ <s+> +{eTT. n+# q|{ qT+& eTq+ #jT
L& |qT\ eTq|\\ qT <s+> +#&e TT, #jT e\dq |qT\T
u< *+H ds #d$<+> |+#*q neds+ +~. <
dsq #<Te. $<+> #d eTq dT>TD\T dTK<T'U\
*de+{sTT. d]jTq $<q+ dT>TD\qT |j+#T
154
>* e eT+>qT, nded+> y&T=Hy&T #&T>qT

|]D$Tk&T.
|qT\qT HjTe++> #dy&T HjT |b >qT, z]
#dy&T d+jTeTqe+T&T>qT jse&T. n+f @$T{?
eTq+ #|f |jT \T < #\ T y+y dued<+ > dT>TD
e+yT |qT\T HjTe++>, d+jTeTq+ #dqT
<T. |jT\T #|f eL& = d>T\ &
+&*. { n& d]jTq ne>Vq +&*. |jT\qT
n&T eTqds +>, y{dyT y{ HqTy*. >{ qeT+,
#+#\+ +& |qT\T #|{*. e] s+&T n+X\T
# eTTKyTq$.
HjTe+yT q e, d+jTeTq+ *q e, HjTe+yT q ,
d+jTeTqe+yT q |qT\T #|{ *. |]d T \ q @ HjT
e+T&H , z] \y&H |jT \H #|{ *. n|& e\ T
dT>TDe+T\esT.
dT>TDeT+f @$T{? eTq eT&Ts\ $wj\THsTT.
s><c\T keTs\T, |eT\T. *, |eTT, ujTeTT,
$XdeTT, <weTT, d+weTT, C* e+{$ s><c\T. |
nqTuT\qT \>#d$ keTs\T. nqTuT\ eTqq
nqT+<+ eTq |e <VsD eTq $|yTq |+
\T>TT+<qT+&. n~ eT+~<T. n< $T+> * eT+~.
dT>TD\T , <TsTZD\T <\Te. eTq q
dT>TD\ {> , <TsTDZ \qT {> |\T eTq\ >s$+#&+
155
> n< $<+> >&&+ > sT>TT+~. eTq nqTuT\qT

{<T. eTq |+>, ujT+ eTq |yTjT+ +&H
\T>TsTT. dT>TD\T <TsTDZ \T m+| <s \T>TsTT.
<\, yX yX\ eTq+ d+~keTT. dT>TD\, <TsTDZ \
d+~+#eTT. n$ keTs\T L& e. keTs + dV d<y T q ~.
eTq+ dV > eT+yeTT, #&y eTT eTT. qT dT>TD\T
<\ e, keTs\T e. |r dT>TD+ nTq d
+&&+ nTq ksTT |#jT&+. <VsD eTq qT
eT+ d +&, <| n~ nTqksTT #dqsTT
eTq+ #> #&>\T>TeTT. n< $<+> dT>TDe+T&q e
nTeTT&T> |#jT>\T>T&T.
| dT>TD+ jTT |yTq >TD>D rdT=qsTT,
~ + u> sTEyeT+~. n$qeTT, u+#<q<<H
rdT= < me b>, e b > deq
b> rdT& M\T+~. deqyTq <+f me, e
eT<d+> +&~. s+&T $|\ q&TeTqT+&~.
dqqTd]+ <\, #\ d++~+q H
dT>TD+ s+&+{ q&TeT qT+& eT<d ksTT >T]|&T+ ~.
<VsD, ujTeTT, *e+{$ $|+> >, n e>
> nqTu #+<e#T. ~ s+& n+^]+#q$ e.
me, e\ eT<d+> $+> nqTu #+~q# n~
n+^s j>eTeT+~. yT#<q<T+~. < dT>TD+ jTT
dueeTT. n<= syTq |eDeTT. jT+ d+b~+#&=f
esZeTT. n|jT+ \>& nH $<H\THsTT. n nH~
156
<TsTDZ + jTT due+, $T+ dT>TD+ jTT due+. n]k{

dT>TD $<+ > s+#&T, dT>TD+ m+| L&T=q~,
$TyTq~. n~ VTy< d+ L&T=q~. #sDy Tq
$yeTTq e < d |s+ ssTTk&T.
|r #w | nqTu/<eTT eT<d+> +&<T.
ku$+> #&$: <:`s, f+|]q+ e+{$, <=+>q+,
V e+{$ #&T #\ T. M{ eT+ nH~ eT#T L& qse.
Te+{ y{ $+jT T>, eT< d+ >, n> @M +&e.
@ $<+> #dH n$ |P]> <TwyTqy.
|esq d++~+q |q\T ds k<sDyTq$.
n+<] e]ksTT. e\ d++~+q |q\T ydy
+ <>Zs> +{sTT. e\ $wjT+ <seTT uj,
qeT eT< d+ > +T+~. n <s + |<] +# e nV+],
n uj e+ #d e |]y&T. n< $<+> dTU\qT
nqTu$+# $wjT+ d+jTeTq+ eT<d+> +T+~. u<
$wjT + n~ e]+#<T . u>\d n <s qeTT. n~ |P]>
|+qy&T <> sVT&T. <q+/&T |#T&+
W<s+ eT<d+. n <+, $#\$&q+, <eTd\T
b e&+ |dH ]q+. q+ y<T _eq+ +&&+
ysT. n~ my b>sTyTq+ nd\T be&+ qq
ue+. y<T $T+# yX+, sTEesq+, y<j>+.
sT\ $H<$Te&+ y<T $T+# be&+ V<s+,
y<T$T+ n~ y* q+. dV + y<T $T+# +&
eT<d+> +f n~ d+w<jT+, y<T $T+ n~
157
nqTyTq |X+d neT+~. nd eeTT dVue+

|<]+# be&+ nV+seTeT+~.
<\, nqTuT\ d++~+ < d+ e]dT+~.
eTs<|PsyTq d>TZqT, $qj |{+#&+ y<T. n
$qj, d>T qZ T |<] +#&+ < s\ D
+. nd\T d> Z be&+
d>TZq+. nHjT+ n<s+ | *> |+ y<T
eT< d+ > +T+~. s|sT &T sT \ u>TqT #d @&Tk&T .
<TssTZ&T sT\ ]q nHj #d q+~k&T.
< due+ \y&T, |w < zsT&T. nTe+{
<eTT +&&+ eT+ >TDyT, $|yTq <eTT+&&+
eT+~<T.
$<+> dT>TD+ s+&T $|\ eT<d+> +T+~.
n me n e eT< +T+~. <\
nqTuT\ eT<d+> +&&+ s><jT+. d<TZD\qT
* +&&+ # w+. eT< esZ qT>=q&+ + w+.
|+ me]H \>e#T. &T me]H KsT|e#T. b
<H d]jT q e , d]jT q deTjT+, d]jT q y<T,
d]jTq <X+, d]jTq e&+ eT+~. ~
n+<] k< + <T. n+{ |]| , eT+q+, < #
<Tsu + . =ksT y<T $T+#&+ =ksT $T |<] +#&+
] eT<esZ+ |{eTT+~.
dT>TD+ <\, y{ |jT\ d++~+q~ qT,
T~ |PsyT q <\T, |jT \| |X+ d>, +<> yjT &+
158
sT>TT+~. n|jT + *> <\|, #d|qT\| C* #b*

+~. nCq+ e\, uVyTq e\ *> <\ e\
#|f |qT\ $wjT+ e d++<eTT+&<T.
$w \D\T eT<qTq ek\qT \TdT=H+<T,
e\ |qT\+f ysT m+|# d dT>TDeTTKeTT. m+| <X
|PsyT |P]> n< <T. y{eT< & \TdTe# T.
|d| \ \ T, +Te\T d#+ <+> +&+ #keTT. m+|
<T. (n|jT+>) D+> rdT=HsjT+ m+| C\<T.
|jT|Ps+>, qq $_qesZ\ H= esZ,
< $\Te\T \TdT= m+| #jT&+ ysT. |+> #b\+f
dT>TD\qT eTq+ mqT=+{eTT |jT|Ps+>, T~
|Ps+> m+| #keTT. ny eTq\ Xd+# XdH\T.
eTq#\T, |eT\T syTq$ e. eTq$wj\T
u> *dqsTT eTq #\T yTT<{qT+& e] es eTq
nBq+ +{sTT. |eT\ T yTT<{ eTq nBq+ +&q|{
e] @ $<+> jsej #|eTT. eTqyT $<+>
|#j sjT+ rdT=H $wjT+> #d eTq |eT\T
eTq+ sT=qf +{sTT. d++~+q dT>TD\T
s+&Ts\T. o d++~+q$, yT<dT d++~+q$.
s +&T u>\THsTT. { s dV eTT s +&T ssV eTT.
n+<T yTT<{ u>+ s+&T bs\THsTT n+<T {
dsyTq, esT y{MT< <w|& s+&e~ esT +&
#+#\yTq y{ MT< <w|&TT+~.
159
edTe\T ysTysT \T * +{sTT. ysT ysT

\Tq (y{) $wj\qT ysTysT u>\T u<
eVksTT. $<+ > u> $wj n$Hue
d++<yTs&TT+~. s+&T u>\qT XdjTeT, >DH
eT n+{sT. esT n+X\ >T]+ mes >TD+#sT.
>DHyTq u>+ s+ y| yTT>TZ #|T+~.
$wjT + m+ u> |#dT + ~ nH~ < eTTU+X+.
eT&T u>\THsTT. n$ #\, d, uy<,
s, ]qT nesTTw #dT+{sTT.
+< T u y< + # \ <]rj T < T . + T e\
uy<eTT+T+~. n~ #\ <]rjTe #q
*q|&T < edT |\&y, < < es+#&y
sT>TT+~. n< $<+ > ] *q|&T < rsTe&y
< < |P]> <s+> +&&y sT>TT+~. H dT>TD+
m+| L&T=q~. m+| nq>H <X|PseTT. <
#q, ] s+& d]jTq$> +&*. m+| dsq~
y*. n~ ]qT <e|]#~> +&*.
$<yTq yT< #sDeTT. #HyTq yT<dT
#sDeTT <T. eT+, #&T nH n+X\T +<T u>.
<+#&+ es B |]$T. d]jTq ] s&+ eT+q+.
n~ #sDyTq #q eTT&|& +T+~.
|*H, |jHH + m+| #keTT.
m+| #jT& seTT, #q nedseTT. eT+ m+|
160
#jT& >, #&T m+| #jT& > yT<dT bT

o\eTT L& eTTKeTT. |* + #d #q eyT
<yTq~. eT+ ] d* dT+~. y\
#|Ps+> ], ]+> #]+ s~ eTs= s+
]. nTe+{ ] |*yT eqe&T.
>+ ]q< m+| #jT &+ k< + <T. >Hes
#]+#sT. k] ]q d+>T\qT s>&&+ , y{
s>+& #jT&+ > <e e\ L& <T.
s+&T s\ yT<dT u>\ #d~ dHwD.
d k~+#+<T e\dq d>T\T <T. n$ , Xd jT
$CqeTT, #sDjyTq *$\T (CqeTT), $#s
*$, n+sw L&q *$\T. n_bjTeTT, sjTeTT
+<T u>\T e.
\q d++~+q~. edTe/ s|+ @
$<+> edT+< nq < d++~+q~. < dw
sT& +T+~ s|+ +&<T.
q edTe \ >T]+, s|+ jT=# edTe \ >T]+
>, n~ |d<+> Hj < nH $wjT+ >T]+ >
|{+#T<T. sb e\dq keT n+<TH +T+~.
jsT #jT&+ ysT, q{+#&+ ysT. jsT #jT&
eyT d++~+q~. XdjT$Cq+ neds+ qT+&
|T=dT+~. eTqeT+ eTq *dq< += s+> +&
neXeTT+T+<q #q L& +& +{eTT. n~ eTq
161
|]o\q |]~ +& jT ]q|&T n$ qT L&

eTq *jT<T. eTq < neds+ |&H < >T]+
\TdT=+{eTT. ~ n+T+& =qk>T +T+~. eTq
neds\T d\T. y{ HXq+ <T.
Xdj
T $Cq+ jTT eT\d+ ]<s+ $wj \
>T]+q ujT+qT+& |T=dT+~. $ye+T&T q~
nedsy, @~ |j>sy \TdT>*q #sDyTq
*$\T * +{&T. n~ +<, XdjT $Cq+
+< s<T. eTw @~ eT+<, @~ eT+~ <
\TdT=H X qy] #sDyTq *$\T \y]>
|]>Dk eTT. ysT e\+ eT eyT +& eqy[+{
@~ eT+, @~ #&T nH + Cq+ * +{sT.
#sD
yT q $yy T T dT>TD+ n~ <T. s +&T
s\ #HX >\ u>\T * +~. @ u>+ #HX
n_bj\qT @ss#T >\< < d++~+q~. #sD
yTq $y#q d\ >T]+ eyT +& $es\ >T]+
L& \TdT=+T+~. n~ #sD+ qT $es\ >T]+
\TdT=+T+~. |<> $Cq+ bsTTH nqTue+ qysT
Cqe+T\+f $Tq> +{sT. #sD n+fH jT
|qT\T#jT &+. qT M] #sD |>* q #q/|qT\T
#jT>*q X s+& +&&+ #keTT. $#s
d++~+q $y#q d]jT q/HjTyTq jTeT+ |s+ q&T#T
e&yT <T HjTe+yTq jTeT+ jTT *jT
#dT+~. yC |*\TyC |]X<q qT+& n+
162
yTTyTT< n+sw e\q \T>TsTT. $<+> ]>

neXeTT+~. eTqdT & + nH d+ qT+& yTT<\eT+~.
|]o\q/|]X<q $y+ $Cq+ |*\{q wyTq~.
$ye +T&T yTTyT T< eTqdT f d+ qT+& e] |* +
es *d= +{&T. n+sw bT yC Cq+ *
+&&yT $yeTT.
~>TeksTT J$+, s dT>TD\ L&T= q
J$+ (d+w+>)q+<eTjT+> +T+~. eTq+ ]|
sT HjTe++>H +{eTT. o d++~+q dT>TD\T
eTq uy<\T/nqTuT\ eTT&|& +{sTT. #sD
$y#q d++~+q d\T H d\qT, H
HjT+ W+ #sDyTq $y#qqT d++<+ *
+T+~.
H dT>TD\T <\, nqTu T\ nqTd+<q+ *
+{sTT. n$ eTq d+s eTqd d++~+ +{sTT.
d+w+ e>s M{ d++~+qy. nTqyT q ksTT #+~q
yT<dT M{ d++<+ <T.
dT>TD d+\+ eTTKe, #sD/ q&e& eTTKe
nH y<H={ +~. n~ s+& eTTKyT. b dT>TD
#sD
|f+ <T + mH n+X\T y*. eTq+ #sD

|f dT>TD+ m+ >=|< n+ me n+X\T e\d eksTT.
$#s+ eTT +& #H |sT& #sD |<T.
C~ n& #q n&+\esTT. b n&
163
de+ q\T>T]bT J$+#*q nedse TT+~ qT nqT

L& eT+|qT\T #jTe\d +~.
eTweT+qyT +& n&T J$+#& nedsyTq
<q+ L& y*. Xs+ s>+> +&+<T Vs+ bT
s V+>T\T L& = y*. Bqs+ eTw q+<+>
J$+#& V+>T\T n |d] n <T e\+ =
eds\T rs& e\dq edT \T. = d<T D
Z \ eTw
q+<+> J$+#e#T.
eT+, #&T dVyTq >TD < nH |X L& +~.
dV eTH < eTq$T# ns { +T+~ B de<q+.
dV eTH~ n<T esyT q sTT eT+, #&T \T dV yTq
>TD. dV eTH~ nk<sD esyT q sTT <VsD,
MsyTq (<s+) dT>TD+>, |XbjTyTq Ls+>
nk<sD\T eT+#&T\T dVyTqy, dVeT+f e
esyT q sTT eT+ #&T \T dV yTq y. eTq>, sT\
> q+<+ *+# >TD\T eTq |eT, >s *ksTT.
eTq *+# >TD\T <c, qq \>#ksTT.
>s, q+< *+# d<T DZ eTT, <c *+# #&T , s +&
deq+>H |]>Dk sT . qT M{ < eTs=< b*
ss TT+#*. #w> jT > eT+ n>, #&T n>
e]+#eT+f <qs+ n$ j >TD>D\ V\ ns+.
>TD>D\T \\+ * +&y +&*. y{ \ d\T
e |P] |esq $d]+ +&*. #\T/jT\T @y =
d\qT+& |T= se. qT n$ |eqTs>\T, <weTT
164
e+{ y{MT< |ueeTT * +&e qT, n$ H +<

|]>D+|&e.
eTq+ #|f @<H |>, = |qT\T> H
+qT nqTeTT. e jTT o\eTT, <+f |< qeTT.
e e\T +f, |\T\ +f n& |qT |<qyTqeq&+
du. n$ |eTqT>, ywe> *d n$ e
||*+qT .
$<+> q+< *+#$ d<TZD\, u< *+#
<TsTZD\ n+{sT.
nV+d nH >TDeTT nH s nH $wj \ <] rdT+ ~.
nq+ |\&+ sT\qT H=|+#&+ +< =dT+~.
<=+>q + L& sT \qT u~+#&y T . eTq neds\ e\dq
<q+ +f me <H b+~ +&&+ L&, sT\qT
u~+qT . sT \qT ;<y] #d y] y] neds\qT\
rsTjT+& #dT q T . ~ L& nV+d qT+& |{q
>TDyT. T<T&T |b~+q sTD nH >TDeTT, n+<]
eTqTw\qT |] , $X k<s , u |+b+~+#~.
n~ dqd+#T nH < $sT<eTT. eqe J$ \eTT
sDeTT, n+f u<q T+&, <T'KeTT qT+& $eTT. B V<T\ T
e.
T<T&T |b~+q eT<esZeTT, d+|PsyTq ks ,
d+|PsyTq dHd J$ (n+{ +#&) eT<
+&~. ~ s+&T $|\qT+& |jH\T b+< $<+>
165
+T+~. n+<] |$T+, n+<] jT&\ sTDqT #|+#>\

e ks|syTq ]\T y+y ejTyT, ><qT&q
dHd b+< q+< b+<>\T>T&T |X+, |
\T>TsTT. ks| s + > ]\qT rsT=+f *> q+<+ +f
me q+<+ eT<esZ+ \_dT+~. <q+ e\q e
u<qT+&, <T'K+ qT+& $eTT \T>TT+~. T<T&T #|
sDeT+f e *> $y#q+ <T, e , $X
eTyTyT $eTT k~+#&+. eTVjq u< nqTd]+# e
|q L& #|&&T. n<$T+f ||+# n+{
sD+ (y+ ) *> es q e> $y#H n+^]+#qT
n.
e qT q J$eT+ sT\ de/|eTH
>&|qT, q ks +q <qT u$d n~ e+#q
neT+~. C sT\MT< |eT #|THeTq ueq
ks+q < +~. HqT nH ueH # \+> +T+~.
u>e+T&H, eTw nsTTH < ||&>\sT. <e+
nqTd+<q+ *> $wjT+ L& q & | eTTKb
eVdT+~. eqe J$ \eTT <ekjTTeTT. Bq
esZ\ desq { eTq J$+ eTq+ |+b+~+#T=H
dT>TD\qT { eTq+ yk<q m+ #sTe Hy
\TdT+~.
e>+> k~+# _e~, dj_e~ +f, <e+
MT<>\ |eT, <y >T]+ \TdTe&+ |<qyTq$.
e qwyTq = H dT>TD\qT |+b+~+#T=, y{
166
>T]+ #{+| yd qqT qT >=|> r]+#T&+ ]

n~ nV+s+ neT+~. eT& eTeT+~. $ n <]<yT q
H <TsTZD\T.
eTq <=] q es + /W + nbs T wj T eTT/~eeTT
nsTTqsTT, eTq+ yTT+ e + u>+ n_e~ #+~H
$T> u>\ n_e~ s>+& +&<T. yTq W,
ndVyTq W & qT>=q&+ w+. , \+
>&TdTq=B MT< y{ |ue+ \eTe edT+~.
k<sD e\ L& n~ $~eTeT+~. @ e nsTT D
D q ks $&H&, q J$+ MT< yV Z+#T
=+ ek&, <y #sTee& e, n& (|jd)
|jT nqT>TD+> esMTjT&+ sT>TT+~.
HjTeTT
HjTeTT nH d<+eTT m{ |{+< b{ qT sdq ~
]|_ nH |d+ $e]ksT. | #jT&+ u>H
+T+~. <e\q u<|&&+ u><T. u~+q y&
q nqTL\ |]d +f u~T& *> wqc\T, <T'KeTT
me. e u~T &>, u~+#y&> s +&Ts\ nqTuy\qT
#$#dq|&T, m<T{y&T *+# <T'K+ qT+& |+#T
|]d q|&T ysT ] eTs=sT &+& #dT =HsT.
m|& m<T{y& u~+#L&<, u~+||&L&<
|+<+ #dT=HsT. jTe\T, +<q\T @ssT#T=HsT.
< HjTeTT nHsT. <seTT nHsT. n> HjTeTT nH
167
<= sJ n~. q due+ # eT+#MT <T, | #jT+&

+&T= |+<+ #dTe&+.
$<+> $s$+q HjT+ eTqTw\T ]H=sT
u~+# +&, ]H=sT V \>#j
T +&, y] <T'K+ qT+&
b& |jT+. $<+> |+<+ #dT=q Je\ HjT
yT$T{, nHjTyT$T{ *jT<T. H=|+#+&, H=|+|
jT+& #dT=q &+& HjTeTT. nHjTeTH~
<q+< | <T. | #dq eTqT + # n~seTTqy]
qT+&/ ysT $~+# qT+& |+#T bTHeTH u jT+
eTw nHj <seTT+#TT+~. HjTeTH~ n+<]
deq+> e]dT+~ qT n~ n+<] |j>s+. =
<X\ q | |]dT\ e\q n+<] f HjTeTT
e]+#b e#T. eTs=ksT, |]d T \ esTe\ H=|&T
HjTe+yTq~, sTy nHjT+ e#T.
eTw q dV yTq +T |e es+> HjqeT\T
#k&T | #jT+& +& Hj b{k&T. |
|]dT\H n&T HjTe++> +{&T, | #k&T.
HjTeTH~ e>, de+ > +&=#T.
de+ e +f |<~ qT n& \_+# HjT+ |<~.
qT e += e q \_+# < |> @<H
e&+ ] n~ q u<jTyTq n& \TdT.
@ <sT e\ f $<+> |sT. y] duy\ &
+T+~. =s+ = e nqTL\+> +{sT. qT
168
|e s yd+>\qT+& d]jTq deTjT+ |+,

n& HjTe nqTL\y < #jTd | sT # >
|#jT>\T>TsT.
b{ |s+ seTT H\T>T $<q <s\ b{+#*.
n+<T HjTeTT H\>e~, eTTKyTq ~. HjTyTT $XqyTq
d+. mesT @ | #jT& dVd<+> nqTL\Ts
| #jTe&yT deTT.
me] |ysT #dT=+, sT\ C* b+& +&&+
L& HjTyT. de+ q nH XDT\T/esZ\T: <VsD
es \T, s \T e>s me]| ysT #dT =+b deeTT
HjTe+yT q deeTT. me] | d]|& <>! e
ysT #dT =+Tq+ \eTT |\T ] kH eTs=sT , ]
|eTT eTs=s+ e]& #dT=H qw+<T.
@ $<+ > seTT < deeTT HjTe+y n< $<+ >
eL& HjTe+T&. e n $u>\T d]>Z |#d
qsTT, q dVd<+> nqTL\yTq | #dTqsTT n~
HjTeTT. n& $ye TT, #q n& deTes+Z q&b*.
, XseTT s+&T dj< |#j*. s+&+{ dsq
<Ty*. eTqdT, XseTT q D b+~qsTT, eT
eT u<\H] |#dqsTT, y{ eTwq n+T
]\ MT< n~s+ * qsTT +&>T @sT #j *.
n$ s +&T eTw | j*. Xs q+<\T V<TM Ts+ &
+&>T #&*. n& due+ | n+XeTT q $~
169
qT deT+> #d, jTeqTks+> +&q|&T e

HjTe+T&T n+{eTT.
HjTeTT nH~ n+s+> d++~+q~, uV
|esq d++~+q~ <T. HjTe+T&q e q eTqdT /
q |/due+ |\T n+X\T < kq+ eTs={
rdT+& C>|&&T. eTD q sTT+{ qT
# ~<T =+{&T. q u>\ < eTs={ dj <
|#dT #dT= qT eTw> (ss\T> +&)
+& q V J$ kk&T.
qT #|f n |qT\q HjTe++> +{&T. n~
q n\yT> #dT =+{&T. n&T $y+ >T]+ e{&& e T+f
q |esqqT HjTe++> +# $y#q >T]+ e{&&
eTqe. @ #w @ |HH | n\yTqT u+>|]d n&T <
Hj $sT<+> u$k&T. < nCq+>qT |>qT
u$k&T. HjTe++> mTe+{ deTd\q m<Ts&T.
nHjTe+T& n deTd. qTq deC nHjT+
\|&+ n+{+f |< n<s+> u$k&T.
HjT+ s+&T d\THsTT. n+<T { d#
d++~+q~. q+ d# k+eTTHj, n+ d#
k++\T sT\ L& +&\ sT&+ s+&e~
de+ e\ eT< edeTT+&&+ n<s eT u$+#&+
y H n~ n+<] u>Td+ |CXjT dTd+ |#j \
sT&+. y] y] qTq ksT u<\T, ysT sV+#
u<\T, n~s\T n+<] deq+> \_+#\ sT&+.
170
|qT<V]+q d\T $wjT+ *jT#ksTT. HjT

eT+f, d#, deq+ n+<] XjTdTd+ |#d y]
q VQeq+ \_+#&eTH eT&T d\| <s|& +~.
s#q e\, <X\, sC\, es ybs XDT\,
eT d+d\ , n deTV\ e]dT + ~. = | |]d T \
VTy<+| s+<+> = jTe\qT $~+q|&T HjT
|syTq deTd\T TsTT. ]| eTs=sT <s|& q,
|]d H<Ts=+Tq d+d\| s+< jTe\ $~+q|&T
HjT deTd\T TsTT. Hj eTTKeTT deTT\
b{+#&+. ] sT dVseT+~+# y, ] sT
b{ |&Tqy Hj deq+> n+~+|#jT&+.
b{ + s>e++> +& #&&+ HjT+ u>+.
@<H seT+ (|) =+eT+~ bZ+Tq|&T,
bZH y] me]H eTbT bZ+Tq sT\ =
d>T\T nqTL\+> HjT, eTT eT nqTL\+
y{ n+^]+#*q |]d @s&+< u<|&L&<T.
n+<T u>dT\+<] eT]\T HjTe+yTqe, sT\T
L& y{ $<+>H >T]+#\ +T+~. seT+
bZH ys+<sT = HjTd\T, = |b<q\T
]=sT |b~+, n+^]+| #dqsTT seT+
HjTe+eT #b#T.
]MT< eTs=] @ n~seT keq |\T eT
|sds deT = d\qT n+^]+qsTT |]d
HjTe+eT #|e#T.
171
nTe+{ |sd s deT eq|&T n& yTq kVs+

@s&TT+~. $<+ > |sd syT q n+^s+ |=q d\
<s+> |#d eeVs\ >T]+ e{&e\d ed HjTyTq
d\H |j+#* edT+~.
eeVs+ u>keTTqysT < d++~+q
d\T, jTe\T HjTe++> HsTT n n+^]+#*,
y{ |s+ q&T#T& |y*. n+<T = u< \qT
s]+# y] = V\T L& @s&TsTT. $<+>
|T=q V\T, u< \T eeVs+ u>dT q y]MT<
<s|& +{sTT. B HjTe+yTq eeVseTT n+{sT.
d]deqyTq <w * +&&+ n+{sT.
]| ] $XdeTT+&&+ * +&&+ ysT
d]deq <w +&&+ ysT . =+ ~ eeVs+ u>dT \qT
eT d+ d =+ Z+#T=HT #dT+~. eTT #dT q
eT& ybs+ eT& eeVs+ eTbT s u>dT\
d y] X\ L& >T]+#*. <= H u<. ~
m+| +<>, n+sw L&q H> <T. sT \qT
>T]+#&+, y] V\qT u<\ >s$+#&+. $<yTq
q&e&, |esq * +&&+ +<T eTTKu>+.
+<T += $Xwy T eT+f < bd> $<+ > mesH
eT VqT |{d < H $\Te +&<T. d+
Hj W<s+ eTT&|&T+ ~. n+<] XjT dT <]rdT+ ~.
$<+> HjT+ H|D esT> \TdT+~.
172
s sV esZ+ d]jTq sj\ rdT=+f d]jTq

HjT+ sT>TT+~. d+d d++~+q n |]b\H
deTd\T deT+> |]w]+|&TsTT. eTw jTT |e
<w |T= #d HjTd+ >=|y nse TeT+~.
$<yTq |]o\q HjTeTT H m+{ n$Hue
d++<eTT * +< \TdT+~.
| s eTT HjTe++> HeTH u$ksT. d]
deqyTq <w \ HjTdeTTqT b{+# de+ =
d++< u+<yH eTT <>Zs yseTH ue+ +&*.
de+ me u>+ eeVs\ d y&=#T me>
BMT< X< |{#T , d\+f BH me> b{+#e#T.
$<yTq |]o\q deC eTs= deC ed+
+&&eXeTT+~.
HjTeTH dT>TDeTT deC+ |j>s+. nd\T
|\ |j >sy T ~ |{+ ~. Be\q *> yT B j>qT
*jT#ksTT. eTw d+|T J$. eTqTw\T ] sT d++<
u+<y\T * +{sT. y{ \uf+<T~ # neds+.
de+ |\T sjT+> q+<+> +&+<T~ <V<+
#d X+u<\qT b&TT+~. deq+, deTue+ nH$
Hj K+> neT\T #dH k<eTesTT. eTw
eqe, $T |+b+~+|#d~ HjT+. | eTq
= q+<\+~. eT *$\, |]XeT, w+
eTw |qT+& <s+> rdT= edTe\ d nH<
n+ssD #X&T. dude+ d nqTu$+#&eTH~
173
k+|T V> H\=q~. $<+> n~ |\|jTTyT

q~.
HjTXK q n jTeT+<q\T eTw XjTdTH
+ksTT. eTqTw\ kBq+ q y] d, d+|<qT b&
X+e++> +& M\T*dT+~ HjT+. d, Xs\qT
b& HjTd\T, d+|< deC |jT Te TjT $<+ >
#&*. ks+ <]rjT+& >T C>\T eV+#*.
d n+f @$T{? @<H edTe, edT deTT<jT+
e nqTu$+# V nqT eyT nqTu$+# V *
+&&+. dT\ T _q deC\ _q s\T. j deC\
|<T\T, k+|<j\T, TuT, n\y >eT+#*. =
dsdT\T, = sdT\T n+{+f eTTKyTq n+X+ de+
jTT XjTdT q+<+.
yTT d d++~+q $wj\T bsdeC
d++~+q n~s+ +&*. HjTyT db dT\ $wjT +
#dT=+T+~. |uT+ #d #{\ & +&*. ybs
yDC\T, eT+ Hu e+{ $wj\T |]>Dq rdTy*.
HjTeTT, #eTT deqeT, =ksT HjT+ #+ +f
>=|< n+{sT. HjTeTT, #eTT <={ nqT+<+
* +{sTT. @<H beD rdT= n~ HjTyTq <
nHjTyTq< n |+#eTT+<T beDH $#]+#*.
n< $<+ > k<sDyTq #e TT, jTeT +<q \ nryT q
<s+ d+ eTq+ <y ykeTqT+&, < $#sD M{+f
qyTq |H~| s>* +T+< b|dsY & ydj
(Prof. Del Vecchio) n+{sT.
174
b. Del Vecchio s+&T s\ HjT+ >T]+ e{&TsT

{ > ddt. nq> #|syTq HjTeTT s+&T m ddt
H HjTeTT. ~ |yTq d<TZD+> m~+< #bsT.
n~ V\T, u< \ >T]+ #TT+~. E&wj
T dd t HjT
kH d++~+q HjTeTT s+&T> $u+#&+~. {
&d{y ddt s+&T s{{ ddt. &d{y ddt
`{y ddt>, n{{y ddt> N*+~. s{{y
ddt eT{y ddt>qT, |q ddt >qT N*+~.
sC+>\T, XdH\T e>s $X<yTq @ eeTT X+
nqTeH\ $e |<\ yjT<T. = = HjT
d++<yTq |<\T $XB]+ ydq|{, y{ s#H*+
n<w+>H HsTT. @ @ d+<s\ @ @ $<+> y{ y&T
&+ m{> n+ dw <T.
sD+ # yjT& jTe\T, yjT&q jTe\T
= = ns\, $XwD $dT+{sTT. #{ d++~+
HjTeed $XwD d+d> |#dT+~. $XwD H
$wj\ L& neds+. HjTXK d++~+q n
d\T, n #{\T *d L& d]jT q de<H*eb e#T.
= deTd nd\T d]jTq/d{jTq de<qeTT +&
be#T.
$\Te\T
eTq |+>qT, eT*+>qT nqTue+ e#
$wj\qT eTq+ w|&$, eTq+ q+~+#& k~+#&
175
neXeTTq$ $\Te\T> |]>DksTT. n$ y{MT< <s|&

Hj *d y{ nqTue + $\Te> |]>Dk eTT. nTe+{
#sD yT $esD $\Te jTT uy eyT *jT#dT + ~,
$\TeqT <T. ueqqT #sD |{q|& n<= *yq
dTsyTq $\Te>\ $wjT+> s|~<T=+T+~.
nqTu$+, q+~+#&, nqTu$+#& neX
eTT+&& eT< & +~. n< $<+ > s< q<, s&
eT< & +~. eTq+ $wj nqTu$+ q+~+#eTT
nHeT+f <qs+ q $wjT+ >T]+# e{&TTH
eTqe. $wj >T]+q $\TeqT e{&&+ +<
<T.
|H $wjT+ < n+X+ q+~+#& nqTyq<H,
neX+ * q<H n+{eTqT+& $wjT+ n&
eTTjT<T. q+<j>eTq&+ < d++< u+<y\qT,
|d+<q\qT >T]+ e{&TTHeTq e. ds n~ q+<
j>eTHeTT. n nq|&T eT]jTT deTd qeTT+~.
q+< K<T m> {*? n~ s< q< < nH~+=
n+X+. eTq+ |+> nqTue+ e# $wj\qT k~+#
& neXeTTq $\Te\T> |]>DkeTT.
$wj q+<<jTyTq~> e]+#eT+f
q+< b+<+<T = nqTL\ |]d T \eds+ . q+<+
V+#<q< +&*. |H $<+> s>u +~
n|+#*. n<= n+#H n<= d#q. s>ujT <
ssTT+#~> +T+~.
176
(sT) n_sT nH~ eTq+ n\es#T =H~. n~ eTq $\Te\

>T]+ *|/e|]# ue+. eTq $\Te\T yT< |syTq$
e#T, k+<s+ e#T. eT++ e#T. ne eTq+
n\es#T =q n_sT MT< <s|& +{sTT. n_sT nH~
eTq s+s #H <sD MT< <s|& +T+~.
n_sT nH~ eTq c\, q+<\ yTq Xw eT
n+#H &+ MT< nqTue ks+ MT< <s|& +T+~.
n+s w nH~ eTq #H nqTue + MT< <s|& +T+~
n+ e\+ +Ho\yTq~ <T.
eTq c\T y{ |* \T = | |]d T \|q <s|&
+{sTT. y{ >T]+ +q|&T, c\T @ d<+\|
<s|& +{j n$ y{ $\TeqT s]+#&+ |j>
|&sTT. @<H { w|&&+ ] w+ s+<+>
+T+~. < w|&, < sTy nH sjT+ eTT
u$wT s#sD sdT+~.
n_sT nH~ nqTueks+ MT< <s|& +T+~. n~
eTq c\T, q+<\ jTT yTq $\TeqT n+#H &+
MT< <] |& +T+~.
n+sw (+Ho\ |]X<q) nH~ eTq #HyTq
nqTue+ MT< <s|& +T+~. eTqwyTqy{ nedsyTq
|]dT\T, y{ |*\T >T]+ +#T+f c\
d<+\T / |b<q\T y{ eT s]+#&+ m+
|j>+> +{sTT.
177
$<+> #dq|&T $\Te\T eTq (n_sT) c\

qT>TD+> +{sTT. n{> | we T n+{< #| eTT.
w+ y{|q <s|& +< y{|q, w+ |q eTq+
rdT=q sjT+|q <s|& +T+~. *+> @s&
c\, eTq s #d ~ eT+~ n sjT+ rdT=q
c\ # & +~. s+&e s #+~q c\T eTq
|esq, eTq |e \T|sTT.
$\Te\ >T]+q rsT\T eTq nqTue + =q |]d T \T,
|*\| sj n+{sT CH &sTT John Dewey eTq+
mT+{ ]\T s, mTe+{ q+<\ sTy,
mTe+{ c\T @ss#Ty nH y{ |u$+ #ksTT.
n$ eTq e> y T q , keyT q |esq jT+ksTT n+{sT
John Dewey.
eTq eTqdT TqT+& eq nqTue+ MT< <s|&q

q+<\= nseT |j>eT +{sTT. nTe+{
q+<\T #<T C|\ $T>\e. y{ |j+
q+<\ qTeT&+| #ksTT. nTe+{ $\Te>\ q+<\
sT&, e\+ q+<+ =qk>\ sT&
edeTT+~.
eT+ $wj q+~+#&yT < $\Te neT+~.
$\Te\+ ys @MTe. $wjT+ jTT $\Te/Xw <
nqTu$+#&+ +T+~. d+| q#f $\Te +T+~.
d+| $\Te> esT#+<& = nqTL\ |]d T \T y*.
178
$\Te\T n+<] *dqy n, y{ j> { eTq+ y{

n\es#Ty* +< =+<] n_bjT+. q $\Te\qT
n\es#Te&+ +f eTT+<T nyy \TdT&+ eTTK+.
eTw $\Te n&+ |j qs nH <| <s|&
+T+~. n~ n&| sT\q neds {, y] rsT|q
<s|& +T+~. $\Te nH~ ds+> es+& +&~ <T.
| e qqT qT nTq ksTT e> |]>D+#e#T.
n~ + <T. sT \T n&H $ <+ > n+#H yks n< eTTKeTT.
eTw $\TeqT { n& >se+ n>se+ \_ksTT. me
$\Te q e >s$+#&e T e $\Te q e n>se
|s#&+ k<sD+. n~ e |esq { +T+~.
de+ e >\ >sy VQ+<qeT+{sT.
<>+, VA<, |s| e+{$ BqTd+<q+> +{sTT.
e dVjT+d+ n]+#eT+f ns+ e eTq
kjT|& X eTq+ qeTTTHeTqe. n< $<+ > eTq+ sT\
| $<j
T * HeT+f ns+ e VQ+<qeTT+<
ns+ . n|j es UsT #jT sT, >s$+#sT . e +&
dVyTq keTs+ n& $\Te s]dT+~.
e (de+) q\T>T] q|&T @ $<+>
|e]k&T nH~ # eTTK+. y{+f eTTK+ sT\/
eqy[ n&T X+jTT+>, J$+#+<T n&$T
#k&T nH~. J$ \D+ e\+ n& k] *q
| d++~+q~ <T. eTw @<H nqTuy < |
179
k] eyT |]$T+ #jT&T. eTT+<T eTT+<T u$wT

L& nTe+{ |, q+< b+<\ +k&T. k]
| b+<&+ }sT nTe+{ | s+s+ \T>T
+&\ sT=+{&T. e\ ysT +q |*\+<+&
bsTTq|&T n~ <w+> esTT+~. n<= }V|syTq
|rs+> e] n&= $<yTq |dT+~. me] ysT
eTqT eTT d]>Z n+#H ydT>* Te+{ nqs\T
s>e.
ud\ += s+> +T+~. M] L& <w
eTT+T+~. B s*+#X jT{ y] MT< +T+~. q
+& jT X\ y| #&&+ <w+ due+. |# s
> #s +&<T B.
B |P]> $sT<+ >=|y] $\Te\ n+#H n$ dV>
|sT>TsTT. eT esyTq y{ b\T= eTqT eTT
s]+#T=+{sT. n|j \T, \VqT\ q+<+ <dq+>
+T+~. n<= eTT>, keT]q+> s|~<T +T+~.
<w|s T &q e CsTTr, d{H , sTEesH < s+>
+{&T. n eTqd|&T | <sq T, sV desZ\qT, <#T=H
d \qT yT + +T+~. sV d+> +&&y T n& sD
e#+>, dTKe++> +T+~. n&T Xu, y +&&

w| & &T. qqT qT +#|s # T =+ +{&T. =+eT+~
X>T~ +f n#q X\+ MT< qeTyTe. MsT
n|jT+> n|{|&T *> yX\, d+<q\ &
eeV]ksT. |eTT, |eT, |>, e+{ s><c\,
180
kVk|yTq #s\ b\&TsT. >=| e <w eTH~

be#T. n<eTT\ n~ +& +&<T.
eTT\T Xe+T\T eT XTe\ , q ]q
nHj\ <Ts< w d+|T q\ , | X< #&sT .
y] dV > eTqT eTT u>T#dT =H \D eTT+T+~. eT
XTe\ >s$+# X L& M] +T+~.
< $sT<+> <w|P]yTq e q#T XTe\
d+#T=+{&T. q XTe\ <Tw\ T> u$k&T qqT qT
eT+y&> u$k&T. eTT\T eT+ #dT=
< $sT<yTq~ #&T < n \TdT=+{sT.
$y#q *+# >=|es\ eTTKyTq~ dV+. n<
$<+> @ <Ts<weT m|{ >T =qk><, dTBs+ >
=qk>< msT * +&&+ e\q dV |~\+>
b&T=HT #dT+~.
| s>e+yTq deT @< J$d+<q
eTT&|& +~. \e++> sT<&q Jeq dV\D\,
d+<q\ $sT<+> +T+~. $\Te\ >T]+ e{&&eT+f
Jeq << * +&&+ . eTq J$+ eTq* $\Te\y|
bVdT+ ~. eTq+ $\Te\ $\Te q+\eT eTq J$+
$\Tyq~> +T+~.
<se+yTq |eT #{q~>$TdT+~. <se+yTq
|eTqT+& k+|T Hj +|#jTeTT. J$+
181
d+|TsD\qT d]~<&+, jT++#&+ #+ jTT u< .

<se+yTq |eT eT<s+. n< e\qT $\Te\
<>Zs #dT+~. <se+yTq |eT n HjTe+yTq #s\
dV+> +T+~. eT TbqT \TdT=H+<T
|j >|& T + ~. deqeTH <s + | dV yTq ~. nd
n~>$TdT+~.
eTq eX+ q X\T
n H #s\ <s+> +&~ $yeTT. n~ eTq+
J$ @ $<+> V<+>, >see++>, HjTe++>
J$+#e# #|+~. eTq J$+ n #s\T $ye++>
#j*. = X\T / = $wj\T eTq nBq+ +{sTT.
= +&e. eTq n_bj\T, ]\T, ndV+, <*\T
eTq nBq+ +{sTT. eTq XseTT, d, |sTe, <>+
eTq kBq+ $. eTq nBq+ +&$ d#jTTyTq$.
n$ eTq kBq+ $ \VqyTq $, jT+D Hq $.
mesH e, q nBq+ qy qe, q nBq+
$ q$e nqT=+f n mes qsT. n&e]
+~+#&T , sT \T L& n& V \|sT . $<+ > n&
XTe\T+&sT.
mesH >=||qT\T #jT, < e*q+ XeT
#j *. k] |\Ts\qT H +#Ts<T. < sT y
eTs={ #|{*. >=||qT\ bT d+|<, n~s
b+<\ #d @ $wj\T n& J$+ d#, q+<
182
#L sTkj y{ &T. ]q +> q|& $wj \T >

]qyTyH < q|]~ Hj < n |+#*. q
nBq+ esTT < >T]+ |{+#TL&<T.
] rsTT+< rsT>\eT qeT+ X +T+~. ]
rsT e <Ts<we+T&T. = ]\ eTq* n><+
|&yksTT. n+<T |&+& +&\ e sT+{&T.
nsTTH, n+<T |&be&+ ] nqT <Ts<we+T&T.
mesH | $sT<yTq y{qT+& |+#Ty\ #d,
X n& nBq+ +f, n&T y{qT+& |+#Ty
\qT=+{& y{ |&& T . mesH eTsD+ qT+& nHs>+
qT+& |+#Ty\ #d n&T <T'KuqT&&T. n+#
eTq+ J$+ ns\ ndV\ <s+> +&*. eTq
nBq+ q X\ MT< <s|&*, @~ eT+< <H s*.
eTq eTqdT q#$ eTq = ]\T +|#ksTT. ]
HyT{< eTq+ eTq eTqdT |Ty*. <VsD eTq=
eT{+& q+<qT+&. < |*bjT HeTT+~. qT
n~ |*bsTTH u<|&L&<T.
eTq+ @<H #s #|ujT|&T, n~ mTe+{ #s
>TsT|Ty*. n< $<+> eTq d+ | dV+>
+&T #dTy*.
eTqTw\T = $wj \| = n_bj s sT=+{sT.
$wjT+ +& yTssT#T=q n_bj\T y]He
uj
T |&sTT. <VsD eTsD+ uj
T +sy T q ~ <T. =+<sT
eTsD+ ujT+seTqT=+{sT.
183
eTq+ \es+ #+~q|&T, N Hq|&T,

u<*q|&T eTq+ d sT\qT +~+#L&<T eTqyT
u<T\ \TdTy*. nC eyT q u<\ sT\qT
+~k&T. C nq> ds+ *dq e qq +~+#T&T,
sT\q +~+#&T.
sT\ >=|H b+bqeds+ <T. @<H |
d<+> +&, eTq nBq+ +&qsTT eTq+ b+be#T.
@<H ], q eq H rs\ sTe&+ | .
n~ < | nqTL\yTq H s>\ sTy*.
n|&Te+{ ++& |X++> +&=#T.
nHs>+ Xs d++~+q~ eTqdT <T. +{q +
\T eTqdT <T. |ses \TdT>* eTq
eTqdTHB u~+#<T.
@<H d+|Tq ]q|&T < @ $<+> |j+#T
>\y +#*. |sTw& n+<yT q d >#]+q|&T,
d+jTeTq+ b{+#*. H=|, u< *q|&T zsTy*. sT\T
+~+q|&T u]+#>\>*. $<yTq |e>\ e mes
@MT #jTsT.
@<H edTe b>=T= bsTTq|&T, H edTebsTT+~
nqL&<T . rdT=q e eT+y&T be#T nsTTH edTe
m& #s\ u>e+T&T d+*+#& n& #]+<
nqTy*. eTq~ +& bsTTq|&T < >T]+ $#]+#&
184
eTqeds+. sT\ eTq+ eTTKyTq e> |d eTq+

qeTL&<T. e $wjT+ C>s * +&&+
d+u$d n& $wj\q n< C> * +{&T.
e q us_&\ T, dVT\T s\+ J$+ +&\
] n~ *$e ]. eTq nBq+ X\qT eTq+
sT=qeT+~. mesH q ]M nd|\+ L&<
sT=+{&qT+& n~ nk<+ <T. eTw d# sT=q
sTT n& ]\ #Tq |&&T. < |+#Ty\
#&<T.
eTq+ @<H $+<T uq+ (banquet) #j& y
eTqT+&. qT+&s\T eTqeTT+<T =q|&T #sTT#
eTq e\dq+ rdTy*. n~ eTqeTT+<T sbsTTH,
eTq eTT+<TqT+& eTq+< +&, y[bsTTH <>T]+ |{+ #T
L&<T. < d us_&\ $wjT+ d+|<, VA<
$wjT+ ne\+_+#*. n eTqeTT+<T+f L& y{MT<
yyV+ +& +&>* e <e * qT
.
e q T++ ]q eTsD+ >T]+>,
b>=Tq d+|< >T]+>, <T'dT+f eTq+ kqTu
#|+#*. eTqeTT n& bT <T'+#L&<T. mes
|+<++{ y{ bZqs<T. j|j\T eTq #e
{. mesH e dHq+ #dT+f, >=|> ]dT+ f,
n~s+ * qsTT e q+<+> H& u$+#
185
qeds+ <T. n& #d ndjT |&s<T. >=| VA< |< $

q e d#> +&&T. eTq nBq+ $wj\ >T]+
eTq+ |{+#TL&<T.
sT\ eTq\ needTHsT eTq| <& #dTHsT.
>* #dTHsT nqT=HeTqT+&, n~ |. eTq j
$wj\| q n_bj eTq* $<yTq #q
qT#dT H sTT n \TdTy*. j d+|T q\ | re+>
d+~+#L&<T. <q+> d eTq| eTq >V+
\T>TT+~.
eTq eTsD + d]+#>* eTq $|yTq
]M \>e.
J$ y e J$+#*. sT \ | |s# &
eTq uVyTq $wj\| <s|&&+ ] n~ eTq J$
<j $q+ #dqT u$+#*.
HH+<TL =s>qT, HqT @ >seeT <+& nC+>
+& s*bqT e+{ #q\T sL&<T . >=| ksTT, >se+
\_+# be&eTH<= T nsTTqsTT T +&
J$+#&yT eT+~. | e | \y&. sT\
|\T e q|&T n&T m+<TL =s> y&{
ne&T? @$T #dH, m{ #dH eTq+ eTq qeT, eTq
$<j
T qT eTsTeL&<T . \ k<q V<T @sT #jT q|&T,
< +bs<T. ke se eTq\ +& sT \
mqT=HsqT+&, se\T eT+y d+w+#*.
186
eT+$ b eTq$ << u<|&L&<T. sT\T

b>&e+{y{ |j+ @<H b+<sqT=+&, eTq
nTe+{~ << n m{ nqT>\+? eTq+ b>&+{$
#jTq|&T sT\T b+~q$ ++#&+ n$y+.
| <s \T n+<] deqyT. sT+{H, bsT+{H
eTsD+ d+u$d eTqeT+> u<|&+. eTq +{H ]
b] b] @&TkeTT.
me]H <e+ XjT+ <=], n~ mT<] rdT+<
me] *jT<H $wjT + >TsT |Ty*. n~ <e >TsTe \TdT.
eTq nBq+ $wjT+ >T]+, eTq+ n~ eT+<T, #&
<T nqTy*. n~ eT+#sTTH, #&T nsTTH eTq+<T @
|yTjTeTT <T qT < $d]+#&yT eT+~. n+#
<e>TsTeqT ] d|\eTy\ > $|\eTT+<yq
uj
T + > #s L &<T . @~ ]H n+ eTqeT+ nqTH
eTqd+ n\es#T=+f ]q < deT+> $j+#T
>*, eTq <y\qT eT+ d\V<sT\T> d]+#>\>*.
<e eTu d+#& s>u jT < >T]+ #| eT, u$ w<D
$|+#eT n&>q eds+ <T . dVT&, <Xy |e<+
qsTT eTq+ y] dVj y&+ >T]+ me] d\Vq
rdTqeds+ <T. eTq~ |e< usTTwyTH ds dVT
d+, <X+ d+ eTT+<&T>T yj*.
d+\eTT nqedseTT ysT ysT. eTq d+\+ H,
b sTTH ned s rs T | < T . eTq+ m>
187
<\T#T=HeTT nH~ d+\+MT< <s|& +T+~,

neds+ MT< <T. eTqyTH #s\T, se\T #|&eTT.
y{ eTq+ d+\+ eTq csTTc\ |s+ mqT=+{+.
m neds+ qsTT m#jT eTT. eTq+ d#> mqTe#T
nq|&T < neds+ +< eT+ . neds+ ysT , d#y Tq
m ysT. q d+ $sT<+> u< |&TTqsTT n~
n m Hs<T. d#jTTyTq mqT b>=TeTT.
n+<] XjTdT
@~ eT+ @~ #&T nH~ Xg+ neTTKyTq |X \T.
M{ $wjT+H # bsbT, |\T sT>TT+{sTT. @~
eT+ nH $wjT + L\+w+ > @ e+ nqTeH\T +&,
d]>Z \TdTy*. n~ \TdT=+fH neT\T#jT&+
M\eT+~.
~ eT+~ n #|+<T d]jTq sD\T #|T+~
Xg+. Xg+ eTq $CHdT+ ~, neT\T < |<T .
eT+~ >T]+q d<+\T $&Bd $Xw+#$ +&,
#d C&+#$> +{sTT. |dT | nH esq mTe+{< eT+
nH esq L& nTe+{<. |dT| n+f @$T{ *jT y]
m+ #|H ns+ <T. m |<\T y&H, m s#H\T
# | H eT+ nH < $ T{ * j T y] < d u e+
*jT#jT&+ k<+<T. |* #s\T+{jTH, eT#\T+{
jTH e]+ #|e#THy > eT+ s+#&+ <s<T.
188
eT+ nq& edTe\T/n+X\T ys s >TD>D\T L&

* +{sTT. eT+ n+{|T= +& >TD>TD eT+
nq&+ X< | ` (Natura listic fallacy)
eTq e*+~ eT+ n+f @$T{? # eT+~ <
eT+ nqT=+{s n~ +>H eT+ y] n_bjT+ ds q <.
ysT < eT+ n+THs \TdT&+ eTq+ #j*q|.
| , | |]X<q, | seTeT eT+ dyT
b&TsTT. < { eTq+ eT+ nH~ n n+X\
\eTT nqTe#T n+eT+> n+{ \eT eT+#.
\\ >T]+ e{&q|&T ysT ysT se\ ysT
ysT \\T+{jT, j se* { \\T
esTT+{jT >TsT|Ty*. eTqyTT \H+
se @sT #dTe&+ ], eTq+ @< { +
|< mqT=+f n~ eT+ neT+~. seT+ jTT
|*+ eH, scH s+> +&+ ] ,
e \_+# <H sc d++~+q~ >=|~. <
k~+#&eT, \uT&eT weTT. e |jq+
#Ls&eT e<MT<T.
$CqeTT n> qe L& eT+ dyT |#ksTT.
sjT XgeTT eT+ eTyTq eT+ d+, q+<+
< d+w+ d+ |#dT+~. q+<+> +&&eT+f deyTq
J$ >&|&eTT, eT+H #jT&eTT. q+<+ n+f @$T{?
< ys sT s#H\THsTT. =+<s y d+|<, >seeTT, dTKeTT
189
* +&&+ q+<eT+{sT. =+<s y s>yT eTVu>eTT,

q+< eT\eTT n+{sT. #eT+~ J$* |]o*d,
ys+<s eT+ q+< >{ fjT&+ |dT+~.
q+<eT+f y] <w dT+#&+ , u+#&+ . J$ |se e<
dT+#&+.
+<T eT&T s\THsTT. 1. u+#&+ 2. sjT+
3. #HyTq$. meeT+~ eT n_sT#T\ ]H=sT
ud> nqT]+#&+ |dT + ~. uyT q dTUH #eT+~
sT=+{sT.
=+<sT |sTe>, eTs<>, >se+> &yT q+<
<jTeT u$ksT. n~ sjT L&q \+ eTs<
eT+ Hk\ y] ueq. eTqT eT d<TZD #d $E\T
>s$+#\ sT=+{sT. $<+> #d d<TZD+ nH< M]
\eT|dT+~. & y<q eTTjT<T. d<TZD *
+&eT+f, <ed +&&eT @ |+& +&&eT,
c\ >T]e&eT n|dT+~. <q+ d+b~+#&+
@eT+ eT+ \D + <T. &T |j >s e TT eyT . &T
=qT>\T #d edTe\T, ks *+#e#T, ks\T
dTU *+#e#T, ny \\T Hse . eT+ nH~ nH
D\ $w]+#&TT+~. |<s\ eT+ <eeTT,
seTT $w d<TZD+ |]eD+ $T+ d++<
u+<y\ |j>s+ deTjT+ d]jTq neX+
<=s&+ d\+ d]jTq |<X+ <=s&+ e+{$. eT+ nH~
n+{q +T+< >, s+ > +T+< > #| eTT.
n+# n~ < eT+ n <$T<+> #|eTT.
190
eT+~ = dV> eT+$, = |jq+ \$.

*$\T, #| >seeTs<\T y+y eT+$. =
dTU\T L& dV> eT+y y{ eT+ \\ nqTd]d
edTe\T ysH y{ eT+` s+> q|&*. ddeTT
\T|, eT+#T \T|.
>seeTT, $yeTT, dTKeTT\ q eT+ yssT. $$<
#s\, $$< $u>\ eT+ _q+> +T+~. <VsD
eT+<T s \+ s>eTT, mT>& s~ $jTeTT ueq
sD s<= eT+ ueqeTT.
eTq+ #|f | #s eT+ s #k+. =k]
eT++& me s\ eT+ \>=#T.
#&T eT+ es+. < jT++ &#d, <
eTT+<T eT+ eT]+> yTsTdT+~. eT+ MT< eTqTw\
eTe eT |sT>TT+T+~. eT+, #&T\ d++~+q
sD\ \TdTy*. bsbT, | \T #jT +& +&&~
# neds+. + q+<+> +& |jT+ #j*,
deTd\ <s+ +&*.
dw nH n+X\T/$wj\T +<qT+& | es
$$<k sTT\ q|& y{qT+& q|& y{es , u $T qT+&
X+ es , esTdeT+ neTs& +{sTT. ndeq+
y{ ysT ysT dyT.
H= |~ esZqqTd]+ |jDdTq~ n+f
|~ es+Z @< |+<+ #dT = qT eTqeTs+
191
#dT y* |~ es+Z y &yT d]jT q~. | |~

eT+dyT |#dT+~. |~ qT #sT<\q \+
#sT =+fH k+q \T>TT+~. n+eT+> n+<s s~ eT+#.
eTq || eT+dyT #|&TTH+. n+f eT+ nH~ \+
duy #sT=H+<T= #s #|&+ sT>TT+~. | ~
mqT=q #sL& eT+ d+]+#T=+T+~. qT |r#s
eT+=s . *yq |~ eTT+< \HssT#T= <y|
|jTq+ kdT+~. eT]jTT |~ | dVyTq d+<q
n&T>T\T yjT &+ sT>TT+~. dV yTq /| d<y T q |q
eTT+<T k>&+ sT>T+~. nB eT+ =s qT | |~
eT+ >T]+# |d T + ~. B{ \ eTjT<eT+f @ |B
#&T d+u$+#\ sT<T. |~ <X d++~++~
<T.
#s +q |*+ +&, |*+ |usTTw+>
+&+ ] #sH b\TqT ns+. * +{q+
* meTTqT e+#&+ e\q s>=#T. |~ qq X |s+
|#dT+~ b\ |s+ |#jT<T. b\e\q |*+
d]>Z sb |~ <X+ |<T. qT #&T | ~
<X+ d++<+ +& qeTsTT+< ns+.
@ |B #&T s>\ #&T sT>TT+<y n
< +#<T . eT+# s>\ ]H #&T L& s>& + ]
n~ |~ <X d++<+ <T.
|q <V]+q $wj\qT |]d #&TqT eT+#
dwdT+~. #&T #&TqT dw+#>\<T, n~ eT+kjT+
192
| |#jT <T . @ | #jT &H sD+ ]wy T q ~ y*.

#&T ]wyTq~ <T. #&T n+ d+u$d n~ eT+ e
s>*.
|r sDeT ds|eTT, \eTT * +&*.
|~ e eeV]+#*. #&T \DM e. qT
n~ VTe C\<T. |B C\<T, \ eTT C\<T. eT+
f \D\T * q~. n< #&TqT L& dwdT+~.
j T eqTks + H | + X Tb e\q
\T>TT+~. H |+ y T | d]> sT< &+~<T.
H |+ s#sD |dT+~ |*+ q|&<T.
m+<T+f H ++ |#jT& d++~+q~, H
++ dsb >, |<s > d++~+q~ <T.
H #s \ H\T>T d*$T& HsTT. yTT<{~ , @<H
$wjT+ \#+<~ >T]+|&&+, s+&e~ u$wT >T ]+
ujT|& nqTu X. eT&e~ d+\+. H\>e~
s#sD d++~+q~.
@ X s#sD |PqT=+T+< n~ eT+ #&T\eT<
qTq & \TdT=+T+~. uVyTq #s\T yT
| $u> #+<e. d+\#s eT+< uV#s eT+
>qT, #&< uV#s #&~ neT+~. d+ d++<+
+& uV#s |usTTwyTq< H + Te+{
d++<e T +&<T . +{q + H yT q + + <T. Te+{
|+ H + ZdT+~. qT H|+ d+
193
d++~+q<. m+<T+f n~ yTq~. $<+> |

s>& eT\sD+ d+\+H +T+~. d+\+
|yT|&T \T>TT+<+f, #q dVT+ bsTTH,
d]jTq \+ +& bsTTH.
| | < jTeTT+T+~. | d+ XjT +
+T+~. =ksT | { nH |* \T, $$<s \
|jH\T \>&+ <T. #s H+~ |*~ eTT
KyTq <jT+ ~X> +& += ~X #s =qk
n~ HyTq |> |]D$TdT+~.
#q dVT+ bsTTH d]jT q \ + b sTTH
d+\+ |+ \T>TT+~. | d+*+# e< nH~
d+\\+H +~. n~ nqTe> \ #~+#\
nqTq+ \eTT < HyTq #&T @B +&<T. $<+>
#d | d<+>qT, H+>qT L& #&T bsbT>
eT+qT+& <$dT+~.
| q+<qTue+ #sD \TdT+~. s
*jT<T. | dVyTq q+<\T n+eT \\T Hse.
<VsD +& <s, + #s <s *> q+<+
nqTu e + * q| & T e y T \ Tk s TT. ny n+eT
Xj\Te. m+<T+f n$ eTw nTqyTq <
uy\qT e|]#$ e. n$ n& +~j\ eyT
d++~+q$. n+# Te+{ q+<\ nTq \\T>
u$+#eTT.
194
+&, +#s e+{ +~jTdTU\T T#yTq$ |X

e\ eTqTw\ L& n$ <<| deq+. y{ b+<&+
eTw Wq \T|e qT nTe+{ q+<\T D \T,
q yTq$ e.
n~s+, VA< eTw eT+H, >=|H d+#e.
|> n$ ds+> +&e. nB n~s+, VA< #&y]
L& e]+#=#T. eTw qT> #d eTyTq |qT\T <s
eTT&T> |\Te&T&T. n~s+, VA<\ e\q <T.
eTw w n& Xs kwe+>, n+<+ >,
\+> +&<T. eT+y], <TssTZ\ L& |
\T+&=#T. $ L& ndsyTqy y{ d+\ d++< +
<T . $ e\+ Xsy T q $. d++~+q eT+ Xs
d++~+q y{+f >=|~. <qeTT, ne>Vq
d++~+q$. n+<eTT, \eTT, Xs <seTT e+{$ eTw
+f = +Te\ n~+> +&&+ >eT+#e#T. y{
{ +Te eTw +f >=|<H* edT+~. n~ d]jTq~
<T. eTw eT+y&> |]>D+#& yM se.
eTw nTqyTq q+<+ n& Hq <T. |
yqT += deTT+T+~. X+ \+> #dT=
Hj sT=+{+. \+ d+ q+< sTeTT.
HyTq dT>TD\T L& eTw |P]ksTT q+<ee.
$ s n+X\| <s|& +{sTT qT $ n+eT+>
q+<e&+ s><T.
195
eT+, #&T nH$ e\+ eTq #q\ {, nqTu

{ s s TT+| & T sTT. $w j T + < n+X +
d+<sqTks+> eT+ e#T #&T e#T. d+^+ #${y&
$|+#<T qT n~ eT+ <T, #&T<T. |\ eTsD
<T'+# deTjT+ d+^+ q+<e<T. eTw V<+>
X+jTT+> q|&T eyT q+<e>\<T.
| n+X\ |]o*+q|&T n$ eTw |esq @ $<+ >
s kj , |esq qT eTqyT $<+ > n+#H yjT T# \TdT+ ~.
eTq+ eTeTT n <s \+> m+#T=q|&T, @ @
esZ\T \ #sTe rdT= y>\y ne eT+$,
@$ < <s+ #kj n$ #&T. d+|Ps, nd+|Ps
$<+>H $X<eTsTT.
eTqdT d++~+q~, #H |]|w +&q~ nsTTq
s#sD
eT+~. eTq eTqdT +& uVyTq $wj \|
<s|&q$ &d>T\T. eTq #s\T eTqX, &d eTq
#> H dksTT. eTw #HeT+ +&q |qT\T
eT+$> desD$TksTT. q$ eT+N e#T be#T. eTq
yT<X k<yTq+es deT>e++ #j*. n+<TH
eTw T q q+<eTT+~. eTqX+ * +&&y T n{+ f
>=|eseTT. n~ <yqT>V+ e\q k<eTT. deT>yTq yT<dT
eyT <y |P]> ns+ #dT >\T>TT+~. eTw q
]\{ jT++# ] @$T+f qqT qT, syTq
n $wj\qT #> ne>Vq #dT>\>&yT.
196
*$, yT< VTe<T . eTw q+~+#>* +~ yT<d T

<s ss TT+|&q J$+ eyT . eTw q yT<X |]ew+
#dT & n&+ \T *+#y #&T >TD\T. yT<d T <s eTw
qqT deT>+> r]~<T>\&T. jTTyTq J$ nqTu$+#
>\&T. VTy eTw q&|>\ esZd. | <X, |
#q XjTeTT+T+~. XjTk<q dyT eTqeT
|b<q #k+ s#sD #|&eTT. nqT $<+>
eTqeTqT=q, XjT+ bT eT]= |jH\T d~+#
jTqT+& ne eTq \\T e. Hse. eTq+ @ XjT+
d+ <eT+ #|{y n<=f eTTKyTq~. s |jH\
d+ +& eTTKyTq XjT+ dyT eTqe#s
#|&+ ]+~. eTs= <deT~ <T. <d+ eyT
eTq+ k+. d+w+/q+<+` ny eTq \\T eTs={,
eTs={ e. >se+, dTK+, VTe e+{ dT>TD\T eTq
q+<q+~ksTT. n+<T# y{ sT=+{eTT. q+<yT
eTq |see~ dT>TD\T q+<#+<T <V<|&sTT.
n+# n$ y*. n+ q+<+ <T\T y{ sTeTT.
n+eT \+ d+|PsyTq~, sT>T~ < @ s
|jH\q b\eTT. n~ <q+< djT+ deT<+.
djT+ deT<e T+f e eyT +&, n& T+u,
n& dVT\, n&Tq de+ s duT\ n+<]
|jq+ #Ls< +&*. J$+ n+<] y<j>eTT,
q+<<jTeTT nsTTqf n~ djT+ deT<eTT. q+<+
nTe+{ n+eT XjT+.
197
q+< b+<<>? #<Te nudeTT <T\ e\q

k<e? < <yqT>Ve? @<yTH u>e+T&T eTwq
qT\{ q+<+ \eyTq~. <e+ deqyTq~.
d T > T De+ T \T e T | j T + q+< b+< e # T .
nqT+&H, nkT>H *> q+<+ +f |jT
|PsyTq< eT+~. n<c, $~ q+< u&+
# bsbT. q+<+ eTw J$<s+. n~ n& Xs,
yT<dT, d++~+q~. eT+ nH~ L& eq
dT>TDqT>TDyTq~ d++~+q #s n~.
uV ||+#eTT, XseTT M{ d++~+ eTq+ q+<+
d+ dVT*, d+|<, sjT \T| jTT<\T>/
|eTTT> y&TeTT. n+<T =+<sT |H y]~ eT+
|T n |\* eT+ |\\T |Hy] n+<eTT+<
n++{sT. eT]=+<sT dT>TDyT n<we T n+{sT. q+<+
yT< |e \+q> +T+~. n< < due+. *
nH~ n{qT +T+~. = < = $<+>
e e Te T +~. m+< T + f n~ C H d + +~ + q~.
+~j\ d++~+q~. Cq+ # | d<yTq *
eyT +T+~.
Xsy T q *, + yT q ] y Xs d++~+q
q+<\T. $ @ eeT eTTKyTq$ e. yT<dT
d++~+q$ eyT |<qyTq$. yT<dTq *
rs>*q|& q+<+ \_dT+~.
198
q+<+ d++~+q~. n~ eTw dT>TD

d+u+~+q~. dT>TD+ eTqdT/ d++~+q~. Xs
d++<+ ~.
eTw J$+ nTqyTq XjT+ \eTT u>e<
d+\+. dswyTq yT\T ` ne+T nqT>V+.
eTT+|> |* ~ f. eTw q+<+ #L s dHwD
eyT . n<=f d] nsTTq~. ~ eTw eyT |]$TyT q ~.
~ djT+ deT<yTq XjT+ << k{. < +=
<X+ <T. XjT d~d+ eTw uVyTq $wj\MT<
<s|&qeds+ <T. < n+{ \eTT, |seseTT. eqe
J$ |se e~ dHwD f Cq+q, dHwD eyT
<yTq \\T.
199
n<jT+ 11
< Jeq+
< esZ<]
jTT>jTT>\T> CqesZ+ |jT+# nHw&T
esZ+ n& q&|+# >TsTe, <qesZ+q, BesZ+
q beTTK+ eV+#sT. n esZ\qT < >TsTe
jTT, eXq T H= eD+#&+ ]+~. nHw &T <
es+Z @ ksTT H& n& sujT $|T \ T n&+ y
#|>*q X \y&T >TsTe.
< es+Z nH d+|<j\THsTT. @ d+|<jT+
| <<. qT @ d+|<j #+~qy& d+|<jT+
u<q, ]yE\T >TsTe |P]> ne>Vq +&&+
sT>TT+~. d+|<j\ = *|Ps Xk\T, =
eT k+|<j\T HsTT. >TsTe qT+& q w&,
w&T >TsTe> |]D$T+q|&T n& w& <
d+|< |s+|s> =qk>TT+~. >TsTw |s+|s |<
n k+|<j\q q~.
>TsTw\ eT< qTq d++<+ ysd + sd + +<y Tq
ysd+ +f @ $<+>q e<T. k{dTqT <syTq
>TsTe> m+#T= kierkgaard nH y eTw eTw
eT< qTq d++TsTw d++<+
nTqyTq~ n+{&T. k{dT q w& |sT&Tbd
200
eT+k | m+<T |PqT=H&+f eqed++<\

n+{ +f ~ wy T q ~ n L& $XB]k&T kierkgaard.
$X eed\ >TsTe~ eT<kq+. n& >TsTeq+&,
eT+k nq+&, u~dT&q+& n& kq+ eT<dyT.
dTeed y T q V+&+ n+{+ f n>u >qT+&~ V
|<seTT. d#yTq (XeTT <) n+]+ |q n&T>T
u>+ u$T +T+~. B q w& BqsT&qT=q
e |q, n>u> q&TeTqT+&~ >TsTe.
s+ n+s |u<qTks+ |jT+# y>$T
>T]+ n d+|<j\T #bsTT. uVyTq , uyT q >TsTeqT
d+|~+#+& e\+ n+sH >TsTe> d]+#&+ #
nsT<T.
q n+sZ H \TdTC\ e, q+ qT
q < +qT \TdT e >TsTe HqT=
n& kjT+ q H =+#& \TdTy*.
yTTyTT< n& CH_w \>*. n~ \>+&
>TsTeHqT= L& |j qeTT+&<T . eTT+<T> qH $T&
q >TsTe >T]+#>\ >*. $<+ > >T]+#>\ >&y T ye sZ
|jD+ yTT<{ eT.
|>sdt, k{dT\ Jeq $<H\qT >eTd <
>TsTe nq& e e\+ eT|syTq $wj\H +&,
s s+>\, yd+>\, u<q\ $wjT+ >& esZ<s +
201
sV+#&+, djT |]De eT {y] <

#q+ *+#& n&T |eTTK+> |jT+#*.
|>sdT d<++ |s+ n>u>q u>e+T&T, +<
eqe&T q&eT< < >TsTe +&+ sT>TT+~.
V, u eT<qT+&~ |>sdt e+{ >TsTe. |qTq
X d]+ q +<qTq w\ |+|D #dy&T >TsTe.
de d+|<jT+ dT >TsTe kq+ +& q
w\qT #sBd y] u~+#&+, y] dHsZ+ q&|+#&+
eTq+ #keTT. w\& dVyd+ +&, n& |u<q\T
$ n& #s \qT >eT+, n& nqTd]+#&+ eTq \TdT.
dT & eTw n+s yT*|, n&
yesZ+ q&|q >=| < >TsTe dT k{ eTs=sT
sT. sTy \+ de k+|<jT+ <
>TsTe\T> +&&+ # wsyTq<, ]qyTq< u$+#&+
]+~. n< $<+> >TsTe\ =+<sT yd> njT
|e<eTT+~ qT y] C* b+& +&&+ eT+<
u$+#&eT ]+~.
k+ d+|<jT+ d| >TsTe, u< >TsTe e m+
eT+ <V<sT&eTT, VeTT, JeX, eTH\eTT \e .
shari'ah (c]j) n+<sT eTTdqT\T #]+#*q |$
d\ deVs+. < n>u>qT+&~ tarigah (U)

es+Z |jT +#\qT=H e murid (eTT<` nq> <
202
esZ+ |jT+#\ ssTT+#T=qe) n& >TsTe shaykh

or pir. @ > T s T eP \_ + # b d qT n & > T s T ej T
|e<eTT+~.
>TsTe w&T @ $<+ > |e]+#* nH~ u~k&T n+<]
eTd
T u<q \T #jT be#T. y> eTTq eT w\T
eTqd\, y] XjTT\qT >V+#>* +&* >TsTe
|syT y] q&|+#*. @ $<+> ><, |#T MT<
y\TT+< n+ X *, w eTqdT sTT+#>*, n&
esZsXeTT #jT>* +&*.
d| + | eTw < >TsTe +&&+
eXeTT. d|eT+ eT\ d<+\ { >TsTe
qqTd]+ |jT+#&+. d| eT >TsTyq Abu said Idn Abi at
khar J$ #] >eTd eTq= $wjT+ \TdT+~ n<$T+f
mesH e ]qyTq jTe\T b{+, ssyTq
dHkXeT J$+ >&| @ >TsTe dVjTeTT, esZ<s eT
+&H q < ksTT b+~ e]yTq X\qT
b+~H, e d|\T eTy&> |]>D+#sT.
<q+ e+{ < se\ <Tb+~ $s
nsTTq >TsTe j se\qT q w\ Hs|
eT>T& +{&T. |yd B, C>s+, s <
s\qT @ $<+> Hsys H]+#&+ L& >TsTe $~.
e #dTq|{ keqT\e n&T L& ybs+, es+
#k&T . n+<] \d q&+, ~+#&+ #k&T . $yV+ #dT=
>VdT J$+ >&T|&T.
203
= usrjT d+|<j\ >TsTeH <e deq+>

|P+#&+ <T. eT]= d+|<j\ u, u>e+T
eT<q nqTd+<q s> u$ksT. u<+ >TsTe |d]>
o\e+T& +&\H jTeTeTT+~. y>$TjT +&\ L&
qeTeTT+~. >TsTe+fH dHsTZ&q $TT& |sT. nqT q
kqTue+ k~+q |]CH q w\ #syjT&+
sT>TT+~. XeTT nsTTq >eTT<T&T q qT q
w>D |$TT&>H n_e]+#T=+{&T. q w
|seDTe\qT |T, eTTd*q+, s>eTT, eTsDeTT L&q
J$eTT qT+& $eTT *+# esZ<]> *jT#dT=+{&T.
|\T <sd+<V\ y~+|&q d<sT&T q d+<V\qT
rs >TsTe\ d+ yT T nsDeseZ TT qqTd]+#&T. m+<s
>=| TTw\ XXSw #k&T. eTVeTTqT\ u<q\T $H&T.
ysT <+q jTe\ #]+#&T. nsTTH n& <
<V+ rs<T. | \><T. q+ H yk<q |dT
H#]+#&T. n& |dT |*+ ~eCq+ *q sTy
# ~H\ es n&T de~ dH +&bj&T. q
*q Cqb| qkeH n+<#d @ $<yTq nqs
<Tsej n jd +&bj&T. <q deTT<T&
n+<] <s+> +&\ +]> |dT +&by\
\+q nqT #qqT $s$T+#T= q Cq d+|<qT
n+<] u~+#\, qkeH >TsTe>, es<Z ] > +&\
ssTT+#T= eTsZ qqTd]+#&T. dHwD #d w\
|se T >TsTe> ne]+#&T. u<+ k+|<jH =qkdTq ~.
204
u<+ eTVjq k+|<jT |s+ ~eCq+ *q

u~dT&T q y+ =s |+#&+ +& sT\qT
yesZ+ q&|+#&yT q |<q se+> u$k&T. |
k~+ # q e+T&q u~d T &T sT \ XjT dT=s bjT+
<s bT|& &T | bjTeTT s +& eTTKyT. { <
eTs={ k<+ <T. ue+<\qT+& $eTT k~+#\+f
s+&+{ deTqjTeTT m+ eTTKeTT. sTD sT\
es<Z s + eV+#&+ <s u~d T &q e L& |j q+
\T>TT+~. n&T <+> m<>&+ sT>TT+~.
u~dT&T nq> Cqd~ b+~qy&T. nTe+{ e
| ueT\T, yVC\ qT+& $eTT b+~qy& +{&T.
>TsTe+&e\dq \D \ nq> u~+#e\dq n+X\ msT
u<|]# <Ts+<s esZ<s+ e>s n& |w \+>
+{sTT. q CqH+ n&T w& n+s+>+
=+#d, w& X keTs\qT n+#H yd, <qT>TD+>
w& eT\#>* +{&T.
u<+ >TsTe kq+ |eTTKyTq ~ (q\+< d| + ?) >TsTe
>T]+ #|&q~.
T<T (eTT+<T) |Ps+ mesH >TsTe +&H <, y\
\ T<T\T >TsTe <sH |{eTjsT.
| k+|<jT+q < nHwD >TsTw
|s+|s eT u<q eTTKb eV+#sTT. CH u<+ (Zen
Buddism) d+ MT< <s|& +~. #H Ch'an |e
u~<s |s+ >TsT w |s+|s $<+> k>~.
205
e\, |<\ |<T.

\T>TqT HsT> d+|s+.
=+ #d=qTqT q qT
n+~ |#T=qTqT <>eTT
eTsD+ qT+& =$T<e X+ u<+ jTT
n+eT<X es Ch'an (|e) u<q\T #<X +&$.
>TsTe\T eT w\qT eT $| <sDT\ (= &e
V+kyTq) T=HysT.
Hui - reng
nTe+{y] Ma-tsu (d 786) sT . n&~ ujTeTT.

n&T m<Te s+ ydy&T, d+V+ e >]+#y&T. n&
VA nH nsT|qT |yX |{&T . n& >T]+ < | #s+
+~. n&T q w&=& d+uw+q |<| w& Hd qT
>u\Tq |T= < >{> |+&d], w&T u< >{>
nse&+ ]+~. yqTy+H n& CH<jTeTsTT+~. n<
k+|<j #+~q Lin - chi nH >TsTe q w\
CH<jT+ *+#+<T $|yTq |<T\qT b{+#y&T .
>{>, _>Zs> nse&+bT q w\qT $|+> =fy&T.
|e#H\T, u<q\T, m =qk+H s CH<jT+
<\ e rsTT+< Lin - chi qeT+ n nqTue+.
nH >TsTe bqT zen k+|<j #+~q
y] eTTKT\T. jT n+{sT. |H ed qTq \+
<s+ |P]> T&|T= bT+~. n<+ u<s+.
|d~ # + ~q u< _ e\T, dHdT\T, eT w\qT &|< s\T>
Hakuin
206
j sT#dT H sT. #H sV XSq u~dT H sT.

ny zen k+|<j eTTKeT #| H sT. eTq+>, n#q +>
Lse&yT, de~ ned b+<&H >=|> n_e]dTHsT.
<dq, d+ > +&&H \\T> #| H sT. ~ $#ss + .
zen >TsTe\ <X
e TT, XjT eTT, \ eTT f <s u~+#>\ ,
=qk+#>\ w& j sT#jT &yT . q w\T be&+
e\q # es >TsT |s+|s\T bjsTT. <su<q\T
\bjsTT.
+q, <s |#s+ < >TsTe |eTTK
kq$Te&eTH |jT us<X+ nH~> edTq #s+.
sT><\+ < >TsTe eTT n k<Te n
eeV]+#ysT. n& q Cq+ \y&> |]>D+#ysT.
y<\& Cqd+|\T. sTy \+ n&
#sT&, uVDT&, k$T n eeV]+#ysT. H&~
>TsTe> =qk>TTq~.
#+<> |wT |seTT >TsTeTTK' HsT=q $<
eyT w& q \ k<q T& #dT + ~. V+
nHH $wj \qT #~ +#T= < +q #j \+f
>TsTe u<q\T nedseTT nL& #|+~.
e]yT q CH sV d+> u~+# neXeTT+&+ nH~
y~+# n+X+. +& q sVdCH q |<=&T >,
q ns >\ $<] > u~+#e#T. m+ <q$TkqH
+e] u~+#s<T. nsTTsjT nsD+ $<] d+
207
d+es \yTH >TsTe >&| |q > u$wT

qT>& >TsTe jT&\ nTe+{ $<] $<s <
#| T+~. >sT e\T $<] mH $<\ |# d q |< | $<]>
d]+#&+ sT>TT+~.
>TsTe nHe yTT<{k ] #+<> |wT y&&+~.
e e ns+ sTyq nq~. |$yT q ysT, >TsTe\T
sTyq y]> |]>D+|&sT.
us k+|<jT+ |s+ n+sZ >TsTeqT uV>TsTe
e< #syd uV>TsTe n+sZ >TsTe y\&k& T.
>TsTy <eeTH d<++ \yTD sb+~q|{ <
dXs |wT <V ]+#&+ eTq+ >eT+#=#T. <y
@ u s\, |eT =\Tks nTsTe
jT&\ #|&+ >T]+ n+<T sXsT. u$ ;sT >TsTeH
<e+> u$+#\ #b&T. n< uy #q |uT L&
e|]#sT.
ueq m+ <syT[+<+f >TsTe u>e+T kH
$T+#&+ ]+~. Xe |sD\T #bsTT, e >V+
* >TsTe wD X++| #jT>\T>T&T. >TsTe
|yT Td &H e s X++| #jT sT ueH H{ >TsTe
nqT>V+ +< #eTD +~. usrjT dHw\H\T
>TsTe d< ye sZ #\ u$ksT . ~ n+<] n_bjT+
eTT <T. w& >&_yXeTT, q < +q
n+{+f eTTKeT >TsTe e\+ nqTd+<qs eyT
208
n eT]=+<] n_bjT+. n_bjT+ e\H @y >TsTe\

=<yM T <T d]jT q w =s> Hsqe\T y\e&&+
]+~. <T jTT>+ L& >TsTe |Xd >Z +& +&+<T
<V<|&ysT eTVqTue\T, eT w\| |>&yTq
|u eeTTqysT, n~seTTqysT nsTTq >TsTe\T: l seTw,
seTDeTV], l dksTT e+{ysT.
<T jT T>+ >TsTe\ < >=|H |+#ysT
myTHsT. y] uV#s\ <s+> >TsTe\qT >T]+
e{&&+ >| n|dT+~. ysT #d|, rdT=H sjT +
TbT\T \TdT&+ w+. $|+Y nH w& n&
>TsTe yyV J$ #|eT <+#&T. w&~
@eeT w+ b sTTH >TsTyqT skeV+#&T. n&+
u<| & * e+~ L&qT. n& yy V J$+ <s
DeTT\ e+{ eTT>TsZ T |T\T, | +#&+ ]+~.
ysT eH<, CHXsY, kbq<e, eTTusTT nq&
>=|eTTXsT\T>, Cq d+|qT\T> ne]+#sT. >TsTy
q eTVT nTe+{~.
< eTD
|u<+ < ~eCq+ *q |eT dHw&T
>TsTeH, = |e#H\H q &Txe +&{
mqTe\d +T+~. $wj\qT $XB]+#&, qT
#]+#e\dq se\ $es\qT \TdTe{, <s
qT deT\+> es& ~ |d].
209
>TsTeqT mqT=q |<| qT |P]> |]DeT+

#+<es w&T = Vs eeVs jTe\qT b{+#e\d
+T+~. nTe+{ |jT\ *| < eTD
n+{sT. eTD <s eT|P] X keTs\qT
\TdT& k<eTeT+~.
<esZ+ |jT+# nHw&T e\+ eqe&T
eyT <T eqyeTT&> |]DeT+ #+<\ sTHe.
<s+ d+, XjT+ d+ u |{qy&T >TsTe
< esZ+ |jT+# uk], eTVjq u<T\T u~
seseT n+{sT. n&T Cq |X+ d+ jT\T<]q
sTe]. jT<T\T < Halakhah- nq> y<] n+{sT.
V+<T Xk\T < eT&T esZ\T @s]#sTT: d]jTq
s#sD, d]jTq <qeTT, d]jTq $XdeTT. nd
V+&yT e <] sTe n+{sT.
#H #+~q y\T (Tao).
|eTeTT = ||+#<< ||*+|#dT+~. n$
_q sb\ >#]+#e#T. j sb\ $wsb
d+|Ps j eT\qT nqTd]+#ysT n+<Ty\
ksT. n~ Jeq k|\+ e#T, XSq+ e#T, eT+
J$qqTu$+#\ sTe&+ e#T, dTHjd eTsD+
e#T. \ + @<H e#T j eT\T \\qT @ $<+ >
k~+#e# *jT#ksTT.
eTD qsTT < uk] L& &&&T.
d| k<Te Jalal al-Din Rumi $<+> $e]k&T, esZ<]
210
qsTT s +&T~H\ |j D+ s +&T e+<\ d+es\T |&T + ~.

eTD nq>H =+<] >Ts=dT+~. =+<] $wjT+
n~ + e#T, eTD nH |< nse T~<T <
HHs\T qe L& ydeyT.
eTD eTT+<T k>&+ n+f >TsTeqT ,
d+|<j Xj \ deVs+, |e#H\ >T
e#T. y{ |s+ q q&e&, q |esq r]~<T=
$\Te\ T& q J$, J$ |jTH k+#&+
#k&T. $\Te\&T +B ne&T. eTDqT >
|]>D+#&T. $\Te\ +B e& q+<+> d]ksT.
m+ eTD q&T#T=+f eTw n+ d#> +&>\ T>T&T.
n< zen u<T\ qeT+.
eTD s\T
>TsTw d++<+ _q k+|<j\ _q+> +T+~.
k+|<jT+ L& ysT ysT> +& neXeTT+~.
d++<+ $<+> +T+~ n #|& M\T<T. <
eT&T $<\T> $u+#e#T. 1. _q jTe\T *q~. 2.
djT+ || *q~ 3. |sds |uy\T \~. k<sD+>
< $<]/nHw &T M{ @< < +& eT&+{
=~=~> #sD |&+ sT>TT+~.
Heteronymous : _q jTe\T \~. $<q+ $<]/
nHw &T >TsTe < jTe, n~s &

+{&T. n~s+ es |+> jTeT+ s|+
211
> +&=#T. k<sD+> >TsTw d++< dws `

bD jTe ` de&T b<jTT&T ` $<] +&`_& ,
>=i\ |]` >=i, C`nC, Hj~]`<w> e]ksT.
nHw&T q >TsTe \ &, n&T @ssq
jTe\qqTd]+ |jT dT q >e #sT =+{&T. jTe
n~s \jTTZ +&&+ & eTTKd+ Ch'an u<+
w&T >TsTe \T }&&+, n+T eT&+ e+{$ #k&T.
V+<Te <sXk\ nqTks+ q&T#T=+{&T. uVyTq
n~s + +{&T.
>TsTe \+qT <s+qT dT<s+> +&&+ > ]
$<] q+f | *q s $<sT\ qT+& HsT=+{& T
< |$>+<\ qTq $\Tyq de#s+ qT+& HsT =+{&T.
B <VsD> k+ < k+|<j >T]+
#| e#T. | eTTdqT, qX keTs\qT >T]+ n q
qT Hsys&yT n& < yT J$ <seTT. <e&T/n
eTw q qT b{+#& + +|#k &T . n&
d]jTq esZ+ q&|+#& q |e\qT $\Tyq <
kV eTw #<&T> |+|&T. eTTd+\qT >T]+#
|$yT q c]j (shariah) KTsqTqT+& y\Te&q<. <=s
jT&] sT <=] #T \_+#&yT jT&]ydT\= es+.
k+ d++~+q |$ de#s { }> n_e]+#&+
m+ deT+deTT. seTCH <q+~q |$ed+ bsq\T,
<q$Te&+, |yd B\T #jT&+ e+{e eTTdqT\
se+> y] eT>+<\T u~ksTT.
212
d| k+|<jqqTd]+ <ed~ #s>s u&T,

Cq<V+ |+# $<] qqT q&|+#+<T esZ<]>
>TsTeqT mqTe&+ sT>TT+~. |jD+ ]qseTT
\eTT dT<s+ +&&yT <X\y> =qk+#*q
nedse TT+~. >TsTe n <X\ q $<] n+&<+ &> +{&T.
q w& n+s+>+ =+#d, n& \\qT, X\qT
|]o*+ #d <qT>TD+> n& |<X+ #k&T. n&
|]DeT<X H& >V+ n&T |P]> kjTT+ #+<
$<+> kjT+ #k&T. n& d+<V\qT e #k&T. $<]
|\T$<\T> kqu&&T. q\usTT ~qeTT\T ]qyTq #s\T
#]+# $<q+ H]k&T. n+ +& qe+{ dHw\
deTV+ +&, y] qT+& eTT dVseTT b+<
@sT#k&T.
$<] eTqdT |P]> <y | +&>Tq |s yk &T .
n&T <X\ y]> \ +/>eT+ #sT =H+<T nedsy T q $<T \qT,
eqd, Xs |]| *+# |X|+/|]|eTT
|]>eTT, |ydeTT, deTsD, , ;<]eTT e+{ y{
nqTu$+# $~$<H\qT H]k&T. q nV+s |P]>
e~*yd, |eTqT *+>q+ #d$<+ > j sT#k&T . eqe&
k<sD+> +& \Vq\qT e~*+#T=, <e+ y|
q&#+<T kjT+ #k&T >TsTe.
djT+ deT<yTq eTD >TsTe m& &T H <
H&T. uV ||+ #+ >TsTeqT y~ |j d neds+ <T .
n+s+>+H q >TsTeqT qT>=qTeTT. n #|~
213
djT+d~ #+~q eTD. n+s+>+ T qTq

>TsTe uV ||+#+ ]> @ d+|Tq\ #*+#+& #
#<s+& \ +& nqTeTT H +{&T. dHw& T
nTe+{ d |qT k~+# >\>*. q >TsTeqT
$w]+|#d T =, n+s |u<+ < |jT q+ k+#
$<HH djT+ deT<yTq eTD n+{sT.
B >=| <VsD d<sT J$eTT n&T T<T&>
ne]+#&+, sesT&> d<sT&T d\ yuy\qT
nqTu$+#&T. jTTe&> q +& #+~q sbk<+
q+<+> J$+#&T. q ueq+ qT+& jT ||+#+
n&T>T|{, <T'K uqyTq <X\qT #X&T. sus+
+bsTTq e<T& s> usTTwyTq s>|&T&, Xy
#d n&T #*+bj&T. s+ bj&T, +bj&T.
eTw <T'U sDyT$T{, <T'U @$<+>
n~>$T+# \TdTy\H Cd, eqy[ dVjT+
#j\H ] q 29e @ q yuy|yTq k+k]
JeH + q d+<V\qT rs >TsTe nHwd
jT\T<s&T. eTT+<T> <sT >TsTe\ XsTT+#&T. =+
>TsTe\ e~* eTT+<Tk>&T. =~ \eTTH
y]e< HsT e\dq<+ HsT =H&T. nsTTH q d+<V e
< T . nd + | s > T \T T q eTqd T d H w D
=qk+#&T. n&$ sq |<X mqT= n& q
>TsTe\T #|q jTeT w\qT b{+#&T, ]qyTq |yd
B\T #d <V Xw+|#X&T. $<+> #jT&+ e\q n&T
214
Xs+> \Vq|&& n&+q eqd d+\ \+

\><T. n+# ]qyTq |<T\qT e<*yd eT<esZ
XsTT+#&T. Xs +|#d Vsj>, XsdTKyT
|see~ nsTTq u>\d eT< s+&T $|\
eT< d+ >, nT T +& +&&edsy T q + +&,
<, eg<sD eyT #\T nqT= &yT eT<esZ+.
n&T de~ +&> mHs\ |X X\ <H
u>+ #j\ #XsTT. + <T.
>eTT&T H\T>T <X\ <H\T #X&T. <X >&q
=B < T y&+ ]+~. <T'K+ rsTqT\T
\TdT&+ ]+~. +&T |q$TH&T |P]> CH<jTeTT
*q >eTT&T, T<T& *#&T. n& H\T>T d \T
u<|&sTT. <T'K+ J$+ |d] u>eT nseTsTT+~.
<T'U VTe+T+<, ] < sDeT, <T'U|Xe TH
] +& +&yT eseZ T, ] +& J$+#& nc+>
esZyT XsDeT jTq \TdT=q d\T: jTq #|q
m$T~ d*$: d]jTq #q, d]jTq e, d]jTq
s#sD , nV+d, <=+*+# +&T, neTd++<+ +&T,
HjTesZ+ d+b~+#T, |b+ +&T, W<s+ *
+&T.
d]jTq/deTyTq <q esZ\qqTd]+#T. nc+>
esZ\qTd]+#&+ e\q nHw& CqeTT, , @> n
\_ksTT.
215
u< >+<\T eTq= $wjT + \T|sTT. >eTT&T q

H >TsT+ eV+ CH<jT+ b+~ T<T&j&,
CH<jTeTsTTq T<T&T q+ H $wjT+ y\&+#&
\TdT+~. T~, Cq+ H HH d+b~+#T=HqT. ~
HH <$++~. ~ + eTT+<q&, me] s><T.
>eTT&T T<T&q yq+ $wj \T|Tq~.
CH<jT yTq T<T& T qesyZ T ds q <, q |e#H d\,
H=& d]jTq/ndq >TsTe #|<T. CH<jTeT+< ]
k<yTq< n, | sT n~ k~+# M\Tq< #b&T. qT
| \y& , qT|<+q esZeTT nTeTyTq<
> #|<T. +>s |+ yd, *, ^TsMT< ^ <
HD \TdT=qT MTsT HqT #|q $<H |+,
|]o*+, >TZ\T+& HqT #bq e+ nqTd]+#+&
n u~+#&T.
n+sZ e TT, uVeTT <| eTs={ |sd s |u eeTT+&
eTD . |jT >TsTe nHw & nT |P]> uVeTT
<T T |P]> n+sZeT <T. +<T $#s+ ]
$eTs L& +T+~. y< |y< nHw& |]DeT
esZq q&|ksTT.
uVs|+ eTw q&|+ #~ d+|<jTeTT |
dVd<yTq neT]\T. {MT< nHw& X\T, n&
n_bjsTT. n& #<T e e>s |u e+ #|sTT. n+sZ +
MT< uVsb\T, uV sb\T MT< n+sZeTT |sds
|ue+ * +& nHw&| |#ksTT.
216
k+<s sj
d++~+q \ $wjT + eTD
jTT |j>eTT #&e#T. #sTT ]q e&+
n+<yTq jsT #jTe#T. * b\s #{
s # e#T, + y<>&= eT<T syT q uD dsT
MT< ysTT+#e#T. |jT\ |e+T&T q }V\
s|\ q #jT e#T. }V <V<+ #d~ q
jT<seTT. |sds<s uyTqB |jT. n+<yTq s
dw+#&+ nHw&T |eTTT> nqTd+<qs >
eeV]+#&+ sT>TT+~. n& J$+ H= D+
nTe+{ neX+ \T>TT+~. n|&&T <s+> <
$j+#Ty*. n&# s TT & &s<T. n& #| #<s s <T
n+{&T >=| sT&q Vincent van Gogh d++~+
sT& d+yTq e> n_bj\T e#T. q }V
s|\q #dTqT u$+q|{ | d+<s+ n&T
HqT yX+, q |yTjT+ s dw+#&+
sT>TT+~. n&#sTT, n& *jT+&H q| (@<
~eX q&|dTqT>) qT #dT=+ bT+~.
+>+ sT&T @< |< seT+
u>dT & > |#jT &+ sT>TT+~. uV >TsTe n+sZ >TsTe
<s nHw&| |ue+ #|sT.
nqTeTT (esTTq) ||+# d>T\ e]X
ns+ #dT =H jT+ +{&T. nHw &T d\qT y{
d+<]+# |jT+ #k&T. eqeT~ryTq dw \jT
[+|#dT=H |jT+ #k&T. BH nud+ #de q
217
<q+~q J$+ #d k<sD #s\ L& k+<s

qT>=+{&T. +& q&+, <be&+, Xs ~*+#&+ e+{
n #s\q | qT>=+{&T. CqesZ+ n$ L&
u>yT q u$k&T . #s \ H k+<ss< & |
|dT+~. #s\H k+<s+, y+< k+<s
d+]+#T= +&&+ n&T #k&T. <wDyT n&
Cqes+Z q&|d T + ~. J$+ \jT, k+<s <]+#>\
X < eTyTeTjT X qT>=q nHw&T CqesZ+
eTT+<T k>&+ sT>TT+~. q< qf >V+#&+
+<T eTTK+. |sds<s u]yTq eTD >TsTe
ysT $<] ysT <T. & <+< e<T. HqT ysT
e ysT <T. >TsTe, $<] <X\ T esT +{sTT. es<Z w,
esZ<] s nesT.
eTD $<H\T
|q $e]+q eT&T $<\ eTD\T ysT ysT
nsTTq|{ n$ < eTs={ d++<+ * HsTT.
>eTT&T q w\ qH >TsTe> d]+#*q neds+
<, mes+ ysT djT+> Cqd~ |jT+ T<T\T
e#T n #|q|{ n& w\T n&, n& |e#H\,
n&T #|q jTe\ W<\<sT. d| k+|<jT+
nHw&T yTT< >TsTe nqTd]+H e] q+
qT> XSq k~+#&+ sT>TT+~.
eT&T $<H\q nHw&T, n&T b{+#
k+|<jTeTT, |jT+# esZeTT |qydT= +{sTT.
218
eT&T $<H\ jTe\ qedsy T q y{ nHw &T

b{+#&+ >eT+#=#T. $: ny T q eTD
, #sD

eTD, Xs eTD, eqd eTD, V<jT
d++<y T q eTD , eqed++<| s y T q eTD . ~ C
|P]> ysT ysT e. n<jTq+ =s $u+#&+ ]+~.
bseX d / de~ d
Xs+ u+> \|]$T & +T+~. <
#+~q owd >T \, eqdy T q , uy<> |sy T q d >T \
H +T+~. <<| n eT\ #+~q k+|<j\T
nq+<+ nT es+H, |s Ks\ e\H, deTT<
>s+H |yT +T+< u$ksTT. |seT <
|k$ksT . nHw &T + X \ nqTd+<q+ #dT =
nyTq q+<+ b+<>\&T. < =s V+ q
Xs, |]ds* *+> $d]+#* +~. q Xs|
H eTs, <+ b+<& nq+<eTT n+{sT.
+<Td+ Xs+ jTT b<q Z+#&+ nedseTT.
Xs q+<\ b<q e&+ Z+#T= HeT~
HeT~> +]H, sTy*.
| qT+& jT|& |X+ @ssT#T&
esZd> >TsTe nedseT&T. >TsTe dVjT+
de~d b+~q w&T |s +qTq <e<\ d+|s +
b+< neXeTT+~.
219
de~ d b+~q nHw&T eTsDq+s d

#sT =+{&T. >TsTe kjT+ |qsTJe+ #+<T&T. *+
>HH V+ qT+& |s |jD+ #jT&+ sT>TT+~.
d d+b~+#&+ |eT+ jTT XjT+. {u{
k+|<jT+ nHw&T eTsDeTT ` |qsTJeH\ q&TeT
}d&T q\u =$T~ ~qeTT\T >&| > \ &T. n& $<y T q
D e&+ sT>TT+~. <XqT eT<d~X> e]ksT. <
d++~+q de#seT+ {u{ eTsD d++~+q
| d + +T+~. eTs D + s T y | qs T J e + # + <
<X\+{qT eT+ nHw& n+<TuT +T+~.
jo\yTq eTD
nHw &qTq nqedsy T q (|e<s y T q , #&T >TD\qT)
b\qT de]+#&+ n& u>T|]#~ |<. += |<
n&qTq eT+ >TD\qT |+b+~+#~. jo\yTq
eTD s+&e |< MT< eTqdT |&TT+~.
eT+f eTT+<T <e\T, eT |P\T Te @
$<+> #]+#ys HsT= n<$<+> Ms #]ksT.
eTTq, <edeqTq y] n&T>TC&\ q& y]e
eTT\T y\H + |#ksT.
j>+ >, Te> #]+#& = edTe\T,
= b\T nedseTesTT. sT&T, eT+ #|
#de @qT>TueT>, <e ueT>, &e ueT>
#jT&+ ] n~ <edw nqT]d #k&T n+T+~
220
nsTTsjT uVD+. dwse dw+#&+, dws qT

nqT]+#&+ | nHw&q < +T+<H~ n
k+|<j\q +T+~. |<TH<e Xu #+~q de
dHd <eTdt m+|dt #b&T, dT q T nqT]+#+&, yT
nqT]+#+&. <e _&\ T> J$+#+&, ydeTT, , ndjT
\qT <s+ |+&. b|+ $wj \| qT+& MT <w <
$wj\| +B]+#+&. <e seTT MTH < q~.
#H d++~+q. Neo-confucian d+|<jT+ |s+
| sT k<T+ b+< |jT+ #j*. Chang Tsai
(1021`1077) k<T e+f mesT nH~ s+#&T. eTw q
keTsd HC , | dV yTq >TD \uTy*. |
]> qyTby*. q | ed+ < >V+#*.
d #sT e& Neo-confucian d+|<jT+ = |< T \qT,
= jTe\qT @ss+~. Kao P'an Lung (1562`1626) =
d<+\qT, = j o\ #sD \qT nqTd]+#eT #b&T.
n+{|{ syTq d<eq * +&&+, eTqdT \T|
s +#&+, | s~+#&+, n+sZ uV+
eTT&yjT&+, Xs eTqdTqT @eTTK+ #jT&+ e+{y{
|b~+#&T. n< eTw dVyTq >TDeT n&T u$+#&T.
Xs eTD q +~j\qT | |s# & + , q Xs+
MT< <w +B]+#&+ <s Xs+ <+ y| y+&
V dTU |<q+> u$dT+< <<| n eT\
n_bjTeTT. dHwD&T Xsy+#\ +> +&, <
n<T| |Ty\ L& n eT\T nqT=+{sTT. de
221
dHdT\ J$ |]d ~ $X<eTT+~. se Xu

#+~q Benedict Nursia yk&T. k<Te\T eT Xs\qT,
eT d+\qT eT nBq+ +#Ty* qT sE= s=f
eyT H*. ysT eT< d$+#s<T nHsT. H{
k<Te\+ ]qyTq jTe\qT #]+#sT qT, k<Te\T
n> qs<T, n> >s<T n e+ #|&+ ]+~.
|s+ k<T e\T |P]> u>\d + e~*yj *.
q+ e> + > < b+<> &<T , \+>, |d +
>, < q d> u$+#s<T nH&T. sT Xu\ sT y
Francis of Assisi =~> esT#d jTe\H eT H= #b&T.
k<T e\T eTq<+ ;<\ # dj*. eTT \T eyT
<]+#* n.
Benedict
|+* sj> d+|<jTeTT, ydT j>udeTT

y#d $TX ks~ Xs n<T| |&+ >T]+
d$es+> *jT#ksTT. e m$T~ esZ\T. nc+>
esZ\THsTT. |+* j> XgeTT m$T~ <X\T $.
yTT<{~: jTeT jTeT+. JeV+d #jTs<T, nqe&s<T,
<=+>q + #jT s<T, neT + d++<+ |Ts<T, sT \
d+|<q T #d s |&s <T. s +&e~: |+#d \ L&q~.
Xu , d | , dHd +, Xg|sq +, jTe | $qjTeTT.
eT&e<X: j>dH\ D, =qk+| ]qyTq dHkXeT
J$+ >&| & + e\q Xs+ |T+ +& dH\T yjT &+
neds+ . H\Ze~: bDjeT+. #d Xk\qT jT++#&+ ,
dTBs\+ }|] _>&+ k<q #ksT.
222
<e<X nHw&T |V] b{k&T. q @>

q+ Hd |u >q, s +&T qTueT\ eT< +B]k&T . q
y{qT+&, +~j\+{ qT+& <dqT eTs* e\+
qTueT\ eT< qTq _+<Te MT< +B]k&T . <e\q n&
q XseT+{ MT< n~s+ d+b~k&T. m+ X
d+b~k&T.
se<X j <sD nH |jTqT #|&&T. n<=
eqdyTq seTeTT. j q @>q+ eT++
MT<, jT++ MT< +B]+, q eTqdTqT n
b+& <MT< \T|&T. #se\q q
$X+ jTT $q+ #k&T.
|q #| q sT <X\ q j q d+<q\qT, ]\qT,
<* \qT, #d Xk\qT, u Xs d++~+q nH
jT \qT jT++#&+ sT>TT+~. sT<X\ q j
@&T, m$T<e <X\ d+ dejT+ e&+ sT>TT+~. @&e<X
<qeTT >&T dT+ ~. q n+s+ >+ $X + <]+#&+
sT>TT+~. m$T<e~, K]~ de~ d >&| e \d +~.
<X j |P] # q e+T&, n $<\ u<\ qT+& $eTT
b+~qy&, #e |T\ +<+ qT+& $y#q+ b+~, |P]>
d#q T, X+, q+< b+<&+ sT>TT+~.
eqd eTD
Xs+> eTqdT L& eTw <y| b+&
n& s $wj\y| ]dT+< eT\ $Xd+. <
223
& #j*q nedseTT+< >T]+#sT. < >TsTe\T

eT w\qT |>{ \ \T qe< |&TT+{sT. | $wj
eT +> $XwD #jTe< L& #bsT.
s|wT qT& < < $wj #|&+
]+~. CH]jT jTeT<ssEqT #]q u\T&T qT&T.
y]<] eT< ]q d+uwD <s eTq+ # $wj\T
\TdTe#T. @ $<+ >H s<# < &T s< > >Ts\qT
qT #| q $<+ > q&# T #k& $<+ > eTq+ eTq eTqdTqT
& #j* +T+~. eTq *$ s<#<&T, eTq eTqdT
>Ti\ {q &T. q +~j\qT >V+#Ty&T
s<\qT & #jTy&T f. q ]\qT sTT+#
e, >Ti\qT n<T| #jT s<ks~. jTeT<ssE
qT&+= <s sVd+ $e]k&>. eTqH |se
ds|+ < +~. n< n+eT d+. < qT>=q>*
e qqeTsD +<#+ qT+& $eTT&e&T. <
qT>=q&+ # w+. m+<T+f s|sKM e. |H
>TD>D\T HjT #|& M\T<T. ]wyTq >TD>D M
e. < X+ <T, ds<T, s+ <T, < HXq+
<T, s+>T, sT, ydq<T, < yTT<\T T~<T.
eT+&|wT #| + ~. |X+ + *q w&
eyT >TsTe n+^]+#*. V|<s+ jTT dsb
\TdTy\+f d+<sqeTT |d].
V<sTD |wT \ je\T&T |r< ~ <T,
~<T n |< |< #b&T . ||+ #+ eTq= s+ > n>T|dT + ~.
224
eTw q >T]+ H= n_bjT+ * +{&T. ||+#

ds|+ n~<T eTw H+ n~<T < $<]
eqd+> qeTqdT q D <s+> edTe\ nd\T
ds|+ >V+# X b+<T&T.
de e] d+|<jT+ L& Te+{ u<H #dT+~.
\T, =\\T, $ds\T, mT\T, |\ L&q ||+#+,
eTq q|& ||+ #+ yTq ~<T. < #~ +#+&,
eTT\T> $s>=Z+&, < ds|+ qT>=q+& n #|+~.
Dionysius, The Areopagize $<+> #bsT $X
sDuyTq < s+ <T. |TqeTT<T, <=
due+<T, < sTe<T, +{ q|&<T, n~ d<X+
<T. jTq q nqT#sT\ |<+#sT. MT yT<dT ,
MT +~j\ e<*yjT+&. #s#s >TqT $d]+#+&.
n+{ nryTq eT\X #sT=H |jT+ #jT+&.
b|+ CH, $CH e~*yjT+&.
V<jT eTD
>&yTq nseTsyTq |eT $X, dw eT<seT
= k+|<j\ qeTeTT. |yT yTT<\T, TB n y]
qeT+. |yT ~eeTT, |yT esZeTT. |eT V<j
d++~+q~ <T. ~ ||+# <w #&&+
<yTq ueq. d| $ yTTVeT< E<sC #bsT . |
n+<yTq dwqT H <e |u q|&TT+~.
\TBH sMT | | edTe <e |eT
VeT|dT+~. |yT qsTT ||+#+ d# <T.
225
|yT qsTT dsT y& (wyT) +&<T. u$T |seTT

` M{ |yT qsTT nd\T >& L& yTT\e<T.
V k+|<jT+ u>e+T&T ` u&T M]<] eT<
d++<+ ` esT&T e<T e\ eT< qTq d++<e TT. d ` |sTw\
eT<qTq |eT. V Song of Songs b |s+ <e&T
|$Tk&T. q |eT <T\T |eTqT | +MT s&T.
|eTdyT |$Tk&T. mes <y |$Tks |yT y]
B$dT+~.
d e e]\T <e |sTw>qT, (u d> qT e]ksT .
y]<] d++<yT <yTq |eT d++<eTT (dsTT+{ $sY)
Saint-victor #+~q Richard |se
\ d++< H\T>T
<X\ ]> |jT> e]k&T yTT<{<X |se
|yk&T. n+sTKeTeT+~. s+&e <X qTq
ksTT qT+& | ksTT m<T>TT+~. eT&e <X u>e+T
<]<|\ #sT=+T+~. u>e+T $qeTeT+~.
H\Ze<X u>e+T ds|+> e]bT+~.
V<j d++~+q eTD nHw& m+
Wq rdT= y+~. u>eBZ w&T nsTqT&
*jT#k&T.
u <s HHes \TdT>\T>T&T u&T qqT
\TdT>H H #]b&T.
\\+ eT >\ d++< u+<y\T
226
d#yTq < <yTq e> d++<\qT, T+

d++<\qT * +&*. n< $<+> <y, eTqTw\
eT< XwyTq d++< u+<y\T+&\ = k+|<j\T
#TsTT. B <VsD> jT<T\T >s$+# 'mitzvah' nH
<y >T]+ #b#T. jT<T\ eT>TsTe |seTT <e&T
CsTT ydT\ 613 *#&T. n+<T 248 kqTL\,
365 esyTq <X*e&+ ]+~. <e&q <X\
eTq u> *dq$ 'Ten commandments'- |~ ~y<X\T. $
<e&=& nH d<+ |b~+#&y T +& V+d L&q
ke |esqqT s~+|#d d\T * HsTT.
d\ |seTT CjT\T ydT\T jTVAyqT |
eTse] |P+#s<T. $>Vs<q #jTs<T. <e& |sTqT
nq< |j +#s<T, ys= ~q+ d\e~q+> b{+#*,
*<+&T\qT >s$+#*, V #jTs<T, <=+*+#s<T,
|&T k$Tes<T, sT\ d+|<qT #d s |&s<T.
|~ <X\T b{+#&+H CsTT\T se+ eTTjT<
eT|<\ <X+ |s+ jT<T\T | d]> $yV+ #dT =
<sT d+H &j\, eT C n_e~ bT|&\
L& u~+#sT.
Te+{ <X\H Paul q nqT#sT q Hellenized JewishChristians e&+ ]+~. <e *jT nH>]\
e u>\d, Xs + eTT \s<, sT>T
bs T > T y] k< s d e qT\T> | ] > D + , y] V
\|s<, y] V\qT \sd |jT+ #jTs<, n{
227
|qT\T #dq y] <e&T + #Tq #b&T. Paul + $<+ >

#bsT. ]H=sT ks+ > |$T+#\ d\qT b{+#
ysT u>e+T ~]+qeT+< #bsT.
eqe d++<\qT deT+> +&+<T bNq us< X +
d+*+q eed esXeT <seTT. me] e ysT
|$+> u$+, ]H=sT >s$+#T=+, ]=sT
&T #dTe\d +< #|&+ ]+~.
<s XgeTT\ |seTT de+ H\T>T s>T\T>
u+#&+~. es\qT, \T> =ksT eeV]ksT. |
es= e, u<qT {sTT+#&+ ]+~. e |sds+
<su]eTT. uVDT\T |PCsT\T> eeV]ksT. de+
=s, e\ =s |PC~ se\T s]ksT. <e
nqT>V+ =s b]ksT. jTT\T eT sC* XT e\
qT+& b&TsT. eT u$T sksT. de+ ed ,
edT |+|D` es\ yX\|, XS<T\T Xs XeT#d n
es\ y] |jTT+> +{sT.
n< $<+> eqe J$, e> J$ H\T>T
$u>\T> $u +#sT. < eqe <s XgeTHsT. $<]>
V#seTe\+_+#*. >TsT XXSw#d XkudeTT #j *.
ejTdT eq sTy $yV+ #dTy*. d+H
b+<*. T+u bw+ eT+ #&\T #&*. B >Vd
<seT+{sT.
>VdT eTqTeT\T, eTqes +#es T+
u<\qT s]+ e<|+ sTe u<\qT q
228
|T|+ yq |kXeT+ d]k&T. dTBs \+ n+f

eje<T& j
T es J$+q jT&\ dHkXeT+ d]+#*
+T+~. qq d+|<qT, syTq edT yVqeTT\qT,
T+ u< \ qT n+{ > + # d y > $Tj T
J$+#eq, JeqeTT&y\ Xk\T #bsTT.
< Jeqjq+
eT+, #|<+ n|VyTq <MT<T. <,
s+s +q+ nqT+ eTT+<T rdT= bjT~. |]DeT
eT+ |]|/|]|Ps #+~ dTeedyTq eqeC
@s&+<H d <<| n eT\T qeTTsTT. uV
s|+ $$< eT\T ysT ysT n|+q|{ n eT\T
<e @+ MT< qeTeTT+#sTT. dHwD <
eT\deT#bsTT. n s\ eT&qeT\qT |b
K+&ksTT.
n eT\T < |se e~ |se q+<eTH #bsTT.
|seq+<+ |seT dTU eTs |sT> #eTD e#T. <
y s T y s T V T e\T+& e # T . | s e q+< e TT <
n q+< e TT | j T d \_ + # ~ < T . y T T + d w
|d+~dT, <e + MT< +B]+# J$+ n q+<+ \T>
#jTe#T.
< deT>qT #Ls~ X <+ #d~
Xs+ n u>\ s+ |eV+ Xs deT>qT
#LsTdT+~. X +|#dT+~. uyTq |jT
229
deqyTq~ < n u_\T #q <q+<+/

nq+<+ @< | yT q k+< *q/|T u$ +q<
=+<] n_bjT+. n~ d]jTq~ <T. eTT|<s\T d$+q
=+<sT syTq bseX+ nqTu$ksT. <q+<+
nTe+{~<T. uyTq bseX+ DyTq~. n~ |P]>
ks|syTq~. eTw q+<+ =qk>&+ nk<+. eTw
{ eqe\ dyd+|s\, <e dyd+|s\ eyT
yTq q+< b+<>\sT.
|eT, sTD, ksyTq de, eT+q+ e <
J$+ u>\T. >TDM $&$&> neT\T |s#eTT.
e D+ u>eTT ` <e eTT, , se TT\T D\
u>\T. < Jeq+ y| <e&T, eTs=y| eTq#T
qysT +{sT.
eTw J$+ eT&T bs\THsTT. ueTT, eqde TT,
<eTT` eT&+{ nqTd+<q+ #dq J$yT deT>
JeqeTT. @< < > @ s+&T bs\ > b<q
d n~ deT> Jeq+ Hs<T n> J$+q jT&\ eTw
|seq+< <seT&T. eTw XseTT, yT<dT,
eT&T eTTKyTq y n+{ yT\T\sTT eqe |sw. e\+
d+>eTyT eTw n|& eTw <DyT q X
yT\T=+T+~. Xe+yTq |]DeT+ }V+# $<+>
|#dT+~. }V+< |jH\T #LsTT+~.
(H) bDyjTTe eT]jTT (V&=H) < *d
sT @s&TT+~. { due+ s+&T skjTH\
230
ysq~. n< $<+> Xs, eqd, < deT>+> \ dq

eTw >TD>D\T |P]> ysT. n<= n<TyTq dw.
deT> |+#&yT H{ eTq J$+ =s eTq
J$+ |u sTTw+ njT+<T, e+s, {+s ne& sD+
eT&T d]jTq b d$TX+ be&+ eTq <e+
L& <q~. b <e+ <q~ |P]>
deTdb<T. <e+ $TDT $TDT eT+H +T+~.
eTw < q <e+ ` >T]+# y<\T #bsTT. <<|
neT\T qeTTsTT. Jddt/@dTdT <e seTT H
+~ nq e\seT<.
b eT&T u>\T k] #qe+yTqsTT
y{ usTT+# X eTq<T . <dyT eTq <e X neds+ .
eH X +~. e <e &T neds+ <T . nHy|{
< q+< nqTu$+#sT.
| J$ ku |]\eTT, q
n& T > T u > e TT +{sTT. | ] \ eTT u JeH
d++~+q~, eeVs Cq+ #uf~. < J$+
n+s+ > T\ d++~+q~. $qjTeTT, XseTT, dw+ #
X, nqTuy \ nryT q X, |qsTJeq X < JeH
d++~+q~ J$ |w , X #~ < X, b
< | \T | ] \ + | k s TT. |eT T
d++~+q~. |eT <syTq =B n~s+ |q+
#sTTdT+~.
231
< Jeq+ =qk+#&+ deTT<+ <&+ e+{~.

deTT<+| mesH nesTTw #jT>\s? < n\\
nqT>TD+> <&+ | ys >+s+ <T.
q < J$+ jTT |*\T |]\+ MT<
jT|&sTT. $<+> #dqsTT q |eT |]\+
MT#]dT+~. |eT ds|+ <
JeH |_+yT.
k$T $yq+< $<+ > n_bjT|& sT. <eTT
eTw d#dT+~. u+>>, eqd+> eTw
d# < T . X |P]> d#jT TeTT. J$ d $w]+|
#d<. deTT d#dT+~. eqe d+\ X
d++<+<T.
d#, n~seTT #sTT+#&+ |P]> $sT<yTq$.
eTwMT< >, d+d MT<>, de+ MT< > |q+
#sTT+#\qT=q|&T n& d# =se&TT+~. Jy |eT
|P]yT q ~. m& |eT +T+< n& d# +T+~. Jy
< T& +&<T. @ +\ +><T, ]H MjT<T.
Jy sTD, d# eyT $dT+~. <weTT, L seT,
HXqeTT, <|& e+{ e& eTqe.
eTq Xs+ eTTKyTq u>\T : >T+&, }|]T\T,
eTXjTeTT d#+> q+\eT \Tw+ q+es
XseTT s>e++> +T+~. n<$<+> |$ Jy,
< JeH eT<s+.
232
|eT, deTT, sTD, kseTT, HjTeTT, <s,

>VeTT ` n \>*d |$ s|~<T+T+~. m|&
X+ |dT+< n|&T nHs>+ b&d|T+~. |eT
Xs y+#>qT, n~s <V+>qT, HjTeTT <|&>qT,
d + nd +>q esT#+~ |X+ kH N{ eTT=+T+~.
N{qT+& y\T>T, nd+ qT+& d, eTsD+ qT+&
neT <] #|+#T nH y~ bsq $<+>
$s$+q<.
< Jeq+ >&b\+f ns\ u>\qT, e<T\T=
]q yTq J$+ >&b * +T+~. n~ nd< seeTT @e+
@eTsTbT> +&q|{ |<THq n+#T * | <T.
<e nqT>VeTT+fH nTe+{ >VeTT \T>TT+~.
nHw \T <e|H + *| +#*. <y T q ueq *
+&*, e TyTq |d \T #<y *, eT+ $wj \H #]+#*,
dTsTw\T k+>+H >&b*, <q+ #j*. q&e&
r]~<Ty*.
z] eVd | <e k<+ \_+#<T. nq+<+
\_+#<T. <q+<+ nqTu$+# J$+ es+.
Xs+ u>+ s>u sTTwy T , s>+ q u>\
bT+~. <weTT, nq+ e+{$ q+< #&>=&sTT.
k$T $yq+< deeTT d \ Z +&* n+{sT.
< WqeTT bNq\+ qT+& q+<Te\H eTq us< X +
H{ ybs d+d L& \ mT= \&>\T>TTq~.
233
< +q deeTT eTT+<T bC\<T n_e~

b+<C\<T. uq+<eTT, edTdsD e+{y{ beTTK
e&+ eTq+ eTqeTT HXqeTT ] #T=qf. $,
V+d sT= eT+, k<T, X+ bs<*qf.
k+<syT eTq s.
]\qT >V +#T= | Jeq+ >& | e s j.
Te+{ e dHd <>sZ > +{&T. e u<e +{$
\>e. ujTeTT, |eTT, ndjT &e+{$ n& eT&
<s+ +{sTT. n&T d#> , q+<+> Jeq+ >&T |&T.
u nH<q\T n& J$+ =+L& #&<T.
n&T s #jT &yT < |* H+#&T . | H+#
q+\ eT&T mTe+{ & +& d#>, q+<+>
>&|&+ sT>TT+~. n&T < +#&T. mTe+{ sD ,
yV +>&T qT X+jTTyTq Jeq+ >&|>\T>T&T.
|XbjTyTq V+d+f X+jTTyTq nV+d m+
qyTq~. ysT |d]> <e jT+<T $Xd+ +#*.
sT\qT < d+b~+q d+|<q~ b&<T. nV+ky~
q d, q J$ |D+>|{*. d\T, |\\T, |<ysT
mesH nV+dqT b{+#e#T. nV+d e>+ eyT <T
keyT q jTT<+ L&qT. < JeqyT|& dTe>
+&<T. m\|& #qe++> +T+~. eT+d+
bT|&TT+~.
X/Jy eT Ts +&q, e\+ }V
yT q ~ <T. n~ d+|T sD, bs{ \jTyTq ~. H&T q
234
k+|T |]dT\ eT+ #j\+f d+|TsD |d], w

qc\T |e. nHj dV+# Bs+, \+ m+
nedseTT.
X/\+ nHj <Ts=& *# <s, X
dT+~. n<s es+> |#dT+~. u bs{+f
H bs+ # wsyTq~, >&yTq~. VQ+<H
<V<+ #dT+~.
X Jeq+ k+# & e T+f J$ < e
deT]+#&yT. e <q+~q J$+ n+{ n~ e]dT+~.
e @~ H, @~ VQeT H, y | * H n
H# qT> u$+#T, n <y<X+.
< J$+ k<q # eTTKyTq~. n~ eTq
d |, @> dT+~. eTq\ eTq+ eTs#T #dT+~.
ks q+|#dT+~. ue+<\qT +#T=H+<T kjT
|&TT+~.
eTq+ @| #|{H n~ <eseT m+ #dq|&T eTq+
< m+ X<>, m+ H|D+> #keTT. | #dq+<T
eTq+ yT|<\qT , +<> seTT. |#jT&yT d+w+
*dT+ ~. |#jT &yT s<q > |]D$TdT+ ~. | V#T
>TZ\qT m+# ksTT <{beTT.
eqe\T |]| /d+|Ps + d+ |]|k sT , |#ksT .
k$T $yq+< n+{sT. | qT <eeTT+~.
235
<e y* rjT&+ eTq se+. n~ |PC seT+ <s

e#T, y<++ <s e#T + esZyTH ne\+_+#=#T.
Jdd/t @dTdT |< k&T . |s +qTq +& m+
|]| #+~ H& e L& n< |]| #+~ +&T.
V+/u Jeq+ +~jT u>\d $Cq
deTTbsq, <q+, n~s+ b+<+<T b<q dT+~.
XseTTq+ \+ < dTK+ d+ b&TT+~. <
Jeq+ H+s eTT d+ bT|&T T+~. s +&T < j\qT
\>*| J$+#&+ eTyTq esZ+.
< JeH eTs= |ejT+ eT|syTq~.
n~ <+f e ksTT #+~q~. eT|s J$+ T e\T
beTTK eVksTT. d d+< , HjTeTT, sTEesq eTT e+{$
beTTK sTT uVyTq |<T eTTKb eVksTT ysT
ysT eT|s y T q d+|<j\T eTqTw\qT ysT #ksTT, XT
|+#TsTT.
< f eTqTw\qT *| +#>* q X. dTqT,
dyT+TqT *| >{|]# {e+{~. dT >, {>,
dyT+T > >TD+ y{ *| edT+~ >{q+.
< Jeq+ >&| k<Te\T d# @ V\T.
deC ysT eTTKyTq ysT. eTq deC|&T eT+
+f < eTTKeTT. deC n~ nedseTT. eTq
sh| m.|.C. nT + n+<T |\ eT|syTq
#q\T e <y | <d eT[+#+& n $| #XsT.
236
k<Te\ Jeq $<qeTT

| eTeTT >=| k<T e\qT, eTTqT\qT, j>T\qT +|
#d+~. ||+#+ $y, @ *|~ ys.
X+s#sT* $e]+#sT. m+<s eTVT\T, eTVqTue\T,
<yTqysT, qT\T ed+TTTe e sT\ yT\T
#ksT. JeqsD #+qT+& jT|&q ysT sT\ esZ
<sTsT.
<e kjTTeTT b+~qysT dd\ q&TeTqTq
&qT >V+#>\sT. V (u>e+T&T) ds|eTT *jT&+
# y] n+{ V >#]k&T.
n+<]qT <y+X +< *jT&+ # k<Te\T
n+<] d$ksT. <e dsD | nq|<eTT\T #]+#sT.
@ $<+>H B|eTT eTs= Bb y*dT+<
|s+> >=|k<Te sT\ <e+q *+#>\&T.
Xk\ q d\ eT eTq \TdT+ ~. k<T qT\T
y{H#]+ #|&+ e\q \TdT+~.
@ eTw n+ dT\u+ > >=| TTw &T . mH |u\qT,
keT]H, d+<V\qT m<Ts= s+s+ y{ bs&,
eT \ #sT=+{sT eTVqTue\T. y] J$*sT\
<s bjTeTT. m+ {\yTH , ]q yTH n|\ qT m<Ts=H
d] y]ksT.
TTwXsT\T @ $<+> Jeq+ =qkksT? | {
eTTqd H < s \MT< = { _+<Te\T eyT \TksTT.
237
n~ k] s\T || &+#>H sT C]bT+~. n<

$<+> k<Te\T J$ksT.
y] \eT u<\T, *+>u<\T, |< < u<\T, #
# ek\T +&e. y] <w n+<sT deqT. ys+<]
<yH <]ksT. eTqw\q |Xe\q V |<sH
#ksT. Hs< ud\qTks+ ys|& u |seX+
eTT +&, ||+ # |+ #ksT . Xk\~ s+ *ksT .
eT+, |$ *ksT.
k<T e <s bjTT&T, m+ |]D #+~q e. deC
q&|+#>\y&T. q+< ds|&q u>e+T& eT eT~
\T|=, <e +qH >&| & + e\q k<T e\T d< q+<+>
+{sT. <e + |eT ds|+ qT k<T e\T n+<] |$TksT .
n+<] d$ksT. eTT #d de>T]+ #{+|yjTsT.
eTT #d || u>e<]+ qT <>T]+ |+>
|k$+#qeds+ < y] ueq. n< d<+ q$Tq
k<T e XTe\T> $TT\T> +&sT . mTe+{ ue T\T>,
<T'K+>, uj\T> +&e. n+{ d, deT>
eyT ysT <]ksT n X|wT #|+~.
k<Te\ J$\ <T'K+ +&<T nq+f <qs+ n&
c\T, qc\T \>e ns+<T. =+&=# y] me
|jd\T \>&+ <T. b ys c\, <T'U\ @
$<+> d+~ksT nH~ eTTK+. u<>, d+w+> f
n+{|{ de<q + d+~ksT. n~ u>e+T
> d]ksT.
238
eTVqTue\ >T]+, y] J$ #]\ |u e+ >T]+

s\T Thomas Carlyle $<+> #bsT. ||+# #]qT
n< jTq+ #jT &eT+f dT sTw\, eTVqTue\ J$ #]\qT
n< jTq+ #jT &yT . ys eTq d]jT q Hk\T. y] kV#s +
eTq+ |jqs+. y] J$ #]\T #~$q|&T eTq
m+ =+ u+ \>+& +&<T.
JeqeTTeTT
< nHw&T s~, +#~ f qT JeqT&T
e&+. \|TT j>ydw+ JeqT& >T]+ $<+>
$e]dT+~.
@ e ||+#+ |{, |] #]dTH& ||+#+
n<XyT e\+ bse] +q >&T|& e
JeqT&T.
<T'U +bsTT, d+c b+bjT #jTM n&
eTTK+ q|&e.
@ ]\ y&T, ~dTq|{ yT\Te> +&y&T.
<weTT, ndjT, ujTeTT e+{yM d#yTqy&T.
X+ e s\T&T, JeqT&T.
nV+s $TdTeT+q y&T, < n+{|T= +&
y&T, JeqT&T.
ujTeTT, d+weTT @My&T, JeqT&T.
239
n *dH *jTqT+&y&T, ||+ #+ ys e TT y&T,

JeqT&T.
n eeVs\ d++<eTTq|{, n+{q
|yXeTT, CeTT q|{ <>T]+ |{+#Ty&T,
<q eTTb+& \ mT= +&>*>y&T
JeqT&T.
240

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Living in Sprit Telugu

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< JeqeTT

Xs+ q <s\qT, #d Xk\qT, Js|jT+{

<+>qT eeV]+#>\<T nT nqTd+<q+ #dT=,

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+~ sT D <T . y>e TT+~ ~#<T . #jT >\&T,

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J$+#&+ #d eTq }d \>e#T. n~

s, ndjT. @ eT>TsTe e\T$H, +< eT&qeT+

||+#+ q+ qT esT #+~H #+<bsTTH

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b&T. deTd\ qT+& b]bjT |jT+ #k&T d]j Tq

eT+q+ =#T. @ sEsE $qyTq #q\

eqd keT]q+ B sDeT |+* n+{sT.

Te+{ q+<\ nqTu$+# nqTs +&<T. jT{

J$yTT yjeTX\. ~ XX+ <T. bse]

e<|+ <X\y> |]DeT+ #+~ J$+ =qk>TT+~.

nsTTq $XeT+ ysT ysT CT\, ysT ysT Ts\

eT+ dsy|+. n~ n+<]q, n+{q |yT

ks+ |#d |eTTT eyT n u$+#*. $<yTq

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# eTT nes< \T eTq+ * +# T =qy .

u>eBZ lw&T n+{&T, n+{ HqTHqT

eTq+ \ s> #sT=H~, <q+> #sT=H~ eTq

V+<Te J$+ |<X V+<T <sXg <X\

<eyT eTw nd\T dd\T ds|eTT. q

>VdT $<T\{ eTV sD+ ++ s++~.

| esZ\qqTd]+#&+ <s eTqeTT d#yTq, s\yTq,

dH |\T, eT+H ne\+_+#T >TsTe <qy<\T,

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