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Autores: D. P. Boer, S. Hart, P.R. Kropp y Ch. D.

Webster
Adaptacin: Ed Hilterman y A. Andrs-Pueyo
UB-Grupo de Estudios Avanzados en Violencia
(VERSIN ESPAOLA-MAYO 2005)

SVR-20

Manual de valoracin
del riesgo de
violencia sexual

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