FCE

Projects
2015

BLACK HOLES
A black hole is a mathematically defined region of spacetime exhibiting such a
strong gravitational pull that nothing can escape from it. Not even light or other
kinds of electromagnetic radiation can escape. This may seem a bit strange since
photons have no mass at all (and that would make the force of attraction 0)
In fact light does have mass, but it is called relativistic since it comes from
Albert Einstein's equation E=mc, meaning a photon has mass because it has
energy but a really tiny amount.
Some black holes are the central point of big galaxies, these are usually
supermassive black holes.
Sagittarius A seems to be the location of the
supermassive black hole which is supposed
to be the center of the Milky Way.

But, what event in space can make black holes? A black hole is formed when a
star collapses because it has ran out of hydrogen to keep doing nuclear fusion
reactions. We can say it has no more fuel, so it causes a singularity. In that
moment, all the mass of the star is accumulated in a very small space. This
eventually creates a very strong gravitational field which bends spacetime so
much that it isolates a region around the object. The limit or point of no return
is called event horizon. Behind that point, you are attracted to the hole faster than
the speed of light (c= 299 792 458 m/s).
The event horizon of a black hole is located to a certain distance to its singularity.
Scientific Karl Schwarzschild, developed an equation that defines the radius of an
ideal black hole:

We see that the radius is directly proportional to the mass, and this means that if
the black hole keeps absorbing other bodies from space, its event horizon will
increase.
Apparently, a black hole is unstoppable, but don't set alarm bells ringing. A black
hole can also lose energy. According to a very recent scientist an physicist that
everyone here probably knows, Stephen Hawking, black holes can't emit
electromagnetic radiation but that doesn't stop it from emitting thermal
radiation. Although this thermal radiation is usually very tiny, it's in fact variable.

This time, temperature is inversely proportional to the mass, so the smaller a

black hole is, the more temperature it emits. A black hole with the mass of the
sun would have a Hawking's temperature of 60 nanokelvins, that's nearly
imperceptible and is the main reason why this discovery was so unexpected.
Another way black holes are surprising is that they are not necessarily too dense.
Density is a proportion of mass and volume (m/V), but in fact volume of black
holes depends on its mass.

(Volume of a sphere)
Remember the volume of a sphere involves it's radius, and Schwarzschild radius
depends on the mass. So if we raise the Schwarzschild radius to the power of 3 we
got a really strange function that variates a lot, making it unclear its density.
But, have you ever wondered what would happen if you enter a black hole directly
down its singularity? Well, you would be stretched like a spaghetti as the
gravitational acceleration would be so high (on earth it's just 9'81 m/s). But
that's not the worse part, the difference of speed of attraction on the down side of
your body would be much higher than the speed of your up side. This would
make your body to divide into two pieces, and the same again and again. You'd be
bifurcating like a cell during the mitosis until there is no you at all.

Computer-generated image of a supermassive black hole

That's the end of this project, hope you enjoyed it as much as me, (even if theory
of relativity is not your cup of tea!).

INTRODUCTION
The human brain is the center of the nervous system. It has the same

structure as the brains of other mammals but it's over three times bigger. It
weights between 1300g and 1400g

STRUCTURE:
The human brain consists of two hemispheres, the left and the right.
Both halves are connected by the corpus collosum. There are certain

differences between people who develop a hemisphere more than the other.
Let's see!

Right hemisphere

It's a hemisphere which specializes in sensations, feelings and visual

and sound skills; music and art.

Activities such as drawing, daydreaming, reading, meditation... are more

common in people who use more the right hemisphere.

 Left hemisphere
It's a hemisphere which takes care of arithmetic and logic. It has the

ability to analyze, to reason, to solve problems. Thoughts here (in this

part) are realistic and dominant; Engineers, scientists..
We can't forget an important point, the connections are crossed. The
left side of the body is controlled by the right hemisphere and viceversa.

THE MEMORY
It's a mental capacity that permits

an individual to remember and store

experiences. Some scientists hae

calculated that in our whole life we

only use 0,0001 of the brain
potential.

Learning is also a process of memorization.

When you perceive an object, groups of neurons process the

information about its shape, colour, smell ans so on. Your brain then
makes connections among these differents groups of neurons so when
you want to remember the object you must reconstruct these
relationships.

The more associations between the new information and the things you
already know, the better you will learn.
There are three types of memory:
Sensory memory
It's the memory which generally disappears in less than a second
(visual and auditory perceptions)
Short term memory:
Depends on the attention we paid to the elements. With it we can

retain some information for less than a minute and get it during this
time.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE BRAIN

Each animal kingdom have a different
type of brain. In our evolution, the
human have experienced different
structures, superimposing them.

That's why we have rest of our

antecesors. For example, at the top

in the deepest part we have

structures of the reptiles: the reptilian

brain.

This one can't think or learn, but it is

used to do the basic funtions like breathing and the metabolism. It's
directly connected to the spinal cord. When the firts mammals
appeared, it developed the cortex and the "limbico system"

In this new structure go around the encephalon and the reptilian brain.
This gave to us some advantajes: the capacity of learning and the
memory.

The upper mammals add a new structure to the

brain: the neocortex, in which we have the

cognitive development; language, the capacity to

solve problems. This abilities made able the
appear of the will.

With the evolution, the neocortex gets bigger.

"The more neocortex we have, the more intelligent we are". But that
doesn't mean "The bigger our brain is, the more clever we are".
Some mammals have bigger

ones, like the elephant with 5,6

kg of weight (only the brain, of
course!)

The brain of the chimpanzee

consumes 10% of the energy

while our brain consumes 20%. This shows the grat permanent in our
brain. Also the rearing of the chimpanzee has 60% of the cerebral
volumen which have the adults while in humans it's only 25%.

F O R D M O T O R C O M P A N Y

HISTORY

Ford was founded on 16th June 1903 by eleven investors, one of them, Henry
Ford, in Detroit (Michigan). Ford is a multinational Northamerican company
manufacturer of cars. During the first years, Ford produced few cars per day, when
groups of two or three men worked with each car. In 1908, Ford launched the model
Ford T, and it was really successful, so the company had to move their facilities to
Highland Park, a place bigger than the one in Detroit, because there was high demand.

Because of Henry Fords investments and his enthusiasm in his vocational job,
the company developed in 1913 the basic techniques of production line and mass
production, and created the first mobile line of production in the world, and, in
consequence, the time of assembly of the chassis decreased from 12 hours to 1 hour and
a half.
The first model designed and made for Europe was the Ford Y8HP.
Nowadays, Ford is one of the biggest companies in the world and it has
enormous profits, for example, in 2014, 6.32 million cars were sold, and 144 100
million dollars were earned.

THE SUCCESSFUL MODEL T

Ford T appeared on 1st October 1908 and it had a lot of innovations. For
example, it had the steering wheel on the left (son other companies copied it), all the
motor and the transmission were closed, the four cylinders were fit in a solid block, and
the suspensin worked with two semi-elliptical springs.

This was an easy car to drive and really cheap and easy to fix. It cost only 825
dollars in 1908, and the price decreased each year. In 1920, almost all the drivers had
learnt to drive with a Ford T.
Besides, Ford worried about establishing a massive publicity in Detroit, and
about the car being available in every city of USA too.
The sales increased a lot. In 1914, they exceded the 250 000 vehicles. And in
1913, Ford was installed in Argentina, and mobile conveyor belts of assembly were
developed, which let the production increase really much.
In 1920, half of all the cars in USA were a Ford T. Until then, all Ford cars were
black, because it had a shorter drying time. So, to drive sales, Henry Ford decided to
establish another color: red. And in 1927, the total production of red cars was more tan
15 million, breaking the record.

In 1920, the president of the USA, Woodraw Wilson asked Henry to be the agent
of the Democratic Party, but he awarded this privilege to his son: Edsel Ford.
Finally, Henry and Edsel bought the other shares and the complete property of
the company remained in the family.

Eder Ruiz Moreno

01-VI-2015

NETWORKS
WHAT IS IT?
A social network is a way of communication in
which individuals are interconnected, interact and
can have more than one type of relationship.
Nowadays the analysis of networks has become a
method of studying science. These people may
previously know each other or do it through the
network. Contact through it can lead to a direct
knowledge of the person or even new couples.

TYPES
Social networks are based on links between their members. There are several types of
networks:
Generic social networks. They are the most numerous and well known. The most widespread
in Spain are Facebook, Instagram and Twitter.
Facebook is the generic network most widespread in
the world. It was created in 2004 by Mark Zukerberg for students
of Harvard University in the US. In 2006 it opens to anyone on
the Internet. Registration is free and you dont need a previous
invitation to do it. Its members are connected to each other with
a request and then you generate a list of friends. Through
Facebook you can share photos, videos and documents. It also
has the ability to chat with the added contacts. Facebook is
constantly expanding. In January 2015 it reached 1,390 million users.
Twitter is a social network created in 2006. Its main
characteristic is not allowing the publication of information with more
than 140 characters. Each of the published texts is called tweet. In
order to post in Twitter you have to be registered but not necessary to
read the tweets issued by other users. This social network has created
numerous own terms for its common shares. For example, hashtags,
labels associated symbol pad to identify a subject are quickly.
Instagram is one of the most
successful. You share photos with an
associated text. In January 2015 it was used
by 300 million users.

Professional social networks. Are geared mainly to business and commercial activities. They
allow creating groups to share experiences, involving companies and users who are interested
in work. The best known are LinkedIn, Xing and Viadeo.
LinkedIn is a professional network which
was put into operation in 2003. The contacts have a
working relationship that facilitates the job search. It is
therefore useful to find work to promote themselves
professionally. It is also used to search or share
technical and scientific information. LinkedIn members
are grouped according
to their curriculum.
It allows creation of discussion groups or opinion.
Vertical or thematic social networks. They specialize in the likes
of people who search for specific common interests. The most
common are related to hobbies, professions or search couples.
The most famous are Flickr, Pinterest and YouTube.
One of the most popular is YouTube, a place of free
storage on the network to share, view, comment, search or
download videos. On YouTube there is a large variety of music
videos, movies or TV shows. But it is also a popular service from
Google that allows publishing personal videos easily.

Social networks of relationships are those that help

the users to interact with new people. Membership
lists are becoming among people who were not
previously known. That network includes a search
engine's database of its members, which provides
search the age, location or sexual preference, which
has a greater number of possibilities is Badoo.

DANGERS
The most important problems that can cause
the best-known social networks like Facebook
or Twitter are related to privacy, the use of
communications that can be performed
through them regardless of privacy that must
have each user, one by one.
The other problem is also that there is no control over the content
in such networks. The user, once they upload the content to these
pages, this contents are on the owners hands and you cant do
anything.

CONSECUENCES
Grooming: The strategy of approximation of an adult to get a
child's interest to get some sort of sexual benefit.
Cyberbullying: It's the kind of harassment that a person has on
another through the use of internet or any electronic device which
may have a contact.
Child Abuse: This is abuse of a minor. Download post or look at any sexual content where the
main characters are minors.

MARA FERNNDEZ GODOY

U2
Introduction
U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin. Formed in 1976, the group consists of Bono (vocals and
guitar), The Edge (guitar, keyboards, and vocals), Adam Clayton (bass guitar), and Larry Mullen
Jr. (drums and percussion). U2's early sound was rooted in post-punk but eventually grew to
incorporate influences from many genres of popular music. Throughout the group's musical
pursuits, they have maintained a sound built on melodic instrumentals. Their lyrics, often
embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal themes and sociopolitical concerns.

History
The band formed at Mount Temple Comprehensive School in 1976 when the members were
teenagers with limited musical proficiency. Within four years, they signed with Island Records
and released their debut album Boy. By the mid-1980s, U2 had become a top international act.
They were more successful as a touring act than they were at selling records until their 1987
album The Joshua Tree which, according to Rolling Stone, elevated the band's stature "from
heroes to superstars". Reacting to musical stagnation and criticism of their earnest image and
musical direction in the late-1980s, U2 reinvented themselves with their 1991 album, Achtung
Baby, and the accompanying Zoo TV Tour; they integrated dance, industrial, and alternative
rock influences into their sound, and embraced a more ironic and self-deprecating image. They
embraced similar experimentation for the remainder of the 1990s with varying levels of
success. U2 regained critical and commercial favour in the 2000s with the records All That You
Can't Leave Behind (2000) and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb (2004), which established a
more conventional, mainstream sound for the group. Their U2 360 Tour from 20092011 was
the highest-attended and highest-grossing concert tour in history.
U2 have released 13 studio albums and are one of the world's best-selling music artists of all
time, having sold more than 150 million records worldwide. They have won 22 Grammy
Awards, more than any other band; and, in 2005, were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of
Fame in their first year of eligibility. Rolling Stone ranked U2 at number 22 in its list of the "100
Greatest Artists of All Time", and labelled them the "Biggest Band in the World". Throughout
their career, as a band and as individuals, they have campaigned for human rights and
philanthropic causes, including Amnesty International, the ONE/DATA campaigns, Product Red,
and The Edge's Music Rising.

Influences
The band cites The Who, The Clash, Television, Ramones, The Beatles, Joy Division, Siouxsie
and the Banshees, Elvis Presley, Patti Smith, and Kraftwerk as influences. Van Morrison has
been cited by Bono as an influence and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame points out his influence
on U2. U2 have also worked with and/or had influential relationships with artists including
Johnny Cash, Green Day, Leonard Cohen, Bruce Springsteen, B.B. King, Lou Reed and Luciano
Pavarotti.

Legacy
U2 have sold more than 150 million records as of 2010, placing them among the best-selling
music artists in history. With 51.5 million certified units by the RIAA, U2 rank as the 21sthighest-selling music artist in the US. The group's fifth studio album The Joshua Tree is one of
the best-selling albums in the US (10 million copies shipped) and worldwide (25 million copies
sold). Forbes estimates that U2 earned US$78 million between May 2011 and May 2012,
making them the fourth-highest-paid musical artist. The Sunday Times Rich List 2013 estimated
the group's collective wealth at 632,535,925.
Rolling Stone placed U2 at number 22 on its list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time", while
ranking Bono the 32nd-greatest Singer and The Edge the 38th-greatest guitarist.
U2 received their first Grammy Award in 1988 for The Joshua Tree, and they have won 22 in
total out of 34 nominations, more than any other group. These include Best Rock Duo or
Group, Album of the Year, Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Rock Album. The
British Phonographic Industry has awarded U2 seven BRIT Awards, five of these being for Best
International Group. In Ireland, U2 have won 14 Meteor Awards since the awards began in
2001. Other awards include one AMA, four VMAs, eleven Q Awards, two Juno Awards, three
NME Awards, and two Golden Globe Awards. The band were inducted into the Rock and Roll
Hall of Fame in early 2005. In 2006, all four members of the band received ASCAP awards for
writing the songs, "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For", and "Vertigo".

Band members
-Bono vocals, rhythm guitar, harmnica.

-Adam Clayton bass guitar, vocals.

-The Edge guitar, keyboards, vocals.

-Larry Mullen, Jr. drums, percussion, vocals.

Discography
Boy (1980)

October (1981)

War (1983)

The Joshua Tree (1987)

Achtung Baby (1991)

The Unforgettable Fire (1984)

The rattle and hum (1988)

Zooropa (1993)

Pop (1997)

All That You Can't Leave Behind (2000)

How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb (2004)

Songs of Innocence (2014)

No Line on the Horizon (2009)

The miracle
The Miracle (Of Joey Ramone)" is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the opening track from
their thirteenth studio album, Songs of Innocence, and was released as its lead single. The
song's title refers to American musician Joey Ramone, lead singer of influential punk rock
band, the Ramones.

SECOND WORLD
WAR
1.Introduction
The Second World War was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It
involved the majority of the world's nations including all of the great powers
eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies (France, Great
Britain, Unite States and Urss) and the Axis(japan, Gernmany and Italy).

 It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100
million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major
participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities
behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and
military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the genocide(it
consists on a massive killing of jewish.Germany and the leader of this nation
promote this disaster, and the shelling, it resulted in an estimated 50 million to
85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human
history.

2.Causes
There is no single cause or reason for the political, economic and social
conditions that brought about the Second World War, but a combination
of all of them occurring:
Territorial expansion of the totalitarian nations because of the policies of
appeasement which put into practise the democratic countries.

 The formation of the axis Berlin-Rome-Tokio.

The invasion of Polonia by Germany, this provoked that France and
United Kingdom declaring war to Germany.

3.Development of the conflict

The development of that war consists of two stages:
The first stage (1939-1942): Germany occupied Denmark, Norway, Netherlands,
Belgium and France but the German army lost a battle against Unite Kingdom.
From Europe the war the war spread to other territories. The Japanese
bombardment to Pearl Harbour's naval base provoked that United States
entered the conflict.

Second stage (1942-1945): from this stage the countries of the axis were losing
territories until the landing of Normandy in 1944 , which produced the total
freeing of western Europe. The nazist army defeated in 1945 and Japan

conquered in 1945 too after the launch of two atomic bombs.

4.Consequences
Demographic: more than 50 million people died.

United State and Sovietic Union were raised as superpowers.
Territorial: Germany lost some of its territorys and was occuped by the
winners of the war.

Economic: Europe was in crysis and destroyed after this conflict.