CHAPTER 5 CYLINDRICAL WAVE FUNCTIONS 5-1, The Wave Functions. Problems having boundaries which eoin- cide with eylindrieal coordinate surfaces are usually solved in evlindseal coordinates! Wo shall usually orient the eylindreal coordinave syste as shown in Fig 6-1. We firt consider eolutions to the scaler Hescinace equation. Once we have these sealar wave functions, we ean concn electromagnetic fields according to Eqs. (391) The scalar Helmholtz equation in cylindrical coordinates is 1a (,0) 104, ay 5 Fae) + aes ey o 1) which is Eq. (2-7) with the Laplacian expressed in eylindrical coord. nates. Following the method of separation of variables, we seck to heed solutions of the form ¥ = RW)*O)Z@) (2) Substitution of Eq. (6-2) into Eq. (5-1) and division by y yields 1d ) 1a az oR do\? do) * pag * Zan t B= 0 ‘The third term is explicitly independent of p and 4. Tt must also be independent of «if the equation isto sum to zero forall», , 2 Hence lez 4, : 33 -y 3) where kis constant. Substitution of this into the preceding equation and multiplication by o* gives aR) 410% | as pn BCs) + aaa © ~ hae Now the second term is independent of p and e, and the other terms are "The term “oylndrical” is often wed in more general sense to include epindere of asbitary cro section, We ae at pesat uing the lr to ne See crlndrcl 198CYLINDRICAL WAVE FUNCTIONS 199 independent of g. Hence, 10 sag" 4) where n is a constant. The pre- ceding equation then becomes aR Pap )- m+ (8 = aot Rap 5) ¥ Fro. 5-1. Cylindrical coordinates. which is an equation in p only. ‘The wave equation is now separated. To summarize, define k, as bith =e (6-6) and write the separated equations [Eqs. (5-3), (5-4), and (5-5)] as 0 (692) + (cat — mie = 0 fo ape A Tt ne = 0 7 #2 4 az = Ga thiz 0 ‘The @ and Z equations are harmonic equations, giving rise to harmonic funetions. These we denote, in general, by h(ng) and A(kz). The R equation is Bessel’s equation of order n, solutions of which we shall denote in general by B,(E,p).! Commonly used solutions to Bescel’s equation are Ballsp) ~ Talhep), Nalhyp), Ha (hsp), Ha (hyp) 68) where Ja(kyp) is the Bessel function of the first kind, Na(kyp) is the Bessel function of the second kind, H,((k,p) is the Hankel function of the first kind, and H,‘°(k,p) is the Hankel function of the second kind, ‘These functions are considered in some detail in Appendix D, and we shall discuss them later in this section. Any two of the functions of Eq. (6-8) are linearly independent solutions; so B,(,») is, in general, a linear combination of any two of them. According to Eq. (5-2), we can now form solutions to the Helmholts equation as Balyp)h(nd)h(z) 6-9) + Ie in more urual to denote solutions to Besees ‘avoid confusion with our Z(2) function and wit Vipin equation by Z4(kye), but we wish to impedances200 ‘TIME-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS where k, and k, are interrelated by Eq. (5-6). We call these y elementary wave functions, Linear combinations of the elementary wave functions are also solu- tions to the Helmholtz equation. We can sum over possible values (eigenvalues) of n and k,, or of n and k, (but not over k, and k, for they are interrelated). For example, ¥= SS Costaynas = DP cas.Balhrodh(n sacha) (6-10) where the Cas, are constants, is a solution to the Helmholtz equation. ‘We can also integrate over the separation constants, although 7 is usu- ally discrete (this is discussed below). We shall, however, have occasion to integrate over either k, or ks. ‘Thus, possible solutions to the Helm- holtz equation are ¥= Df, Lb rBalhseyh(ne)A (ba) dk, 1) V=D fi, onlkeBalheodhng)W(h) dy 6-12) where the integrations are over any contour in the complex plane and Sulks) and ga(k,) are functions to be determined from boundary condi- tions. We shall use Bq. (5-11) to construct Fourier integrals, as we did in Chap. 4. Equation (5-12) is used to construct Fourier-Bessel integrals. We discussed the interpretation of the harmonic functions in Sec. 4-1, ‘summary being given in Table 4-1. ‘The 2 coordinate of the cylindrical coordinate system is also one of the rectangular coordinates; s0 the same considerations that dictated the choico of (kz) in Chap. 4 apply at present. ‘The ¢ coordinate is an angle coordinate and, as such, places restrictions on the choice of h(ng) and n. For example, if we desire the field in cylindrical region containing all $ from 0 to 2r, it is necessary that ¥(¢) = ¥(¢ + 2) if y is to be single-valued. ‘This means that ‘h(ng) must be periodic in 4, in which case n must be an integer. In most cases, we choose sin (nd) or cos (n) oF a linear combination of the ‘two, although in some cases the exponentials o** and ~™ are more descriptive, or easier to deal with analytically. ‘Thus, the n summations of Eqs. (5-10) to (6-12) are usually Fourier series on 4. Now, consider the various solutions to Bessel’s equation. Graphs of the lower-order Bessel functions are given in Appendix D. We note that only the Ja(k,p) functions are nonsingular at p= 0. Hence, if a field is to be finite at p = 0, the B.(kye) must be Ja(k,p), and the elementary201 CYLINDRICAL WAVE FUNCTIONS ‘wave functions are of the form Yanna = Talkyp)eintem* — p = Oincluded 13) We have written the harmonie functions in exponential form, which is stil general since sines and cosines are linear combinations of them. Note from Eq, (6-6) that ky = + Vi = > is indeterminate with respect to sign. Our convention will be to choose the root whose real part is positive, that is, Re (f,) > 0! Now consider the asymptotic Pxpressions for the various solutions to Bessel’s equation [Higs, (D-11) and (D-13)]. Note that H,'(&,p) are the only solutions which vanish for large p if ky is complex. They represent. outward-traveling waves if isteal, Therefore, if there are no sources at infinity, the By(k,p) must be H.(kyp) if p— © is to be included. Hence, the elementary wave funetions become Yapnas = Ha@Mkpeeteme p> eo included (6-14) Other choices of cylinder functions are convenient in certain cases, a8 we shall see when we apply them. Tnsight into the behavior of solutions to Bessel’s equation can be gained by noting their similarities to harmonic funetions. Tt is evident from the faymptotic formulas of Appendix D that, except for an attenuation of 1/r/kp, the following qualitative analogies can be made: Talk) analogous to cos kp Na(ke) analogous to sin kp HO (kp) analogous to 0 18) HO (Kp) analogous to e-** For example, J and N, exhibit oscillatory behavior for real k, as do the sinusoidal functions. Hence, these solutions represent cylindrical stand~ ing waves, ‘The #1, and H,? functions represent traveling, waves for real, as do the exponential functions. ‘They therefore represent cylin- drical traveling waves, H,0? representing inward-traveling waves and 4. representing outward-traveling waves.* If kis complex, the travel- ing waves are attenuated or augmented in the direction of travel (in addition to the 1/>/fp factor). When k is imaginary (k = —ja), itis Conventional to use the modified Bessel functions 1, and K, defined by (ie) HL —Fa0) Islan) = iJ Kites) =} (16) 1 It ky is imaginary, choose the oot according tothe limit Im (k) -» 0. Thad direction of wave travel is consequence of our choice of ef time variation it we hed initially chosen then our interpretation of Ha and 2 would be reversed.202 TIMB-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ‘These are real when ap is real. From their asymptotic behavior, Eqs. (D-19), it is evident that we have the qualitative analogies Ts(ap) analogous to er? K,(ap) analogous to 17) From these it is apparent that the modified Bessel functions are used to Tepresent evanescent-type fields. That the various analogies of Eqs. (6-15) and (5-17) exist is no coincidence. Both Bessel’s equation and ‘the harmonic equation are specializations of the wave equation. In the case of waves on water, a dropped stone would give rise to “Bessel fune- tion” waves, while the wind gives rise to “harmonic function” waves. Table 5-1 summarizes the properties of solutions to Bessel’s equation, Our understanding of the physical interpretation, given in the last col- umn, will increase as we apply the various functions to specifie problems. When k = 0, we have the degenerate Bessel functions Bu(0p) ~1, log » Bu(Op) ~p%, 9" m8 0 Note that these are essentially the small-argument expressions for Ja and N.. To express an electromagnetic field in terms of the wave functions Y, the method of Sec. 3-12 can be used. 'The unit z-coordinate vector is & constant vector; so we can obtain a field TM to z by letting A = up and expanding Eqs. (3-85) in eylindrieal coordinates. The result (18) which are suficionty general to express any TM (no H,) field existing in a homogeneous source-fee region. Similarly, we ean obtain a field ‘TE to by letting F = uy and expanding Eqs. (@-88) in eylindrieal coord nates. The result is Loy ~ poeub Soon tapare eno —aasons] S21 = 4) Nonvadg ec1mseag 02 sNoLLnI0g £0 saLssoNg “1-9 SHV204 TIME-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ‘which are sufficiently general to express any TE (no Ef) field existing in homogeneous source-free region. An arbitrary field (one having both an E, and an HZ) can be expressed as a superposition of Eqs. (6-18) and 19). 5-2, The Circular Waveguide. ‘The propagation of waves in a hollow conducting tube of circular cross section, called the circular waveguide, provides a good illustration of the use of oylindrieal wave functions Qualitatively, the phenomenon is similar to wave propagation in the rectangular waveguide, considered in Sec. 4-3. The coordinates to be used are shown in Fig. 5-2. For modes TM to z, we may express the field in terms of an A having only a z component y. The field is finite at = 0; s0 the wave fune- tions must be of the form of Eqs. (5-13). It is conventional to express the ¢ variation by sinusoidal functions; hence sin ng cos ng ¥ = Salle) { } om (6-20) is the desired form of the mode functions. Either sin n¢ or cos ng may be chosen; so we have a mode degeneracy except for the cases n = 0. ‘The TM field is found from Eqs. (5-18) applied to the above y. In particular, BajW— hw which must vanish at the conducting walls p = a, Hence, we must have Jala) = 0 21) from which eigenvalues for k, may be determined. ‘The functions Ja(z) are shown in Fig. D-1. Note that for each n there are a denumerably infinite number of zeros. These are ordered and designated by typ, the Fio, 5:2. The circular waveguide.CYLINDRICAL WAVE FUNCTIONS 205 ‘Tanux 5:2, ORDERED ZEROS zap OF Jal2) 1 2 2.405 | s.a2 | 5.198 | 6.380 | 7.588 | sz 5.520 | 7.016 | 8.417 | 9.761 | 11.065 | 12.330 8.654 | 10.173 | 11-620 | 3.015 | 14.372 utea | ra.a2 | 14.706 first subscript referring to the order of the Bessel function and the second to the order of the zero. The lower order tap are tabulated in Table 5-2. Equation (6-21) is now satisfied if we choose 4, = Be (6-22) Substituting this into Eq. (6-20), we have the TM,, mode functions vost = Ju (fut) (Bang (623) where n= 0, 1,2, «and p = 1, 2,3, «The electromagnetic field is then determined from Eqs. (5-18) with the ebove y. The mode phase constant k, is determined according to Eq. (5-6), that is, @y +hea 24) Subscripts np on the hy are eometimes used to indicate explicitly that it rr Mores TW tos are expressed in torms ofan ¥ having only a compo- nent. This wave function must be ofthe form of a. (6-20), vith the field Jtermined by qe. (510). The Zp component is 9/4, which ust Manish at p ~ oj hence the condition Ika) = 0 (5-25) i i == are oscillatory functions. (For example, J; = —Ji.), The J;(z) have a denumerably infinite number of zeros, which we order as z,,. (The —,—rti—“—O—O_O_r—sSsS ka themed propegatn and if -< hthe modes ato, Lating Se anette rece Ina Vn Alternatively, setting k, = 2r/2,, we obtain the cutoff wavelengths agam=2t agus = Bt 6a Thus th ea equi ate poportinal othe aft TM made, iy thew fhe TBimodes Retin fo Tal 8 and 8; note that the zeros in ascending order of magnitude are xj), 20, 241, 211, and zj;, etc. Hence, the modes in order of ascending cutoff frequencies are TEn, TMa, TEx, TMu, and TEo: (a degeneracy), ete. Circular waveguides are used in applications where rotational sym- matey b nell "The dominant TB nede™ actly pa Utzon noes on sand cso vaiatin), hse Ui etueeyCYLINDRICAL WAVE FUNCTIONS 207 ip @ TE © TM (9 TEx © range for single-mode propagation. (Recall tht single-mode operation over a 2:1 frequency range is possible in the rectangular waveguide.) Note that, except for the degeneracies between TEs, and TM, modes, ‘TE and TM modes have different cutoff frequencies and henee different propagation constants. ‘The modes of the circular waveguide have Zdirected wave impedances of the same form as we found in the ree- tangular waveguide. For example, in a TE mode, z (632) which is the same as Eq, (4-27). The behavior of the Z's is therefore the same as in the rectangular waveguide, which is plotted in Fig. 4-3. ‘Attenuation of waves in circular waveguides due to conduetion losses in the walls is given in Prob. 5-9. Modal expansions in circular waveguides can be obtained by the gencral treatment of Sec. 8-2 "The mode patterns for some of the lower-order modes are shown in Fig. 5-3. These can be determined in the usual manner (find & and 3¢, ‘and specialize to some instant of time). Field lines ending in the cross- sectional plane loop down the guide, in the same manner as they did in the rectangular waveguide. Solutions for cylindrical waveguides of other cross sections also can be expressed in terms of elementary cylindrical wave functions. Repre- sentative cross sections are shown in Fig. 5-4. Note that all of these‘TIMB-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS COC JZ \ @ ° o Fria, 64, Some waveguide cross sections for which the mode functions are elementary wave functions.” (a) Coaxial; (®) coaxial with bale; (e) circular with baie; (d) semi- clrvular; (=) wedge; () sectoral are formed by conductors covering complete p = constant and $ = con- stant coordinate surfaces. Wave functions for the guides of Fig, 5-4 are given in Probs. 5-5 to 5-7. 5-3, Radial Waveguides. In the circular waveguide we have plane waves, that is, the equiphase surfaces are parallel planes. Wave func- tions of the form ¥ = Balksp)i adore with Ba(b,s) and A(ka) real, have equiphase surfaces which are inter- secting planes (the # = constant surfaces). Such waves travel in the circumferential direstion, and we shall call them circulating waves. Examples are given in Prob. 6-10. Finally, we might have wave func- tions of the form Ha (kyp) He) Y= Wkz)(nd) { with h(E,2) and h(ng) real. ‘These waves have cylindrical equiphase sur- faces (p = constant), and travel in the radial direction. We shall call ‘them radial waves. ‘In this section some simple waveguides capable of guiding radial waves will be considered. Radial waves can be supported by parallel conducting plates. Depend- "These are true cylindrical waves ax defined in See. 2-1, but we are using the term “eylindrieal wave funetion”” to mean ‘“a wave function in the cylindrical coordinate system,” regardless of ite equiphase surfacesCYLINDRICAL WAVE FUNCTIONS o o Fo, 5:5, Radial waveguides, (a) Parallel plate; (6) wedge; (2) horn. ing upon the excitation, waves between the plates may be either plane or radial, When the waves are of the radial type, we call the guiding plates fs parallel-plate radial waveguide. Figure 5-5a shows the coordinate sys- tem we shall use, ‘The TM wave funetions satisfying the boundary con- diions Ey = By= Oate=Oands = aare pew 00s (™ Hb) You = 603(™ 2) con no wea 6 where m= 0, 1,2, - jand n= 0, 1,2, yand, by Bq, (6-6), k, Je - @y 3) ‘The electromagnetic field is given by Eqs. (6-18) with the above y. The ‘TE wave funetions satisfying the boundary conditions are 7+ w sin (2) cosng (2H) 5 applies, The electromagnetic field for the TE modes is found from Eqs. (6-19) with the above y. In both the TM and TE eases, the 4(kye) represent inward-traveling waves (toward the z axis), and the H4‘(yp) represent outward-traveling waves. For a complete set of modes, those with sin n@ variation must also be included. Radial waves are characterized by a phase constant which isa function of radial distance. Following the general definition of Sec. 2-11, we have the phase constants for the above y’s given by OT sagt Nalkes) ale Tes | 2 : (5-36) x0 Tago) + Nag)210 ‘TIEE-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS Using asymptotic formulas for the Bessel functions, we find that for real ky 637) Boat be ‘This is to be expected, because at large radii the waves should be similar to plane waves on the parallel-plate guide. Note that the phase constant of Eq. (6-86) is that of the mode function and not that for the field ‘Components of E and H transverse to p are not generally in phase. They become in phase at large radii Each mode of the radial waveguide is also characterized by # single radially directed wave impedance. Using Eqs. (5-83) and (5-18), we find for outward-traveling TM modes By _ hy Habe) Ba = — HA, = joe Heo) (6-38) while for inward-traveling TM modes Ba be HO) Hy ~~ joe Ha (bye) Note that for real k, we have Z_,™ = Z,,™*, Similarly, for TE modes we find zm 5-39) By jon He" eo) Hebe HG) _ Be _ -jon Ha" (hyp) A, k, He (E,p) where the fret equation applies to outward-traveling waves and the fecond equation to inward-taveling waves. Note that the TE. wave fmittances are dual to the TM wave impedances, Tt is aon from Eq, (534) that bs imaginary if e/a > k. In this cam, let by = Je, ud Zz. (6-40) Zee Hy(—ja) = 25 Kala) where K, is the modified Bessel funetion (see Appendix D). ‘The mode functions are now everywhere in phase, and there is no wave propagation. ‘The radial wave impedances become imaginary, indicating no power flow. For example, from Eq. (5-38), if ky = —Ja, (—jap) _ ja Knap) 2a = Foe HeO= jap) ~ 0 Klan) which are always capacitively reactive, since K, is positive and Ky is negative. Hence, whenever a <}/2, the modes m > 0 are nonpropa- gating (evanescent). For small a, only the TM, modes propagate, forCYLINDRICAL WAVE FUNCTIONS aun which Eq. (5-33) reduces to ono (75009) on ae (ko) From Eqs. (38) and (6-39) we have the wave impedances for these modes given by et jp Hab) a Hee) seek lee ~ Mabe + Nato icen]} 648) ‘A consideration of the behavior of the Bessel functions (Figs. D-t and BS) eeete that for arguments kp » and predomi- srvecetive whem kp /2 one might argue that the TEy. mode is dominant at small radii.) 6-4. The Circular Cavity. If a section of circular waveguide is closed by conductors over two cross sec- tions, we have a resonator known as the cireular cavity. This is shown in Fig. 5-7. It is a simple matter to modify the circular waveguide mode functions to satisfy the addi- ‘Fro. 6-7. The cireular cavity. ks) co218 ‘TIME-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS tional boundary conditions of zero tangential E at «= 0 and z= d. ‘The result is a set of modes TM to z, specified by ow tayo) [sin 26 509 (2, - mar (at)(Sinae(Gs) eso where n= 0, 1, 2,...;p=1,2,3,... ;and g=0,1,2,... ‘The field is given by Eqs. (5-18). The set of modes TE to 2 is specified by | ih, = Ju (Eat) (224) sin (2) (654) where n =0,1,2,... jp=1,2,3,...59=1,2,3,... jand the field is given by Eqs. (5-19). ‘The separation constant equation [Eq. (6-6)] becomes (2) +(9)-« ()+(@)-« for the TM and TE modes, respectively. Setting k = 2xf Vex, we can solve for the resonant frequencies mn Ne + & eg fant (8) tava VO + Va Each n except n = O denotes a pair of degenerate modes (cos ng or sin ng variation), ‘The tay and x, are given in Tables 5-2 and 5-3. The reso- nant frequencies for various ratios of d/a are tabulated in Table 5-4 Hite = (6-55) fi) dace Cavity oF Rantus a AnD Lenora Tanux 64, Pm on sue Cincvnan Cy Ra Laxorn @ ‘TMou | TEm TE Beeuas®215 (CYLINDRICAL WAVE FUNCTIONS Fro, §8. Mode pattern for the TMuie mode (dominant when d/a <2) Note that for d/a <2 the TMow mode is dominant, while for d/a > 2 the TE. mode is dominant, If d/a <1, the second resonance is 1.59 times the first resonant frequency. Note that this is very similar to the square-base rectangular cavity of small height (the mode separation is 1.58 in that case). “The TMew mode corresponds to the first resonance of a short-circuited radial transimission line. ‘The field pattern of this mode, which is domi- ant for small d, is shown in Fig. 6-8. ‘The TEm mode corresponds to the first resonance of a short-circuited cireular/waveguide operating in the TE mode, Its mode pattern is thus that of a standing wave in @ Creular waveguide, similar to Fig. 5-3a. ‘The case d/a—> « corresponds to that of a two-dimensional circular resonator, for which the resonant frequencies are the cutoff frequencies of the circular waveguide. The last row of Table 5-4 therefore is also the cutoff frequeney spectrum of the circular waveguide. ‘The ’s of the circular cavity are also of interest, especially the @ of the TMoe mode (dominant for small d). From Eqs. (6-53) and (5-18) ‘we determine the field components of the mode as EG) Following the procedure of Sec. 2-8, we calculate the stored energy: in the cavity as216 TIME-MARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS This is a known integral,! the result being ww = EEF HG20) ‘The power dispated inthe conducting wali approsinataly v= agpinras =o} fern +2 oC] where @ is the intrinsic wave resistance of the metal walls, ‘The above integral is again known,’ and we obtain = 0 (22) aeald + 04.0) (657) ‘The Q of the cavity is therefore kK da* Om By Roatan Fa) Recalling that the condition for resonance is ka = zy = 2.405, we can simplify this to 1.2029 Om aa + afd) io) where 9 is the intrinsic impedance of the dielectric. This ean be eom- pared to the @ of a square-base rectangular eavity (Eq. (2-102)), Tt is seen that, forthe same height-to-diameter ratio, the cirular eavity has an 8.3 per cent higher Q than the rectangular cavity. This is to be expected, since the volume-to-area ratio is higher for a circular eylinder than for a square eylinder. ‘The 8 for the other modes of the eireular cavity are given in Prob. 5-16. 5-5. Other Guided Waves. The geometries of some other cylindrical systems capable of supporting guided waves are shown in Figs, 59 and 5-10. We treated the analogous plane-wave systems in Chap. 4. The methods of solution for the systems of Figs. §-0 and 5-10, as well as their qualitative behavior, are similar to those of Chap. 4. For the partialy filled radial waveguide of Fig. 50a, we can obtain fields TM to z which satisfy the conditions E, = E, = 0 at z = 0 and 2 = aby choosing Ws = C1008 kine cos nd Hai (hyp) ¥s = Cros [kya(a — 2)] cos ng Hy'(kyp) 1B, Jahnke and F. Emde, "Tables of Functions,” p. 146, Dover Publications, New York, 1948 (reprint). (6-59)(CYLINDRICAL WAVE FUNCTIONS 27 THLE. Uisldldlddllld ws ; Pio. 5-9. Some radial waveguides. (a) Partially filled; (6) dielectric slab; (6) coated conductor; (2) corrugated conductor. where n = 0,1, 2,.... The subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the regions 2 d, respectively. We have anticipated that the p and ¢ variations must be the same in both regions to satisfy boundary eon- ditions at z = d. Equations (5-59) represent outward-traveling waves, Inward-traveling waves would be of the same form but with H,® replaced by H.®. The F's in each region must, of course, satisfy the separation relationships (5-60) ‘The field vectors themselves are obtained from Eqs. (5-18), using the ¥/s of Eqs. (5-59). ‘To evaluate the C’s and k,, we must satisty the conditions that By, Bs, H,, and H, be continuous at z= d. For E, we have tom tandem Se) = which reduces to kala — d) (6-61) fen ain bd = kn For E, we have See .a8 rwp-anwoste RuRcrROMAGNEIC MELO8 which also reduces to Eq. (5-61). For H, we have ipa Hn — Habe =* 12 -yy] = ’ RZ u-vw]_-0 which reduces to C008 bud = Cr 008 hala — a) Finally, for HY we have We — Hees vl, which again reduces to Bq. (5-62). n of Bq, (561) by Bq. (5-62) yields Be tam kad = — tam thao — a) The ky and k,s are func is a transcendental equation for determining possible k,’ evaluated, the ratio Cy/C, may be obtained from either 1g. (561) oF Eq. (5-62). For fields TE to 2 we can satisfy the condition B, = Ey = Oate =a by choosing ¥i = Cr sin kne 008 ng Hal(kap) vs = Crsin kala — 2) 008 ng Hai (F,o) a where n= 0,1, 2, .. . ;and Eqs. (5-60) must again be satisfied. The field components are found from these y's by Eqs. (5-19). Matching tangential components of E and Hat z = d yields ka ka Fi cot kad = — [cot [hala ~ a] (6-65) 1s the equation for determining k, for TE modes. It is interesting to note that the characteristic equations for the partially filled radial wave- guide (Eqs. (6-63) and (5-65)] are of the same form as those for the Partially filled rectangular waveguide {Eqs. (4-45) and (4-47)]. This we could have anticipated, since at large p the Hankel functions reduce to plane waves, as shown by Eqs. (D-13). The modes of the partially filled radial guide can be ordered in the same manner as were the modes of the partially filled rectangular wave- guide. The dominant mode is the lowest-order TM mode (logically designated the TMso mode). It reduces to the radial transmission-line mode in the empty guide and has no cutoff frequency. For a it can be analyzed by conventional transmission-line concepts. It should be apparent from our treatment of the waveguide of Fig. 5-00 that the characteristic equations for the radial waveguides of Fig. 5-96, ¢,CYLINDRICAL WAVE FUNCTIONS 219 and d will be of the same form as those for the plane waveguides of Figs. 10, 4-13, and 4-15. We need only to replace the k's by k,’s. Hence, for the dielectric-slab radial waveguide of Fig. 5-96, the characteristic equations are 73 ee (5-66) a2 — M4 cot 1 oo for modes TM to z, and pave ue 6-1) for modes TE to z. The u and v are related to k, by ut kt = ket = o%eana (6-68) mut + ky} = ke = oteate Possible solutions to these equations ean be obtained graphically by the method of Fig. 4-11, Just as in the plane-wave ease, the lowest TE and "TM modes have no cutoff frequencies. ‘The cutoff frequencies of the odes in general are given by Eq. (4-63) "The modes of the coated-conductor radial waveguide of Fig. 5.9¢ are those of the slab waveguide having B, = Ey = 0 over the mid-plane of the slab, ‘The dominant mode is the lowest TM mode, which has no cutoff frequency. The cutoff frequencies of the modes in general are given by Bq. (£64). Finally, for the corrugated-conductor radial line of Fig. 6-84, the characteristic equation for the dominant mode is ky = ko VIF tan hed (5-69) ‘This is analogous to Eq, (4-71) in the plane-wave case. ‘The circular waveguide systems of Fig. 5-10 are interesting, because, except for rotationally symmetric fields, the modes are neither TE nor "TM to any cylindrical coordinate. ‘The systems of Fig. 5-10a, b, and ¢ have the common property that they are “two-dielectric”” problems. We can consider them all at once, as follows. Let region 1 be the inner dielectric cylinder in each case and region 2 the outer one. We then choose electric and magnetic y's a8 Yr = ABA bp) 008 ng a Ye! = BB. kyp) sin ng oD in region 1,and yt = CB,r*(byap) cos ng cA on) vt = DBA(k ap) sin ng‘TIME-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS Fra. 5:10. Some circular waveguides. (a) Partially filled; (®) dielectric slab; (©) coated conductor; (d) corrugated conductor. in region 2. The y™ determine partial fields according to Eqs. (5-18) ‘and the y* determine partial fields according to Eqs. (5-19). The total field is the sum of the two partial fields in each region. ‘The Ba(k,p) denote appropriate solutions to Bessel’s equation of order n, chosen so a8 to satisfy all boundary conditions except those at the interface p = a. In each region the y’s must satisfy the separation relationships Kyat + ht = ky = wean Kyat +k? = kit = where ‘The requirements that H., E,, Hs, and By be continuous at p = a lead to ek, PAB" (kya) = erkys*CBa*(k,0) Ak BBa"(Eyxa) = wik,s"DBy(k 2) Bkn Din Aly:By™ (kya) + 2 B.o0(sa) = ChkysBan™ (kyxa) + PE Casa) + OE Beha) = ChyaBur™ (kya) + DER AES B00) + Bh Ba” ea) = 2 Bao (ky) + DhysBat (0) ead waa But (ky20) ‘These equations have a nontrivial solution only if the determinant of themuanomteat, wave, FONCTION coufcients of A, B, C, and D vanishes. Hence, defining, Py = Ba™(kps@) Fy = By\(kna) Pia Bre(hoa) Pe = BoA) a) ‘The characteristic equation in determinantal form is ok’F: 0 akg 0 0 paket: 0 aakystFe mr Pr aa M0 7) one me kn ken rah Bry kak aah Far gh Mi | When n = 0, the field separates into modes TE and TM to z, and the characteristic equation is much simpler. It is kyPiF, — kakiPs = 0 (6-78) for TM modes (n = 0), and kysPaF — kaPiFs = 0 (76) for TE modes (n = 0). ‘We must now pick the proper F functions for the various cases. For the partially filled circular waveguide (Fig. 5-10a), the field must be finite at p = 0; hence = Fi = Jak) 77) ‘To satisfy E, = 0 at p = b, we choose Py = Sulkysa)N (Koad) — Nalkysa)J (esd) (678) Furthermore, to satisfy B, = 0 at p = b, we choose Pe = Talkysa)Ni(Eyab) — Nala) (bead) 6-79) ‘The dominant mode is the lowest-order n = 1 mode, which reduces to the ‘TE, mode of the empty guide. A solution for the f, of this dominant mode is plotted in Fig, 5-11 for the case « = 100, 2 = ¢o #1 = Ha = Hoy b= 04d. For the dielectric-rod waveguide (Fig. 5-100), the field must again bbe finite at p = 0; so Eqs. (5-77) still apply. However, external to the rod, the ficld must decay exponentially above the cutoff frequency and represent outward-traveling waves below the cutoff frequency. Hence, we choose Py = Pe = Kalibersa) = (— DHA 0) (6-80) Once again, the dominant mode is the lowest n = 1 mode, and its cutoff‘TIME-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS @ 0204 ~~06 ~~ «08~—«1 o/b Fro, 6-11. Phase constant for the partially filed circular waveguide, «1 = 10ey b= 04%. (After I. Seids.) frequency is zero. Some solutions for the k, of the dominant mode are shown in Fig. 5-12 for the case «= ¢ and #1 = 2 = ne Note that ky < ky < kx, which is the came relationship that applies to the dielectrio- slab guide of Sec. 4-7. For the coated conductor of Fig. 5-10c we must again have exponential decay of the field as p—> ©; so Eqs. (5-80) still apply. However, to +8, A. Schelkunof, “Electromagnetic Waves,” pp. 425-428, D, Van Nostrand Company, Inc, Princeton, N.J., 104 02 04 +~«06~=~=(O8S«1 ape Fro, 6:12, Phase constant for the eirolar dielectric rod. (After M. C.CYLINDRICAL WAVE FUNCTIONS satisfy the condition B, = 0 at p = b, we should choose Py = Talhpia) Na(kb) — Na(lna)Ia(knb) 681) and, to satisfy Ey = Oat = Py = Salle) Ny (Rab) — Nana) Fo(Fosb) (6-82) For this guide the dominant mode is the lowest n = 0 TM mode, which hes no eutoff frequency. (Compare it, with the dominant mode of the plane coated conductor of Sec. 4-8.) Copper wire with an enamel coat- ing ean be used as an efficient: waveguide for some applications.! ‘Finally, the corrugated wire of Fig, §-10d can be analyzed in s manner similar to that used for the corrugated plane (Fig. 4-15). ‘The field exter- thal to the corrugated wire will be essentially the dominant TM (n = 0) mode of the coated wire. The field in the corrugations will be essentially that of the shorted parallel-plate radial transmission line. ‘The eharac- teristic equation is obtained by matching wave impedances at the corra~ gated surface. As the radius of the corrugated cylinder becomes large, the solution approaches that for the corrugated plane. ‘6-6. Sources of Cylindrical Waves. In this section we shall consider ‘two-dimensional courcos of cylindrical waves, that is, sources independent of the z coordinate, ‘The extension to three dimensions can be effected by a Fourier transformation with respect to 2 (see See. 5-11). ‘Suppose we have an infinitely long filament of constant a-c current slong the z axis, as shown in Fig. 5-13a, From the theory of See. 2-9, ficld to be ‘TM to 2, expressible in terms of an A ¥ should be independent we should expect the having only a2 component y. From symmetry, 1G, Goubsu, Surface-wave ‘Transmission Lines, Proc. IRE, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 619- 624, June, 1951, ° ® Fro, 13, An infinite filament of constant a-e current (a) slong the # axis and () dir placed parallel to224 ‘TIMP-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS of @ and 2, To represent outward-traveling waves, we choose As = 0 = CHo®(kp) where C is a constant to be determined according to lim f Hondo = Evaluating H = vx A, we find a ine we? pre a The preceding equation then yields I ong Z iyo 5 Hence, ve 5 Ho (kp) (5-83) is the desired solution. The line current is the elemental two-dimen- sional source, just as the current element (See. 2-9) is the elemental three- gtromagnetie field is obtained from Eqs. (5-18), using the ¥ of 3). The result is HOU) SH m2") 8 Thus, lines of elecizie intensity run parallel to the current, and lines of ‘magnetic intensity encircle it. Equiphase surfaces are eylinders, but E and H are not in general in phase, However, at large distances we have anu fem re pr (5-85) HT Narkp © which is essentially an outward-traveling plane wave. The amplitude of the wave decreases as p~¥, in contrast to the x! variation in the three- dimensional case. ‘The outward-directed complex power crossing a cylin- der of unit length and radius p is Pym Pex nteds = — f." Btttods = Gp IRUIPH ale) LEo™"Cho)}* (6-86) ‘The real part of this is the time-average power flow 0, which, by virtueCYLINDRICAL WAVE FUNCTIONS of the Wronskian (Eq. (D-17)], reduces to 5, = nee = Eur wen pendent of the distance rot the Hence, the time-average power is inde d be more simply obtained from source, as we should expect. It could Eqs. (5-85). If the current filament is not along the # axi extend Eq. (5-83) by replacing p by the distance field point. In radius vector notation, we specify the field point by js but parallel to it, we ean from the current to the esus toy ‘and the source point (current filament) by of ut! + uy ‘ource point to the field as shown in Fig, 5-185, ‘The distance from the point is then le-el- Ve-eP + u-vP = VF + oF = Dp cos (6 = #) red at p by writing A,(e) and that I is We emphasize that A, is evalu ‘We ean now generalize Eq. (5-83) to read located at p’ by writing I(o') el) 88) Ade) = MD srs “This is our free-space Green's function for two-dimensional fields. ‘The solution for two or more filaments of 2~directed curret represented by a summation of the A,’sfrom each current element. Sup- pose wwe have two filaments of equal magnitude but opposite phase, as Fepresented by Fig. 5-I4a, As the separation s—» 0 and the magnitude [> w such that Zs remains constant, we have a two-dimensional dipole ean be y| y| i — jest x ¥ © (@) Dipole source; () quadrupole source. Fro, 14, Sources of higher-order waves,226 TIME-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS source, Note that A, at a point (2,y) due to a current filament at (x',0) js the same as A, at (z — 2',y) due toa current filament at (0,0). Hence, for Fig. 5-14a, the vector potential is An(s ju) = an(e+ $9) where A,! is that due to a single current filament at the origin [Eq (5-83)]. In the limit s— 0 the above equation becomes A, ‘The differentiation yields KIS ay c(h) cos 5 Ae = Gy Hike) c08 6 (5-89) ‘Thus, the vector potential of a dipole line source is a cylindrical wave funetion of order n = 1 For the quadrupole source of Fig, 5-14 we have, to that above, reasoning similar oA! % Asp is: PAR = 5, 2A BO ae ay ay where A,(® is the veetor potential of the dipole source, given by Eq. (5-89). Henee, T8382 9147 e>(h9) cos A By We) 08 4] : RL0485 94 0p) sin 2 a which reduces to Ay = E* 115'(kp) sin 26 (5-90) ‘Thus, the veetor potential of a quadrupole line source is a wave funetion of order n = 2 This procedure ean be continued to obtain sources for the higher-order wave functions. It ean be shown (Prob. 5-29) that, when A, is a wave funetion of order m, a possible source consists of 2n current filaments equispaced on an infinitesimal cylinder. We shall call such a source a multipole source of order n._ ‘The dual analysis applies to the case of mag netic current filaments, It is merely necessary to replace I by K and A by F in the various vector-potential formulas of this section. For example, from Eq. (5-88), the electric vector potential at » due to a magnetic current filament at p” is Pe) = 42 nore — od) 91) Using both electric and magnetic multipoles, we can generate an arbi- trary source-free field in homogeneous space (p > 0).CYLINDRICAL WAVE FUNCTIONS 207 z Fro, 6:18, A eslinder of uniform current ‘The ficld due to a eylinder of currents ean be obtained quite simply by treating the problem as a boundary-value problem. We shall consider here only a eylinder of uniform z-directed surface current. (The general case is considered in Prab. 5-30.) The geometry of the problem is illus trated by Fig. 5-15, Because of the rotational symmetry, we choose Cul ole) p xy conditions to Be = Br yt — He ‘The bounda Using Eqs. where J, is the density of the z-directed current sheet. ve obtain with the above y, and satisfying the boundary conditions, — Farkas Ho (ka)a(e) ep <0 (5-92) aad ol (ka) Hoke) p> as the only component of E. Let us calculate an impedance per unit Tength for this source, as we did for the ribbon of current in Sec. 4-12. By definition, P uF where P is the complex power per unit length P= — f," Bodtadg = —2eatE |,228 ‘TIME-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS and T is the total e-directed current fo" Jade = eal, Hence, the impedance per unit length is z= sates (00) Using small-argument formulas for Je and Hy, we obtain ZR ( ~ Plog a) 6-94) y= 1.781. Compare this with the Z of a ribbon of current (Eq. (4-127)]. The resistances (real parts) are identical. The reactance of a cylinder of current of small diameter d is approximately equal to the reactance of a ribbon of current of width w = 2d. More generally, it can be shown! by a quasi-statie approximation that the impedance per unit length of a small elliptic eylinder of minor axis a and major axis b is the same as that of a circular cylinder of diameter a 4(a +) ‘A ribbon is the special ease a = 0 and 6 = w. 6-7. Two-dimensional Radiation. We can construct the solution for ‘an arbitrary two-dimensional distribution of currents by dividing the source into elemental filaments of current and summing the fields from all elements. For example, if we have a J,, independent of =, each ele~ ment J, ds’ produces a vector potential duds! 4 dA, Hom (klo = 'D) where ds’ is an element of area perpendicular to z. Summing over the entire source, we have A= § ff sterner where the integration extends over a cross section of the source. Since the equations for A, due to J_ and for A, due to J, are of the same form as those for A, due to Jz, the above equation also applies for 2 replaced by zor y. Combining components, we have the veetor equation No) =H ff Heder — od av (6-95) +R. W. P. King, “The Theory of Linear Antennas,” pp. 16-20, Harvard Uni- versity Preas, Cambridge, Mass, 1958 — elasCYLINDRICAL WAVE FUNCTIONS 29 representing the solution for an arbitrary two-dimensional distribution of Clectrie currents, The cases of surface currents and current filaments fire included by implication. ‘The electromagnetic field is obtained, as tual, from H= Vx A. Tho electric vector potential due to two- Yimevsional magnetic currents M is given by the formula dual to Eq. (6-95), or FO =F f Mier) Ha™ble — el) ds? 6-96) “Phe electromagnetic field in this ease is given by E = —¥ X F. When the field point is distant from the source, our formulas simplify to a form similar to those for three-dimensional radiation (See. 3-13). For klp— e'| large, the Hankel function can be represented by the asymptotie formula Ho (Blo ~ o'l) urthermore, when p >> p', a8 shown in Fig. 5-16, we have ele — pcos (6 — #') 97) The second term must be retained in the phase factor, exp (—Jkle ~ e'1)s but not in the magnitude factor, Jp — ¢'[-%. Hence, the vector pote tials of Eqs. (6-95) and (5-96) reduce to a= ig [fermen WV Biko J ay V8ixkp i} | provided p> flax These are the adiation-zone formulas corexponding To tye. (295) in the three-dimensional case. (6-98) ittento-# de! To distant fied point Fa. 5:16. Geometry for determining the radia230 TIME-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS We now have the p variation explicitly shown in Eqs. (5-98), and sim- plified formulas for the radiation field ean be obtained. As evidenced by Eq. (5-85), the distant field of a single current filament is essentially an outward-traveling plane wave; so the superposition of fields from all cur- rent elements should also be of this type. Hence, in the radiation zone, Ey=aH, Ey = -nlly (5-99) which can be verified by direct expansion of Eqs. (3-4), using Eqs. (5-98). ‘To obtain the field components, let us again divide the field into that due to J, given by H’ = ¥ x A, and that due to M, given by E”” = —V x F. Retaining only the dominant terms (p- variation), we obtain Hi, = jk, Ey = —ikF, [Lr in the radiation zone. The corresponding Ej, Et, HY, and Hy’ ean be determined from Eqs. (6-09). The total field is simply the sum of the primed and double-primed components, or By = ~ juny ~ Jk, B, = ~jouA, + jkPs 100) in the radiation zone, with H given by Eqs. (6-99). ‘These formul correspond to Eqs. (3-97) in the three-dimensional ease. Note that, except for the contrasting p~% and r- dependences, the radiation fields are of similar mathematical forms in two and three dimensions. 6-8. Wave Transformations. It is often convenient to express the elementary wave functions of one coordinate system in terms of those of another coordinate system. We refer to expressions of this type as ‘wave transformations, Some representative wave transformations are derived in this section. Others will be derived as they are needed ‘Suppose we have the plane wave e~, which we wish to express in terms of cylindrical waves. (The conventional coordinate orientation of Fig. 5-1 is assumed.) This wave is finite at the origin and periodic in 2x on ¢. Hence, it must be expressible as cm cmt FS andaloont where the a, are constants. To evaluate the a,, multiply each side by em» and integrate from 0 to 2r on . This ives [P cemterme do = Brand al) 1 Two coordinate aystems are considered to be distinct if their origins or orienta- tions are different, even though they may be geometrically the same.231 CYLINDRICAL WAVE FUNCTION ‘The left-hand side is actually a well-known integral, but we need not recognize this. ‘The mth derivative of the left-hand side with respect to p evaluated at p = 0 is m{ ‘The mth derivative of the right-hand side e Hence, uated at p = 0 is 2xaq/2", and we have shown that eo G10 and also that ciennerind ds (5-102) Jn(0) Equation (5-101) is the wave transformation expressing the plane wave ¢* in terms of eylindrical wave functions. It is closely related to the so-called “generating function” of Bessel functions." Another wave transformation of interest is that which corresponds to translation of eylindrical eoordinate origin, Consider the wave function Y= HEM|p — o'l) = Ho 9? ¥ 6? = Boe" cos (4 — 69] where p and p! are as defined in Fig. 5-13. We can think of ¥ as the field of a line source at p' in terms of a cylindrical wave function having, its origin at the source. | We shall reexpress ¥ in terms of wave functions referred to » = 0. In the region p p’, permissible wave functions are Hy(p)e™, n an integer, for y must represent outward-traveling waves. Also, y must be symmetric in primed and unprimed coordinates (reciprocity). Hence, is of the form deep alser- <0 oS SS dada Heer? p> ol where the by are constants. To evaluate the b,, let p> © and 6" = 0, fand use the asymptotie formulas for the Hankel functions. Our original + RV. Churchill, Fourier Series and Boundary Value Problems,” p. 147, MeGraw= ill Book Company, Ine., New York, 1941232 TIME-HARMONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS expression for ¥ then becomes _ $= Moo — od ae Fervent and our constructed expression for ¥ becomes ci _ bainda(oemt d, from Eq. (5-101), sa 3 Nee ‘These are now representations of a plane wave, it follows that by ‘Thi Hyp )ITa(p\emMOM p< ol HA ~ el) YD aH (Iemr-w?— p> pk This equation is known as the addition theorem for Hankel functions. Tt is also valid for superscripts (2) replaced by superscripts (1), since HO = 11,0, Adding the addition theorem for Hy® to that for Ha, wwe obtain ale eD = YD” (6-104) which is the addition theorem for Bessel functions of the first kind. An addition theorem for Bessel functions of the second kind is obtained by subtracting that for Ho from that for Ho". 6-9. Scattering by Cylinders. A source radiating in the presence of a conducting cylinder is one of the simplest “‘wave-scatter” problems for which an exact solution can be obtained. We shall at present consider only two-dimensional cases. Extension to three-dimensional eases can be effected by the method of Sec. 5-12. Let us first consider a plane wave incident upon a conducting cylinder, as represented by Fig. 5-17. Take the incident wave to be z-polarized, that is, Bj = Bye = Byte (5-105) Using the wave transformation of Eq. (5-101), we ean express the incident field as