ZA National Semiconductor Linear Applications Handbook St gs mere CCAS jeuonen EYZANational LINEAR APPLICATIONS HANDBOOK ‘The purpose ofthis handbook is to provide a fully indoxod land cross-referenced collection of near integrated cet fapplcstons using bom monolithic and hyo ercata rom ‘National Samiconauctr. Individual appication noes are normaly wntan to explain {he operation and use of one particular device orto dota various methods of accomplishing a given funtion. The ot {arization of this handbook takos advantage ofthis nate Coherence by Keeping each appcation note intact rang ing thom in romercal ordor, and providing a detalld Sub ject index Many of the applcaton schematics callout the generic fam ily ontied by othr the miltary temperature range version for commercial temperaturo range version of tho device. Generally, any device inthe goneric faa will work inthe ‘orca. For example, an ampitierindicatad as an LM108 Fates to tho genorc "106" family, and does not my that ‘ony iltary-grade devices wil work nthe application. Mi- tary (or industia) and rime elctical ("A") grado dovcos road only be considered when thar ghter electrical hts ‘or widortomporatur rango warrants thi use “Tho temperature range of near dovices i indestod by 0 ‘ar tho fst dgtin the part numb, o lt folowing the base par number ‘Speciied Temperature Grade ae Part Number itary ~S5°0-S Tas 125°C. LAX oF LMM Edonded” 400 < Tas +1256 LINO Indust” =25°C-< Ta < +85. LMZXX oF LMXXX! Commatcal OC < Ty < 470°C LMBXX oF LMXOXC “Some industal temperature range devoes may be rated {or the extended (also krown a8 automotive) tonperatire ‘ange. Oer extended temperature range devices may net ‘incide a temperature range designation n thar pat fur ‘bar Chack the device datasheet or the spociod tempera. taro ranges Because commercial pats ave les expensive than itary cor nds, those points enould be kept in mind when ty ing te determine tho most cost-efectve approach to a given design. yoogpuey suoneoyddy se8Ur]‘TRADEMARKS Flowing i the most current list of National Semiconductor Gorporaton's wadomarks and rgisterd trademarks. asicm Embedded System MiCROWIRE/PLUS™ SSERIES/e00™ ‘Abusoablom™ Processor" MOLEM Sores 320008 ‘anacig™ een Mean SIMPLE SWITCHERT™ apesiy EZ.UNKTH st sum ‘pine Fac Nakeo.om™ sNic™ ASPECTIN FACT Quit Sees™ Natonal® SoChekr ‘ATLANTIC FAIRCADT Natonel Semiconductor? 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As used herain 1. Lie support devices or systems are devices ox systoms 2. cca component is ary component of ie support wich, a) ae intanded for sugcal implant ito the body, ‘vies ox sym whose fare to pertorm cn be reason ‘or (©) support or sustain ie, and whose fare to pe. ably expoctod to cause tho fare o ho He support de form, when propery used in cordance wit inebuctons ‘Yee oraystom, orto affect is safety or effectiveness. {or ube provided in te labeling, can be reasonably Ox pected 10 result ina significant injury to te use, [National Semiconductor Corporation 2000 Sriconductr Dive, 0, Box 5808, Sara Cara, Caloia 85052-8080 1-200-272.959 ‘Twa (10) 868200 ‘tora dos ot see ary rns le yoy dnb oedema Nana xaos eh ay re ‘tet ran te hanged rey or estosZANational Linear Applications Numerical List Application Notes ae [ANS Dit Compensation Tecmniques for Integrated OC Ample. ww87 ‘AN-4 Monolithic Op-Amp-—Tho Universal Linear Component 4/60 AN-13._ Appleton of to LH0002 Curent Ample ree |AN-20 An Appicaion Gude for Op Arps. 2700 ‘AN-23, The LM105—An Improved Postive Regulator 69 ‘AN-24 A Senplifed Test Set or Op Amp Characterization 188 N29 IC Op Amp Beals FETS on Input Curent 12760 AN30 Log Comveners 160 ANS1 Op Amp Creuit Calection 278 AN32 FET rout Apptcations 2/70 |AN-41_Procision IC Comparator Runs trom # 5V Loge Suppy. 10/70 [AN-42 IC Provides On Card Regulation for Logie Crcuts 2m |AN-I8__Tho Phase Locked Loop IC a a Communications System Buldng look em ‘AN-AS. _Appfcations fora Now Utra High Speed Bute. em in Diode rivers 175 1.2 Reference wm L380 Power Audio Areitier ware ‘Miropower cuts Using the L250 Programmable Op Am. 71 ‘Tho LMSG00—A Now Curert.Diferencing Quad + Input Amps ore. Lutr99/L1299/LM938—-A Quad of indoperdenty Functoning Comparators 73 1G Pre-Amp Challenges Choppers on Dit 2173 Lt125/LM126 Precision Dua Tracking Ragulators ere0 Comparing the High Speod Comparators 873 ‘CMOS Linear Applications 77 ‘Versatile Timer Operates trom Miccoseconds to Hours vem Lageo Sorios Thro Terminal Posive Regulstors 8/60 Nose Specs Contusng? sit Fast IC Power Transistor wth Thermal Protection 5/74 Use the LM158/258/358 Dual, Sng Supply Op Amp 8/80 |Utt49 Monolinic High Vatage Operation AmpierAppcaions a6 FM Remote Speaker System ors 1.BVIC Fashor, Oscar, Trigger or Alarm. 2175 ‘Spoctying A/D and D/A Corwanrs 2176 IC Vottage Reterence Has 1 ppm por Degree Dnt 276 M2907 TachometerSpeod Switch Bung Block Applications errs IC Zonar Eases Rotorence Doign 1176 Appcation or an Adtabl IC Power Regustor wm 3-Terminal Reguetors Adustable an Improving Power Supply Rekatlty with IC Power Regustors a7 Foteronces for A/D Converters wa Single Chip Data Acquistion System Simpifios Analog to Digtal Cnversion un |AN-200 CMOS A/D Convertor Chips Easy ntrace to B080A Microprocessor System 3/78 {AN-202 A Digital Mutietor Using ADDGSO8 7180 [AN-210 New Phaso-Lockod Loops Have Advantage as Frequency to Voltage Converters {ard more) 4179 AN-211 Now Op Amps ideas v2 |AN222. Super Matched Bipolar Transistor Par Sats New Standard for Dri and Noe 7178 Revision ate 66 9106 616 8/90 ere6 3191 art 2191 6186 8/90 5786 10/90 8180 381 2790 27a 6/06 2/90 e190 2181 2/90 Page 7 6 16 19 3 2 ° 66 Ed 9 107 119 110 199 40 148 180 187 168, an ar 251 27 ze aot 302 au 318 209 339 3s 262 365 a5 ara 385, 395, 290 “7 439 1817 feoHeUINN suopeoyddy se8Ur]Linear Applications Numerical List Linear Applications Numerical List (conirues) ‘Application Notes Anas an2a7 an203 ana an207 an200 Anat aN-242 ands ana ana N25 AN256 AN258 AN204 N20 aN208 N29 aN-900 ano N07 Anant N96 ana aNaue anus anaes AN306 N90 ant 1 Temperature Sensor Provides Thermocouple Col Junction Compensation. Appeation of Wideband Butter ‘Tho A/0 Easily Alows Many Unusual Appécations. ‘An rtroduoton to Sampling Thaerom CConvaltion Digital Signal Processing. Wide Range Curent16-Frequancy Converters Werking with High Impedance Op Ams. ‘Aapving New Predision Op Amp. ‘Appleton of the ADC-1210 CMOS A/D Gonvorter Using the ADC0806/ADCO60E 6-6 uP Compal A/D Convertors with &.Channe! ‘Analog Mt exer ut0028 and LH0032 High Speod Op Amp Applications Power Spectium Estimation (Geet for inexpensive Relative Humidity Measurement ‘Data Acquisition Using the ADCO616 ana ADCOt7 &-Bit A/D Corwerter wth On-hip 16 Channa Mutipoxe. ‘420-31 pom) Linear Sopeitegrating A/O Converter Low Distortion Wideband Power Op Amp ‘Appling Dual and Quad FET Op Amps ‘Sno Wave Generation Techniques ‘An locronc Watt Watt Hour Meter : CGrut Applications of Sample-Hoid Aplin. Circuit Apocations of Multiplying CMOS A/D Converters Applying the Now CMOS MICRO-DAC (Op Amp Booster Designs (CMOS 4/0 Convortorntraces Easy wih Many Microprocessors. (CMOS 0/A Convartrs Match Most Microprocessors ‘ANew Low Cost Sampled Data 10.81 CMOS A/D Convertor “Te Now MICRO-OAC Product Line for Wxoprocessor Systems. Designing with a New Super Fast Dual Norton Amir [A/D Convertors Easy Interface wih 70 Series Meroprocestors. ‘ata Acgutston Using INSBO48 ‘Single Supply Applications of CMOS MIGRO-DACs [An Acoustic Transformer Powered Super High slain Ampiiir. ‘Applieaions of te LM382 Comparator Op Amp IC ‘system-Cranted DC-DC Conversion Techniques | Applications of he LM9S24 Puse- With Modulator ‘ContotAppicatons af CMOS DACs Special Same aed Hold Techniques [A High PecormanceIndustial Woighi"g System. Ispiation Techriques fr Signal Conditoning ‘Aus Aopicatons of Linea Integrated Crus Sinple Grcut Detects Loss of 4 mA~20 mA Signal ‘Signal Condtoning fe Sophstested Transducers Introducing the MF 10: A Versatile Monolithic Active itr Buaiding Block Teer and Appcatons of Loganthmic Amotiers Understanding integrated Grout Package Power Capabiies 1605 Stoning Regulator LF19008/LF 12007 Preison Digital Gan Set Appicatons High-Performance Aus Applications ofthe LMS. [Audio Noisa Reduction and Masking |ANon. Complementary Aus Naise Reduction System DONR® Application of the L894. ‘The LMTE23: A High Quality TV Video LF. Ampiir ana Synchronous Detoctor for Cablo Rocoivers, 479 10/79 1/80 v80 1780 6/20 2190 4/20 920 790 11700 2793 ver ve 7181 5/8 ares 2106 vei ee ora 9781 781 7183 7181 781 oat set set 978 10781 98 4/92 eve 9/82 4182 are 5/82 4182 5/2 v82 eva 2769 ove 3/94 ves 3/85 3785, 3785, ares 6186 8/90 3/91 10/00 6/86 eres ore a0 9796 3 9726 6786 eee 07/86 eee 6/86 6766 6/8 eres 291 6728 ees e726, eee 9796, 6/86 6/86 6/88, 8/90 2790 4a eres 6706, 290 Page 4a “9 465 469 499 495, 501 523 501 547 550 586 658 664 ore eet 085 290 695 701 109 ns 728 74 m4 750 754 758 705 ro 74 708 707 e7 et rc 258Linear Applications Numerical List (conines) ‘Application Notes ‘AN-4o2 N35 AN ana? ‘aN-460 ‘AN-656 ‘anon ANo4 ‘aNe706 anit aNris anre9 ans anr76 ana ane anes ansze aNs4o anase Nast AN987 AN-a98 an-006 a57 B10 ra B12 A824 B30 te Les ws te te tee Les Lee te Lee Lee tea te29 Laas Leas to26 tear M2089 RF. Modulator LMC895 Digital Contlled Graphic Equalizer... ‘A 180W IC Op Amp Simpiios Design of Power Circus Protecton Schemes for BIFET Amplifiers and Swichos LMS4/LM35 Precson Monolithic Temperature Sensors ‘Understanding the Operaton of CRT Monitor... Mes Programming Guide 'ADMOS 3A, 55V H-Brdgo: Tho LMO18200 {LWe28/LM629 User Gude |L78540 Switching Volage Regulator Applications Lo85 Foodeack Provos Regulator isolation (Dynamic Speciicatons fe Sampling A/D Converters ‘Spectiatons and Architectures of Sample-ané-Hoid Arps 20W Sipe Switcher Forward Convarir M2577 Thros Output, lolated Fyback Regulator. [ABasi Introduction to Fiters-Actve, Passive, and Switched. Capacitor Topics on Using tho LM6181—A Now Current Feedback Amplifier Increasing the High Speed Torque of Bpolar Stopper Motors. DDevolopmant of an Extosive SPICE Macromoda for"Curont Feedback” Ampere 'ASPICE CompatibioMacromede! for CMOS Operational Ampere ‘Guide to CRT Design Designing the Video Section of 1600 x 1280Pixel CATS ‘Audio Ampitiors Ubizing: SPKE™ Protection Intrtacing tho LM12454/8 Data Accuisiion System Chips to Microprocessors and Mesocontrolors Mutibratr Timer CAD : Fisd Love Cont! System High ficiency Regulator Has Low Drop Out Votage Wide Adjustable Range PNP Votage Regulator 7 Bench Testing LM3800 and LM359 Input Pararetors Diinerng Display Expands Bar Graphs Resolution 'RS-222 Line Dver Power Sup. . Instrumentation Ampfer Feedforward Compensation Speeds Op AMS <-.-.-. Fast Compensation Extends Power Bandwith High © Notch Fitor Fast Votlage Comparators wah Low input Curent Precision AC/DC Converters Unversl Balancing Techniques. ‘Tho LMT10—An proved C Votage Follower. {An IC Vottage Comparator for High impedance Crcuity ‘Spood Up the LM108 with Feedtorward Compensation High Stabty Rogulators Easily Tuned Sine Wave Osestaars M118 Op Amp Slows 70V/u8. ++ 5V to ~18V Convertor Prascting Op Amp Slow Reto Limited Resporsa ‘Fully Ditferental input Votage Ampifor Inetumeotaional Amplifier Low Ont Ameltior . Precso Tit Wave Generation \Vorsatle I Pre-Amp Makes Thermocouple Ampifir wih Coluncton ‘Compensation ‘True ms Detector ‘Speciting Selected Op Amps and Comparators Micropower Thermometer Date 0785, 786 4706 4708, 6/86 re 4/90 6/90 2/90 +1790 11790 5/91 792 ert ert 43 3192 5/93, 11788 re) 1799 12103, 10790 10709, 3786 1189 ore) 2104 eres, eve 6786 3769 3169 5769) 169 5/69 8769 8769 3170 470 170 wm am on 77 evr wee 673 2186 era era era 10/73 474 Page or2 eat 905 917 1069, 102 si92 1194 196 197 11998 110 1142 saa 148, sae 19) 1350 1159 1155, 1187 1160 1162 11664 1168, 1168 1170 1972 1174 1176 1178 1179 1180 s102 164 1106 3871 eouoUNy suopeoyddy seeUryLinear Applications Numerical List [UI[EEE HEE Ete Linear Applications Numerical List (cones ‘Applicaton Notes Le20 SEEEE § ‘Goneral Purpose Power Supply Merovelt Comparator ‘AMicropowerVotage Retorence ‘Adjustable 3-TerminalRoguatr for Low-Cost Batory Charging Systems ‘Wide Range Timer ircult Techniques for Avoiding Oscilationsin Comparator Appicaions Precision Reterance Uses Only Ten Weroamperes (Got Fast Stable Response om improved Unty-GainFolowors ‘Got More Power Out of Dual or Quad Op Amps Frequoncy-1o-Vollage Converter Uses Sample-and-Holdto improve Response and Fiple ‘ANew Production Technique or Tinming Vlage Reguatrs High Votlage Adjustable Power Suppies ‘Simple Voltneto Monitors TTL Supplies Programmable Power Rogulaters Halp Check Ou Compu System Operating Margins ‘Ada Kevin Sonsig and Paral Capabity to 3-Terminal Reguators ‘Alow Noise Prison Op Amp {P interface fora Free Running A/D Alows Asynctwonous Reads ‘The Monolithic Oecation! Amplifier: ATutoral Study. VF Convertor C's Handle Frequency i-Votage Needs Vorsatle Monolthic VF's Gan Compute as wal as Conver with High Accuracy Standard Resstance Values 9s 12/00 781 12704 8/00 8/e0 eres Page 1188 1190 1192 1199 1195 1198 1198 1200 1202 1208 1208, 1208 1210 1212 1214 1218 1210 1220 241 1247 1254ZANational Device/Application Literature Cross-Reference Device Number ADc300K. ‘aoceo ‘Aocoe0} ‘apco802 ‘aDcoe03 ‘aocoe0at ‘ADco804 ‘ADC0805 ‘ADcoe08 ‘aDcoe09 ‘ADco816 ‘anc087 ‘aDco820 ‘Anco ‘A0co822 -..| ‘A0c0899 ‘aDco894 ‘a0c0898 apcro01 ADCIO05 ADCI048Y ADcr0462 ADcr0464 ncro86e ‘010864 apci210 anci24at ADc12451 ‘aDcaso1 ‘ADC2511 ‘ADCa701 anca7i cou016. ACK. DACDEO0 « pacoe20 acne ‘Acoea2 DaC000 ‘acto: pacto02 ‘oacr006 aci007 Application Literature anenae 7 anise AN-980 + AN-299, ANZ71, AN-2TA,AN-200, AN-281, AN.204, LS |AN-233, AN-274,AN-280, AN-281,LB-69 |AN-233, AN-274, AN-280, AN-283, 8-69 7 2 ‘AN-460 7 /AN-288, AN274, AN-276, AN-280, AN:261, N01, AN-460,LB-59, 7 |AN-233, AN-274, AN-280, AN-263, 6-69, : |AN-247, AN280, AN-281 |AN-247,AN-260, |AN198, AN-247, AN-258, AN-200 a |AN-247,AN258, AN-280 AN237 |AN-280,AN-261 'AN-200, AN-281 sl |AN-200, AN-281 : |AN-200, AN-281 |AN-200, AN-281 . |AN276, AN-280, AN-281 7 aay AN280 ANT69 AN 769 ‘AN-769 ‘AN-760 aaeaa 'AN-769 ae AN 245 7 -AN-769 AN-769 'AN-200, AN202 oe ‘AN-200 seseeeee 7 'AN-200 7 ‘AN-200 ABO ANA86 AN693 7 AN284 AN271,AN-264 AN271,AN-266 na |AN271,AN-275, AN2T7, AN-288 |AN271,AN-275, AN277, AN-286 |AN271, AN-275, AN2T7,AN-286 ore |AN271,AN-275, AN.277, AN-284 |AN271,AN-278, AN277, AN-284 /201na ‘suas}8y-88019 aunjes9yr uoReoNddy /Device/Application Literature Cross-Reference Device/Application Literature Cross-Reference (conn Device Number ‘Application Literature pAcr008 |AN-271, AN-275, AN-277, AN-268 acto20 |AN-269, AN-269, AN-2299, AN-294, AN:200 actors Petia data ele AN260 acto22 a AN 269 act208 esceeeecersesersANETH AN2B4 ACI200 . ANZT1,AN284 Dactaro ANZ71,AN-284 pactare ae an289 pacra19 . ‘an-en2 act220 . |AN258, AN-209 acraet 7 “AN269 acra22 AN268 actes0 7 i aN204 aciast |AN271,AN-284 aci2s2 |AN271,AN-284 aci280 |AN261, AN-269, 0036. an259 Ho035, AN8 Ns@070 0.0. 7 ‘aN-260 wey 7 ery L155 ‘| /AN268, AN-447 L198 |AN248, AN-204 Leary ANSOt Lesar |AN-256, AN-282,AN-283, AN-265,AN-266, AN-901, N44, AN-447, LB. Las "AN-242, AN-269, AN-266, AN-271, AN-27S,AN-289, AN-447, Appondlc Las AN-240 L058 . ‘Appar L353 [AN-256, AN-250, AN.262, AN-269, AN-26, AN-271, AN-286, AN-299, AN-447, LB-44, Appendix D L386 - AN-253, AN-258, AN-260, AN-263, AN-266, AN-271, AN-272, |AN.275, AN-203,AN-204, AN-285, AN.SO1, AN-447, ANS Urasr 7 eves AN269, NAAT, B42 L308. [AN-247, AN-258,AN-266, AN-204, AN-296, L-45 eats |AN-294, AN-3OT, ANG44, AN-447 rae |AN272, AN-299, AN-901, AN-344, AN-447 urea i eves A901, ANAT Lrr9006. 7 : ANS uFt9007 ANA utaaat [AN-204, ANAT ‘unoo0e fio cscs ANS9,AN-227, AN-269, N272, AN-3O1 ‘Unooze at : seseeeneeesecteeeenseteceses ANDES ‘LHo032 7 [AN 242, AN-253, uHooas [AN-48,AN-227, AN-253 ‘uHo08s ce ceeereees AN 27 uHo070 os veo /ANOt Lvoo71 AN 2A 0004 i ANSO nore . 'AN261 1605 5 7 ANS Unzaae 7 ANGST ry ‘AN211,AN-267, AN-258,AN.271, AN-288,AN-299, AN-300, AN-460, AN-659 ut oo [AN 241, AN-242, AN.260, AN-208, AN-271Device/Application Literature Cross-Reference (contrved) Device Number Application Literature ua 7 ea AN-446, AN-690,AN-706 IMO LAN, AN-1, AN-20, AN-24, LB-42, Append A Lora, |AN-29, ANO, ANG, AN-79, AN-241 AN-711,LB-1,LE-2,LB-, LBS, L9-14, LBB, LB-19, LB-28 ws02 | ANS, ANS3,AN-90, LB, LB, LEG, LB-11 a3... re AN-110,LB-41 os. [AN-23,AN10,L83 tr08 ‘AN44, 8-6, LB2 nor 7 |AN20, AN31, Lt, L312, LBA9, Appendix Latio8 i |AN29, AN-0, ANS, AN-79, ANU, AN-241,LB-14, 18-15, LB21 LMMOBA. a . Si on [AN 260, (8-15, 18-19, uattos N42, 18415 Lamon, 7 i kB U0... 7 6-11,.842 Uitte cece JANA1, AN-08, LB2, LB-16,LB-92, 18.99 wn. 7 tee ume, i sssesses ANSE, AN-110, LB-21,L8-24,LB-28, 6-37 luni? : Ss AN-178, AN-181, N82, L-46, L847 una F 146,547 uae 7 --LB-17, 8-18, B21, 1-23, Append A one : see . 1823 20, aa AANS@2 umn [AN-79, ANAD4, AN-184, AN-260, L8-22 nasa ei 7 L392 Lnze everson N97, 18-98 Les. ‘ange 2s ‘ANS Lae 7 i [AN-173,AN-178, AN-262, AN-266 Lanai ne |AN.210, AN-460, Appendix D Lara AN210 uae 18.41, N46 was 7 |AN-226, AN-262, AN-292,AN-208, AN-460 tus? 7 5 L846 Umar Le.48 uar98 iat Lee W199 eevee : aN74 cases . |ANI21, ANT ua. AN 260 Ls0 it L346 Lass. i - ANAI6 Lao 7 ANS? ume N87, AN266 utes. AN205 Loe 7 . /AN222, 18-21 sos. s ANA10 Loo -AN-161, AN260 Latrooa 7 . ANA6t UMatt .. dea L338 went. oo 7 an210 oy ‘AN210 ass. AN 225 Lae a rat ANA ‘20u920}84-$8015 ainjeia}r uoneoyddy /eo}Aeq,Device/ Application Literature Cross-Reference Device/Application Literature Cross-Ret Device Number vga. gos uo8a 08 usr ues Lwve16, wer? ur uate wo19 azo. uneaz1 use uns20 uso mao. sat Lata ws Las Leas umes? Laas. aes Lao Laeao, ae. Las uot see ans mao4 uwses -Applieation Literature 7 aNai6 ANST ‘ANS7 ‘AN-460 mae 'AN460 JANCA7B,AN-181, N22 [AN-68, AN-84, AN-272,LB-22,LB.28, AppondixD 'AN-225, 18.24 |AN-178,AN-182 [AN-41, AN-108, AN-260, AN-269, AN-268, AN-264, AN-295, AN-SO7, LB-12, 8-16, LB-18, LB-89 ‘AN 263 AN.258 1 AN70, 18.95, L-46 64 [AN-299,8-21 ti ‘AN 828, AN-271, AN-298, i (AN 208 7 LB.24 |AN88, AN-258, AN.274, AN-284, AN-S01, LB-48, AB.25, Appendix |AN-256, AN-269, AN-284, AN:205, AN.901 anes ANO1 |AN-210, AN-240, AN.265, AN-278, AN-265, AN-311, L-45,Appendhe C, Appendix -AN-210, Appendix 7 /AN-242, AN-256, AN284 [AN-225, AN-262, AN295, 'AN-202, AN-247, AN-258 : . 48 pera 649,651 [AN-T4,ANG245, AN-274 oo ANOS, ANAB2 7 AN256 i N28 ‘AN202, 8-64 sentient ‘AN 202, L842 i Seocssenanneneneees Lae [ANG116, AN-247, N-271, AN:276, AN-264, AN-288, penx 7 ApperetixD 7 AN-278,AB-24 7 ‘ANT |AN87, AN-294 7 AN2TY . i AN50, ANB ANAT |AN-242, AN-256, AND}, AN-344, AN-480, AN-699, AN-T77 LBs AN272 7 . so AN274,AN-286 [AN-271,AN274, AN-299, AN-698 |AN-262, AN-269, AN271, AN-289, AN-200, ANSI, LB-52 [AN-178, AN-181, AN-282, AN-269, AN-266, AN-QDI, AN-460, 8.28Device/Application Literature Cross-Reference continued) Device Number ase. sss LMss6 Uses N86, Leos. Lez v2 uw709 uw710 wes way ves wea. re L202, 209, us. use Ls LMI 704. Uar829, 830 L985, ur886, Lsen9, unten veas9 wes77 ‘2889 907... 017 vasa Lasaicr Loa. Lsoas aoe. Lwasze LMas25 was7ea 14876, ‘a900 900... oor aos o015 Las990 L250 vere: wra00. Ltr24s4/8 e209 ‘Application Literature AN104 AN-694,08-7 i 197 ANB, ANB ANt46 coos ANAED |AN699, AN-708 |AN695, AN-694,AN-706 AN24,AN-30 Nt, 8-12 p22 AN-79, 18-19, 1.22 [AN.996, AN-390, ANS AN300 ANSE? ‘AN961 ANA |AN-272, AN-288,AN-202, AN-280 ANA6 48-20 N91 ABO 'AN-290 ‘an-402 ‘AN-402 [AN.994, AN-986, AN-290 ‘AN801 ANT76,ANTT? -AN01, AN-402 ANA62 ‘ANA62 B12 AB AN286 |AN-146,AN200 sate ANAA7 [AN-272, AN-208,AN-202, AN-200 N59 A890 AN-898 |AN-T2, AN-283, AN-274, AN-278, LB-20,AB-24 AN 154 15.27, AN-460 ‘AN-460,LB-48,A8-25 'AN-386 "ANG (AN-98, 19-04 ‘AN819, AN-040 ANTE -AN906 AN706 ‘souasajay-ss019 asnjes9y] UOReDIddy/ao1AeqDevice/Application Literature Cross-Reference Device/Application Literature Cross-Reference (contiues Device Number wara.i2 7 uareso Loss: 7 eso ce woes Lwcso4e Lesoe2 Lmoso82 : Loses Lor8200 U0... . Lo, : LM90. LMF 100 LMe120 one F380 ‘F390 : Laz 1305, ves pose ra 7 rr SaPhsenisenos SRE! Fo. Fe. eto : Mwe7i8 aie Mase104, ae Mws7110 Mw74c09 a Mwraco2. ae o7aco4. au Mw7aco4s, 7 Mwratica6 i 74.3199 - ‘uvs2200 N00 . Application Literature seseeees ANA, ANTI AAN-460, ANS28 i N56 [AN495 7 N56 AN-656 AN-856 . AN-856 aH |AN604, AN-828 7 ANT N77 : ANTS ‘ANT i ANT79 ‘ANT7 : ANTS i ‘AN284 en AAN480 i "ANI56 SANTIS ‘ANTIO ANTI N78 |AN907, AN-T7B L854 [AN 252, AN-207, 18.54 eseneen nase N88 aia AN88 N88 ‘ANA88 ‘AN861, AN-867 1356 JAN-200 AN32 FyZANational Subject Index 10 (See Analog-to-igtal) ABSOLUTE VALUE AMPLIFIER: ANS |AC AMPLIFIER: AN-31, AN-48, AN-T2 ‘AC TO DC CONVERTER: AN31, LB ACTIVE FILTER (Gee Fiter) asc 0G: AN-72 Methods: AN-72 Television Signal: AN-291 ALARM Inexponsive IC: AN-154 AMM: Demoduators and Detectors: ANAS AMMETER AN, AN242 AMPLIFIERS: 180 Watt Op Amp, LM 12: AN-448 AAC: ANS, ANS, AN-72 ‘Absolute Valuo: ANT AGC: AN-901 ‘AnteLog Generator: AN-30, ANT ‘Aur: AN-32, AN-69, ANT2, AN-668 Battery Powered: AN-71, AN-211 Bias Curent: AN-242 Bdge: AN-28, ANSI Bridged: N69 Buttered: AN-269 Butfrad High Curant Output AN-4, ANS, 'AN28, ANS}, AN-A8, AN-253, AN261, ANL272 (cascode, FET: ANS2 (cascode, AF: ANS2 (Grout Description LHO002:AN-4, AN-13, AN-227 CGrcut Description LH0028:AN-253, CCrcut Desepion LH0082: AN-253 (Gut Description LHO088: AN-48, AN-227 Grout Deserption L008: AN-227 (Ceeut Doseption LM108/LM208/LM908: AN-29 (Cecut Dosertion LM116/1M218/LN918: L817 (Geet section L000: AN-72 (Cacut Dosertion LM4250 Micropower Programmable Amp: ANT! Clamping: AN-31, LBS (CMOS as Ungar Amp: AN ‘Compensaton: AN-242, AN253, AN819, AN.861 CCRT (Cathode Ray Tube}: AN-t Curent Ample: AN4, AN-18, AN-227 (Current Feedback Ampiio: ANB13, AN-S40 Ditronce: AN-20, AN-29, AN91, AN-72 Diterental Input: L8-20 Diterentator AN-20, AN91, AN-72 DitallyControsod: AN-268 Dit Testing: N73 Dual Op Amp with Single Supply: AN-116 FET Input AN-4, AN29, AN-32, AN-227, ’AN253, AN447 Fiber Optic Link: AN-253, Follower (See Voltage Fotower) Frequency Compensation: AN.79 High Curent Butter: AN-4,AN-9, AN-29, 'ANGI, AN-8, AN227 High Input impedance: AN-28, AN1, AN-S2, AN-48, [AN-72, AN'227, AN-24, AN253, [8-4 High Resolution (Video: AN-87, ANB13, AN-861 High Speed: AN.227, AN-259, 18.42, AN-819, AND, ‘AN, AN-667 High Speed Peak Detector: AN-227 High Speed Sample and Hold: AN-253, High Votage: AN-72, AN-127 Improved DC Cheractrstes: AN7 Input Guaraing: AN-28, AN-4a7 Inetumentaton: AN-28, AN‘1, AN-71, AN-79, ’AN-127, AN-222, AN242,LB-1,LB-29 Inatumentation Shiola/Line Dever AN-AB Intgrator: AN-20, AN-20, ANS, N72, AN-EB Integrate, JFET AC Coupled: AN-32 Invaring: AN-20, ANSI, AN-71, AN-72 LB-17 Lovel Shitting: AN-4, ANAS, AN-32, N41, ANSAB ne Receiver: AN-72 Logaritic Convertor AN-28, AN-0, ANSI Low Dit: AN-79, AN-222, 18.2, 12-26 Low Frequency: AN-74 Low Noise: AN222, ANSE Low Ottset: AN-242 Motor: AN-73 Micropower: AN-71 Microphone: AN-346, Nano-Watt: N71 Noe: AN-241 xepuy yoalangSubject Index Subject Index (conioves) "Noise Specticatons: AN-104, 8-26 Non-invarting Ampiio: AN-20, AN-S1, AN-72 Non-Linear ANS, ANY Norton: AN-72, AN-278. Operational AN4, AN20, AN-29, AN, "AN69, AN-211, AN-241, AN-445, Append A (Output Resistance: AN-28 Peraiing: 8-46 Photocel AN-20 Photodiode: AN-20, AN-29, ANS, LB-12 Photoresisor Bridge: AN-29 Pezoslectic Transducer: AN29, AN-S1 Power: AN69, AN-72, AN-110, AN-125, AN-127, TAN-446, AN-898, L244 (See also Burr, High Curent) Proamp: AN-79, AN-346, (3.24 Pulse: AN-19 Rejection, Power Supply: AN-28 Reset Statitzod: AN-20 RF (See RF Ampitor) RGB: AN-65: Sample and Hold: AN-4, AN-28, N31, AN.92, AN, 1AN-72, AN-245, LB-T? Single Supply: AN-72, AN-211 ‘Solar Celt AN-4 ‘Speciting Select Parameters: LB.26 ‘Squaring: AN-T2 ‘Strain Gauge: AN222 ‘Summing: N20, ANS “Temperature Probe: AN.S1, AN-56 “Transmision Line Driver: AN-4, AN-I3 ‘Tutorial Stdy of Op Amps: Appondhe A Variable Gain: AN-3t, N32, AN-299, AN-848, B41 (Soe also AGC) \ory High Curent Booster with High Compliance: AN-127 Video: AN-813, AN-861 Wide Band Bute: AN-227 ‘TA Class AB Currant Booster: AN-127 100 mA Curent Boostor AN-127 90 Watt Aus: AN-127 [ANALOG COMMUTATOR (See Analog Switch) ‘ANALOG DIVIDER: AN-4, AN-30, ANS ‘ANALOG MULTIPLIER: AN-4, N20, AN-SO, ANSST ANALOG SWITCH: AN-92 [ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL: AN-156, AN-245, AN-360, ‘Absolute Conversion: AN-247 ‘Accuracy: AN-188, AN-278 ‘Analog input Consideration: AN247 ‘Auto Galn Ranging Converter: AN-245, Binary Codes: AN-1S8 (Converters: AN-87, AN-186, AN-162, AN-199, AN-233, 'AN-245, AN-247, AN.258, AN-260, AN-274, AN-276, ‘AN281, LB, Appendix C, Appendix D Curent Source: AN-202 Dielectric Absorption: AN-260 DiterentialAnsiog Input: AN-208 ‘ua Stope Convertor: AN-260 rors: ANS FET Switched Mutiploor AN-260 Free Running ntrace: LB-53 (Grounding Considerations: AN-274 Integrating Converters: AN-260 Integrating 10.81: AN-262 Integrator Comparator. AN-260 Linearity Error Spocitcations: AN-156 Logarithmic: N27 Microprocessor Compatible: AN-284 Microprocessor Corro¥od Ofsot Adust A274 Microprocessor ntracing: AN-274 Offset Adjust: AN-274 Ramp Generator AN-260, ‘Ratiometulc Conversion: AN-247 Rotorences:AN-1B4 RRosolton: AN-I58, AN278 ‘Sampled Data Comparator: AN278 ‘Sampled Data Comparator Input: N27 Single Slope Converter: AN-260 Single Supply: AN-245, AN-284 ‘Span Adjstmont: AN-233, AN-274 ‘Spectiatons: AN-S6, AN-769 ‘Successive Approximation Register: AN-199 “Testing: AN-179, AN-283 Voltage Comparator: AN-276 Voltage Mode: AN254 2.80 Interface: AN-247 10-81 Data Formats: AN-277 128i Sorel Output AN-245, {15.Bt Sngle Slope Intgrating Converter: AN-285, 6900 P Intrace: AN-247 8000 nPIntrace: AN-247 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER ‘As a Dir: AN203 ‘As a Voltage Comparator AN-233 High Speed: AN-237 AND GATE: AN72, AN-76 [ANTHLOG GENERATOR: ANS0, ANSI [ARC PROTECTION (CRT): AN-861, [ATTENUATION Dita: AN-284 (S00 also AGC) [AUDIO AMPLIFIERS: AN92, N69, AN-72, ‘ANS&6, ANS08 Bridge Amplifier: ANS Intercom: AN68 Phono: AN-246 Power Ample: AN-69Subject Index (conmes INK ANH Tone Cont AN Votage-Controted AN250 {Aine AB Guar Bosto: AN-127 100 mA Garon Booster AN127 (Goo leo PM Bre, Apr) ‘AuDIo PREAMPLIFIER fat AN 248 Prone ANB ‘AUDIO MIXER: AN72 [AUTO ERROR CORRECTION: AN [AUTO GAIN RANGING: AN-360 [AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL (See AGC) ‘uroMoTive Are kd ret ANA62 Tachomeion AN-162 BANDPASS FILTER: ANL72, ANGOT, ANG, ANLT tar BANDWIDTH, EXTENDED: AN29, 22, LE, UB cete avers BANOWIOTH, FULL POWER: L-10, NL 760 BarreRY Charger: 18.05 BATTERY POWERED AMPLI BESSEL FILTER: AN770 BI-QUAD FILTER: N72 BIAS CURRENT (Se Orit Compensation Companeao: ANS Dnt Camponsaton: AN Blas CURRENT TEST SEY: AN2¢ BUNKER Lamp: AN 10 tow Vota 1c: N84 Two Wee: aN-88 BOARD LAYOUT: £29, aN819,ANG61 BOLOMETER (COMPARATOR 2-22 ‘BOOTSTRAPPED SHUNT FREQUENCY ‘COMPENSATION: AN-eo [BREAKER POINT OWELL METER: AN.162 {BRIDGE AMPLIFIER: AN-29,AN-34 BUFFERS: 2/49, 2N227 High Cunt AN, AN, AN9, ANY, Sve novare tose Using COS Amp: ABB ‘Goo ato VotugeFolower) UTTERWORTH FILTER: ANT BYPASSING, SUPPLY TERMINAL: AN, 4227 mmeaen tbe. (es CABLE DnIVER: AN10 CAD SYSTEM: 48-7 cAUBRATOR Csclloscope Square Wave: AN-S4 IERS: ANT! ‘CAPACITANCE MULTIPLIER: AN.20, AN? Digitally Controted: ANZ71 Programmable: AN-44 CAPACITIVE TRANSDUCER: AN-162 | CAPACITORS ‘Bypass: AN, AN-426, LB-2, LB-15 ‘Compensation: N20 (Soe also Frequency Compensation) Dielctie Polarization AN-29 Elocrote a8 Ting Capacitor: AN-87 Fer, Power Supply: AN23 Mutipir, Capacitance: AN-29, AN'St Tantalum Bypass: 8-15 (CARRIER CURRENT TRANSCEIVER: AN-145, ‘CASCODE AMPLIFIER: AN-32 (CHARGER: L2-35, (CHEBYSHEV FILTER: AN-779 (CHOPPER AMPLIFIERS, ALTERNATIVES: AN.79 (CHOPPER DRIVES: AN-628 (CHOPPER STABILIZED AMPLIFIER: AN-49 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTIONS: AN-«@ ‘uH0002 Curent Ampitier:AN-13 {LH0088 Butler Amptfer: AN NG4/LM35 Temperature Sensor: AN-<60 {LA108/L1205/LM305 Postive Votage oguator. AN-23 \L108/L1M208/LM308 Operational Ampiifir: AN-29 {109/1M200/LMG00 Txee Terminal Rogultor: AN-A2 LMT 10/LM210/LM910 Voltage Fotowor: LB s11/4M211/LM911 Voltage. Comparator: ANA, LB-12 L119 1.2 Vot Reference Diode: AN-56 M1 18/LM218/LM318 High Siow Rato Op Amp: LB-17 M565 Phase Locked Loop: AN-46 LUnftea DNA: AN-286 [M3800 Quad Amplifier: AN-72 4280 Micropower Programmable Op Arp: AN cuae Back Porch: AN-A6 Grd (CRT): AN-867 Precision: AN-3, LBB CLASS A AUDIO AMPLIFIER: AN-72, ‘CMOS LINEAR AMPLIFIERS (See Amplifier, CMOS) (CMOS LOGIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR: AN-7! COAXIAL CABLE DRIVE: AN-227 ‘COLD JUNCTION COMPENSATION: AN 222, AN.225 ‘COMMUTATION: AN-49 ‘COMPARATORS (See Voltage Comparators) ‘COMPENSATION, DRIFT (See Drit Compensation) ‘COMPENSATION, FREQUENCY {See Frequency Compensation) ‘COMPENSATION, TEMPERATURE. (Bee Orit Compensation) xepuy yoelangSubject Index Subject Index (coninue COMPONENT NOISE (See Nolte, Component) ‘CONTINUITY CHECKER, AUDIBLE: AN 54 ‘CONTROL SYSTEM, ENVIRONMENTAL: N60 convenren 00 Mie AN 2 Aow0c.ava1,188 ‘naogto Data (Se Anion DGta) Cable: A391 Curento-Votage: ANO, ANY OC 06. LB-18 (So alo Swiching Repl) Day Programe Bard Pes Fite AN Detay Proganmabie Paner Aton AN-29 Frequory to Vote: AN-7,AN210, LBS, ‘gent ©, Apne D Logarthme: AN, AS, ANY Pen Pram AN 290 Votage Convled Amol AN.296 Votage to Frequnoy. AN26, AN.208, Aopen O ‘COUNTER, PULSE: AN-72 CORT DEFLECTION CIRCUITRY: AN 266 CRT MONITOR: ANLEEE ‘cROssovERS ‘etre: ANGE CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR: AN32, 4-41, N74, A402 (CUBE GENERATOR: aN30, 31 CCURRENT AMPLIFIER High Output AN27,AN.262 ‘CURRENT BOOSTER: AN-127, AN 227 CURRENT UMN ‘Adal: AN21 Extra AN, AND, ANT Erna CreitAN2, N27 Feldoack AN 62 (Se Fldback Curent Umino) Outut Shon Creut 72, A227 Sane Voge Rodicion ANY, ANS, ANS? Swtcrback (Seo Folback Curent Lining) Swicring Regustor N21 Two Terinal Cert into: AN110 1K 65 Pose Suppy win Vrate Cunt imi aN 27 {CURRENT LooP:A¥.200 (CURRENT MEASUREMENT: AN-200 (CURRENT MIRROR: AN-72 {cunmENT MoTOR: at, AN92, A300 (Guo eo Cuertio-vorige Convert CURRENT NOISE (Se Noe, Curren) ‘CURRENT SINK otal Contos: A271 Fave: ANT2 Pracson: AN 20, ANSI, ANS ccunneN sounce Batra AN, AN ah Complore. AN127 High Curont: N42 Mutile:AN-72 Precision: AN-20, ANY, AN-G2 Programmable: AN-44 “Two Terminal AN-110 200 mA: AN-109 ‘CURRENT-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERTER: AN-240 ‘CURRENT-TO-VOLTAGE CONVERTER: AN-20, AN-31 DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM: AN:<08 D-TO-A CONVERTER: (See Digltal-to-Analog) DC SERVO-MOTOR CONTROLLERS: AN-460 1DC-TO-AC CONVERTER: 13-18, DELAY SWITCH: AN-110 Two Terminal: AN. ($00 also Timers) DEMODULATORS: AN-42 AMM: ANAS Frequency Shit Keying: ANAS IRIG Channel: AN Woather Satelite Picture: AN-&6 DETECTORS: AN-391 Peak: ANT, ANG86 Pulse Wet: (S00 Pulse Wath Detoctors) ‘Synchronous: AN-381 True RMS: 15.25 Zero Cross: N74 (00 sso Oamodulators) DIELECTRIC ABSORPTION: AN-260 DIELECTRIC POLARIZATION CAPACITOR: AN-20 DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER: AN.20, AN-29, AN, ‘aNr2 DIFFERENCE INTEGRATOR: AN-72 DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL COMMUTATOR: AN-49 DIFFERENTIATOR: AN20, ANSI, AN-72 DIGITAL DIVIDER: arabia Ratio: AN-286 DIGITAL GAINSET: AN-344 DIGITAL INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER: AN-344 DIGITAL MULTIMETER: AN-202 DIGITAL SWITCHING CIRCUITS: AN.72 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERTER: AN-48 “Ampliir Gain Controt AN-271, AN-Z24 CCompasita Low Orisa Fast Ampito: AN-271 Dightally Controiod AC Attoruator: AN-284 Dilly Contoied Capactance Ample: AN-274 Dightally Controted Curent Sink: AN-271 Digitally Contoted Function Generator AN-271 High Vottage Output AN-271, AN-269 (Output Rango Love Siting: AN-271 Plate Driving Dtiocton Amptic:AN299 Processor Contotod Shaker Tabi Dever: AN-208, ‘Scanner Contok: AN-283Subject Index conines Sg Supply Votage Mode: AN271 Teper Lin Controle: AN-280 Uses asa Dgtaly Programmable Potente: ANT Verrier Adjustment AN271 “+-Cuacrant Multoexing: AN-271 441020 mA Curent Loep: ANZTA dI00e Caen: AN22 Camps AN-251 Prection AN, ANTS, 18.8 Protective: AN21, AN Relerence: ANSE, N10 Zener ANS Zener Transistor Sxs0-niter Junction: ANT} DISCRETE TIME SYSTEM AN 225 DISCRIMINATOR, MULTIPLE APERTURE. ‘WINDOW: ANI DIVIDER, ANALOG: AN-4, AN-90, ANS, AN-222 NAT ‘Applications: N90 ‘caitraton: AN-990 Cascading: N90 Grout Design: AN386 Operating Principles: AN-084 DOUBLE ENDED LIMIT DETECTOR: AN31 [DOUBLE SIDEBAND MODULATOR: AN.29, AN-«9 DOUBLER, FREQUENCY: AN-43 DRIFT Mairzing in Arpiiirs: 18-2, 18-32, AN242 DRIFT COMPENSATION: AN-79, AN-242 Blas Current: AN, AN-20, AN-28, ANS Board Layout: AN29 Gain, Transistor: AN-S6 {Guaraing inputs: AN-29 Integrator, Low Dit AN-St Non-Linear AmpitOrs: AN-4, AN Offset Votage: ANS, AN-20, AN, AN-242 Reset Stabiized Arpiiir: AN.20 ‘Sample and Hold: AN-4, AN28 ‘Transistor Gai: AN-56 Voltage Regulator: AN-21, AN-20, N42, L845 DRIFT, VOLTAGE AND CURRENT: AN29, (G00 algo Ost Componsaton) DRIVERS. (Cable: AN-813 (Chopper: AN-828 UR: AN820 MOS Clock Driver: AN-T4 oro Crossing Detector ad Line Driver: AN-162 {Goo aso Voltage Fotowors, Burs, Ampiirs) DUAL TRACKING REGULATORS. (See Regulators, Dual Tracking) DIGITAL VOLT METER (OVMy: AN-200 DWELL METER: AN-162 [DYNAMIC SPECIFICATIONS: AN-769 ECL (See Emitter Coupled Logie) [ELECTRONIC SHUTDOWN: AN-82, AN-103, ELLIPTIC FILTER: AN-779 [EMI (lectromagnetc Interference): AN-661 EMITTER COUPLED LOGIC, DIRECT INTERFACING: AN EQUALIZER, GRAPHIC: AN-495 ERRORS Low Enor Ampito: LB-21 esducing Comparator Errors for + pV Sensi: L832 FEEDFORWARD COMPENSATION: L9-2, L814, L8-17 FERRITE BEAD: AN.23 rer ‘Ampito: ANG2 ‘Operations! Ampilir Input AN-4, AN-20, AN2, ‘aNt67 Swtehes: N22, AN-A47 Volt Mater, FET VM: AN.22 FILTER: AN-207 ‘Adjustable O: ANS, 6-5 Banopass: AN-72, AN-712, AN-770,LB-11 (Gee alo iter, Note) Bessa: ANT79 BLQuad: AN-72 Butterworth: AN-779 ‘Choveyshev: AN-779 Digtaly Programmable Gain: AN-260 Elliptic: AN-779 Full Wave Rectiving and Averaging: AN-20, AN-St High Pass Activ Ftc: AN-31, AN-72, AN227, ‘AN346, 18-11, ANT79| Irrasound: AN-946 Low Pass Active Filor AN.20, AN-S1, N72, "AN286, ANS46, ANT79 Low Distortion: AN-348, AN-386 Low Pass Adjustable: AN-384, AN-386 Notch: AN-S1, AN-8, AN-227, AN-712, AN-779, B.S, lett Noth, Adjustable Q: ANSI, AN-779, LBS PID: N93, AN-T06 Power Supply: AN-20, 18-10 Programmable: N44 Salle Key: AN-779 Seneivity Functons: AN-72 ‘Surface Acouste Wave: AN.O9t ‘Switched Cepactor ANT73 ‘Tone Convo aN-S2 Ltrasounc: AN-946 Vestal Ste Band: AN402 xepul yefangSubject Index ‘Subject Index (continues) FLASHER Inepensive IC: AN-154 Lamp: aN10 “Two Wire: AN-154 FLIP-FLOP, TRIGGER: AN-72, FLUID LEVEL CONTROL: A9-10 FLYBAGK POWER SUPPLY: ANS56 Fu Blond: AN290 Caitration Modulation Level: AN-402 FM STEREO Fomote Spoakor: AN-148 FOLOBACK CURRENT LIMITING Nogatve Votage Regulator: AN-21, LB-9 Posiive Voltage Regulator AN-23, 18.3 Power Dissipation Curve: AN.23 Temperature Sonstvty: AN-20 (Gee alo Currnt Liming, Fldback) FOLLOWERS, VOLTAGE (See Voltage Followers) FREQUENCY COMPENSATION: AN-79 Bandwath, Extended: AN-29, LB2, LB, LB-14, 1, (3-42 Bootstapped Shunt: AN.2 Capacitance, Stay: ANA, ANT, ANZ CCapactve Loads: AN, AN-447, LB-14, B42 Ditfrontitor: AN-20| Feoctoware: L-2, L8-14, L217 Ferre Bosd: AN-23 Hint: AN, AN-20, AN-20, AN-4, AN447, (82, LB, L842 Mutipior AN210 Mutvxatr: ANA Oscilation, Inolurtan: AN-4, AN-20, AN28 FREQUENCY DOUBLER: AN-41 [FREQUENCY RESPONSE: 8-19 (See also Frequency Compensation) [FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING DEMODULATOR: AN-<6 'FREQUENCY-TO-CURRENT CONVERTER: AN-162 FREQUENCY-TO-VOLTAGE CONVERTER: AN-S7, 'ANI62, AN2I0 FULL POWER BANDWIDTH: LE-19, AN-769 FUNCTION GENERATOR (See Generator) GAIN CONTROL Digta:AN-260 Voltage Contoted: AN-299 (See also AGC) GAIN TEST SET: AN24 GATES, OF AND AND: AN-72 ‘GENERATOR Digtally Conti: AN-495 Mutiplo Function ANT15, 18:23 (One Shot AN-88 Programmable: AN-344 Pulse Generator: AN-74 ‘Sine Wave: AN115 Square Wave: AN-7, AN-88, AN-156, L.23 Statcase: AN-88, AN-162 ‘Tio Delay, AN-14 Tangle Wave: 8-29 (S00 also Oscar) GRAPHIC EQUALIZER Digtally Contoiod: AN-<35 ‘GUARD DRIVER: AN, AN227 ‘GUARDING AMPLIFIER INPUTS: AN-20 GYRATOR (See Inductor, Simulated) H-BRIDGE: AN-693, AN.604 HALL EFFECT SENSOR (COMPARATOR 6:92 HARMONIC DISTORTION: AN-760 HIGH FREQUENCY: AN-27, AN-253, N91 HIGH PASS ACTIVE FILTER: AN-1, AN72, AN-307, AN46, AN-779, LBA HIGH PASS FILTER: AN-227, AN-307, AN-346 HIGH SPEED DUAL COMPARATOR: AN-115, HIGH SPEED OP AMP: AN:278, AN-428, AN-619, L-42 HIGH SPEED PEAK DETECTOR: AN227 HIGH SPEED SHIELD/LINE DRIVER: AN.227 HIGH VOLTAGE Driver N48 Flasher AN-154 (Op Ame: AN-127 Regulator: AN-109 HUMIDITY MEASUREME} INDICATOR Appllcaions:AN-154 INDUCTANCE-RESISTANCE (L/R) DRIVERS: AN-828 INbucTOR ‘Cote, Switching Reguator: AN Forte Boad: AN-23, Simulatod: ANS, AN-35, ANT12 Voliage-Contlled: AN-712 INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER ‘(See Amplifier, Instrumentation) INPUT GUARDING: AN-29, AN-46 INTEGRATOR: AN-20, AN-28, AN1, AN, “aN72 INTERMODULATION DISTORTION: AN-769 INTERNAL TIMER: AN91 INTRUSION ALARM Fiber Optic: AN-26 INVERTING AMPLIFIER: AN.20, AN-91, AN-71, 'ANT2, BAT ISOLATED INPUT SIGNAL CONDITIONING ‘AMPLIFIER: AN-268 ISOLATION AMPLIFIER: AN.266, AN.205 ISOLATION, DIGITAL: AN-¢1Subject Index ccortmes) {ISOLATION TECHNIQUES Thomocoupl:AN-298 “Teansormer AN-266, AN285 wretes AN JUNCTION TEMPERATURE, MAX ALLOWABLE: N98 ‘awe oniven (round Reterenced:AN-T2 Votage Comparator AN, AN.72, L812 LARGE SIGNAL RESPONSE: L8-19 LED (See Light emitng Diode) LEVEL DETECTOR WITH HYSTERESIS: ANS7 LEVEL SHIFTING AMPLIFIER: AN, AN19, AN, ANA, ANB LIGHT ACTIVATED SWITCH: AN-10 LiGHT EMITTING DIODE 1.8V LED Fisher, AN-1S4 MIT DETECTOR: AN-31 LIMITER (See Clamp) {LINE DRIVER: AN-19, AN-48 LINE RECEIVER AMPLIFIER: AN.72 LINE RECEIVERS, COMPARATORS SUITABLE FOR: ANS? LIQUID DETECTOR: AB-10, AN-154 Lt2 180-.WATT OP AMP: AN-445 LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER: AN:20, AN-20, ‘ANSI, AN211 DAC Contoled Scale Factor AN-268 Digitally Programmable: AN-269 LOGARITHMIC CONVERTER: AN-S11 LOW PASS ACTIVE FILTER: AN-20, AN-2, AN-72, 'ANO7, AN-248, AN-779 LOW DRIFT AMPLIFIERS (See Ampifiers, Low Drit) wor Psiton Sensor: AN-201 MACROMODELS (See Models, Spee) MAGNETIC Variable Reluctance Pickup Buffer: AN-162 MAGNETIC FIELD SENSOR: AN-01 MAGNETIC TAPE: AN-200 MAGNETIC TRANSDUCER AMPLIFIER: AN.74 METER AMPLIFIER: AN.71, AN-222, AN-265 MICROPHONE PREAMPLIFIER: AN200, AN-246 MICROPOWER “Ampliiar AN-71, AN211 Cru Desription LMA4260 Programmable ‘Op Amp: AN-71 Voltage Comparator: N71 Mixer ‘Auco: AN-72 Low Frequoncy: AN-72 Moves Spice: AN-812, A940, ANLBSE MODEM FILTER: AN-SO7 MODULATION AND DEMODULATION: AN-38, AN-<9, ‘and02 MODULATOR FM Auto: AN-402 Pleo Width: AN-9Y MOISTURE DETECTOR: AB-10, AN-154 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS (See Muttvibrator) MOS ANALOG SWITCH: AN-«9 MOS DIFFERENTIAL SWITCH: AN49 MOTION CONTROL: AN.695, AN-706 MOTION DETECTOR (See Sensor, Air, Sensor, Liquld) MOTOR CONTROL: AN-835, AN-698 MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLER: AN.202 MOTOR, STEPPER: AN825 MOTOR TORQUE CONTROLLER: AN.599, ANS20 [MULTIPLEXER (See Analog Switch) MULTIPLIER ‘Analog: AN-4, AN20, AN-S0, ANS, AN222 CCapactance: AN-28, ANS (Cube Generatoc AN.30, ANS Fesistance: AN-20 MULTIVIBRATOR: AN-4, AN-24, ANS, ANI, 'AN-T1, AN-72,AN74 NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS (Gee Symmetrical Volage Regulators) NEGATIVE REGULATOR (See Negative Voltage Regulators) NEGATIVE VOLTAGE REFERENCE: AN20, AN31 NEGATIVE VOLTAGE REGULATOR ‘Girt Deserption LM104/LM204/LMOO04: AN-24 Deft Compensation (See Dit Compensation, Voltage Regulator) Foldback Curent Liming: AN-21, LB-9 High Curent AN-21 High Voltage: N21 Hine: 2-15, Une Regulation improvement: AN-21 {Low Dropout Votage: AN-21 (verattage Protocton: AN-2t Power Dissipation: AN-21 Precision, Stable: LB-15 Programmabie: AN20, AN-31 Protective Diodes: AN-21 Remote Sonsing: N21 Fipple: AN-21 Suiting: ANZ “Too Terminal: AN-182 Transent Response: ANI [MOXIE DRIVER: AN-92 xepur yoelangSubject Index Subject Index (contmes Nose: Component ANOS gue: AN-04, AN-222, N20 Fitang in Merovt Comparators: L822 Gana, "Buzz Boe AN 54 FANS Measure: AN-100 “Tevrsion Pacaver ANB Thormal AN-04 Theor AN 222 Votage: av-104 Wosgtng AN.998 NOISE REDUCTION ‘uo A284, AN-286 Comparion of Types: ANA Complementary: AN-904 Fat aN 80 Masing:AN-04,AN208 Sendo: AN-904, ANH, AN-990 Tape: AN320 Television Aco: AN-090 vim: 200 NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER: AN-20, AN AN-T2 NON-LINEAR AMPLIFIER: AN, AN-31 NORTON AMPLIFIER: N72, AN-278 NOTCH FILTER: AN-01, AN-9, AN-307, AN-779, LE, let OFFSET ‘Austing Offset and Dit to Almost "Zero: AN, UB-32, AN-242 rit Compensation: ANS Voltage Compensation: ANS OFFSET CURRENT TEST SET: AN-24 OFFSET VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT: LE-9 OFFSET VOLTAGE COMPENSATION (Gee Dritt Compensation) OFFSET VOLTAGE TEST SET: AN-24 ONE SHOT: AN-72, AN-68 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS: (See Amplifiers, Operational) (OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER TESTING: AS-12 (OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER TEST SET: AN-24 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER VOLTAGE "REFERENCE: AN-288 OPTICALLY ISOLATED SWITCHES (See Switches, Optically folatec) (OR GATE: AN-72, AN-TA gute: AN-103 ‘OSCILLATION, INVOLUNTARY (See Frequency Compensation) osciLLaton Crystal: ANA, AN-T4, ANAO2 Cyst FET: AN-S2 Fiver Opt: AN.268 Inexpensive IC: AN-15& Uc: ana02 Morso Code: AN-154 Mutivbeator AN, AN26, ANI, ANT, ANTI, ANT2 (One Shot: AN-S8 Pezoelectie Dever AN-72 Programmable “Ununeton": AN-72 Pulse: ANT ules Output AN-71, ANT2 (Quadrature Output ANS, LB-16 FF: AN-402 FF JPET: ANG ‘Sawiooth: AN-72 ‘Sino Wave: AN-20, AN-29, ANSI, AN-32, TAN-T2, AN-115, AN-264, ANCT12, LB-16 Square Wave: AN-88 Stacase: AN-72 “Television: AN-402 Tangle Wave: AN-20, AN:24, ANS}, AN-72 Tunable Frequoncy: L846 Vestal Side Band: AN-402 Video: AN-402 Vottage-Contolled: AN-24, AN-72, ANS, "ANGI46, AN-162, AN-383, Append C Wien Bilge: AN.20, ANS, ANS2 ‘OVERSPEED LATCHES/INDICATORS (See Frequancy-to-Voltage) PACKAGE POWER CAPABILITIES: AN-396 PARALLELING OP AMP: 6-44 PEAK DETECTOR: AN-4, AN-T, N72, AN-74, AN, AN-227, AN-38B PHASE Paso Shit Osan AN-88 PLL Range Extend: AN-162 Wide Rango Phase Shifter, AN-981 PHASE COMPARATOR: AN-72 PHASE LOCKED LOOP: AN-148, AN-SB1, AN-81 ‘Advantages 9 Voltage-1-Froquency (Convorton AN210" (Geet Dasrition LMSES: ANAS Damping: AN FM Audlo Modulation: AN-402 Locking: AN. Loop Fito: AN-#6 Mullempii: AN72 Nose Periormance: AN-¢6 Phase Comparator: AN72 Theory ANA oO: aN-72 PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR: AN-28 PHASE SHIFTER: AN-2 PHONO PREAMPLIFIER: AN-32, AN-222, AN-346 PHOTOCELL AMPLIFIER: AN20Subject Index continues) PHOTODIODE. “Ampliion AN-20, AN-29, ANY, AN244, LB42 Lovel Detoctor: AN-4, AN-244 PHOTORESISTOR AMPLIFIER: AN29 ID CONTROLLER: AN-699, AN-708 PIN DIODE DRIVER: AN«9 PIN DIODE SWITCHING: AN.<9 POLARITY SWITCHER: AN-244 POLARIZATION, DIELECTRIC: AN-20 POSITION SENSOR: AN-162 LWOT: ANGOT POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS (See Symmetrical Voliage Regulators) POSITIVE REGULATOR (See Regulator, Positive) POSITIVE VOLTAGE REFERENCE: AN-20, AN:91, ANSS POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATOR ‘Adjustable Output AN-42, AN-178, AN-B1, ‘AN-182, 18.95 ‘Bootsvapped Reguator AN-211 CGeut Doserption LMYO5/LM205/LM05: AN-29, ‘anon (Grout Doserption LM109/1M209/LMB00: ANA (MOS Compatbe: AN-71 Cueront Limit: ANL72, AN-211 Dit Compensation (Gee Deft Compensation, Voltage Regulator) Fale Mechanisms: AN.23 Fiteing, Power Supply: AN-23 Fed Output: AN-42 Foldback Current Limiting: AN-28 Heat Dissipation: AN-29 High-Curent:AN-23, AN-72 High Votage: AN-72, AN211, LB-47 Hints: AN-23,L8-15, Low Votage: ANSE, AN-211 Micropower Quiescent Power Drain: AN-71, AN-211 NPN Pass Transistors: AN-72 Power Limitations AN-23 Precision: AN-42, LB-15 Programmable Low Power: AN-20, ANY Protocton: AN-23, AN-72 Fippe Induced Falues: AN28 ‘Suitching Reguator (See Switching Reguator) ‘Temperatuw Componsaton: AN-42, 18-15 ‘Tyee Terminal: AN-109, AN-178, AN-182, LE-OS ‘Timing Output Vota: 9-46 (S00 also Votage Rogulators) POWER AMPLIFIER (See Buffer, High Current) POWER CAPABILITIES, IC PACKAGE: AN-996 POWER DISSIPATION Regulator: AN-82, N03 Hsedgo: AN-e04 POWER LINE CARRIER: AN-146, POWER SUPPLY: AN-55 Goneral Purpose: L8-28 Monitor: L848 Programmable: L8-49 (See also Reguators) Split: AN-69, ANT1 PREAMPLIFIER CORT: AN Phono: AN-82, AN-222, ANAS Servo: AN, ANY Sterec: AN-248 Video: N61 (G20 also Ampiiirs, Preamp) PRECISION REFERENCE: AN-163, AN-173 PROGRAMMABLE GAIN: AN.209 PROGRAMMABLE OP AMP: AN-71 PROGRAMMABLE “UNMIUNCTION” ‘OSCILLATOR: AN-72 PROGRAMMABLE VOLTAGE REGULATOR: 'AN20, ANS PULSE AMPLIFIER: AN-19, AN-819 PULSE COUNTER: AN.72 PULSE GENERATOR: AN-71, AN-72, N74 PULSE STRETCHER: Proportonal: AN-266 PULSE WIDTH DETECTOR: AN.97 PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR: AN-2, ANS, ANT4, LBA PULSE WIOTH MULTIVIBRATOI PYROELECTAIC ‘Acoaleromater: AN-901 Detector Amplifier AN-901 Resonator Temperature Sensor: AN-201 (QUAD AMPLIFIER: AN-71, N72 ‘QUAD COMPARATOR: AN.74 ‘QUADRATURE OSCILLATOR: AN-91, N07, L8-16 RATE GYRO: AN.201 RECEIVER FM Remote Spoaker: AN-148, Introd: AN-200 Television: AN-391 ‘VHF: AN-290, Utrasori: AN-200 RECTIFIER, FAST HALF-WAVE: AN21, L8-6 RECTIFIER, FULLWAVE: AN20, LB REFERENCE Low Dit Precision 6.0V: AN-161, AN-179, AN-164 Miropowsr AN-222, 18.94, LB-41 Precision: AN-78, AN-161, LB-4t REFERENCE DIODE: AN110 REFERENCE VOLTAGE: AN-211 REFERENCE VOLTAGE DETECTOR: AN-300 [REFERENCE VOLTAGE REGULATOR: AN20, ANO1 REGULATORS (See Voltage Regulators) N22 ‘xepuy yoa{angSubject Index Subject Index conines) RELAY DRIVER: AN-72 [REMOTE LINKS Infazed: AN-200 ‘VHF: AN-200 Utrasone:AN-2090 [REMOTE SENSING High Curent Negative Regulator: AN-21 High Nogatve Voltage: AN-21 REMOTE SPEAKER SYSTEM: AN-145 REMOTE TEMP SENSOR/ALARM: AN.74 RESET STABILIZED AMPLIFIER: AN-20 RESISTANCE (Chole of Resistors for Op Amps: AN-72 Tester for Low Values of Rsitance: LE.22 RESISTANCE MULTIPLICATION: AN-20 RESISTOR VALUES, STANDARD: Appendix E RF: AN-301 RF AMPLIFIER (cascode: AN-22, AN-813 [RF OSCILLATOR (See Oscillator, RF) IAA PHONO PREAMPLIFIER: AN:222, ‘AN-200, AN246 RIPPLE, POWER SUPPLY: AN-21, AN-23, L8-10 RISE TIME, AMPLIFIER: L8-19 MS ‘True AMS Detector: 6:25 ROOT EXTRACTOR: AN-S, ANS, AN-222 RTD CONTROLLER: AN.202 ‘SAFE AREA PROTECTION: AN-103 SSALLEN-KEY FILTER: AN-779 ‘SAMPLE AND HOLD: AN-4, AN-20, AN-1, ANS2, "AN-T2, AN-208, AN-288,LB-11, LAS CGreutt AN-205 Extended HOLD Time: AN-245, AN-204 High Speed: AN.259, AN234 HOLD Stop: An-234 nite: AN245 Infiste HOLD Time: AN-245, AN-294 Reduction of HOLD Stop: AN.245, AN-204 Terms: AN-266 ‘SAMPLING THEOREM: AN-206 ‘SAWTOOTH GENERATOR: AN-72 ‘SCHMITT TRIGGER: AN:92, AN-T2 ‘SENSE VOLTAGE (See Current Limiting) ‘SENSITIVITY FUNCTIONS: AN-72 ‘SENSOR ‘Mass Volos: AN-162 FolatonalVelooty: AN-162 ‘SERVO PREAMPLIFIER: AN-4, ANS ‘SETTLING TIME: 8-17 ‘SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION (See Current Limiting) SSIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO: AN-106, AN-769 SINE SHAPER: AN269 SINE WAVE GENERATOR: AN-15, AN263, 'AN-268, AN-307 SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR: AN-20, AN-28, AN, 'AN-22, AN-72, AN-269, 18-16. Crystal: AN-263 Dita: AN-263 High Votage: AN-269 Paso Shit: AN.269 ‘Sine Wave Voltage Reference: AN-262 Tuning Fork: AN-263 \otage-Contolled: AN-262 Wien Bridge: AN-269, ‘SINE WAVE RESPONSE: L8-10 ‘SINGLE SUPPLY AMPLIFIER: AN-72 SINGLE SUPPLY OPERATION: AN-S1, AN-48 SIREN OSCILLATOR: AN-154 SLEW RATE: 9-17, 9-19, LB (Gee also Frequency Compencaton,Foodtorward) SLEW RATE LIMITING: LB-19 SMALL SIGNAL RESPONSE: 6-19 ‘SIN RATIO (See Signal-to-Noise Ratio) SOLAR CELL AMPLIFIER: AN-+ souND Peak: AN-84 Pressure: AN284 Sound EMfocts Oscillator: AN-154 SPEED SENSOR (See Sensor, Speed) SPEED SWITCH (See Frequency-to-Voltage Converter) SPICE (See Models) SQUARE ROOT CIRCUIT: AN, AN-91, AN-222 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR: AN-74, AN-68, AN-15, "ANGI54, AN-222, LB23 SQUARING AMPLIFIER: AN-72, AN-222 SQUARING CIRCUITS: AN-222 STAIRCASE GENERATOR: AN-72, ANS (G00 also Gonertor,Stacase) ‘STANDARD VALUES RESISTOR: Appendix E ‘STEP RESPONSE: L9-19 ‘STEPPER MOTOR: AN-828 ‘STEREO (See FM Stereo) ‘STEREO PREAMPLIFIER: AN-346, ‘STRAIN GAUGE CONVERTER: AN-301 ‘SUBTRACTOR (See Difference Ampiler) ‘SUMMING AMPLIFIER: AN20, AN SUPPLY VOLTAGE SPLITTING: AN3t SWITCHED CAPACITOR FILTER: AN-307, AN-779 swiTcHEs. Optcaly solutes: AN-110 ‘Two Terminal Tme Delay: ANS SWITCH, ANALOG: AN-32 ‘SWITCHBACK CURRENT LIMITING (See Foldback Current Linting)Subject Index (continues) SWITCHING REGULATOR: AN.243, N97, Mansi0, AB 90, AN ‘ck Converter: AN-94, ANTI ‘Boost (Stapp) Converters: ANL733 Cut Desorption L605: AN-249 Croat Oeeroion LM7ASAO:AN-711 arent Limiting: AN2, ANZ 10 Motor Spooa Reguaon AND Dissipation: AN.21 Diver AN, ANZ Dual Output AB-20 Extency ANZ) Forward Convert: AN-778 gh Nogatve Curent AN-2t Hot ant Inauetr Core Selcton:AN-2, ANY Invertng (00 Pus 0 OC Minus) Convertor AN-711, LB-8 Isolates Pyback: ANT77 Line Reguation:AN-21 Nepatve: AN-21 (veroad Shutdown: AN-21 Polaity Conversion: L8-18, ‘Theory AN-711, L848 SYMMETRICAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR ‘Tracking Roguator: AN-20 ‘SYNCHRONOUS Video Detector AN991 ‘TACHOMETER: AN-72, ANT ‘TAPE READER Magni: AN-74 ‘TAPE COMPENSATION Weighing System: AN-271 TELEVISION: AN-402 TEMPERATURE: AN-292 Contra Sensors: AN-460 Control AN-209 Farontet Sensors: AN-460 (Oven Controller: AN-262 Platinum RTO High Temperature: AN-262 Timor Used as Control: AN Transdvcor:AN-225, AN-460 “Transducer, Mcropower: 8-27 ‘TEMPERATURE COMPENSATED ZENER DIODE: ANS ‘TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION (Gee Drit Compensation) ‘TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER: AN-206, AN.292, AN-200 ‘TEMPERATURE CONTROL: AN.262, AN.299 Pression: AN-266 igh Ettloney: AN.266 ‘TEMPERATURE PROBE AMPLIFIER: AN-01, AN-56 ‘TEMPERATURE PROBE COMPARATOR: AN-72 ‘TEST SET, OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER: AN-24 ‘THERMAL CAPABILITIES, DEVICE: AN.396 ‘THERMAL FEEDBACK REDUCTION IN 'MICROVOLT COMPARATORS: [8.92 ‘THERMAL NOISE (See Noise, Thermal) ‘THERMAL SHUTDOWN: AN92, AN-103, ‘THERMOCOUPLE: AN.225 “Ampiir with Cold Junction Compensation: AN-211, 'AN222, AN-725, LB-24 Comparator: 18.32 Effects on 1’: AN-79, 6-22, 2-32 ‘THERMOMETER: AN252 tecronc:AN-225, AN229 Miropowor: LB-27, AN 211 Temperature Contolr AN-97 Thormeccuple: 18-24 Using Platinum Sensor: AN-288 ‘THERMOMETER, ELECTRONIC: AN-31, AN-56 ‘THRESHOLD DETECTOR: AN20, ANS! ‘TIME DELAY GENERATOR: AN-74 ‘TIME, INTERVAL: ANY ‘TIMER CIRCUITS: AB.7, AN-7, AN-110 ‘TIMERS (Chain of Timer: AN.97 (Oyo Interupt AN-87 ‘Dua! Supply Operation: AN-97 tectoiie Timing Capacitors: AN-87 Etiminating Timing Cyele upon iil ‘Appicaton of Power: ANT Lnearzing Charging Swoop: ANO7 ‘Negative Pulse Teggerng: AN-97 [Nos Immunity: AN.97 (One Hour AN-97 Time Delay Grcut AN-110 “Tene Out, Power Up: AN.97 wide Range Timor L838 Zoro Power Dissipation betwoen “Timing intrvals: NST '5V Loge Supply Driving 26V Relay: AN-97 {0 Supe ntrtacing wih SV Logie: AN ‘TIMING ERROR: ANT ‘TONE CONTROL: AN-2, AN-435 ‘Stereo: AN-495. ‘TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION: AN-180 ‘TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER: AN.286 ‘TRANSDUCER ‘Ampito LB.24 Signa Conationers: AN-S01 Temperature: 18:27 ‘TRANSFER FUNCTION TEST SET: AN-24Subject Index Subject Index (coninved) ‘TRANSISTOR Low Noise: AN-222 ‘Optica isolated: AN-110 Power, Protactod: N10 ‘TRANSMITTER, FM Remote Speaker: AN-146 Infarot: AN-200 Two Wee: AN-11 HF: ANL290 Lasonic: AN-200 ‘TRIAC TRIGGER: AN-154 TRIANGLE WAVE OSCILLATOR: AN:20, AN-26, TANI, AN?2 ‘TRIGGER APPLICATIONS: AN-154 TRIGGER, FLIP-FLOP: AN-72 TRIGGER, SCHMITT: AN-32, AN-72, ‘TUNED RF CIRCUITS (See Ampiiers) TV (See Television) UNITY-GAIN BUFFER: AN20, ‘VCO (See Voltage-Controlied Osciiator) VELOCITY SENSOR (See Sensor, Velocity) VIDEO: AN-991, AN-656 VOLTAGE COMPARATOR: AN-41, AN-74, ’AN108, AN-288, .29 ‘Ase Convertor Creu: L6-6 [AC Coupled: LB ‘Avoiding Oscilaions:L8-38 Butfood Output: AN-28 ict Doserpion LMt¥1/LM211/LMSt ‘AN, LB Comparison: AN-87, LB-12 TL Driver: AN-4, N29, ANSI, LB-42 ‘Dual Lim, High Specd: ANB Fast (8.6 High Curront: ANT? High Speed Difeentist AN-87 Hons: AN Irvertng and Nornverting wih Hystress: ANT Lamp Dror AN, AN-72,LB-12 Miopowee: ANTI Microvot: L6-32 MOS Driver: AN, L812 (0p Amp Voltage Comparator: AN-4 AN-T1, AN-T2 Preamplife: 8-32 (Quad Array: AN-74 ‘Spootying Selected Paramotors: [8.26 Timers Used as: ANS? ‘TTL Diver: AN, AN-29, ANS, ANS, LBH12 Zoro Crossing: AN-31, AN-41, LB, LBA2 VOLTAGE CONTROLLED AMPLIFIER: AN-200, VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR: AN-72, ’AN-74, ANS, ANS, ANC62, ANS (S00 siso Voiageto-Frequerey Converter) VOLTAGE FOLLOWER: AN-63 ‘Bias Curent: AN-20 (Greut Dosertion LHO03s: AN CGcut Daserption LMI 10/LM210/UM9t0: LB-11 Comparison: LB-11 Frequency Compensation: 8-42 Hints, Operating: AN-20 Orfeet Adjustment: ANS, LB-@ Single Supply: AN-72 Voltage Retorencs: N20, ANS, AN-S56 1 Amp: ANA10 VOLTAGE NOISE (See Noise, Voltage) VOLTAGE REFERENCES (See Reference) VOLTAGE REGULATORS: AN-178 (S00 also Regulator, Votago; Pestive, Negative, ‘or Snitching Voltage Rogulato) Adjusablos: N78, AN-183, AN-211, AB-1, 48-12, 8-48 Automotive: AB-2 Batiory Charging: ABT, AB-12 Custer: AN-103, AN-110, AN-127 ‘Dual Tracking: AN82, AN-103 High Current AN-108, AN-10 High Current Qual Tracking: N82 High Current Rogulators: AB-11 igh Input Vattage: AN-709, AN-211 Improving Rebabiity: AN-182 Low Dropout AB-11, AB-12 PNP: AB-11, AB-2 “Tanning 8-46 1 65V with Varable Curent Limit AN-127 +52.5V Dual Tracking: AN-127 \VOLTAGE-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERTER: AN-210, ’AN-240, L845, Appendie C, Appendix D (S00 also Analogo-Digisl Converters and Vottage-Contoted Oscittors) VOLT METER: AN-32, AN-71, [8-45 WEIGHING SYSTEM Precision: AN-205 WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR: AN-20, ANS, AN22, AN-263 WINDOW DISCRIMINATOR, MULTIPLE 'APERATURE: ANI ZENER DIODE IG ANS Transistor Baso-Emiter Junction: AN-T1 ‘ZENERS (See Reference) ‘ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR: AN.31, ANAT. AN-74, 16, 12 Comparators Suitable for “Two Shot": AN-87, AN-162 ‘8080 MICROPROCESSOR: AN-200Drift Compensation Techniques for Integrated DC Amplifiers Robert J. Widlar Apartado Postal 541 Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco Mexico Introduction With OC amples, tis usualy possible o substantia im rove dit performance by using addloral xc along With some form of acustment. In fact, one of the reasons {hat dlseotecompenent oporaienal amples havo betor Input curontspacticaions than monolithic amples that Curent compensaton is usec. Mono ceuts cannot n= corporat these techniques because itis not possi to Select components or make achstments. These adust ‘ments can, howover, be made exorral to the ampli. Ths aricle wal dscuss a numbor of compensation methods ‘welch can substantaly reduce the input currents of mano. Ith amputors, especialy in itectomperaturerange ap plications. Bas current compansaton reduces eset and dit wen ‘he amplifier is oportod trom high source resstances With low source resistances, such as a thermocoupo, the ft contribution ve to bas current ean be made ate mal In this caso, tho offset votage deft becomes Important. ‘A tochique is prosentd hereby which ost votage its botior than 0.5 V/"C can be realzed. The compensation tachnquo involves ony single room temperature balance adisiment. Therefore, chopper stabilized performance can be reatzod, with low source resistances, ina faly-sple larplfer winout tedious cutand.ty "compensation methods. bias current compensation ‘The simplost and most efectve way of compensating for ‘bas currents shown in Figure 1. Hor, the fet produced by the bas curent onthe iverting mput cancellod by te oftsot vollage produced across the varabo reste, Ro. ‘The main advantage ofthis scheme, besides ts spl, that tho bias curents of the two Input Wansisors tendo ‘rack wo over temperature 20 that low oft ako ‘achieved. The dlsadvantage ofthe method fe that & given ‘compensation soting works ony wih fixed foodback ess- tors, and the compensation must be reacted ie equi lont paral osstance of and Rs changed ‘National Semiconductor ‘Application Note 3 Figure 1. Summing ampliter with bas-current compen ‘sallon for fixed source resistances Figure 2 shows a simi ercut fora nonivering ampli. The offset voltage produced across tho DC recsance of the source due to the input currents cancalld by the drop across fa, For proper adustment range, Fi shout have 8 maximum value about three times tho source resistance ‘an the equvalent parle resistance of Ry and Fa shoud be loss than onesie the input source resistance, This cout nas the same advantages as that in Figure 1, however, i can only ba used when the Input source has 8 fied DC resistance. In many applieatons, suchas lngn- {onl integrators, sample and-old creuts, switchod-gan mpitiers or voliage Tolowers operating trom unknown Source, the source impodence's not delined In these casas ‘ther compensation schemes must be used, Figure 9 gves a compensation technique which doos not ‘depend upon having 2 fed source rasstance. A curent Injecteg into the input ternal rom the base ofa PNP van Sor. Since NPN input wanastors are used on tha integra. {24 ampli," tho base current ofthe PNP balances ou the “his aoe a mona prt angers Peery ale Figure 2. Non-verting ampli with blas-current compensation for fixed source resistances eNYANS Figure 3. Summing amplfer with bas-current compen ‘ation Figure 4. Blas-current compensation for nowinvertin amplifier operated over large common mode range ‘bese curent ofthe NPN. Furor, since a sitcon planar PNP transistor has epproximataly the same curen-gan versus omperatue charactersic asthe ifograted transistors, an Improvement in torparature dt wil also be realzed.! However, peroct compensation shoud net be axpocted be ‘cause of unit to-unt varationa inthe tomporatrecharactr- ‘tice of bot the PNP transistor and tha nograt crcut ‘Although the kul in Figure 3 works wal fr the summing ‘amplifier connection, I does have lmtaions in other appl- ‘atone cole, fr example, be used forte vlagofolow- ‘er configuration by connecting tho base ofthe PNP to tho honsnwartng input However, this would reduce the input "ihe coma anpter vee Con pte, Powe, bt ‘Soper eb anys ros impedance to sbout 180 Mf) bocause the curert supplied by the PNP wil vary wth the input votage lal I this charactors is cbjectonabie, the more-complicated eult shown in Figure 4 can be used. ‘Tho omittar of the PNP vansstor is fod from a curent Source so that the compensating current doos not vary wih inputvoltage lve. The design of tho current source is such {88 10 gvo t about the eame cheractorstes as those on the fr compensation wih changes in ‘Yotlage, The oreut makes use ofthe emitr base votlage ftforenal between two transisors operated at dierent collet currents \2 ANtrough tis recemmena inthe rel- ferences that these tranaistors bo wall matched, iis not Fealy necossary since the devices are operated at much Stlornteolecter curents Figure 5 shows snother compensation schome forthe vol- ‘age follower connection, Ths cect Is much simpor than {hat shown in Figure 4 but he tomporatire compensation i ‘ot auita as good. The compensatng curent is obtained {trough a esstor connected across a code whichis boot- ‘tapped othe output. The lode acts asa regulator so that the compensating ourentdoos not change epprocay with ‘signal level, ving Input impedances about 1000 Mf. The nogatve temperature coeticont ofthe iodo voltage also ‘braves somo temperature compensation. Figure 5. Voltage folower with bias-current compensa tion [AY tne ofouls decussed thus far have boon taloed for parteuar appleatons. Figure 6 shows a completely. general chome wheroin both inputs are curent compensated over {he full common mode range as wel as agains power sup- Dy and temperature varaone. Ths ofeut Is sutabla for {se eter as a summing ampffe or as a noninverting am- ifr. not required hat the DC impedance soon by both Inputs be equal, although lowor ci can be expected I they ‘As was mentioned eater lhe bias compensation cxcuts require adustment. Wit the creutsn Fgures and 2, 8s is morey a mator of adlustng the potontometr for 20 output wih zero Input Ie not so simple with the other raul, however. For one, Its cificu to use potoniome tors because a vary wide range of resistance values are requiod to accommnodele expected union variions, Resistor solocton must hortore bo used. Test Skcuts for ‘selcting bias compensation rosistors are en in Figure 7“Sater neo pt can on ‘enimorng met St into Figure 6. Blas-current compensation for citterential in. puts | ‘ofteet voltage compensation “The highly predcable behavior ofthe emiter-base voage of arsisors has suggested a unique dit compensation ‘noted ts shown fn Rfaronce 3 thatthe ote vokage Chto a afore! wansistr pa can be reduced by abot ‘an order of magnitude by unbalancing the colector cents such hat th tal ost votago Is Zoo. Tho basis or this comes fom he uation 1 he emt basevtage der. etal of wo tarsisrs operating at tho sare erperatr: Tog, 182 FT og, ne =“ toge $2 Tope AM0E gO igs icy : where kis Boltzmann's constant, Tis he absole tompara- tur. ais the charge ofan electron Ig a constant which ‘depends ony on how the ranastr Is mace and isthe ‘colecorcaent This equation i dred In Reforence 2. tis worthwhile nting here tha hese expassions make no ‘assumptions about tho curont gain of the wansstrs. 1 ‘Shown in References 5 and 6 that he emiter-ase voltage |S. Tuncton of calector curert, ot emiter current. Thar foro, to balance wil not be upset by base curent (xcept {or interacton wit the OC source resistance) “The tt term in Equaton (1) ste offset votage ofthe two transistors or oqual collector curens.ttcan be soon that tis offset votlage is crecty proportional to the abso temperatze-a fact wach s substantiated by exparmont« ‘Tho second termi the change of oft voltage which ar 9 fom operating the ransstrs at unequal ollactor cut ‘ents. For a xod a of callectoreurens, hs alo pro: Portonal to absolve temperature. Hence. tthe collector Currents ar unbalanced na xed rao fo gvo a zero emt {ortbaso votage dforntal the temperature cit wl sso be zee, Experiment inicatos that this i indeed tre. Thermal ditt less than 100 nV over tho —55°C to + 125°C tomperatre range have been reaized consistent. In order to obtain ths low cits, however 18 almost necessary to Uso & ‘monolitc transistor pat, since a 005°C temperature der: ‘ntal wil gvo a 100 nV onft Win a monottue pa, the ‘Physical proxmty of he devices as wel as the high thermal ‘Sonat of sicon hes ti Giferental to an ebeotte For low rit, tho transistors must operate tom a low ‘enough source resistance thatthe voltage crop across the Source duo to base cutent (or b359 ourant sitorenl i Doth bases see the same resistance) is insigniicat. Fut thermore the transistors must be operatod at alow enough colectorcuront thatthe emitter comtact and base-epread- Ing resstancos are noglgble, since Equation (1) assumes that they aro zor. ‘Acomploto ample using tis princi shown in Figure {8 A rronoliti tansister pai use as @ preamp fr Conventional operatonal ampli A null potenionoter, which is set for zero output for zero input, unbalances the collector load resisters ofthe transistor ptr such thal the Coletor cunts are unbalanced for zero offset Tis gives rinimur ait. An itresting eatce ofthe cea that the Pertormance is oatvely untested by supply voltage vai lions: a 1V change in ether supply causes an offset votage change of about 10 nV. This happens because nether tm in Equation (1) is affocte bythe magnitude othe collector curete, Figure 7. Test circults for selecting bias-compensation resistors eNVANS Figure @, Example of DC amplifier using the deft-compencation technique In order to got low ditt is necessary that tho gain ofthe ‘roamplier be igh enough so that tho ait of Po opora- tinal ampifer does not degrade performance. The gain can be determined from the expression for the transcon- ‘betance o he Input vansistrs tte dle Wee” kT a “The volge oan is = Non ay = Mo © ate 7 - fea ® where Ri. i8 the average valu of the two collector load realtors onthe input stage and Ic isthe average ofthe to colectoreurets Substuting Equation (2), this becomes ach © ay o au «0 ° ‘The input eed its then +n av = B08 Fos a whore avs isthe offst voltage ctive of the operational “anpifler and digg i its offset current i. Using Equaton (7). KT (Vos + Rudlos) ia 3 Wa ith te cout ehown in Figure 8, Equation (8) gives a 25 IV inputetered df for every 10 mV of ft votage ait {Or for every 100 nA of ose curent at is obvious rom ‘his hat the ose current itis most important an oper ‘ional amplior with bpolr input transistors used. “Another important considerations the matching ofthe cok loctor iad esstors onthe preamp stage. A0.1-porcont imbalance in th toa resistors duo to thermal mismatches trary other cause wil produce @25 nV shit oset. Ths includes tho Balancing potentiometer which can introduce fan error that wil dopond on ow aris set off midpoint iit has a alorent temperature cootciont than the resistors ‘The most obvious use of this type of low cit ampli is with thermocouples, magnetometers, current shunts, wie ‘ein gauges or sna signal sources whero very low dit ie required and the source rosstance slow enough that the bias Curent do not cause a problem. The 0 101 wVI"C Cnt realzed with this elavely simple amir over & “55'C to + 125°C temperature range compares favorably wa tha drift guresachiowed wih chopper amplifiers: 04 [RVC for machanical choppers, 0.8 VPC wth photoalec- Iie choppers ver a °C to 58°C tomperature range and 2 IAVISG wi feld-etfectransisor choppers over @ 55°C 10 "125°C tomparature rang. In odor to give some apprcis- ‘ion of he level of performance tis interesting to noto that no substan improvement in perormance would be ral. ‘20d by operating the ampitern a terperature-contrlled ‘oven. Any improvement would be masked by various ther tmovelcte affects not croey aesociated with tho arplior Unless extreme cara wre taken in he choce of Input load‘material, the method of making connectons and the blanc ing of thermal paths. These factors are, n fact, important ‘when making oven tests to very th dit ofthe ameifer noe thermoolectc effects can easiy produce dt vol ages larger than those af the ampli they are not proper. Ty hance ‘summary ‘Anumbor of compensation cuts designed to intense the DC fescluton of monottue operational ampiers have ‘been presenta. Boh current compensation tetesques for high impedance levo's as well as methocs of achoving ‘hopperstablize cit petormares at low impodance lov: ‘ls have boon covered Fart-simplecuront compensation which requires thatthe Impetiance lvels be xed have been described along with Ccomponsstion which is otfectve in cases where the source Impodance is not wll defined. Ths letter category eludes longintenal integrators, sampleandiold cuits, swichedgain ampters oF votago followers which operate ftom an unknown souce. The applicaton ofthese schomes Is generaly iid to lniegratod ampiers since modular mpifes almost aways incorprate current compensation ‘Tho crit reducton techniques provid statis better than 25 VC for iow impedance sources, suchas thrmocou les, curent shunts or stain gauges. Wi a propery de Signed crcul, compensation dopens oly ona single room temperature adustment, so oxcolert partormance can be blanod from afay-smple amp. raterences 4. J. Wider, “A Unique Cicut Dasign fora High Perform ‘ance Operational Ampiter Especial Suted to Monolth- te Construction,” roe of NEC. Vo XX) pp. 85-89, Oot0- or 1985, 2.8. J Wil, “Some Crcuit Design Tectriques for Linear Integrates Grcuits” IEEE Trans. on Creut Theory, Vol Xl, pp. $88-580, December, 1965. AH. Hotfat and RD. Thorton, “Limitations of Transistor DC Ampltiers," IEEE Proc, Vol. 52, pp. 179-184, Faber ay, 1964, 4. Tuszynsh, “Corolation Between the Base-Emttor Votage and is Temperature Goetfcent," Sold Stato De- 27. 2235, July, 1962 5.C.T. Sah, "Efect of Surtace Recombination and Channel fon P-N sunction and Tansisor Characteristics" JRE Trans. on Electron Dovces, Vo. ED, p, 94-108, Jans ay, 1982 6.J.€.Iworson, A. F. Bray, and J J. Klomack, “Low-Cu- ‘ent Aipha in Siicon Transistors,” IRE Trans Electron ‘Devices, VoL ED, pp. 474-478, Novernber, 1962. ENVAN-4 Monolithic Op Amp—The Universal Linear Component Robert J. Widlar ‘Apartado Postal 541 Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco Mexico Introduction Operational apis are undoubtedly the aasiost and bast way of performing a wie range o nar functions Wom s- be ampiicston to complex analog computation. The cost ‘of monolithic amplifier now less than $200, in large ‘quanti, which makes tatractve to design tam nto ‘Sata where they would not otherwiso be considered. Yot low cost isnot the ony evacton of monalthc ampli. Sco all components ao simultaneously febreated on one chip, much higher crcut complexes than can be used wih ‘scrote ampitir are economical. Ths can bo used to VE improved peromance. Further, there are no insurmout able technical dtfcuos to temperature stabizng the am- pifler chip, ging chopper stabilzed performance wih ile ‘added cost ‘Operational amples are designed fo igh gai, ow offset vyotlage and iow input carent. A a result de biasing con- Siaoralysinpfed in most applcations; and they can be Used with fait simp dosgn rues because mary porta ‘roc torms can be noglectod. This aricle wal ve exampos ‘demonetating te range of usataness of operational ampt- Tere intnearercuit design. Tho examples ao certainty not anctswe, and its hoped that they wil stimula oven ‘more ideas irom others. A fw praca ns on provening ‘scilaons in operational amptirs wil aso be ven since thi Is probably tho largest single prablom that many ange noes have with these coves. [though the design presenta use the LMt0% operational fmplier and the LM102 volage flower produced by Ni ‘onal Semiconductor, most aro gonoaly‘aphcabo to all ‘monotnic daviees i ine manufactrer's recommended We ‘quency compensation is used and difleronces in maximum fatings are takon into account. A completa description of the LOT is given elsewhere) but, bry, ices from most other monolithic ampifers, such as the LM7092 in that has a 90V ifort! input votge range, 8 +15V, 2V common mode range wih = 15V supple and ican be compensated wit a. singlo 30 pF capactor. The ha102 which is also used hor, is designed specsicly 3s ‘A votage tolower and foeturas a maximum input caren TOA end @ 10 V/us slow rate. operationaamilfirosclator ‘The treeunning mutator shown in Figure 7s an excel lent example ofan application where one doesnot normaly Consider sing sn operational apie. Howover, this cult ‘operates at low frquencios wih elatvely smal capactors because ican uso a longer porton of the capactor timo Constant sins the threshold point of the operational amplt- (F's wal determined. In adcon, I has a completely sym ‘etrcal output waveform along wih a buffered output, {ough to sentry ean be vid by retering 2 1 s5me votage oor than ground ‘National Semiconductor ‘Application Note 4 oot Figure 1. Froe-unning multvbrator ‘Another advantage of the cicutis that it wil always sl! ‘lar and cannot hang up since there Is more de negative {oodback than postive feedback. Ths can be a problem wih many "txtbook" maltvbratrs Sinco th operational ampliir is used open lop, the usual ‘roquency compensation components” are not requied ‘since they wil only slow it down But oven without the 30 pF ‘capacitor, the LMIOT does have spoed imitations which ro- ‘tit tho use of ths crcuit to frequencies below about 2 inte, ‘Tho larg input voltage range ofthe LM101 (both itterentiat tnd singe anced) permits large voltage eninge onthe pat 0 that several time constants ofthe timing capactor, C1 ‘can bo used, With most other ampiirs, R2 must DO ro- ‘duced to Keep from exceeding these ratings, which requires ‘that C1 be increased. Nonetheless oven won lage vals ‘10 nooded Tor Ct, smaler polarized capactors may bo Used by raturing thom tothe postive supply valage i sad of ground level shiting amplifier Frequent, nthe design of near quipment, tis necessary to take 8 voltage which is roerod to some de level and rodce an amped ouput whi i ftorred to ground, ‘The most straight-forward way of coin this to use a ot forental amplifier senlar to at shown in Fowe 2a, This Ceul however, has the deacvantages that the. signal ‘source is laced by curant trom tho input dior, RO and Re, and that the foodback rosstors must be vory well imaiched to prevent ereneous oulpus fom the common ‘edo input Signal‘A circuit which does not have these problems is shown in ‘Figure 2 Hero, an FET transistor on the output ofthe ope ‘ional arpiier produces a volage drop across the feod- back resistor, which is equal to the input voltage. The votage across R2 wil then be equal tothe input voltage ‘multiplied bythe rato, F2/R1; ane th common mode rjee- tion willbe as g00d 8s the base reocton ofthe empl, independent ofthe resisortolrancos. This voltage is but. ‘ered by an L102 voltage folower to gve a low impedance output ‘An advantage ofthe LM101 inthis cutis that it wil work ‘itn input voltages up tots positive suppy voltages as long {8 the supple aro loss than 15. voltage comparators ‘The L101 is wol suited to comparator application for two reasons: est, has arg coronal input vokage range ‘and, second, the outputs easiy camped to maka k com tle wth various driver and loge eeu. ts tue tat Soesr't havo the speed ofthe LM710* (10 us versus 40 ns, ‘under equvalnt cndtons); however, in may Inr ap ‘ations speed i nota problem and th ower put ouronts slong with higher voltage capably of ho LMIOT fea rmendovs benef Two comparator Cults using the LMI01 are shown in Fig- ue 3. The one in Figure Sa shows 8 clamping scheme ich makes the ouput signal direct compatble with OTL or TTL intogratd crcuts An LMT03 breakdown dose lamps the Ouiput at OV or 4V in the low or high stato, respectively. This partoular dode was chosen because has a sharp breakdown and low equivalent capactance. ‘hon working as a comparator, the ample operates open loop 80 normaly no frequency componsaton is needed. Nonetholss, the stray capactance betwoon Pre 5 and 6 of the ampli shouldbe minimized to prevert ow vel csc lations when the comparator i In tho sctve region. fs becomes a problem a 8 pF capacitor on the normal com Pensaton terminals wil eominate ‘Figure So shows the connecton ofthe LMI01 as a compar- ‘tar and lamp avr. Q} etches the lamp, with 2 bring {he current surge resulting trom turing on col rp. RY =55'C10 1250 on im pA Harmonic Distortion Von = 50Ving.t = 1.0KH2 = 4 = * Benawath Vin = 10Ving R= 699 a 7 7H ae ig ~ 1000" Positive Supply Curent | Ag = 100, = 1 ko =| +60 [+100 [ma Negative Suppy Curent | ig = 100, Ry = 1 kd = =s0 | -100 | ma 6‘Te reason that pin 2 and pn 6 are not connect intaaly to plo 1 and pin 7, respectively to increase the vorsatiy of cout operation by allowing a decreased vtiag to 68 {appt to pins 2 and 6 to minimize the power dsspation 9 and Q4. The larger voltage appled to tho input stage ‘also provides incroatod current crveasrequred tthe out put stage, ‘Tho operation ofthe cut can be understood by consider: ing that tho input pin 816 at Vy. The emitor of OF wil be approximately 0.6V mor posit than Vy at 25°C, and the Converse ste for G2. Ths 0.6V wil provide a forward bis '0n1G3 fo cancel out the QF base to emiter crop wich in {un would provide Vi atthe output aljuncsons, restos, power upptos, etc, ware elctcally identical The greatest ‘ors intoduced because the forward crops inthe baso- ‘rator unetons for the NPN and PNP davicoa ae sihty ferent. For exampie, the Vag of the NPN will be typically (8 and tho Var af the PNP wil be typlaly 0.64V under the same conditions of lo = 24 mA at Voe = 120V at 25°C, These are the approximate input stage cxcut cond tions for and G2 for lus and minus 12V euppies. Forty nately, this oror in both input and output fet voage ‘most always negligible when It is used inside the closed loop ofa high gain operational ampli. ‘plot of input impodance vs equoncy is shown in Figure 2. Inspection of ths pit shows tht the mput mpedanen can be closely approximated io that ofa simple fst order Iinear network wih a 45" phase lag at 0.6 Miz end a 90" peso tag at approxmatety one decade higher in equency. TH infermaton ie very useul for dosigors who have to ilo: ‘rate cous which have largo source impedances over a ‘de trequoncy range. The output impedance of he ampit- ‘ris very low, 62 fypicaly, and in conuncton wth a vollage Dandwidth of approximataly 50 MHz can bo considered fo be ingniicant fx most applications lor thie ype of doves, ‘Aplot ofthe voltage bandwith shown in Figure 3. Inspec: tin of tis plot shows that phasoirformation as wal as gan Infermaton was includ to assist users ofthis dovic. For ‘example, at 10 MHz, ss than an 8 pate lag would be subtracted from the phase margin ofan operational ampi- {er when itis ntagrated with tis device. The open oop gan tthe operational amplifier would be decreased by loss han 40% at 10 MHz and theater can be consiored 19 bein: Spniteant for most appleations. PUT PED aur? 6 aouency ane) FIGURE 2. Input Impedance ve Frequency volrace Gam VOLTAGE GAM a!) ls un se ae mae oo FREQUENCY te FIGURE 2. Frequency Response APPLICATIONS. Figure 4 shows the LH0002 integrated with the LMI01 ina booster follower configuration. The configuration is stable without the requtrement for any extemal compensation: however, it would behoove the designe to be conservative ‘and bypass both the negative and postive power supplies wh atleast @ 0.01 al eapactor to cancel out any power Supply lead inductance. A 100! damping resistor, located ‘ight atthe Input ofthe LH0002, might alo be requred bo- {ween tho operational ampiior and the booster amplir ‘The physical layout wil determing the requirement for fs ‘ype of oxcilaton suppression. Curent iting can be ad ‘0d by incorporating sores resistors from pine 2 and 6 10 {hair respective power supple. Tho exact valve would bo function of power supply voltage and roquled operating temperate, ‘Abreadboard of his contguraon was assombiod to empi- aly chock tho increase in ofstvotage othe accion ofthe LH0002. The offset votlage was moasurad with and without an LH000 inside the 1oop with a voltage gain of 400, at ~55°C, 25°C and 125°C. The addtional fat voR- ‘ge was ass than 0.9% for all tres temporturecondons ‘even though the offset votage ofthe L 9002 i much high fr than that of the LMIO". The high open loop gain of tho {M107 vides out this source of eeu enor. The ies tion of this dovco aso allows higher closed lop cet gan without excessive crossover detarton than would be o&- tainable withthe simple booster amplifier shown in Figur 5. Figure 6 shows the LHO0G2 boing uted as a lave siter ‘wath a high pass fitor onthe input in oder to referonco the ‘utput to zero quiescent vols, The purpose ofthe 10 KA FOslstr is o provide curont bas to the oreut input ar Sisors to reduce the output ofst voiage, Figure 2 Int Impedance vs Frequency. provides a useul design ‘ald In ‘ordor 0 delarmine tho vals ofthe capactor forthe pao lar application. Tho 10 kf resistor, of course, nes to be onsdored as being in pale wih the creut'sinputimped- Fora pulse input signa, the output impedance ofthe circu ‘amains ow for both the postive and nogatve pertons of the output pulse. Tis crcult provides both fast rise and fall times for pulse signals, even wih capacitve loading The [tooo ta shoot shows Wpial ris and fal times for both postive and negative pulses into a SON load, 7 eL-NYAN-13 FIGURE 4. LM101..80002 Booster Amplifier Integr transformer to be drecty couped to the ampitir without using a coupling capactr to provent saturation. The pulse transtormer ‘can be used to change the ampitude and im 8 Yesasv To a5 ¥ tion 5 FIGURE 5. Simple Booster Amplifier ‘pedance lovl of he pulse, the polarity of the pulses, or, Wh tho ald of a contertappod winding, postive and nega- ‘we pulses simutanoousy. “The LH0002 can alo be used to eve long ransmisson Ines. Figure & shows a cout configuration t0 match the ‘output impedance of the ampli to the load and comal abl fr proper line termination to minimize retlectons. A tapacier can be added to empirically adjust the time re- sponse ofthe wavotorm Sectapctrs aut ra rnpnte tps FIGURE 8. Tranamiesion Line Driver ‘SUMMARY ‘The matiude of ferent appications suggested inthis ar- clo shows the vorsatity of the L¥0002. The eppications Specialy covered wore for a cferental input eutput oper tonal ample, boostr ample, lvel shifter, diver for & pulse ransorme, and vansmision ine diverAn Applications Guide for Op Amps INTRODUCTION ‘Tho goneral tity of the operational amplifer i derived ‘tom the fact that itis intended fr use in a foadback loop whose feedback properties. detormine the Tood-orward Charactorsteso! ho amplifier and loop combineton. To st |Ufor this usage, th ideal operational amplier woud have intinte input impedance, 280 ouput impedance, infinite {gain and an open0op 3 d8 point at fiat roquency ring Of at 8 a8 por octave. Unfortunately, the unt costin quan tiy-woul algo be inf Intensive development ofthe operational ampli, paricu- lan inintograted form, has yielded cxeuts which are quite 00d engineering approximations ofthe idea fe finite cost {Guantty prices forthe bost contemporary integrated ampli ‘rs ae low compared with vansetorprcgs of fve years ‘ago. The low cost and high qual ofthese amplitorsalows ‘the implemontation of equipment and syste uncton im practical with discrete compononts. An example i he low ‘roquencytuncion ganeretor which may uve 1510 20 opera: ‘onal amplifiers in generation, wave shaping. tigering and phase locking ‘Tho avalaiity ofthe low-cost integrated amir makes t ‘mandatory that systoms and equipments enginoars bo fa- ‘ilar with operational ampifer applications. This paper wit ‘resent amplifier usages ranging from the simple unty gain buter to relatvaly complex generator and wave shaping o- cuts, The general theory ef operational ampifers 1s not within the scope of tis paper and many excelent rofer- ‘ncaa are avaiable inthe Iteature! 234 The approach wit be shaded toward the practical, ampliiorparametors willbe sdscussed as thay affect circuit performance, and applica: tion restore wil be outined ‘Te applications discussed wil be arranged in order of in creasing company i Wve catogois: simple amples, op- ‘rational orcul, transducer amps, wave shapers and generates, and power supplies. The integrated amputor: shownin the tgures are for the most pant ioral compen National Semiconductor ‘Application Note 20, ‘ated 20 fraquoncy stabitzaion components are not shown, however, chor amplifiers may be used to achieve greater ‘peraing speed in many cults as wil be shown the text ‘Arpt parameter dofirtons are contained in Append | ‘THE INVERTING AMPLIFIER ‘Tho basic operational arpliferckcutis shown in Figure 1. ‘This creut gives closedoop gai of 2/1 whan th rato 's small compared with the amplifier operloop gain and, as the name implies, i an ivertng crcut The put impod- lance i equal to Ft. The closed-loop bandwith ' equa 0 the uniy-gain frequency divided by one plus the cosedoop gan ‘The only cautons 10 be observed are that RO should be chosen to be equal othe parallel combinaton of Rt and R2 to minimze the offset volage eror due tobias current and ‘hat thre wil be an offset voltage at the amplifier output ‘equal 16 cosodicop gan times the offset votage st the ampli inp. FIGURE 1. inverting Ampitior Css votage atthe input of an operational amplifor comprised of wo components these components ara ion: tied in speciving the amp as input offeat voltage and Input bias curent. Tho input offset vohage is fed fora paricular amplifier, however the contbution due 1 inputAN-20 bias cunt is dopenont on the cult configuration used. For mnimum offset votage atthe ampiii input without eal adjstment the source resistance for both inpus should be equal. In tis case the maximum offeet voltage ‘would be the algebraic tum of amptiroffeot voltage nd the voltage erop across the source resistance cus to offsot curent. Amplifier offset voltage is tho predominant error tex for low source resstanoes and atte! current casos the main ero for high source resistances. In high source resstance applications, ost voltage atthe mplifer ouput ay be adustd by adjusting the value of Ra and using the varaton in voltage stop across fas an Input ost voage tom Offset voltage a the amplifier output isnot as important in [AC coupled apploatons Here tha only consideraton's that any ofgot voage atthe ouput reduces the peak to peak Inger output swing ofthe ampiior. ‘The gainfrequoncy charactoristic of the ampitier an its foodback network must be such that oscilaton doos not ‘eeu To meet his conton, the phase shit through amie fee and feedback network must never exceed 160" for any ‘requancy whore te gan of tho ampiiir and ts feedback ‘otwork feat than unity. In practical application, tho ‘phase shit should not approach 180" since tis Is the stua- ‘ion of conditona stably. Obviously the most citcal case ‘curs when the attenuation ofthe feedback etwork I “Ampliior which aro not intaally compensated may be used fo achieve increased performance in creuts where foodback network attenuation is high. AS an example, the Lato} ray b9 operated at unity gain'n th inverting arpii- fr ccut wih a'15 pF compenssting capacitor, since the foodback network has an attenuaton of 6 dB, wate to quires 30 pF in the noninvering unity gain connection tere the feadback network has ze attenuation. Since fimplier slew ato is dopendent on compensation, tbo LM slow rato inthe inverting unity gain connection wil be twio that forthe non-iovering connection and the In verting gain of Yon comacton wil ye eleven tos the ‘ow rate ofthe noninverting unty gain connacton. The Compensation tado-of or a pariclar connection i stabi ty vorsus bandwith, larger values of componsation capaci tor veld greeter stably and lower bandwith and vice ‘The preceding éscuesion of oes voltage, bias cron and stably ls applicable to most ampifereppicatons and wil be reforonces in iar sections. A more complete roatmont is contained in Retorone 4 ‘THE NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER. Figure 2 shows high input impedance noniewerting cut This cout gos 2 closedoop gan oqul to the rao ofthe sim of 1 and R2 to RY and a closedoop 3 08 bandwith equal to the ampitir uniy-gain frequency divided by the ‘osedoop gain, ‘Te primary citfererces betwoon this connection and the invoring exes are thatthe output isnot iverted and that the input impedance is vary tigh ands equal to the fr tal input Impedance multe by loop gan. (Open loop {gaie/Ciosed loop gain) In DC coupled appfcations, input Impodance is ot as important as input current and its ol- age drop across the sauce resistance. ‘Axplicatons cautions ave the same fr tis ample as for {he inverting amplifier wth one excopion The amp out- til goto saturation ithe inputs owed to float. Ths ‘may be impocant i the ampiter must bo swiched from ‘sour09 to source. The compensation vade off scussed for {he ivoring ampior is also valid fortis connection FIGURE 2.Norinverting Amplifier ‘THE UNITY-GAIN BUFFER “The uniy-gainbuto is shown in gure 3. The cut gives the highest input impedance of ary Operational ample i- ‘ut Inputimpedance ie equal toto deren input imped fnco multiple by the openoop gan, in paral with com ‘on mode input mpedance. The gain ror of his oct fcual to the reciprocal ofthe ampior openoop gan o 10 2 common mode rejection, whichever is oss. Bi = Renee ‘ompusas nee FIGURE 3 Unity Galn Butter 2Input impedance is a misleading concept in a OC covpted tuniy-gan buffer. Bias curent for tho amplifir wil be sup- Pild by th source resistence and wil case an or at he mpiior input duo to Is voltage drop across the source fesitance, Since thse the casa, alow bias curent amp fr such as the LH102° shouldbe chosen as a unty pan butler when working om high source resistances. as cur ‘ont compansation techniques are discussed in Relerence 5 ‘The cautons to be observed in apphing this circu are {tree the amplior must be compensate for uy gain oF ‘tation, the ouput swing ofthe amplifier may bo litod by ‘he amplifier common moda range, and some arpiirs ex: hibia lacreup mode when the amplifier common mode ‘ange is excoadod, Tho LMIO7 may be Used In thes cxet ‘wan none of thee problems; of, fer faster operation, the Latoz may be chocer. fas = Rt Le | Rae ‘Stomtban cen FIGURE 4. Summing Amplier ‘SUMMING AMPLIFIER. ‘Tho summing amie, a speci! case ofthe inverting am- bir, is shown in Fie 4. The circuit gives an inverted ‘utput which ie equal othe weighted algebraic sum of al three Inputs. The gain of any input ofthis crc is equal to the rao of tho appropiate input resistor tothe teodback fesister, Ra. Ampiiir bandwidth may be calculate {he invering amir shown in Figure 1 by seouming tha input resister to be the paral combination of Ri, R2, and RS. Applestion cautions are the same a for he Invering mpi. tan uncompensated apis utea, compensa tion is calculated on tho basis of this bandwiih esis ds- cussed inthe section deserbing the slo inverting alt= ‘The advantago of this Creu Is that thar 8 no itaracton between Inputs and operations such as. summing and weighted averaging ae implemonted voy easly “THE DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER “The dteronce ampiir i the complement of the suming npiiior and allows the subtraction of two voltages o, a8 & Speck! case, the cancellation of a signal comenon tothe {wo inputs. Tis eeu shown in Figure 5 ands vst as ‘computational ample, n making @dterental to snge- ‘ended conversion of in rojectng a common mode signal von = Ba =¥) MIReTIN nena ‘fobs cet FIGURE 5. Otference Amplier (Creu bandvath may be calculate in the same manner 3s forthe invoring amolitr, but input impedance Is somewhat ‘more complicated. Input impedance for tho two inputs not ‘ecessaly equ inverting put impedance sth same os forthe invering amit of Figure 7 and the non inverting input impedance isthe sum of FS and Fs. Gain for other Inputis the ratio of RI to R2 for the special case of a ter- ental input single-ended output where Pi = RO and R2 — Fe. Tho goneral expression fr gain is gvon in tho fur. Compensation should be chosen on the basis of ampliior banawatn Care must be exercised in applying tis crcut since input Impedances are not equal for minimum bias curent oer. DIFFERENTIATOR The atlrentiar is shown in Figure 6 and, a6 the name Impl, is used to perfor the mathomatical operation of Aeron. The form shown snot the practeal frm, s ‘8 Wun diferentator and is extremely suscopti to high fe: ‘quency noise since AC gain increases atthe rato of 6 3 Ber octave. In adton, the feedback network of the dter- fntater, BIC, s an AC tow pass itor which contributes 10" phase eit to the loop anc may cause stably problems ‘ven wih an amplifier which Ie compensated for Uny gn. ‘ein ban aed FIGURE 6. Ditferentiator a ONYAN-20 fe << tama [FIGURE 7. Practica Ditfrentiator A practical iferontitoris shown in Figure 7. Here both tho stably and noise problems are comectod by adon of Mo !adctional components, Ai and C2. R2 and C2 form a 6 Ber octave high frequncy roof inthe feedback network land FICT form a6 dB per octave roof network In tho Input natwerk fo a total high Wrequency roto of 12.68 por ‘octave to reduce tho effect of high fequoncy input and am- plir noise. In adeton RIC! and R202 form load networks In the foodback loop whic, I placed below the amplifier nity gain requency. provide 90 phase load 1 compensate ‘the 80° phase lag of FZCi and prevent oop istay. A ‘ain fequoncy pot is shown in gure 8 fr lary. FIQURE 8. Ditterenistor Frequency Response INTEGRATOR “The integator i shown in Figure 9 and pertrms the matho- matcal operation of intogration. This eoul Is essentially 4 low>pase titer wih a froquency response decreasing at 6 gB por octave. An ampltude-requoncy pot shown in Figure 10. FIGURE 10. Integrator Frequency Response ‘The ccaut must be provided with an external method of establishing inital conaitons. This s shown in the igure as 5). When 8; 8 in postion 1, the apie connectod in Uniy-gain and capactor Ct fe iacharged, sting an ins Condon of 20 vals. When 8; isn poston 2 the amp {ris connected as an ntogratr and its output will change in fcvordance with a constant tina tho timo itogral of the input votage, Tho cautions to bo obsorved withthe cteut are two: the amplifier used should generally be stabiczed for unty-gain. operation and R2 must equal A for minimum errr duo to bias current SINPLE LOW-PASS FILTER “Tho simple low-pass fitaris shown in Figure 17. This circuit has a6 68 per octave root afer a closed oop 3 point detined by te Gan below tis comer tequency is dain by the rato of Ra to At. The creuit may be considered as an AG integrator at troquoncios wal! above fg: however, the {ime domain orpaneo i hat of a singlo RE rather than an intra. rac FIGURE 11, Simple Low Pass Fier Re should bo chosan equal to the parallel combination of FR and Ra to mevmize eros dvs to bias current. The arpl- fer shoud be compensated fr uniy-gain or an internally ‘compensated amp can be usedFIGURE 12. Low Pass Fiter Response {Again trequancy plot of cut response is shown in Figure 121 iluaate tho ference batwoon ths cel and the tre intogater. ‘THE CURRENT-TO-VOLTAGE CONVERTER (Current may be moasurad in two ways with an operational mpiier The curent may be converted ito a vliage with {8 reslstor and then amped or the curent may be injected rect into a suring node. Converting into voltages un osreb for two reasons: fst, an impedance is inserted Into the massing ine causing an oor second, arplor fect voltage le also amplified wih a sudsoquont loss of foouracy. The use ofa curenttowollage ransdveer aids bot ofthese probioms. The curent.o-vllage transducer is shown in Figure 13. ‘The input currents fed rect into the summing nods and the ampiier output votage changes to extract the same ‘urent from the summing node though Fi. The sca fac tor ofthis crcut is FI volts por amp. Tho ony convorson ‘ror in is crcut gg which s summed algebraic aly wit Ine FIGURE 13. Current to Voltage Converter “This basic cicuit is use! for many applications other than current measurement itis shown asa photocell amp in the folowing section. ‘Tre only design constants are that scale factors must be chosen to mime ertors due to bas curent and since vollage gain and source impedance ae ota indeterminate {as wih photocals) the ampitter most be compensated for Luniy-gain operation. Valuabe techniques for bias curent ‘compensation ae contained in erence 5 FIGURE 14, Amplifier for Photoconductive Cell PHOTOCELL AMPLIFIERS ‘Ampliters for photoconductive, photodiode and photovota- lect are shown in Figures 74, 15 and 16 respectvoly [Al photogensrators display some voltage depondence of bot speed and lngary. iis obvious thatthe current ‘ough a photoconducive cot wil nt play set propar tinal to indent ight the cell terminal voltage i alowed {0 vary wih col conductance. Somewhat less obvious the fact that photodode leakage and photovolsic col internal losses are also functions of terminal voltage. The curonto- vollage converter real sidestops gone Inesty problems by fang a constant terminal voltage, zero inthe caso of Photovotsc colle and a feed bas volage inthe case of hotoconductors or photooak FIGURE 15. Photodiode Ampiiier Photodetoctor speed is optimized by operating into a fred low load impedance. Curent avaiable protovoic dotoc- tors show response tines n the miccosocond range a 200 ‘oad impedance and photoconductors, eventhough slow, ‘10 matorialyfastor at ow lad resistancos FIGURE 16. Photovottale Cell Amplifier oz-NVAN-20 “The feodback resistance, 1, s depondent on cal sensi. ty and shouldbe chosen for einer maximum ayramic range oF for a dosted scale factor. R2 is olectve: nthe case of ‘hotovoltac cols or of photodiodes, it isnot requred in the aso of photoconducive cls, should be choson to min rmiae bigs curont eer aver the eperating range, PRECISION CURRENT SOURCE The precision curentsouce's shown a Figures 17 and 18. ‘The configraions shown wil sink or source conventional curent respectvly. FIGURE 17, Precision Current Sink Caution must be exorcised in applying these creuts. The volage compliance ofthe sour extends rom BVceR of the extonal tansstor to approximately 1 volt more negative than Vi. The compliance ofthe curent sink tho same in the postive direction ‘The Impodance of thoso curont generators is essentialy infin for small curents and they are accurate so long 38 ‘quis mach greater than Vos and Ig Is much greater than ‘eae ‘Tho soUrc0 ad sink ilustated in Figures 17 and 78 use an FET to dive a polar output wansistr I's possible to use 2 Darington connection in place ofthe FET-bpolar comb ‘ation In eases wero the ouput current is igh and 1 bao currant ofthe Darington input would not cause a ig: icant oro. FIGURE 18, Precision Current Source ‘The ampiers used must be componsated for uniy-gsin and adational compensaton may bo requred copending on Toad reactance and external transistor parameter, FIGURE 19a, Positive Voltage Reference [ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE REFERENCES. ‘Adjustable vaago roteronco circuits are shown in Figures 19 and 20. The two cxcuts shown have dforent areas ot applicaiy. The basic aference batwoon the two Is that Fgura 19itusates a voltage source whien provides avo. ‘age greater than the eterence diode whe Figure 20 ue: {aos a voltage source which provides a votage lower than ‘he reference dio. The figures show both postive and ogative voltage sources FIGURE 190. Negative Voltage Reference High precision exended temperature appicatons ofthe cr cut of Figure 19 requre that the range of adjustment of Your be restcted Whan this done, A may ba chosen fo fowde optimum zener current for minimum zener TC. Sine iis not a function of Vr, reterence F.C. wil be inde- pendent ot V+o FIGURE 208, Positive Voltage Reterence FIGURE 200, Negative Voltage Reference ‘The oul of Figure 20s suited for high precision extended temperature service" isreasonably constant since Iz pendent on V". Ri, 2, R3, and RA are chosen to pro- ‘ide the proper Iz Yor rrimum T.C, and to mirize eros 100 10 Ioan ‘The cteuits shown should both be compensated for unity- gan operation ori argo capactve loads are expected, Should be overcompensated. Output nose may be reduced In bath cet by bypassing the ample input ‘Te cicuits shown employ single power supply, this ro- utes that common mode range be consisered in hosing 4 ampliir for these applications. If the common mode ange requirements are fn excoss ofthe capabaty ofthe ampifr, wo power suppliss may be used. The LH¥O1 may be used wih a single power suppiy sine tne common mode rango is rom V* to within approximately 2 vols of V~ ‘THE RESET STABILIZED AMPLIFIER ‘The rast stablized ample ia orm of chopper stabized ampli ands shown in Figure 21. As shown, the ampllor 's operated closoc-oop witha gain of one. on T bese FIGURE 21, Reset Stabiized Amplifier “The connecton is usetl in eliminating erors cue to teat voltage and bias current. The output ofthis circuit a pulse wnse amplitude is equal to Vy. Operation may be under- ‘Slood by considering the two Conditons coresponding the poston ofS}. When Syn positon 2, the ampli is Connected Inthe unity gan connecton and the vohage at the output wil be equal to tho sum of tho input ost vat- ‘age and the dop across R2 duo to input bias current. The votage atthe inverting Input willbe equal to input osot ‘votage, Capacitor Ct wil charge to tho sum of input ost Yotago and Viy trough FT. When Cr is charged, no cr flows trough the source resistance and Ri so theres ‘no error du to input resistance. Sy i thon changed to pose ‘on 1. Tho voltage stored on CT is inseriod Betwoon the ‘output and inverting input of the amplifier and the output of {he amplior changes by Vy to marian the ampiior input al the nou offset voltage. The outbt then changes from {os + hiaaR2) 10 (Vin + haas2) 28S; 8 changed fom patton 2 o positon - Amplifier bias curent Is supplied {heough R2 from the output of the ampli o tom C2 when ‘S81 poston 2 and postion 1 respectively Ro serves to reduce hoofs atthe amir output ifthe ample must have masirur near range ori tis desired to DC couple the ampli. ‘An actonel advantage of is connection is that input ro- ‘stance approaches infinity as the capacitor C1. ap- roaches ful charge, eliminating errors duo to easing of the ‘source resistance. The time spent in positon 2 should be tong with respect to the charging ime of C1 Yor maximum secure. ‘Tho amplflor usod must be compensated for unity gan op- ‘aration end t may be necessary to ovarcomponsato be- {cause of he phase svt across R2 due to C1 and he ape fir input capacty. Since this connection is usualy used at very low suiting speeds, stew rates not normaly a pact al consideration and overcompensaton does net reduce aeeuracy 2 Oz-NVAN-20 FIGURE 22, Analog Muttiptor ‘THE ANALOG MULTIPLIER |A spe embocimont of the analog mulipir is shown in Figure 22. This rout creumvents many of the problems ‘associated with the logantlog ceut and provices tes ‘Quadrant analog mulpeation which i lately tempera. {uo ineonsve and which is ot subject to the Bias cuzront ‘errors wich plague most mutipirs. Cru operation may be understood by considering A2 a8 & Conired gain amp, ampiying Va, whose gan is de- ‘endent onthe rato ofthe resistance of PC2 to F and by oncidering At asa conl amplior which estabishos tho resistance of PC2 a a function of Vj In this way its seen that Vout i a function of both V3 ane Va A, the contol ampiiir, provides drive fr the lamp, Ls ‘When an input voltage. Vis presont. Lt is crn by At Lunt the curent to the summing jueton trom the gave ‘supply though PC1 is equal tothe current tothe summing Junction from V; through Ft. Since the negative supply vot ‘ge Is fixe, th forces the rsitanco of PC’ to 8 value Droportonal to Ft and to tho ato of Vy to V. Lt also Slumanetes PC2 and, i the pholoconducters are matched. ‘causes PC2 to have areistance equal to PC! £2, the controlled gan anplir, acts. as an rvertng ampli- fr whose gain is equal othe rato ofthe resistance of PC2 to F511 FS is chosen equal the product of and V~, then Vou becomes simply the product of Vs and Ve. RE ‘may be sealed In powore of ton To proude ary required ‘utp scale tacor. PC and PC2 shouldbe matchod for bet tracking over tm. porate since the T.C of resistance lalate to rasstance Match for cols of tho same geometry. Small mismatches may be compensted by varying the value of AS as sale factor adustment. The photoconductve cells should re oie equal itarinaton Wor Lt, a converient mathd ito ‘mount the colin holes in an aluminum block an to mount {he lamp midway batwoon thm. This mounting method ro- ‘des controle spacing and also provides a ermal biege between the two cals to redueo ctlerences in cll temper ture. Ths technique may be extonded oth use of FETs or ‘other devices to meet special resistance or envionment o- ‘urements “Tho creuitas shown gives an inverting output whose magni- ‘tudo Is equal to onotenth the product of tho two analog Iinguts nput Vs Is restcted to postive values, but Ve may ‘2ssume Both posive and negatve values. This cutis ‘esticted to low frequency operation bythe lamp time cone ‘ant F2 and Rare chosen to minimize ors duo to input offs ‘caent a8 outined in the section describing the photocol “amplifier. Ri included to reduce inzush current when fst {urning on the lamp, Lt. ‘THE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER AND AVERAGING FILTER, ‘To circuit shown in Figure 29 is the heart of an average acing, rms calbratod AC volimeter. AS shown, is arect- {rand averaging iter. Delation of C2 removes the averag- Ing function and provides precision ful-wave rect, and dletion of C1 provides an absolute value generator. CGcut operation may be understood by fotowig the signal ‘ath for nogatve and then for postive puts. For nogative Signal, the output of ampiir At is clamped to +0.7V by 1 ana alsconnected trom tho summing point of A2 by D2. ‘A then funtons as a simple unt gain verter wih input fesistor, RY, and feedback resistor, 2, giving a postive 9o- ing output For postive inputs, A operates as @ normal ampiiorcon- ‘cted the A2 summing point hough roster, PS. Ae- flr At then acts ‘aa simple unty gin invrter wh inputwin 40) om Om FIGURE 23. Full Wave Rector and Averaging Fiter resistor, R3, and fodback resistor, FS. A gain accuracy ‘ot atfecte by D2 since inside the leodback oop. Pos te curant ener the A2 summing pont trough resister, Ft, and nogative curent is drawn from the A2 summing point trough resistor FS. Since the voltages across 1 and FS are equal and opposite, and AS is onehal the value of Fi, the net input current a he A2 summing points equal to ‘and opposta rom the erat through Rand ampliter AZ ‘perates as a summing inverter with uniy gin gain ging {2 postive outut ‘The cul becomes an averaging tte when C2 ia connect: 0d across Re. Operation of AZ then ls similar to the Simp Low Pass Flor previously described. The time constant R202 should be chosen tobe much largar than tho mas: ‘mum parod of tho input voltage which i 10 bo averaged. Capacitor C1 may be dooted ifthe cut isto be used as fan absolute value ganeratoe. When tis is done, the creut ‘output wil be the postive absolute valve ofthe input vot: aoe. ‘The amplifers chosen must be compensated for unity gain ‘operation and RB and RY must be chosen to minimize ou ul erors due to input offset curent SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR ‘An amplitude sabized sine wave oscilato is shown in Fg- tre-24. This cuit provdos high purty sio-wave out Gown to low Hraquoncie with minimum cicut complex. ‘An important advantage of tus cut fe that tho tractonal ‘ungstonflament lamp amplitude regulator is eliminated ‘along with fs ume constant and nearty probes. In acon, the reliably problems associtod with lamp ate eiminaos “The Wien Bridge oscars widely used and takes advan- {ago ofthe fact that tho phase of the volage across tho paalel branch ofa soos and a paral AC natwork con. fected in eres, s the same as tho phaso of th applied ‘ollage arose the two networks atone particular requency ‘nd thatthe phase age wih incressing hequency and leads with decreasing frequency. Whon this nebwork—the Wien Brcigo—is used as a postive feedback slement around an ‘amplifier, oscilabon cccurs atthe frequency at whch the hase sit is zero. Acciona nogative feedback is provided to sotoop gan to unity athe oscllaion requency, to stab. zo the troquency of scilaon, and to reduce harmonic ‘stor, aut FIGURE 24, Wien Bridge Sine Wave Ouclator ‘Tho cout prosonted hore ders trom the classic usage only in the form of the negalve fecdback stabilzation ‘scheme. Creit operation f 85 follows: negate poaks in fxcoss of ~8.25V cause D1 and 02 to conduct, charging 2 Oz-NYAN-20 (C4. The charge stored in C4 provides bias to O1, which temines ampiir gan. C3 is low frequency rl. ca. pacito inthe feedback network and prevents ost votage {and offset curent errors fom boing mulipbed by amplifier ain, [Distortion is determined by amp opsrtoop gain and by the response time ofthe negative feedback loop fier, RS and C4. A tradeoffs necessary in determiring amplitude ‘Stabikzaton time constant and cecilator atorion. Aa is hocon fo adust the negatve feedback 1o0p so that tho FET is cporated at a small nogatwo gato bias. The crcut sown roses opt alsa gonera purpose TRIANGLE-WAVE GENERATOR ‘A constant amplitude tiangular-wave generator is shown in Figure 26. This cecut rowdes a variable frequency tiangu- lar wave whoso ampitue is indopandent of Frequency. FIGURE 25, Triangula- Wave Generator ‘The generator embocies an integrator asa ramp generator and a tveshox detector with hystrss asa resot crcut. ‘The integrator has been described in a previous setion and requires further explanation. The threshold detector is ‘ilar toa Schmit Tggor in that isa latch cea wth large doad zone. This uncon is implomented by using pos- Ive feedback around an operatonel ample When the ampifier ouput isin other tho postive or negative saturated Sate, tho postive feedback network proves a voltage at {he non-vering input whichis detained by the atten tion ofthe fed-back loop andthe saturation voliage of the apie. To cause the ampiir to change states, the vl- {90 a the input ofthe amir must bo caused to change Dolaty by an amount in exceas ofthe ample inpctolfeat ‘otlage. When ths Is done the amplfor saturates in tho ‘opposite dacton and remains in that state unt ho votage ats input again reverses, Tho complete crcut operation ‘ay bo understood by exariring the operation wth he out put ofthe threshold detctar inthe postive stat, The de- {ecter postive saturaton vollage is appli tothe intgrator Surnming junction trough th combination Ri and 8 caus- Ingle ourent I~ to flow. “Too intoyater thon generates a negatve-going ramp with @ rata of! /C} volts per second unbl ts Culpa equals the rogative wip pint of the twesnold detector. The threshold ‘elector then changos to th nogatve output sale and sup- piles a negative current, |=, a ths ntagratr summing point “Tho inogrator now generates a posive-going ramp wih & rato of ICI volts por second unt ts output oquals th postive tp point ofthe threshold detector whore tho dotec- tor again changes ouput state and the cycle repeats, “Trangularwave tequoncy is determined by F, Fé end C1 and the postive and negative salraton voltages of ho ar Pier At. Amptud is detorminod by the rato of RS 10 the ombination of and F2 and the reshold datociorsalu- Faton vollages. Postive and negative ramp rates are equal and postive and nogative peaks are equal f the detector has qual postive and nga saturation votages. The ‘output wavetorm may be offeat with respect to ground the invertng input ofthe tveshold datocter, At, 18 offset with respect to ground “The geoarator may be made independent of temperature and supply votage the cotactor is camped with matched enor dlodes as shown in igure 26. Tha Inogtator shoud bo compensated for unity. gain and tho dotector may bo compensated i power supply imped ‘ance causes osclation during Is transiion time. The cur ent into the integrator shoul bo large wth respect 9 bas for maximum syrmaty, and ofsot votage shoul be small wih respect te Vou Beak. FIGURE 26. Threshold Detector with Regulated Output ‘TRACKING REGULATED POWER SUPPLY ‘A tracking egulatod power supply is shown in Figure 27. “Tos supp is vary auto for powering an oporaenal a pitlor ys since postive and negative votages rack, Siminating common mode signals originating in tho supp ‘ollage. In eddtion, ony one voltage reference and amin ‘mum numberof passive components are requredCapcom 811 ogee pa FiguRe 27. Power supply operation may be understood by considering frst tne posive reguiator. The postve regulator compares the votago atthe wiper of Rd tothe voltage refeonce, D2 ‘The diference between thoso two vetago tha nput vt age othe alin and since 3, Re, and RS form 8 nega te feedback loop, the apie cubut voltage cnangos in such a way as fo minirize tis aference. The vollage relt- fenco curtent is supped trom the armpit Outpt to ‘rease poner supply ine rogulaton. This allows the rege torte operate trom supp wth large ripe voltages, og. lating the reference curentin tis way requires a separate Source of curent or supply startup. Restor Rt and diode Di provide this startup eument decouples th referancs ting from the ample ouput during star-up and RI sup- pls tho startup curent fom the unogulaed postive Sp By. Aor startup, the low amplifier ouput impedance re- ‘duces reference curent varatons ue to the current through Pi ‘The nogatve regulator is simply a uniy-gan inverter with Input resistor, R6, and foodback resistor ‘The empitirs must be compensated for uniy-gain opera ti, ‘The power supply may be modulated by injcting curent Info the wiper of Ia this caso, the output votage vara tions willbe equal and opposite al the postive and negatia ‘utputs. The power suppy voltage may De contlled by ‘placing Dt, 02, RI and R2 witha variable voRage PROGRAMMABLE BENCH POWER SUPPLY ‘The complete power supply shown n Figur 28 i a pro- ‘grarnmable poive and nogatve power suppl. The regula- {or secton of the supply comprises two voltage flowers ‘whose inputs provided by the voltage drop across a retr- lance resstor ofa procision curent source. FIGURE 28. Low-Power Supply tor Integrated circuit Testing 2 oz-NYAN-20 Programming sensitivity of the postive and negative supply 's 1V/10000 of resstors AB and R12 respectively. The ou ‘ut voltage ofthe postive regulator may be varie rom ap Droximately + 2V to +S6V wit respect fo ground anc the ‘gate roguator ouput votage may be varied rom ~38V {o OV with respect to ground. Since LMIO7 ampifers are sed, the suppies are inherent short ccut root. This ‘arent iting feature also serves o protect a test cult t ‘bis supply Is used in integrated creat testing Imtemaly compensated amplios may be used inthis app Caton if the expected capactve loading is smal If lrge ‘capacive loads aro expected, an extomaly compensated ‘mpliiar should bo usod and the amplifier should be over- Componsatod for additonal stably. Power supply noise ‘may be reduced by bypassing the ampier inputs fo ground ‘wih eaoactors inthe 0 10.0 nF range. CONCLUSIONS “Tne foregoing ctcults are itusraive ofthe verstity of he intograted operational ampitie: and provide a guide to & umber of usetl appicatons. The cautions noted in each ‘Socton wil show the more commen pitialls encountered in ‘ampliir usage. APPENDIX! DEFINTION OF TERMS Input Offeet Voltage: That votage which must be applied bptwoon the input terminals trough two equal resistances to obtain z%0 output voltage. Input Offeet Current: The dteronce in the curents into the two input trminas when the output sat zero. Input Bias Current: To avorago ofthe two Input cunts. Input Voltage Range: The range of vliagas on the input torminels for which the amplifier operates witin spectica- tions. ‘Common Mode Rejection Ratio: Tho rato of the input wotlage range 10 the peaictopak change In input ofsat Votlage over ts range, Input Resistance: The rao ofthe change in input voltage torte change input current on ei input with tho other grounded, ‘Supply Current: The curontrequted trom the power sup- plyto operate the amplifier with no load and the output at ‘Output Voltage Swing: The peak output voltage swing (6 ferro to zoo, thal can be obtained without clipping Large-Signal Voltage Gain: Tho rato of ho output voiage ‘eving to the charge in input vollage required to cve tho ‘output trom zero to this vatago. Power Supply Rejection: The rato ofthe changs in input cle age te cange im power sup volag rina Slow Rate: Tho intrnallysiited rato of change in output vwohage with alerge-ampltude step fonction applied to the input. REFERENCES. 41.0.6. AmpliterStabitzd for Zero and Gain; Wala, Tap- ley, and Gar AEE Transsctons, Vol 67, 1948, 2. Aetve Network Symes; K. L Su, McGraw! Book (Ine, Now York, Now York 2. Analog Computation; A. S. Jackson, MeGrawHl Book Co, nc, Now York, Now York 4.A Paimpsast on the Electronic Analog At: HM. Payntr, Eaton. Published by George A. Phirick Researches, Inc, Boston, Mass. 5 Det Compansaton Techniques for Intgrated D.C. Arm pif; RJ. Wear, EDN, Juno 10,1068 6.4 Fast Intagrated Voltage Follower With Low input Cu rent, FJ. Wir, Meroslectrones, Vol. 1 No. 7, June 1968,The LM105-An Improved Positive Regulator Robert J. Widlar ‘Apartado Postal 541 Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco Mexico Introduction IC vottago regulators are seeing rapicty increasing usage. ‘The LMIO0, one of the fst, nas aeady Boon widely Ae- cepted. Designed for vrsatiy, this crcl can be usod as a linear regulator, a switching regulator, a shunt requator, ot ‘oven a current regulator. The cuit votage can Be set be- twoon 2V and SOV wih a pair of external resistors and it Works wih unrogulatod input valtagos down to 7V. Disipa- ‘ion limitations ofthe IC package restrict the output current {oless than 20 mA, but external transistors canbe added to obtain output curents in excess of SA. The LMIOD and an ‘extensive description ofits use in many practical eu ae ‘served in Reloronces 1-8, ‘One complaint about tho LMI00 has bean that it does not havo good enough regustion fr certain aplication. In ad itn, t becomes del to prove that the load regulation is saisfactoy under worsi-case. design conditions. These problems prompted development of the LMIOS, which fs ‘early identical tothe L100 excopt hata gen tage has ‘been added or improved regulation. In the great majenty of applications, the LMTOS is plugin replacement forthe tito. the improved regulator ‘The fad regulation of the LU100 ie about 0.1%, no oed to ful oad, without current kiting, When short cout protec: ‘ions ade, the reguabon begins to degrade asthe output ‘current becomes greater than about hal he ling current This alsratd in Figure 1. Tho LM105, on th ar hand, (9606 0.1% regulaton up to cuenta closely approaching {he shortcut current As shown Figure 7 ths pare Lat sgnieant at high temperatures, ‘The current tinting characteris of a regulator ar impor- tant for two roasons: Fist, is almost mandetory that a ‘equator be shor-circuit protected because the ouput i {strbuid to enough placos thatthe probably oft becom ing shorted is qt high. Secondy, the sharpnoss of the liming charactestes's'not improved by the adaon of ‘extemal boostor tansisors. External transistors can crease the maximum output curent, but they 60 fot im ‘Prove the load regulon at curents approaching the short National Semiconductor ‘Application Note 23, ie curr vocrace oewarion {oAD CURRENT na at)= 250 2 Ea bore i i ie Sane Fo tae b= 125 Figure 1. Comparison between the load regulation of the L100 and LIOS for equal short circuit currents rout currant. Thus, itean be seen thatthe L106 provides ‘more than tn tes beter ead regulon in practical power Supply downs 3 ee-NYAN-23 Figura 2 shows that tho LM105 also provides bettr line ‘oguation than the LMT00. These cures give the percont- {8 change In output voltage for an incremental change in the uvreguated input votage. Thay show thatthe tine requ- lation is worst for smal dfforences between the input and ‘output voltages. The LM06 provides about tree times bet- {oe regulation under worst ease conditions. Bypassing the Internal erence of th rgulator makos the ripple ojction (of tho LMIO5 almost a factor of tn Beto than the LMTOO ‘over the entre operating rango, as shown inthe gue. This ‘ypate capacitor ao eliminates nos ganerated i the o> ‘mal reference zener of th I. ite Figure 2. Comparison between the tine regulation char- ‘acteriatcs ofthe L100 ana LIMOS. ‘The L105 nas also benefited om the use of new IC com. ponenis doveloped ator the LM100 was dosignod. These Fave reduced the internal power consumption so thatthe [L105 can be speciied for input voltages upto SOV and ‘output voltages to 40V, The minimum poload cwront ro {ued by the LM100 isnot neodod onthe LTO ‘ceult description ‘The difrences between th LM100 and the LMI05 can be ‘s00n by comparing the schematic agrams in Figures 3 and 70 and Os have boon ade to the LMI0S to form a ‘ommoncolcter, common-base, common-omitr ampi- ‘rather than the single common arte deren amps fer of tho U6100, In the LM100, generation of the reforance voltage starts ‘wah zener diode, D1, whichis suppl witha fed curent ‘tom one ofthe collctors of G2. Ths ragiatod vatage, ‘whlch has @ postive tomperature coetciont is butlered by Figure 4. Schematic dlagram ofthe LM105 reguator (3, divided down by Ft and F2 and connected in series with lode connected transistor, 7. The negative temper- {lure coetfcient of G7 cancels out the pasitve cooticiont of the voltage across RZ, producing a temperatre-compon fated 1.8V on the base of O8. Tis point is also brought ‘outside the cout so that an exirmal capacitor can be add- 19 to bypass any noiso fom tho zane dose Transistors 08 and 9 make up the eror ampitir of tho cieut Again of 2000 is obtained rom this single sage by ‘sing a curont source, another collector on G2, asa colec- {or toad. Tho ouput ofthe ampli is buffered by Q11 and ‘sed fo drive the series pass transistor, O12. The collector ‘01 012 is brought out stat an extemal PNP tansistr, oF PNP-NPN combination, can be added for increased out Current tinting Is provided by O10, When the voltage ‘ross an oxteral rit connected between Pins 1 and 8 Bocomes high enough to tun on O10, it removes the base ‘hve ftom G1 20 the regulator exhbis a constantcurent Charactrste. Praiaing the cuont Brit Yansistor wih 2 potion of the emitr-base voltage of G12 rom A@ and A? reduces te current int sense votlage. This incroases the Figure 3. Schematic dlagram ofthe LM100 regulator 32- ‘acts from the voltage on the emiter of Qn dterminng the voltage on tho top ond othe tomperatie-compansat ing rosisto, Sy, The signal on the top of Sj wil be zo whon the input curents equal tothe cuent trough Ry at ary tompore: |. Furtr, this voltage wil vary logartmically for chang {65 in input curont, although the seale factor wil havo a temperature costiciont of —0.3%/"C. The output of the onvorteris essentially mulipiod by tho rato of to Sy Since 5; has postive temperature coefcant of 3 por. ‘cant/", it compensates fr the change In seal Factor with temperature. In tis circu, an LMTO1A wih fovdtorward compensation sed fo Ap since it is much fastr than the LM1O8 used for ‘Ar Since Bath amples are cascaded in the overal food. ‘back lop, the reduced phase shit through Ag sures sla- ily Cetin things must be considered in designing ths crcl For one, the senstvity can be changed by varying Ry. But Fy; must be mado considerably larger than the resistance of 5; or effecve temparature compensation ofthe seal fac- {er.0} and Qs should aso be matched devices inthe same package, and Sy should be at the same temperature 88 those wansistors. Accuracy for low input curens is dter- mined bythe eror caused bythe bias curent of Ay. At igh uments, the behavior of Oy and Qa limits accuracy. For input caren approactng 1 mA, the 2N2920 develops log ing eros in excess of 1 percent. If larger input corents fare aniopated, bigger arsistore must bo Ubod: and Rp ‘should be reduced to insure that Ay does not saturate. transducer ampiiers With certain transducers, accuracy dopends on the choice of ho cut coniguration as much ast does on the quay ‘ofthe components. The ampiier for photodiode sensors, Shown in Figure 24 susates this point. Nermaly, potod ‘odes are oporated with averse volagoaereas the jncbon, At high temperatures, the leakage currents can approach ‘the signal cure. However, photodiodas dower a short-ce- cuit output curren, unaffected by leakage currents, which not sigaiicanty lower than the output eurent wi reverse as, 3 t i Tuweers25, Figure 24. Amplifier for photodiode sensor ee-NYAN-29 BS rensovcen rt Figure 25. Ampllir for plezoslectrictraneducers ‘The exci shown in Figure 24 responds tothe shor-oreut ‘output cuenta tho photodiode. Since te voltage across {he code Is onl the offset votage of the apie, inherent lwakago is reduced by atleast two orders of magni, Neglecting the offset current ofthe ampli, the output cu. nt ofthe sensor is mulioed by Ry plus Rin determining the output vatage. ‘Figure 25 shows an amie fr highimpadance as trans- cers tke a plezoolocine accelaromotar These sensors ‘ormaly requre a high-nputesistance ampli. The {att08 can provide input rasistances in tho range of 1010 100 Mn, using conventional creuity However, conention- a designs are sometimes ruled out ether because large resistors cannot be used or because prohibitively large put Fesistances are needed. sing the oct in Figure 25; put resistances tat are or ders of magnitude greater than the values of to de rot resistors can bo oblained. This ls accomplished by Boot raping th resistors tothe output. Wit this arrangement, ower cut requency ofa capacitive ransducer& de: termined more by the FC product of Fy and Cy than is by resistor values and the equWvalent capacttance ofthe tans ‘cer realatance mulipcation ‘When an inverting operational amplifier must have igh n= put resistance, the resistor valioe requrod can got out of hand, For exape, ita 2 MA input resistance is nouded for {an amplifier wit a gain of 100, «200 Mi Toodback resistor is cafe fr. This resistance can, however, be reduced us Ing the cout in Figure 26. duldar with a ratio of 10 t+ (Pa and Pi) is added to the ouput of the amir: Unity= ‘ain feedback is apple trom the cutout ofthe cider, a= Ing an overal gan of 100 using only 2 MA resistors. ‘Tis cut does increase the offset voltage somewhat. The ‘output fst votage is gvan by (PE) avn ‘Tho ofaot vokage is ony rule by Ay +1 n 8 conwon- tional verter, Therefor, the oreut mn Figure 26 mulpies the offot by 200, instead of 101. Tie multiplication factor {an be redid 1 110 by Iereasing Reto 20 Mil and Figo 555k Your narasny Figure 26. averting amplifier with high Input resistance “Another isadvantage ofthe crus that fur resistors do- {ermine the gan, instead of two, Herc, for @ gwen rossior {olerance, the wors-case gain deviation s greater, although ths is probably more than offset by the ease of gating bet- tor tolerances in tho low resistor values. current sources Although there are numerous ways to make cuent sources with op amps, most havo limatons as far asthe applca- tion ig concord. Figure 27, Rowever, shows a curont source which fatty fodble ad has fow resstons as far {as ts use is concemed.t supplies @curant hal propor {onal 10 tho input voltage and drives a load reterod to ‘ground or any voltage within the oubutswing capably of the amir. bi Jour Figure 27. Blateral current source With the output grounded, tis relatively obvious thatthe ‘output current wil bo determined by and te gan seting of he op amp, ylding oViy ‘our — Rs hon the output snot at 280 t woud S06m thatthe cur ‘ant through Rp and Rg woul reguce accuracy. Nonetho- loss, iF = Reand Rg — Ri + Ry, to output cron wi