Lecture Topics to be Covered

SEMESTER GANJIL 2014/2015 S2 FTG UNPAD

INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
BASIC PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (CONVENTIONAL HYDROCARBON)
1)
Origin of Petroleum (Petroleum Generation, Source Rock Evaluation, Thermal Maturation Models)
2)
Migration and Sealing of Hydrocarbons
3)
Reservoirs and Accumulation of Hydrocarbons
4)
Sedimentary basin analysis and petroleum system characterization
UNCONVENTIONAL HYDROCARBON
1)
Coalbed Methane
2)
Shale Hydrocarbon
EXPLORATION
1)
Oil&Gas Exploration in Indonesia (Status and Potency)
2)
Subsurface Mapping (Well Analysis and Seismic Interpretation)
3)
Geochemical Modeling
4)
Petrophysic Analysis
CASE HISTORIES
1)
Petroleum Potential of Indonesian Basin
2)
Indonesian Oil Industry
3)
Oil&Gas Regulation in Indonesia (Oil And Gas Upstream Business Activities)
LABORATORY/FIELD WORKS
1)
Exercise/Presentation

INDONESIA OIL AND GAS

GAS

OIL

PENURUNAN CADANGAN MIGAS

1. RENDAHNYA INVESTASI DAN AKTIFITAS EKSPLORASI DI WK EKSPLOITASI

2. RENDAHNYA REALISASI KOMITMEN KONTRAK WK EKSPLORASI

CADANGAN MINYAK
TERBUKTI
Cadangan
minyak
terbukti
yang
dimiliki Indonesia saat ini hanya
mencapai 4 miliar barel, jika produksi
minyak saat ini rata-rata 800.000 barel
per hari, maka cadangan terbukti
tersebut habis 10 tahun lagi.
Namun Indonesia masih punya potensi
cadangan baru yang mencapai 43,7
miliar barel namun masih harus butuh
pembuktian dengan eksplorasi.

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
I. Introduction
A. The fundamental question in petroleum geology
B. Oil exploration as a business

II. What is the course about?

(1) Introduction to the "science" of petroleum geology
That is how hydrocarbons form, what they are, where they go, how
they are trapped
(2) Introduction of exploration techniques
How are hydrocarbons found? Drilling methods, seismic and well
logs.
(3) To give you experience at developing "plays" and
"prospects",
Evaluating plays and prospects, and presenting your work to
others.

What is a Petroleum
System?

A Petroleum System is defined as a natural system

that encompasses a pod of active source rock and
all related oil and gas which includes all of the
geologic elements and processes that are essential
and Dow, 1994)
if a hydrocarbon(Magoon
accumulation
is to exist.

THE FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION IN PETROLEUM

GEOLOGY
Where are there economically recoverable reserves of hydrocarbons?
understanding geologic processes in a regional context.
it uses all of the fundamental geologic (and chemical and physical
concepts) and applies them to finding oil reserves.
Some of the geologic processes include :
(1) Historical geology (timing of maturation, migration, and trap
formation),
(2) Structural and stratigraphic geology- the origin and physical
properties of reservoir and source rocks,
(3) Geochemistry- what are hydrocarbons? where do they come from?
What are their properties?,
(4) Geophysics- seismics and well logs- subsurface exploration
techniques.

Applied to petroleum geology have changed:

Originally, field mapping- frontier areas, surface

geology, was important. This mapping in the field
eventually evolved into geophysical (subsurface)
mapping, using both seismic techniques and well
logging.
Now much mapping now done in the office. Data
is collected remotely and brought to the central
office. Mapping done by computers, so the
geologist must have skills in many areas
(1) the basic geologic sciences
(2) Ancillary sciences, particularly chemistry and physics,
as well as math
(3) computer science
(4) interpersonal skills

B. Oil exploration as a
business:

1. Exploration geologist: A geologist who looks at areas not previously found to bear hydrocarbons.
Could be small region within an established hydrocarbon province, or a completely new sedimentary
basin that has never been drilled.
2. Development geologist: A geologist who takes a "discovery well"- i.e. a well that produces
hydrocarbons, and figures out the most economic way of developing the newly-discovered oil field.
3. Geophysicist- a person largely responsible for the collection, processing and interpretation of seismic
data. Often works closely with exploration geologists to combine geologic and geophysical information
4. Engineer- There are a variety of engineering disciplines, for example:
(a) Drilling engineers, who are responsible for economically and successfully drilling wells. Drilling is a
complex business, particularly now that hydrocarbons are being produced from deeper in the crust
(>30,000 ft) and at greater water depths (> 1000 ft) than before.
(b) Reservoir engineers- responsible for the proper maintained and production of hydrocarbons from the
reservoir. These engineers decide how much hydrocarbons to produce and at what rate, how secondary
and tertiary recovery may be accomplished, and make estimates of the amounts of hydrocarbons that
are present and how much can be produced.
5. Land men- responsible for the legal aspects of extracting hydrocarbons. For example, they determine
who owns the surface land, who owns the minerals rights, and make sure all the contracts are in order.
Boring, but very important job.

CONVENTIONAL VS UNCONVENTIONAL

PETROLEUM SYSTEM

EXERCISE-1
GEOCHEM
MODELING

EXERCISE-2
PETROPHYSIC
ANALYSIS
EXERCISE-3 (WELL ANALYSIS AND SEISMIC
INTERPRETATION)

SOURCE ROCK

CARRIER BED AND REGIONAL SEALING

RESERVOIR

Main diagenetic processes

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

compaction
recrystallization
solution
cementation
authigenesis
replacement
bioturbation

SEALING

TRAP

PETROLEUM SYSTEM EVENTS CHART

Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling

Petroleum Systems Model
Trap Risk
Definition: Charge is the
volume of hydrocarbons
available for entrapment

for example:
- Prospect geometry
- Reservoir quality (por/perm)
- Seal quality

seal
carrier/
reservoir

Charge Risk

for example:
- Source rock quality
- Source rock maturity
- Generated petroleum

Timing and Migration Risk!

carrier
source

EGI

Page: 49

This is what Petroleum

Systems Modeling
technology does!

- relates the charge to the trap ... migration!

- takes dependencies and processes into account!
- takes dynamics into account!

BASIN & PETROLEUM SYSTEMS

Petroleum System MODELING
Definitions
Geograpic Extent

(from Magoon and Dow, 1994) A-A Cross Section

Critical Moment:
generation started
traps exist
migration possible

Reservoirs

Pod of Active
Source Rock

SEDIMENTARY BASIN ANALYSIS AND PETROLEUM SYSTEM

CHARACTERIZATION

MODEL-BASED APPROACH
1. Tectonic style and basin evolution
2. Source rock distribution in the basin,
considering stratigraphic (space and time)
3. Maturity and degradation condition
4. Migration and sealing
5. Accumulation and reservoir distribution
6. Sedimentation
and
diagenesa
sedimen
bearing formation
7. Trapping Preservation

EXPLORATION

Siklus-1

Siklus-2

Siklus-3

Indonesian oil and gas exploration Cycle (I)

First Cycle :
Shallow target,
Gas discovery - abandoned,
Simple concept and techonolgy,
on-shore,
clastics reservoirs,
Pliocene-Pleistocene Structure,
inversion/post-inversion deposits.

Indonesian oil and gas exploration Cycle (I)

Indonesian oil and gas exploration Cycle (II)

Second Cycle:
intermediate depth oil target,
gas with large reserves - LNG era
advanced concept dan technology,
on-shore and off-shore,
carbonate and clastics reservoirs,
miocene structures,
post-rift deposits.

Indonesian oil and gas exploration Cycle (III)

Third Cycle:
Deep target,
Small to medium gas reseves also accounted,
Latest concept and technology,
on-shore, off-shore, and deepwater,
Basement, carbonate and clastics reservoirs,
Paleogene structures,
synrift dan pre-rift deposits.

Eksplorasi dan Produksi Migas : Peranan Ahli

Geologi
A. TAHAP EKSPLORASI
Penemuan
Cadangan
Migas

Survei Seismik

Pemboran
Eksplorasi

Survei Geologi

Sumur Kering

Pemboran
Delineasi

Survei Seismik
Tambahan

Kilang

B. TAHAP PRODUKSI

Plan of
Development

Perhitungan
Cadangan

Pemboran
Pengembangan

Pembangunan
Fasilitas
Produksi

Review
Perhitungan
Cadangan

Produksi

Pengapalan

Plan of
Developmen
t
(POD)

GGRE WORKFLOW
Regional Paleogeography

Biostrat. K-Ar
Dating

Well Correlation

VIJ, WR,ES

ES, BA, ND, ASW

Core/Cuttings
sedimentological
description, FMI

Core/Cuttings
petrography/geo
chemistry

MG, JH, BA

ES, BA, ND, ADB, Y, PRAS

Facies Model

Petrophysics

GeoModel
Petrel

ABD, ROY

WT, DS, MY, AD

Fault & Horizon
Interpret&Attribute

Crossplots seismicpetrophysics

Regional Structural Model

AG

Seismic
Inversion Model

ADB,PRAS,YD

TA
Engineering
data analyses
& preparation

Reservoir
Simulation
Model
(Eclipse)

CASE HISTORIES

Content
Indonesia basins & Existing exploration,
Exploration cycles concepts
Petroleum geology of Sumatra, Natuna,
Jawa, Kalimantan, and Makassar Basins,
Eastern Indonesia Frontiers, Papua

DATA STRUCTURE (PROVISIONARY)

Block Analysis: subordination
BASIN

(Sub Basin)

Contract Type
&
Working Area

PSC

Producing

Exploration

JOB/JOA

Explor.
w/ discovery

Non Licensee
Work. area
discovery

TAC

KEPEMILIKAN OPERASI CHEVRON DI KALIMANTAN

TERMASUK EMPAT WILAYAH KONTRAK KERJA
SAMA (KKS) LEPAS PANTAI SELUAS 11.100 KM2 Total rata-rata produksi harian pada tahun 2011 mencapai 32.000
barel minyak mentah dan 165 juta kaki kubik gas alam. Selama tahun
(2,8 JUTA ARE) DI KUTEI BASIN.
2011, mayoritas produksi Chevron di Kalimantan berasal dari 14
lapangan produksi di wilayah KKS East Kalimatan. Wilayah shelf ini
menghasilkan rata-rata 28.000 barel fluida dan 143 juta kaki kubik gas
alam.

WILAYAH KERJA SELUAS 113,613.90 km2 (48% dari Total Wilayah Kerja di Indonesia)

terdapat 5.244 sumur suspended yang

diharapkan dapat dilakukan reaktivasi

rasio produksi Pertamina EP masih

rendah yairu 0,89 barel per hari per
kilometer persegi (4,46%) nasional
8,8%.
Jika dibandingkan Chevron yang
hanya memiliki luas wilayah kerja
8.700 km persegi namun tingkat
produksi Chevron mencapai 41 barel
per hari per kilometernya, Chevron
saat ini mengelola blok Duri, Riau
dengan produksi rata-rata 356.000
per hari atau sekitar 40 persen dari
produksi nasional.

Wilayah kerja Perusahaan terbagi ke dalam beberapa Asset

Asset 1 :Rantau, Pangkalan Susu, Lirik, Jambi, Ramba
Asset 2 :Adera, Limau, Pendopo, Prabumulih
Asset 3 :Tambun, Subang, Jatibarang
Asset 4 :Cepu
Asset 5 :Bunyu, Tarakan, Sangatta, Sangasanga, Tanjung, Papua