CHAPTER 1 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
1.1 RATE OF CHANGE AND LIMITS
1 (o) A= A)=1@) _ 8-9 1g ) gf MWD 250.
2, QB = RGR) _ VEFT-VI_ sot,
n(22)on(2 w(S)-0(
2 Bie () “(@)_ leis 4 wae @- (8) _o-vi_-sya
Be ¥ fat 3
4
(o Gf S=gM OVO. gy ag _stasen_ 9-0-9
5. (a) Q Slope of PQ =
(10,225) | 980=225 — 49.5 m/sec
1 “= 10
(14,375) | 9$0-=375 = 45.83 m/sec
50— 475 _
Q3(16.5, 475) $p0— 415 = 50.00 m/sec
Q,(18, 550) 950— 850 _ 50.00 m/sec
(b) At t= 20, the Cobra was traveling approximately 50 m/sec or 180 km/h.
6 (a)
Q4(5,20)
Q,(7,39)
Q,(8.5, 58) oa = 14.7 m/sec
Q4(0.5,72) | PP=F% = 16 m/sec
(b) Approximately 16 m/sec
A plot of the data shows that the slope of the secant between = 0.8 sec and t = 1.0 sec underestimates the
instantaneous velocity (i.e, the slope of the tangent) at t = 1.0 sec, whereas the slope of the secant between
t= 1.0 see and t = 1.2 sec overeatimates it, 88 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
Lower bound: a= BAD=82 = 92.55 f/see
T
Upper bound: b= 18:87—1310 — 28.85 ft/sec
a+b _ 23.55 +28.85
Mae
6.20 I /sec
8. There are many graphs that would be correct. One possible solution looks like this:
distance traveled
time
9. (a) Does not exist. As x approaches 1 from the right, g(x) approaches 0. As x approaches | from the left, g(x)
approaches 1, There is no single number L that all the values g(x) get arbitrarily close to as x —+ 1.
(b) 1
@o
10. (a) 0
(b) -1
(6) Does not exist. As t approaches 0 from the left, f(t) approaches ~1. As t approaches 0 from the right, f(t)
approaches 1. ‘There is no single number L that f(t) gets arbitrarily close to as t + 0.
11, (a) True (b) True (6) False
(@) False (©) False () Tre
12. (a) False (b) False (©) True
(@) True (e) True
18 ling & does not exist because
Lifx>0 and
=1if x <0. Asx approaches 0 from the left,
‘As x approaches 0 from the right, 2 approaches 1. ‘There is no single number L that all
mH mA
a
the function values get arbitrarily close to as x — 0.
‘approaches —|
14. As x approaches 1 from the left, the values of —! become increasingly large and negative. Asx approaches 1
from the right, the values become increasingly large and positive. There is no one number L that all the
i itraril - lim Ly does not exis
function values get arbitrarily close to as x — 1, 60 lim =1y does not exist.
15. Nothing ean be sid about iy f(x) because the existence af a limit as x —+ x9 does not depend on how the func:
tion is defined at xq, In order for a limit to exist, f(x) must be arbitrarily close to a single real number L when
xis close enough t0 Xp, That is, the existence of a limit depends on the values of f(x) for x near xq, not on the
definition of f(x) at xp itself. Section 1.1 Rate of Change and Limits 89
16. Nothing can be said. In order for lim f(x) to exist, f(x) must close to a single value for x near 0 regardless of
the value {(0) itself. *
17. No, the definition does not require that f be defined at x = 1 in order for a limiting value to exist there. If f(1)
is defined, it ean be any real number, #0 we can conclude nothing about f(1) from lim f(x) = 5.
18, No, because the existence of a limit depends on the values of f(x) when x is near 1, not on f(1) itself. If
‘ay f(x) exits its value may be some number other than f(1) = 5, We ean conclude nothing about im f(x),
whether it exists or what its value is if it does exist, from knowing the value of f(1) alone.
2 —9)/(x+3)
x 2.99999 2.999999
A(x) —5.99999 5.999999
The estimate is lim, f(x) =
(b) Y
fa) — 89/049)
© fe) =8 pg =229G=9
20. (a) a(x) =(x?-2)/(x- v2)
x [i
14i4a1 1.414213,
2.828426
a(x)
‘The estimate is li, g(x) = 2/2.
xy
)
seen J 90 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
© 8) =
gap (e+ VD(e- vi
2
21. (a) G(x) = (x + 6)/(x? +4x-12)
Sat VEitad Vis and lim, (x4 V8) = V+ VE atv
mi
x |-59 5.99 5.999 5.99999 5.999900
G(w)| 0.126582 0.125564 —0.1250156 =0.12500016 —0.12500002
x | 61 6.01 6.001 6.0001 6.00001 6.000001
G(x) | 0.123457 —0.1248439 —0.1249844 —0.1249984 —0.12499984 —0.12499008,
The estimate is im, G(x)
0.125.
) o
© G@) 125.
22. (a) h(x) = (x? —2x—3)/(x? 4x +3)
x | 29 2.99 2.999 2.9999 2.99999 2.999999
nw) | 2.052631 2.005025 2.000500 2.000050 2.000005 2.000005
aan 3.01 3.001 3.0001 8.00001 3.000001,
(| 1.952380 1.995024 1.909500 1.999950 1.999905 1.990900
The estimate is lim, h(x) = 2. Section 1.1 Rate of Change and Limits 91
Apa gts B/G Ae
o) bfx) =a 2e= 8 _ = 9)K4+1)
(9 MO) = rae SED)
xtligy in Xt
Fat x #8, and lim F=
ofa o 001 0001 00001 _.000001
8(0)| .998334 999983 .999999 999909 999009 900090
@ | -a -01 =001_-.0001_—=.00001__-.000001
(0) | .998334 999983999999 999999 999099 990099
24. (a) G(t) = (1 cos t)/1?
t fa OL 001 0001 00001 .000001
G()| 499583499995 4999095 6 5
t jaa ~01 =001=.0001_— 00001 000001
G()| 499583499095 .499999 5 5
Jim GQ) = 0.5 92 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
(b)
Graph is
25. (a) f(x) = x0)
x |9 99 999 9999 99999 .999999
THROTS 360032 307695 307861 —_.S0TBTE ——36TETO
a) 1.01 1.001 1.0001 1.00001__1.000001
f(x) | 385543 360711 368063 «367808 «367881 «367880
fim f(x) = 0.36788
(b)
x [a OL 001 0001 00001 .000001
A(x) | 1.161281 1.104660 1.099215 1.098672 1.098618 - 1.098612
x |-a -a1 =.001 — —.0001—=.00001__-.000001
Hx) | 1.040415 1.092599 1.098009 1.098551 1.098606 1.098611
lim fx) 1.0986 2.
28,
31.
32,
33.
34,
35.
|. Step 1:
Section 1.1 Rate of Change and Limits 93
(b)
Step 1s [x-5]<6 > 6 6=0.1, or 6+5=5.1 = 6 =0.1; thus 6 =0.1 in either case.
Step 1: |x-(-8)|<6 => -6 —6-3 6 =0.1, or 6-3 =—2.9 = 5 = 0.1; thus 6 = 0.1
|. Step ls [x1] <6 => 5 -641 6= 7, or 6+1= 38 > 6= 5; thuss= ih.
Ix-21< 5 => -6 -642 x41 < 0.01 + 0.01 3.99 -§-2 01 < YeFI-1<01509< Yeti cll > 08l5=0.19.
Step i: | Vi9—x-3|<1 > -1< Vi9—x-3<1 5 2< V—K<4 5 4<19-x<16
A> x-19> 16 > 15> x>8 or 8 54 10 -0.05 <}-}< 0.05 + 0.2<$<03 + P>x>WorWex -6 544 cx< 544.
Then -6 +4 =P or 6=3, or 6+4=5 or 6 =1; thus 6 94 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
36. Step 1: [x23] <01 5-01 ¢x2- 3.01 29 64 Vix b+ Vi.
‘Then 64+ VB = V9 > 6 = V3— VE9 x 0.0201, of 54+ VF= VEI + 6 = YEA — V3 ~ 0.0286;
thus 0.0286.
step 2: |
37, |A=91< 0.01 > 0.01 < #($) -9 < 0.01 > 8.99 < 2% <9.01 = $8.99) 2/899 Vato |¥—5]<01 > -0.1< 120-5 <01 3 49< e515 W> Ros
R R R Ro ag
22000) p< WIM on55 cn ca
‘To be safe, the left endpoint was rounded up and the right endpoint was rounded down.
39, (a) The limit can be found by substitution,
Jim 3) = 1(2) = YOJ=B = Vi=2
(b) The graphs of y, = f(x), yp = 18, and ys =2.2 are shown.
(15.251 by 115,23)
‘The intersections of y, with yp and yy are at x & 1.7467 and x = 2.28, respectively, so we may choose any
value of a in {1.7467,2) (approximately) and any value of b in (2,2.28).
One possible answer: a = 1.75, b= 2.28.
(©) The graphs of yy = f(x), yz = 1.99, and yg =
.01 are shown.
[Biss vu
(0.97, 203] by (1.98, 202),
‘The intersections of y, with yz and yg are at x
‘any value of a in (1.9867,2) and any value of
One possible answer: a = 1,99, b= 2.01.
9867 end x = 2.0134, respectively, so we may choose
in [2,2.0134] (approximately). Section 1.1 Rate of Change and Limits 95
sin E
40. (a) 4G)
() The grephe of yy = M3), yy =
3, and yg =0.7 are shown.
(0.1) by (0.1)
‘The intersections of y, with y and yg are at x %0.3047 and x = 0.7754, respectively, so we may choose
any value of in [0.3047,3) and any value of bin (§,0.7754], where the interval endpoints are
approximate, One possible answer: a = 0.305, b = 0.775.
(©) The graphs of y, = f(x), v2 = 0.49, and yy
.51 are shown.
(049, 055] by (048, 0.521
‘The intersections of y, with yy and yg are at x = 0.5121 and x as 0.5852, respectively, so we may choose
any value ofa in[0.5121,2) and any value of b in (,0.5952} where the interval endpoints are
0.513, b = 5.35.
approximate. One possible answer: a.
41. (a) In three seconds, the ball falls 4.9(3)? = 44.1 m, so its average speed is
(b) The average speed over the interval from time t = 3 to time 3+h is
4.9(3 +h)? —4.9(8)? _ 4.9(6h +h?)
C+H)=3 ~~ r
Since Jim (29.4-+ 4.9) = 29.4 the instantaneous speed is 20.4 m/sec
= 204+4.9h
a) ==}
20
(b) Average speed = 20 = 5 m/sec.
1.25
(©) If the rock had not been stopped, its average speed over the interval from time t = 4 to time t= 4+h is
.25(8h+h2) _
= MEAT E) 104 1.25
Since Jim, (10 + 1.25h) = 10, the instantaneous speed is 10 m/sec. 96 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
43. (a)
(>)
44, (a)
>)
45. (9)
(b)
46. (a)
(b)
x 0.1 0.01 0.001 -0.0001
1x) | -0.054402 —0.005064 0.000827 —0.000031
x ot 0.01 0.001 0.0001
tx) | —0.054402 0.005064 0.000827 —0.000031
The limit appears to be 0.
x_| -0.1 _-0.01 __=0.001_ 0.0001
Hey | 05440 0.5064 -0.8260 0.3056
x 01 0.01 0.001 0.0001
Ho | 0.5440 0.6064 0.8269 0.9056
‘There is no clear indication of a limit.
x_| -01 -0.01___-0.001_-0.0001
Hx) | 20567 22763 2.2009 3.5023
zee) 0.01 0.001 0.0001
fe) | 25803 —-2.3293°——«2.3052 (2.3029
‘The limit appears to be approximately 2.3.
x | -o1 -0.01 =0.001___-0.0001
Hey | 074398 0.009043 0.000585 0.000021
x ot 0.01 0.001 0.0001
fx) | -0.074398 0.009943 0.000585 —0.000021
‘The limit appears to be 0.
47.50, Example CAS commands:
Maple:
fax -> (xA4—81)/(x—3)5
plot (f(x), x=2.9..3.1);
limit (f(), x==1);
‘Mathematica:
x0=3; f(x A4—81)/(x-3)
Plot (f,{x,x0—0.1,x0 + 0.1)]
Limit (fx - > x0)
51-54. (values of del may vary for a specified eps):
(x4 —81)/(x- 3);
x0 epe :="eps! ymin:=L — 2veps: ymax:=L + 2reps
Blot) 91(3).9200))
‘Mathematica:
Clear (f,x,L,eps.del]
eps; y2 = Lens;
x A4—81)/(x—3)
Fei If, {x20 — 0.2.20 + 0.23)
imitf, x -> x0]
‘del = 0.0015;
Plot [{eylyy2), (x0 —delx0 + de,
Section 1.2 Rules for Finding Limits 97
--delxO-+del,view = (xmin.xmax.ymnin..ymax));
PlotRange -> {{x0 —del,x0 + del}, {L—eps,L + eps)}}]
1.2 RULES FOR FINDING LIMITS
1. (@) lim f(s) =3
(o) tim, 8)
(©) lim f(x) does not exist, because the left-
and right-hand limits are not equal.
(@) (3) =1
(@) Bim f(t) =
(b) tim, fh) =
(© Jim, f()
(2) (0)
» (a) aim F(X) =
(&) lim, Fe)
x0
(6) lim F(x) = does not exist because the left-
‘and right-hand limits are not equal.
(@) FO) =4
(a) quotient rule
(c) sum and constant multiple rules
(2) quotient rule
(c) difference and constant multiple rules
2.
() tim g(t) =5
©) tim, a(t) =
(©) lim, g(t) does not exist, because the left-
and right-hand limits are not equal.
(2) a(-4)=
(2) lim _p() =
(Qe
(a) p(-2) =
. (@) lim. G(x) =
(©) im, 66)
© tim, 68)
(4) G2) =3
(b) difference and power rules
(6) power and product rules 98 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
=
Hin (x) w() = [ Jim (8) ][ Jima 00] = (6)(~2) = -10
Hin, (x) (0) = 2[ Jim £(9)][_ fim w(%)]= 26)(-2) = -20
Him (6) + 3g(0)] = im f(x) +3. Jim, g(x) = 5 +9(-2) = -1
f(x)
; -—_}m te) 5
dm. B= ee) ~ Jyh — fim ew
lim, (8) +8) = lim g(x) + lim, 3=-3+3=0
sim, xf(x) = lim, x tim, f(x) = (0)(0) = 0
Jing (eGo)? =[ Lim, f= [-37*=9
fim of)
tim 8 — nee,
slim, (2248) = 2(-7)+5=-14+5 = -9
Jim 8(¢ —5)(t-7) = 8(6 -5)(6-7) =
lim ~Y#2 = 242 ag
=72t2 = =4=
yb yPy5y +6 (2)?+5(2)+6 FF10F6 25
lim 2 = uf =—3_=3
83 Yoreisi~ VRO+Tsi~ Vie?
lim, (0° ~2r? 442-48) = (~2)° —2(-2)? 4 4(-2) +8 = 8-8-8 +8
tim X43 .24+3_5
2h x+6 246-8
7
Ji, (= 9)8 = 15 - Cay) =((0") i.
ee eee Oe pee
Hy gros = ER Orso ns = EM a4 ETE +S A 10
im 24810 5, (t+8)(t—2) _ 4, re
in, te = im, ee = lim, (¢-2) = 8-2-7
lim, S2%=4= tim, E+?) — tim, =P 4
we poet sea +2) 2 xe 2
tim YO) = tim — OR IVIFS+2) = gig =I VFS +2) _
Sm yppacas I ees ayredeays ER —ytay—a = fim (VFS 42)
=Vis2=4 Section 1.2 Rules for Finding Limits 99
© s(-4)
in(j)=-rin(}) 0.1050
4 @) tim, VEEL jg (VITHE= 9) VT FE4S) _ (t+8)-9
im, SST TEL Gaentveeeta) Ganiverees)
= tim, — + D@=1) i xo] - 2 1
=U Gane aees) Vapors SHIT 8
(+1) @+H)0-) (@+@+1) _Q+N)0+1) _¢
(>) gm dn a ees 7 Teitl 73
Cras
vi vi-3
© jig SEH i, Vi= an ya iy at ae =3
(@) Let 25 = wo that w+ 0 an 6 — x, and then rewrite and evaluate the limit as
my (4 — 24) 008 (a) = lin (x ~ 2u)- i cos (u) = 2-1 =
16. (a) tin, (1-#)= Y= 1 and im, 1= 1; by the sandwich theorem, fi, pXSI0X— = 1
(b) For x 4 0, y = (x sin x)/(2~2 cos x) lies between
the other two graphs in the figure, and the graphs
converge a8 x —+ 0.
16. @) tim, (}-¥)= 5
tg Lage
(e) or alls £0, the raph off) = (= coe xx? .
He beeen the ne y= }and the parabola
= }—22/24, and the graphs converge as x — 0. 100 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
(+h)
(+h—1? i Leah eh?
b hd bh
Sh es oe
se ig VEE gy (ATE-VAN Vz
ia EEA ty
a( V7eh+ V7)
= lim = lim 1 =a
= 18 Gray
21. (a) False (b) True (©) False (a) True
(e) ‘True (9 Troe (g) False (h) False
(i) False 6) False (&) True () False
22. (a) im, 0) = 41 =2 lim f(e)=3-2=1
(©) No, Jing f(x) does not exist because lim, A) # im. fx)
(©) Jim f(x) =$+1=8, lim, f(s) =$4+1 =3
(@) Yes, lim, f(x) = 3 because 3= tim. f(x) = aus f(x)
23. (a) No, lim, f(x) does not exist since sin() does not approach any single value as x approaches 0
wot
(©) lig. 10) = Jig. 0= 0
(©) Him (3) doesnot exist because im, fx) doesnot exist
24,
(a) Yes, lim, g(x) =0 by the sandwich theorem since —/& < g(x) < YK when x >0
a
(b) No, lim. g(x) doesnot exist since /& does not exit, and therefore the function isnot defined, for x <0
(©) No, lim, g(x) does not exist since lima g(x) does not exist
25. (a) domain: 0 -2)
im, Gt 48=3
(b) ti, (x43) SER = tim +3) eR] (x421=-( +2) for x < -2)
32,
= lim (x+8)(-1) =-(-2+3)
© im, VON hg VRE—D
teat =O aT
lim, YP = V2
ait
(6) tim, Y=RG=1) _ V%(x=1)
xa Tx= iT
1
(\x-1]=x-1 for x > 1)
(Ix-1]=-(x=1) for x <1) 102 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
Jim f(x) exists at those points ¢ where Jim x= Jim x2, ‘Thus, = lim, We) =5
() 0=4-0= [Bs 5] 4 &—2)| > i fe) =5 asin pat (8)
31. Yeu If tim, f(2) =
f(x), then Jim f(e) =. If lim, f(x) # lim f(x), then Jim f(x) does not exist.
38, Since fim f(x) = L if and only if Him, f(x) =L and lim. f(x) =1, then Jim f(x) can be found by calculating
Tim, f(3).
39, 1= (5,546) 5 lim, ¥e=5
wt
40. T= (4-6,4) > 4-8 4-x< > x>4-C, Choose 6 =e?
= Jim VI=x
41, If fis an odd function of x, then f(-x)
(3). Given lim, fa) = 8, then Jip f(x) =
42, If fis an even function of x, then f(x) = f(x). Given lim. f(x) =7 then lim , f(x) =7. However, nothing
= mt
can be said about _lim_ f(x) because we don’t know lim, f(x).
= a
3. (0) a) =x0n(3)
-HS*sh -BS* Sik Section 1.2 Rules for Finding Limits 103
‘The grapha suggest that ling K(x) does not exist.
For both g(x) and k(x), the frequency of the oscillations increases without bound as x +0. For g(x), the
sandwich theorem can be applied. If >0,—x 0. This result follows immediately
from Example 1 and the power rule in Theorem 7:
=0.
L@r @.
2 (@) () }
3. @) -3 () -3
4@F ms
5. —Lctin cd Jim, 92% = 0 by the Sandwich ‘Theorem
2attsint_
6 tim, “Test lim 10.
ML.
co
Section 1.3 Limits Involving Infinity
@) Jim, 23 (came process as part (a))
(0) Jing
(b) 0 (same process as part (a))
mie
im Lsl_
6) im, tim =
) im, SF PS = lin, Sr
(@) Jim
im, (b) 7 (came process as part (a))
(2) Jim, () lim,
243
: im BED te
© Jim, ©) tm, Bolin. Shoe
(b) —1 (same process as part (a))
sg, HH)
ai
aig, “Bea = a
18. °
3-5
fon VERVE ty LexOO~009)
1 dims Vea xe 15 TO) ~
1
xt xt
18. Jig, aac i Te
105 106 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
28/9 xl 47
19. Jim
Ext
22. Here is one possibility.
24, Here is one possi Section 1.3 Limits Involving Infinity 107
ay 108 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
8
Beaty yet
35. An end behavior model is 2§° = 2x?. (a) 36. An end behavior model is S =0.5x°. (e)
37, An end behavior model is 2X¢ = ~23°. (4)
39. (a) The function y = ¢*
(b) The function y = 2x
40. (a) ‘The function y = x
is a right end behavior model because lim, +,
(b) The function y =e" is a left end behavior model because , lim,, 3
= pln, (e"+1)=0+
41. (a,b) The function y
(xtinx
x+inix|
is both a right end behavior model and a left end behavior model because
tip, (+2)
Jim,
xB
-0=1,
42. (a, b) The function y = x? is both a right end behavior model and a left end behavior model because
43, f(x) = Vib ext —x Section 1.3 Limits Involving Infinity 109
02
‘The graph suggests that Jim, f(x) = 4.
(») [T= Hx) to 6 decimal places
7 7.000000
10, 0.535654
100. 0.508731
000 0.500376
T0000 0.500087,
T0000 0.500004
000000 0.500000
‘he table of values also suggest that Jim, (3) =
Pt a AFT na [eto SS te (get)
antl +x,
= Jim 1+ix
“— [isipes ies
44. Jim, Vit ex— Vox
1
z
=I Ve x4 VP HK] Lyi (x2 +x)-( continuous on (90,2) U (2,00) => continuous on (~00,~2) U (~2,00)
15, Discontinuous only when t? —4t-+3 =
(00,1) U(1,3) U (3,00)
=Bort=
> (t-3)t-) =05
=> continuous on
16. Continuous everywhere. (t/-+1 7 0 for allt; limits exist and are equal to function values.)
17 Discontinuous only at # = 0 = continuous on (—0,0)U (0,20)
18. Discontinuous when 3f is an odd integer multiple of $, i.e. 3
= (2n—1)$, m am integer =>
=%—1,nan
integer (i.e., @ is an odd integer). Continuous everywhere else => continuous on
((2n—1)x/2,(2n+1)x/2) for n an integer.
19.
continuous when 2¥ +8 <0 or v<~$ = continuous onthe interval [~$, 00)
1 nerf
20, Discontinuous when 3x1 <0 or x0
= by the Intermediate Value Theorem f(x) takes
‘on every value between f(0) and f(1) = the
‘equation f(x) = 0 has at least one solution between
x=0and
26, cos x= x= (cos x) —x=0. Ifx=—§, c0s(-$)-(-F)>0. Ix =F, cos($)-F <0. Thus cos x—
for some x between —E and ¥ according to the Intermediate Value Theorem.
21. All five statements ask for the same information because of the intermediate value property of continuous
functions.
(2) A root of f(x)
0.347, x3
(b) The points where
=3x=1
© #-3; ). The solutions to the equation are the roots of f(x) =x? — 3x — 1.
(a) ‘The points where y = 3° ~ Bx crosses y = 1 have common y-coordinates, oy = 3° — 3x =
=3e-1=0.
3x—1 is a point ¢ where f(c) = 0. The roots are approximately x, = —1.53,
88, the points where f(x) changes sign.
y=
x° crosses y = 3x +1 have the same y-coordinate, or y = x? = 3x-+1 = y = f(x)
= 8 -3x—
(€) The solutions of x3 ~3x—1=0 are those points where f(x) = x? — 3x —1 has value 0.
28. Answers may vary. Note that f is continuous for every value of x.
(a) £(0) = 10, £(1) = 18-8(1) +10 =
s0 that 0 0 there isan irrational number x (actully
infinitely many) in the interval (xp —6,xp +6) = f(x) =0. Then 0 <|x—x9|< 6 but |f(x) — f(%9)|
> 46,20 Jip £2) falls o exist = fis discontinuous at x rational. On the other band Xo
irrational = f(x) = 0 and there is a rational number x in (x9 —6,xp +6) => f(x) =1. Again imp f(x) fails
() (xp — 8X9 im,
to exist = fis discontinuous at Xp irrational. That
fis discontinuous at every point.
(b) fis neither right-continuous nor left-continuous at any point xp because in every interval (xq ~ 8,%o) oF
(oxy +6) there exist both rational and irrational real numbers. Thus neither limits | lim_ f(x) and
lim , x) exist by the same arguments used in pat (3) =
oy
MM. Yeu. Both (x) =x and g(e) = x— fare continuous on [0,1]. However £5} is undefined atx = f since
a($)=0 = is ciscontinuous at x=}
35. Yes, because of the Intermediate Value Theorem. If f(a) and {(b) did have different signs then f would have to
equal zero at some point between a and b since f is continuous on [a,b].
36. Let f(x) be the new position of point x and let d(x) = f(x) —x. The displacement function d is negative if x is
the left-hand point of the rubber band and positive if x is the right-hand point of the rubber band. By the
Intermediate Value Theorem, d(x) = 0 for some point in between. That is, f(x) =x for some point x, which is
then in its original position.
BT. IF f(0) = 0 oF (1) = 1, we are done (i.e., ¢= 0 oF ¢ = 1 in those cases). ‘Then let f(0) = a > 0 and f(1)
because 0 < f(x) <1. Define g(x) = f(x) —x = g is continuous on [0,1] Moreover, g(0) = £(0)~0
(1) = f(1) — 1 = b—1< 0 = by the Intermediate Value Theorem there is a number ¢ in (0,1) such that
a(c) = 0 f(e) =O or fle) =e.
|x0)|
38. Let =O 9, since Fis continuous at x = there isa § > 0 such that ix —e1< 6 = |f(x) ~)|<«
3 fle) -€< f(x) < fl) +6
If f(e) > 0, then «= $f(e) = }fle) < fx) < $4(e) = f(x) > 0 on the interval (c~5,¢+6).
Ife) <0, then c= —Jle) > $1) < te) < fe) Ho) <0 onthe interval (65 +8). Section 1.4 Continuity 117
Mere
39. (a) Luisa’s salary is $36,500 = $36,500(1.035)° for the first year (0 y= x41, tangent line
ome tim C2TBPE= (2)? _ jig, 84 12h— Gh? +hO +8
oom fg EO lg
lim (12—6h +h?) = 12;
at (-2,-8): y= B+ 12(x—(-2)) > y= 12x +16,
tangent line 120 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
~8~(-2+h)*
=) eh(-2 +8)
jim 12=6h+b?
ned “8-2 +h)*
w(-2.-)
— fox}, tangent line
rp (Gth)-20+h)7)]- (C1) _ 5, (1+h-2—4h—2h7)+1_ 5.) b(o3—2b)
im WEAR) RPE TCD) = gg ERR PPR hie AO)
a E BO bao
at (1-1): y+1=-8(x— 1), tangent fine
10, m= tim (2th +30+h) tim (L+Sh49h? +h94+343h)—4_ 5, BCG +3H+h2) _
at) a UR
t (1,4): y—4 = 6(t— 1), tangent line
3th
te me im CEBA2 = jim B+M=8O+Y < ig
m= fi, SA jim SB Re
y—8=-2(u—3), tangent line
= tim VOFE-3 VOFR+3_ 5, _O+W—9 _ iy b
= a0 b Srh+3 boo h(YO+h+3) bod h(VO+h+3)
= gt hs Wa: y-8=fe-8) tanga
1
ym WEW=TT? 4 2-@4W_ ok
13, Atx=3, y=} m= Jim SSO = tim Seay = lim apathay =~ 4 lore
h=1
2 _ BOO) eee 2
14. Atx=0,y=—1= m= jim 2295 —= jim “Sap iy = Hs ah tay = 2 Hore
15, At a horizontal tangent the slope m = 0 = 0 =
tim (th)? + aCe +h) — 1] (x? + 4-1)
OR
2 - 2
= iy (x2 4 2h 4h? + 4x + 4h —1)—(x? + 4x—1) _ im (2xh 4h? 44h) _ fing (@x-+h-+4) = Bet
2x+4=0=x=-2 Then f(-2) =4—8-
horizontal tangent.
—5 => (-2,—5) is the point on the graph where there is a Section 1.5 Tangent Lines 121
sm [RP — 3x + h)]— (8-3x) _ i
ui) i ms
3x7 + Sxh? +h? — 3h
sth Seb ph th
(x24: 3x7h + Sxh? +h? — 3x — 3h) — (4° 3x)
Se Bah + Sah he = Sx— Sh) (3x)
= Jim = fim (3x? + Sxh +h? —3) = 9x? —3; x? 3 =0 > x=-1 orx=1. Then
= jim fim (38? + axh +h? —3) = 3x? 3; 3x73 =0 Lorx=1. Th
{(-1) = 2 and {(1) = -2 = (1,2) and (1,2) are the points on the graph where a horizontal tangent exists.
(§-)-(e+h-1)
A= DR +R=T)
> (x= 1)? =1 3 x?=2x = 0 5 x(x-2) =0 3 x=00r
sy=-1-(x-0)
fim,
lim 1
RSNGFESD Gy
Ix =, then y = —1 and m=
(x41). Ifx=2, then y= 1 and m=-1 3 y=1~(x-2) =-(x-3).
TD een orgs Oey Seti vane yA Lv enya (+h) -
i a a =, lim, r= ‘Therefore,
ty 2100) yh pho far eng
lo+h)— U0) _ im, UO+H)- UO _ 5,
28. lig, SOSA OED = pig. Opt = oo, andi, Bear
does not have a vertical tangent at (0,1) because the limit does not exist.
= no, the graph of f
29. (a) 2f = Ge 2
wasn AaB) mea sou
20.) ea
(oy i = 109) =—H400) tn 105-10 100 fn JER = Bt 1.08» 0.0080
08/4) fn /4) _ =
an, (a) Af = MGA = att = ga —vats
f(x/2)—f(x/6)_0-V3__3v3
(ey Bf = flelaatial9) 08 298 5 054
f(x) - (0)
v
32. 138
Pe gr
(©) y = 0.0571x? —0.1514x + 1.3043
{0,10} by 0.4} @ O28 co
(e)
34. (a)
Section 1.5 Tangent Lines 123
1-70) v0.59
‘According to the regression equation, the rates were 0.31 billion dollars per year and 0.53 billion dollars
per year.
fim YENI) — hg (0.057107 + ‘h)? ~ 0.1514(7 + h) + 1.3943] — [0.0571(7)? — 0.1514(7) + 1.3943]
2 b * no B
fm 020871(14h +h?) —0.1514h
= Jim
a ®
‘The funding was growing at rate of about 0.65 billion dollars per year.
0.65
17,18] by (0, 900}
(b) Q from year
©
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Slope
10=225 won
14-289 «19.9
0-210 943
40-105, 9
40-634 5 43.5
40168 5 o08
40-0815 109
49-400. 600
$40-=296 0 144.0
‘im, (0.0571(14) ~ 0.1514 + 0.0571}
‘As Q gets closer to 1997, the slopes do not seem to be approaching a limit value, The years 1995-97
seem to be very unusual and unpredictable. 124 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
35. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x
() tim, {0+m)- 00) _ yy) W2
coand lim, —1- = co = limit does not exi
rn a lim, 378 = 0° = limit does not exist
= the graph of y = x°/5
does not have a vertical tangent at x = 0.
36. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at
tin, 10-48) —M(0) _ 1 ooo = limi j
(b) wi Sli oe alban ntuoen ene
=sy= x*/5 does not have a vertical tangent at x = 0.
37. (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x=
en (on
£(0 +h) = (0) _
—t
(b) Jim, co > y =x!/5 has a vertical tangent at x =0.
38. (2) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x =0.
Oo} yes
a
_ 21s
0 +h) -10) _ jig, b/S—0 ae co = the graph of y = x’
no Ro
©) bm, 8 has a vertical tangent
atx Section 1.5 Tangent Lines 125
30. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at
y
mn (0-+h) -f(0)
©) ig
= 00 = limit does not exist => the graph of y = 4x?/* — 2x does not have a vertical tangent at x= 0,
40. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at
irs does not exist = the graph of
+b)— £00) _ bP — 5S _ 9, 42/85
b _ bh
© fy Ege? -sS5
y =x°/5 — 522/5 does not have a vertical tangent.
41. (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x= 1 and a cusp at x =0.
im 7 2
(14h)? pt
Sa
35 y 2229 —(x—1)!/9 has a vertical tangent at x
(b) x= 1:
tim & +h? — (1 4+h—1)3—
BD ® 126 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
£0+h)— 10) _, B= (n— 8-8 _ abe = sy
fig, SARS = i EE fig ate Sh
'— (x-1)"/9 does not have a vertical tangent at x =
does not exist = y = x7/
and x= 1.
42, (a) The graph appears to have vertical tangents at x
yoo (e 18
Jim, +40) soos yaa 4 (x— 1) has a
HM 4 M8— ents
(0) x= 05 iy R= ig,
vertical tangent at x = 0;
fl +h)~(1) _ (+h)! +(+h-
oe RB
1/3
1) co y =x 4 (x1) has a
lim
mo
vertical tangent at x = 1.
43, (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x = 0.
fm 0-H) —1(0) vibe
© ag, SAR te,
i form (0) _ —vihi-0_
a =i a
=> y has a vertical tangent at x
44, (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x = 4. Chapter 1 Practice Exercises 127
0) tim, t=) _ Vie @4 m0 VL tim
eaee name EEeeee Seat eeeeeeee
boot wot meat Re VR
(4 +h) -£(4) eam ee
fan) —t) _
= y = V9=x does not have a vertical tangent at x = 4.
vig
i
45-48. Example CAS commands:
> coa(x) + 4esin(2ex);
a => (f(0 +h) — £(40))/hs
imit(da(h),h=*
=> f(x0) + slopes(x ~ x0};
f(x0) + da(3)+(x — xt
y2:=f(x0) + da(2)4(x — x
yB:=f(x0) + da(1)a(x ~ x
plot ({8x),yl,y2,y3L(x)}.x = x0 — 1x0 +3);
Math
Clear (f.m,x,y)
x0 = Pi; ffx_] = Cos[x] +4 Sin{2x]
Plot{ ta {x0 - 1x0 +3) ]
ddgQh_} = (ffx0 + hf - x01) /n
m = Limit{ da[h], b -> 0]
ffx0] +m (x—x0)
x0] + daft] (x —x0)
ix0] + dql2] (x ~x0)
x0] + da[3} (x—x0)
Plo {ffx y.yl,y2,y3}, {x,x0 — 1,x0 +3} ]
CHAPTER 1 PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. Atx=-1
slimy 60) = fi 56)=1— i, £0)
m f(x) = lim, f(x) =0 = lim f(x) = 0.
But f(0) =1 # lig f(x) = fis discontinuous at x = 0.
Atx=
Hip. (0) =U and im, (x) = 1 Jim fx)
does not exist => f is discontinuous at x
2 Atx=
li f9) = O and im 3) = 1 = im, £0)
does not exist = f is discontinuous at x= 128 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
Ate Ot Ti 3) = 00 and im, (5) = 00 = lint)
does not exist = fis discontinuous at x = 0
Atx=l: lim. f(x) = lim, f(x) =1 = lim f(x) =1. But
a wat iy
{(1) =0 # lim f(x) = fis discontinuous at x = 1,
(2) dima (31) =8 Jim £(t) = (7) = -21
ie &
i =(lim a(t)? = (-7? =
(©) dag (0)? = (ig, KOY =)? = 49
© dip C0) 80) = Lip 0) Jig wl = (1H) =0
lim f(t)
(4) dip =o 1
eg os “peo “i -_T
&
©) ap cos (et) = c(i g(t)) = co8 0= 1
in ie
(© dy || =| dag 0] =1-11=7
(0) ing (8) +8) = Bop 0) + i (0) = —740= -7
(©) dip 0/10) = Teh = =F
an
(@) fim, ~0(x) = — lim, a6) = V2
i af ~(yn(aZ2
(©) fem, (Wl) -#(0)) = im, w(x) lim, x) = (V2) (5) = “5
(©) lim, (0) + 6(%)) = Jing) + lim, w(s) = 3+ V2
; 1 als
ts R= mmf"?
(©) lim (x-+£(x)) = Jim x + lim, im, f(x) = 045 =5
fe) cos x __ jing, f(x) lim, cos x _ Qo
0 ay Sate igigh =
Since Jim, x=0 we must have that ling (4—g(x)) =0. Otherwise, if lim, (4— g(x) isa finite postive
amber we wou have tin. [$$
4= $09] — 2 40 the limit could not equal 1 as Chapter 1 Practice Exercises 129
x0, Similar reasoning holds if lim, (4—g(x)) isa finite negative number. We conclude that lim g(x) =
De ig 0) in, i [i x0] = Ai [i 0] = 4 of)
(ince lim, g(x) is constant) => lim g(x) =
(a) Jim f(x) = Jim x1/° = cl/9 = f(¢) for every real number ¢ = f is continuous on (—c0,00)
(©) im o(«) = Jim 2/4 = e/4 = g(¢) for every nonnegative real number © = g is continuous on [0,c0)
(©) Ying h(x) = Yim x°2/* = = h(e) for every nonzero real number ¢ = b is continuous on (—o0,0) and
) .
(@) fay RO) = Jig 2°71 = eg = ke) for every postive real number ¢ = his continuous on (0320)
-})x, 4)sr), where I = the set of all integers.
UCB (e+) viene fate
(b) LU (nx, (n+1)n), where I = the set of all integers.
net
(©) (-00,00)
(2) (-20,0)U (0,00)
x? 4x44 (x= 2)(e—2) _ x
(2) ig, FSSA = hin, SS ayceeay = BB aiegay: XA the limit does not exist because
im_ %X=2- = co and lim,
AR x7) a tim, y=
im X= 4kt4 yi (= 20-2) _ yy x=2 pgp 0S
0b) dim at = ES x G2) > EB xe ars
im tx x41), aor
0) ng Saas” BB SEreaany” EB Peary” EB wea AoA
Now Jig. aay =e and im, wy 7? ia wiitos
eD ae 2? ES Rs
xx+1)
©) im, SA = im, SC als gaglpay tA Mad x A. The iit doe not
i aq = ~00 an =
exist because lim G41) lim, Zee
(x? =a?)
= lim 1
i FR reat ba 180 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
8. ig, PBR 2 i (oe) = Oe
“ tiny PBDI NY 2? ing On +b) =
15. tn TEES iy 2= 242) — ty 4
fig = fig eax) = A TERR a
(2+x)*-8 2
(x8 46x74 12x+8)—8
(4 ox? 4 ae + 8)—8
16 iy SEP a
Aad
22, Jim, Xe
wT Tox) + 128
29, (a) f(—1) = -1 and {(2) = 5 => fhas a root between ~1 and 2 by the Intermediate Value Theorem.
(b), (€) root is 1.32471795724 Chapter 1 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 131
30. (a) {(-2) = -2 and {(0) =2 = f has a root between ~2 and 0 by the Intermediate Value Theorem.
(b), (©) root is -1.76929235424
CHAPTER 1 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS
1. (@) x] 01 0.010.001 0.0001 0.00001
10.7943 0.9550 0.9931 0.9991 0.9999
rently, lim, 2
Apparently, lim,
0
oF
1
0.8 _
yee
0.2
2 (a) x 10 100 1000
1/08)
(8) 0.3678 0.3678 0.3678
2 a
Apparently, Jim, (})/"” = o.078 =}
(b)
ron
oud
o.2
3 jig L= in boo
‘The left-hand limit was needed because the function L is undefined if v > c (the rocket eannot move faster
than the speed of light) 132 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
1 | -1]cons 024-1 <02 08 —0.0005 < (t - 70) x 104 < 0.0005
5 0 + =R represents the midnight point (at the same exact time). Suppose x,
is a point on the equator “just after” noon => x, +R is simultaneously “just after” midnight. It seems
reasonable that the temperature T at a point just after noon is hotter than it would be at the diametrically
‘opposite point just after midnight: That is, T(x,)—T(x, +R) > 0. At exactly the same moment in time
pick x3 to be a point just before midnight => x, +R is just before noon. Then T(x,) —T(2r, + #R) <0.
Ascuming the temperature function T is continuous along the equator (which is reasonable), the Intermediate
Value Theorem says there is a point ¢ between 0 (noon) and +R (simultaneously midnight) such that
‘T(c)—T(c + #R) = 0; ie, there is always a pair of antipodal points on the earth’s equator where the
temperatures are the same.
7. (@) Ate
= ty (= fm\2 =)
=1- Vita,
ry (a) =
is S1- vere) a= vie) =a
Vite eee + a)
ae - 7 =i yiFe
= = (because the
Tra) Fy
denominator is always negative); tim, (a) = lim, he oo (because the denominator
is always positive). Therefore, lim, +_(a) does not exist.
Atx lim 0) = tim
©
ru)
i
on
os
135 vs
Graph ot to scale Chapter 1 Additional Exercises~Theory, Examples, Applications 133
10)
ro) wo
40.05
fener eared
faye eaent
8. (a) Since x + 04, 0 lim, f(x? -x)= lim. fy) = B where y =
xot yo
(8) Sine x0", -1 (x?—x4) + OF > lim, f(x? -x4) = lim, f(y) = A where
xot yor
(@) Since x + 0", -1 f(x) is discontinuous at x= 0. However |f{x)|= 1 is
continuous at x= 0.
10. f(4) =x+2 cos x = (0) = 0 +2 cos 0 = 2 >0 and f(—n) =—m +2 cos(—n) =—1-2.< 0. Since f(x) is
continuous on [~1,0], by the Intermediate Value Theorem, f(x) must take on every value between [—" ~ 2,2).
‘Thus there is some number ¢ in [~x,0] such that f(c) = 0; Le., ¢ is a solution to x+2 cos x =0.
= lim (2~
11. Show lim f(x) = Jim (xe? -7)
Step 1: |(x?-7)+6| 6 841 |(x?-7)-6| behcx| Vie
aos 2s
ot 2
(+P +3 §; the smaller of the two values. ‘Then,
|x>9-O4OR,
Step 2: 0 <|x-51< 6 => -6 -645 6=(24+6)?-4
‘Choose 5 —2, the smaller of the two values. Then, 0 <|x
24.26, or 645 =9- (2-6)? > 6=4-(2-6)?
51< 6 | V9=x-2|<¢, 80
lim J=x=2. By the continuity test, F(x) is continuous at x = 5.
15, (a) Let €>0 be given. If x is rational, then f(x) = x = |f(x)—0|=|x—0]< #|x—0/<6; ie. choose
6
e. Then |x—01< 6 =| f(x) -0|<¢ for x rational, If x is irrational, then f(x) = 0 = |f(x) -0|<«
4 0 <¢ which is true no matter how close irrational x is to 0, so again we can choose 6 = ¢. In either case,
given ¢ > 0 there is a 5 = €>0 such that 0<|x—0|<6=|f{x)-0|<<. Therefore, f is continuous at
x=0.
(b) Choose x.
If is rational, pick €
>0. Then within any interval (c~6,¢ +6) there are both rati
ional and irrational numbers.
. No matter how small we choose 6 > 0 there is an irrational number x in
(66 +6) > |f{x) - M0) $=6. That is, fis not continuous at any rational ¢>0. On (b)
Chapter 1 Additional Exercises~Theory, Examples, Applications 135,
the other hand, suppose ¢ is irrational => f(c) = 0.
Again pick €=§. No matter how small we choose 6 > 0
-0
there is a rational number x in (¢~6,¢ +6) with Ix—cl<§ =e §
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