Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
BY
Reny S
Definisi
Adanya batu (kalkuli) di traktus
urinarius.
Batu terbentuk ketika konsentrasi
substansi tertentu seperti kalsium
oksalat, kalsium fosfat dan asam
urat meningkat.
Manifestasi Klinis
Manifestasi klinis adanya batu dalam traktus
urinarius bergantung pada adanya obstruksi,
infeksi dan edema. Ketika batu menghambat
aliran urin, terjadi obstruksi, menyebabkan
peningkatan tekanan hidrostatik dan distensi piala
ginjal serta ureter proksimal. Infeksi (pielonefritis
dan sistitis yang disertai menggigil, demam dan
disuria) dapat terjadi dari iritasi batu yang terus
menerus.
Patofisiologi
Pe/pe ekskresi Ca, phosphat, kristal lain
Magnesium
Supersaturasi urine
Citrat
Mengendap pada
tract. Urinarius
Lokasi Batu
ANATOMI GINJAL
Diagnosis
The diagnostic gold standard for kidney
stones is axial CT scan (CAT) without
contrast (the same type of scan we have on
all of our cadavers).
Recent studies have shown CT scan to have
a sensitivity of 98%, specificity of 100%,
positive predictive value of 100%, and
negative predictive value of 97% when
being used to diagnose urolithiasis (stone
formation anywhere in the urinary tract).
Lanjutan Diagnosis
In order to determine from CT scan whether
a patient has a kidney stone, we must first
be able to follow the urinary tract on CT
from kidney to urethral meatus. Begin by
looking at the anterior view of the urinary
tract below.
Lanjutan Diagnosis
Notice that the kidneys can be found around the
T11- L4 levels, and that the right kidney is often
pushed inferior to the left kidney by the liver. The
ureters come out of the kidney's hilum medially
and run anterior to the psoas major, lateral to the
inferior vena cava or abdominal aorta (depending
on whether it's the right or left ureter). The bladder
can then be found immediately posterior to the
pubic symphysis. The urethra can be found by
following the bladder inferiorly out to the urethral
meatus of the penis or vagina
Penatalaksanaan
Mengurangi nyeri
Pengangkatan batu
Terapi nutrisi dan medikasi
Lanjutan Penatalaksanaan
Treatment of acute stone events (obstruction/
passage through ureter or urethra) depends on the
size of the stone. Most stones have a diameter of
less than 5 mm and pass without intervention. For
larger stones interventions such as lithotripsy
(breaking a stone up using high intensity acoustic
pulses), ureteroscopy (passing an endoscope
through the urethra to access ureters, kidney stone
can be visualized and removed via forceps using
endoscope), or nephrolithotomy (surgical removal
of stone through an incision in the back) can be
utilized.
Lanjutan Penatalaksanaan
Some clinicians will let a patient try and
pass a stone up to 1 cm in diameter for 4
weeks before intervening, encouraging the
patient to drink high volumes of water to
increase urine flow and hasten the passage
of the stone.
Lanjutan Penatalaksanaan
Many patients who have had a kidney stone
will have another, as recurrence rates of
nephrolithiasis are 30-50% within 5 years.
Medical therapy and good hydration are the
principle means of preventing chronic
nephrolithiasis. The type of medical therapy
utilized depends on the type of stone begin
formed by the patient.
Diagnosa Keperawatan
1. Nyeri berhubungan dengan inflamasi,
obstruksi dan abrasi traktus urinarius
2. Perubahan eliminasi urin berhubungan
dengan stimulasi kandung kemih oleh batu,
iritasi ginjal atau ureteral.
3. Risiko tinggi kekurangan volume cairan
b.d mual, muntah, diuresis pasca obstruksi
4. Kurang pengetahuan tentang pencegahan
kekambuhan batu renal
Intervensi keperawatan
1. Mengurangi nyeri
2. Pendidikan pasien:
a. Patuhi program diet
b. Pertahankan masukan cairan yang
adekuat paling sedikit 3000 4000 ml
tiap hari.
c. Minum cairan dalam jumlah cukup pada
sore hari untuk mencegah urine yang
pekat pada malam hari
Evaluasi
1. Menunjukkan berkurangnya nyeri
2. Menunjukkan perilaku sehat untuk
mencegah kekambuhan:
a. Mengkonsumsi cairan dalam jumlah
besar (10-12 gelas setiap hari)
b. Melakukan aktifitas yang sesuai
c. Mengkonsumsi diet yang diresepkan
untuk mengurangi faktor predisposisi
pembentukan batu.
Lanjutan Evaluasi
d. Mengidentifikasi gejala yang harus
dilaporkan ke tenaga kesehatan (demam,
menggigil, nyeri panggul, hematuria)
e. Memantau pH urine sesuai anjuran
f. Mematuhi medikasi sesuai anjuran untuk
megurangi pembentukan batu.
WHAT IS YOUR
OPINION FROM THIS
PICTURE?