CAPITOLUL 2

CLASE DE MODELE
&ODVLILFDUHDPRGHOHORUVHSRDWHIDFHGXS PDLPXOWHFULWHULL
Q FHOH FH XUPHD]  VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH DFHOH FULWHULL FHO PDL IUHFYHQW

ntlnite n literatura de specialitate.

a)

*UDGXOGHVLPLOLWXGLQHvQWUHPRGHOLRULJLQDO

este un criteriu

FDUHGLVWLQJHPRGHOHLFRQLFHDQDORJLFHLVLPEROLFH

Modelul iconicHVWHFHOFH S

VWUHD] FHD PDL PDUH VLPLOLWXGLQH

vQWUH PRGHO L RULJLQDO SURSULHW

LOH VH S VWUHD]  LDU GLIHUHQ LHULOH

sunt nesemnificative, ca de exemplu: materialul de constrXF LH

GLPHQVLXQHD PXO LPHD FRRUGRQDWHORU GH UHSUH]HQWDUH EL vQ ORF GH
WULGLPHQVLRQDO  D P G 5ROXO DFHVWRU PRGHOH HVWH LPSRUWDQW vQ
SHUFHSHUHD L UHSUH]HQWDUHD PHQWDO  D XQRU RULJLQDOH JUHX VDX

imposibil de observat n mod direct, ca de exemplu globul

S PkQWHVF DQLPDOH GLVS UXWH VDX GLQ ]RQH vQGHS UWDWH VDX JUHX

accesibile etc.
Modelul analogic HVWH FHO FH S

VWUHD]  GRDU R DQDORJLH FX

RULJLQDOXO QHPDLH[LVWkQG QLFL R VLPLOLWXGLQH QX VH PDL S VWUHD] 

QLPLF GLQ FHHD FH UHSUH]LQW  IRUPHOH H[WHULRDUH G

e identificare sau

PDQLIHVWDUH D RULJLQDOXOXL FL GRDU HVHQ D DFHVWXLD 5ROXO DFHVWRU

PRGHOH HVWH GH D vQ HOHJH IXQF LRQDUHD RELHFWXOXL VWXGLDW vQ PHGLXO
V X GH H[LVWHQ

 VDX DO FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL V X vQ UHOD LLOH FX

modelul. De exemplu, reprezentarea printr-R VFKHP

WHQVLXQHD

L

LQWHQVLWDWHD

FXUHQWXOXL

HOHFWULF

HOHFWULF SULQ

SULQ

SXQFWH

GH

DFXPXODUH L FRQGHQVDUH HWF D WHQVLXQLORU PHFDQLFH VWDWLFH L

GLQDPLFHFDUHDSDUODRQDY vQFRQGL LLGHvQF UFDUH vQFRQGL LLGH
PDU OD GLIHULWH UHJLPXUL GH YLWH]  vQFRQGL LL PHWHR GLIHULWH YkQW
WHPSHUDWXU YDOXULHWF

Modelul simbolic HVWH FHOFH QXPDLDUHQDWXU

IL]LF  FLQXPDL

VLPEROLF  DGLF  UHSUH]HQWDUHD VH IDFH SULQ VLPEROXUL PDWHPDWLFH

logice, fizice, cartografice etc. De exemplu, modelul legii atrDF LHL

XQLYHUVDOH OHJH SRWULYLW F UHLD IRU D I GH DWUDF LH vQWUH GRX 
FRUSXULGLQXQLYHUVHVWHGLUHFWSURSRU LRQDO FXPDVDORUP1LP2

LLQYHUVSURSRU LRQDO FXS WUDWXOGLVWDQ HLG

f =

m1 m 2
d2

(6)

(VWH LQVWUXFWLY GH DU WDW F  DVWIHO  GH PRGHOH I FkQG

DEVWUDF LH GH FRPSRQHQWD IL]LF  SHUPLW JHQHUDOL] UL vQ GRPHQLL

care nu au nici-R OHJ

WXU  GLUHFW  FX FHO GH FDUH DSDU LQH RELHFWXO

FHUFHW ULL LQL LDOH $VWIHO PRGHOXO  HVWH XWLOL]DW L vQ GRPHQLXO
HFRQRPLF SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD LQWHQVLW
HFRQRPLFH vQWUH FRPXQLW

LL OHJ WXULORU HYLGHQW

L WHULWRULDOH GLIHULWH ]RQH JHRJUDILFH

UL UHJLXQL SURYLQFLL GHSDUWDPHQWH MXGH H RUDH HWF Q DFHVW

FD] PDVD HVWH VXEVWLWXLW  SULQ
GH

SLOG 

YROXPXO

tr-un indicator cantitativ relevant, ca

VFKLPEXULORU

FRPHUFLDOH

LDU

IRU D

GHYLQH

FRHILFLHQWXO GH LQWHQVLWDWH DO OHJ WXULORU HFRQRPLFH FRPHUFLDOH

UHFLSURFH /D QLYHOXO XQHL

UL FRHILFLHQ LL I SRW IL GH H[HPSOX

GHILQL L OD QLYHOXO D GRX  ORFDOLW

L 'DF  QXP UXO DFHVWRUD HVWH Q

atunci se pot calcula, n principiu, n2

FRHILFLHQ LIYDORULOHDFHVWRUD

pot fi grupate pe intervale pentru fiecare localitate n parte,

UH]XOWkQG R LHUDUKLH D LQWHQVLW

loFDOLW

L L SULQ FRQVHFLQ

LL OHJ WXULORU HFRQRPLFH DOH ILHF UHL

 GLUHF LD SRODUL] ULL DFHVWRU OHJ WXUL 3RW

ILDVWIHOGHILQLWHFHQWUHOHGHSRODUL]DUHDGLF DFHOHORFDOLW

LF WUH

FDUH JUDYLWHD]  YLD D HFRQRPLF  GLQWU XQ WHULWRULX GDW L GH

asemenea, pot fi identificate, zonele de polari]DUH DOH ILHF

centru (fig. 3).
1
2

Fig. 3 Polarizarea ntr-un teritoriu dat

FRPXQLW

LWHULWRULDOHDWUDVH

FHQWUHGHSRODUL]DUH

- - limita zonelor de polarizare

OLPLWDWHULWRULXOXL

UXL

b) Aspectul modelului este un criteriu care distinge modele

GHWHUPLQLVWHLPRGHOHVWRKDVWLFH

Modelul determinist este acela n care variabilele modelului nu

sunt considerate aleatoare; ele pot lua, ntr-R vPSUHMXUDUHGDW
FHUWLWXGLQHRYDORDUHLQXPDLXQD5HOD

LFX

iile dintre variabile sunt cu

FHUWLWXGLQH SUHFL]DWH vQ vPSUHMXUDUHD GDW  8QH[HPSOX GHDVWIHO GH

PRGHOHVWHPRGHOXO%/5vQIRUPDSUH]HQWDW SULQUHOD LLOH

5).

Modelul stohastic este acela n care variabilele sunt aleatoare

LVDX UHOD LLOH GLQWUH HO

e sunt definit probabilistic n raport cu

mprejurarea. Un astfel de model este cel cunoscut sub numele de

PRGHOXOMXUQDOLVWXOXLDOYkQ] WRUXOXLGH]LDUH
Q DFHVW PRGHO VH FRQVLGHU  FXQRVFXWH FX SDUDPHWULL FkWLJXO

realizat prin vinderea unui ziar (b)

L SLHUGHUHD FDX]DW  GH

QHYLQGHUHD L UHVSHFWLY UHWXUQDUHD OD UHGDF LH VDX OD GLVWULEXLWRU D

unui exemplar (p9DULDELODDOHDWRDUHHVWHFHUHUHD]LOQLF

GH]LDUH

fie z cu valori [o, Z], z FRQVLGHUDW FXQRVFXW FD L GLVWULEX LD GH
probabilitate p(z):
p(0) p(1)  p( Z)

p(z) =
1  Z
0
2ELHFWLYXO MXUQDOLVWXOXL HVWH GH D RE LQH ]LOQLF FHO PDL EXQ
FkWLJ SRVLELO L SHQWUX DFHDVWD HO WUHEXLH V  GHFLG  ]LOQLF QXP UXO

GH]LDUHSHFDUHvOSUHLDGHODUHGDF LHVDXGHODGLVWULEXLWRULDQXPH

n, care este definit astfel ca vaULDELO

GHGHFL]LH

9DORDUHD]LOQLF DFkWLJXOXL5DUHH[SUHVLD

n 1

z=0

z=n

R (m) = p(z)[b z p (n z)]+ p(z) b z

(7)

Un astfel de model este generalizabil pentru orice activitate

GH YkQ]DUH GH EXQXUL SHQWUX FDUH YLQGHUHD FRPSOHW  D VWRFXOXL
RIHULW FOLHQ LORU OD XQ DQXPLW

moment (ntr-un anumit interval) are

FDHIHFWGHJUDGDUHDEXQXOXLvQFDX] LLPSRVLELOLWDWHDUHYLQGHULLOXL
ODDFHODLSUH FDFHOLQL LDOHVWHDGLF XQPRGHOGHGHFL]LHSHQWUX

comercializarea unor produse cu grad ridicat de perisabilitate. ntrR FODV  PDL ODUJ  LQFOX]kQG DFHVW PRGHO SRW IL FXSULQVH L
PRGHOHOHGHVWRFvQFDUHQXH[LVW SHULVDELOLWDWHODP UIXULOHVWRFDWH
GDU RSHUD LXQHD GH VWRFDUH vQ VLQH SURGXFH FRVWXUL FDUH QX SRW IL
QHJOLMDWHvQUDSRUWFXYDORDUHDP UILLFDDWDUHVDXvQUDSRUWFX

costul

SURGXVHORUFHVHIDEULF FXDFHVWHP UIXUL

c) Factorul timp HVWH XQ FULWHULX FDUH GLVWLQJH PRGHOH VWDWLFH L

modele dinamice.
Modelul static este acela n care variabilele nu sunt indexate
temporal sau n care variabilele se definesc independent de timp.
$FFHS LXQHD RSHUD LRQDO  HVWH F  vQ DFHVW PRGHO QX H[LVW  UHOD LL

SHVWHWLPSvQWUHYDULDELOHOHVDOH 'HH[HPSOXUHOD LDGH VWUXFWXU 

DYHQLWXOXLQD LRQDO

Y=C+S

(8)

n care Y este venitul, C  FRQVXPXO L 6 economiile, este o

UHOD LHSUHVXSXV DILDGHY UDW LQGLIHUHQWGHPRPHQWXOGHUHIHULQ
W W

 7 'H DFHHD HVWH LQXWLO V  LQGH[ P WHPSRUDO

YDULDELOHOHDGLF V VFULHP

Yt = Ct + St

t = 1,2,,T

(8.1)

DVWIHO vQFkW  QX SRDWH IL VRFRWLW FD PRGHO QHVWDWLF 6H REVHUY 
GH DVHPHQHD F  UHOD LD QX HVWH SHVWH WLPS DGLF  QX OHDJ  GRX 

momente diferite n timp, nu presupune luarea n considerare a

YDULD LHLvQWLPSDYUXQHLDGLQYDULDELOHOHDSDU LQ WRDUH

Modelul dinamic este acela n care variabilele sunt definite

GHSHQGHQW GH WLPS L VXQW OHJDWH SULQ UHOD LD SHVWH WLPS DGLF 
SUHVXSXQHP GHSHQGHQ D OD XQ PRPHQW D XQHL YDULDELOH GH R DOW 
YDULDELO FRQVLGHUDW ODXQDOWP

oment de timp.

Unul din cele mai simple modele dinamice este cel al lui
'RPDU

PRGHO

FH

YL]HD] 

GHVFULHUHD

FUHWHULL

HFRQRPLFH

FRQGL LLOHXQHLHFRQRPLLvQFKLVH0RGHOXOFXSULQGH

HFXD LDVWUXFWXULLYHQLWXOXL

Yt = Ct + St

HFXD LDGHHFKLOLEUXPDFURHFRQRPLF

(9)

vQ

St = It

(10)

HFXD LDFRQVXPXOXL

Ct = Yt

(11)

HFXD LDLQYHVWL LLORU

It = (Yt Yt-1)

(12)

'DF VXQWFRQFHQWUDWHWRDWHUHOD LLOH

vQUHOD LD

avem:

Yt =

Yt 1
+ 1

(13)

Parametrii modelului sunt rata consumului ()

LQYHVWL LLORUvQ VSRUXOGHYHQLW

L UDWD

). Cel de-DOGRLOHDSDUDPHWUXDUDW

FDUH HVWH YDORDUHD LQYHVWL LHL FDUH DVLJXU  FUHWHUHD FX R XQLWDWH D

venitului, deoarece conform (12):

= It / (Yt Yt-1)
DGLF HVWHXQSDUDPHWUXGHHILFLHQ

(12.1)
DLQYHVWL LLORU

'LQ UHOD LD  VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQD LQGLFHOH GH FUHWHUH D

venitului IYLDQXPH
I Y = Yt / Yt 1 =
FHHDFHDUDW F SDUDPH

+ 1

(13.1)

trul rezultativ / ( +DUHXQFRQ LQXW

HFRQRPLF IRDUWH SUHFLV 5LWPXO GH FUHWHUH DO YHQLWXOXL VH SRDWH
GHWHUPLQDGLQUHOD LD

rY = I Y 1 =
XQGH OD

1
,
+ 1

QXP U WRU DSDUH UDWD

(13.2)
HFRQRPL

ilor, ceea ce permite

IRUPXODUHD UHJXOLL SRWULYLW F UHLD ULWPXO GH FUHWHUH D YHQLWXOXLHVWH

GLUHFWSURSRU LRQDOFXUDWDHFRQRPLVLULL
3HQWUXFDDFHVWULWPV ILHSR]LWLYHVWHQHFHVDUFD

+-1>0

sau

(13.3)

- (1 - ) > 0 sau

> (1 - )

(13.4)

FHHD FH vQVHDPQ  F  HILFLHQ D LQYHVWL LLORU DD FXP D IRVW GHILQLW 
SULQV ILHVXSHULRDU UDWHLHFRQRPLVLULL

ntr-R IRUP

 IRDUWH JHQHUDO  R UHOD LH GH PRGHO GLQDPLF

GHILQHWHOHJ WXUDvQWUHRYDULDELO GHVWDUH[tSHGHRSDUWHLSH

GHDOW SDUWHRPXO LPHGHYDULDELOHGHVWDUH

( x t t j ) LRPXO LPHGH

variante de decizie ( U t t k ) unde tj L Wk sunt tot indici de timp

semnificnd momentele de la care variabilele de stare precedente,
UHVSHFWLYFHOHGHGHFL]LHvQFHSV LQIOXHQ H]HP ULPHDYDULDELOHLGH

stare de la momentul t:
xt = f(xt-a, xt-a-1,, xt-a-b, ut-c,ut-c-1, , ut-c-d)
VLWXD LH vQ FDUH Wj
VLWXD LL FkQG D

[a, b], iar tk [c, d]; cel mai adesea ntlnim

  L F

  DGLF  GHSHQGHQ D YDULDELOHL GH VWDUH [t

vQFHSHFKLDUFXVWDUHDSUHFHGHQW LFXGHFL]LDVLPXOWDQ VW ULL FDUH

VHGHWHUPLQ 

d) Scopul este un criteriu care distinge modele explicative,

SUHGLFWLYHLGHGHFL]LH

Modelul explicativ

HVWH FHO FH XUP UHWH SUHFL]DUHD VDX

UHOHYDUHD HVHQ HL RELHFWXOXL VWXGLDW IHQRPHQ SURFHV HWF VDX

explicarea mecanismului lor de producere.

Modelul predictiv este un model care permite anticiparea
PRGXOXL GH GHVI XUDUH D XQXL IHQRPHQSURFHV D VFDGHQ HORU VDOH
GHHYROX LH

Modelul de decizie este un model care permite determinarea

XQRU LQGLFDWRUL VDX D XQRU PXO LPL GH YDORUL DOH ORU SH FDUH VH SRW

ntemeia decizia asupra obiectulXL VWXGLDW VDX D PHFDQLVPXOXL V

GH HYROX LH $VWIHO GH PRGHOH XWLOL]HD] 

strategii

GH

HYROX LH L

FRQVHFLQ H

X

parametrii de decizie,

dorite ntr-R

PXO LPH GH

FRQVHFLQ HSUHYL]LELOH

e)

1LYHOXO GH UHIHULQ

PDFURHFRQRPLFH

L

este un criteriu ce distinge modele

PRGHOH

PLFURHFRQRPLFH

2

VXEFODV 

GLVWLQFW  HVWH FRQVLGHUDW  GH XQLL DXWRUL FD ILLQG PRGHOHOH

WHULWRULDOH PRGHOH UHIHULWRDUH OD HFRQRPLD ILQDQ HOH VLWXD LD
VRFLDO HWFDXQXLDQXPLWWHULWRULXRUDUHJLXQH]RQ MXGH 

f) Gradul de generalitate este un criteriu ce distinge modele

generale 

UHIHULWRDUH OD DQVDPEOXO XQXL VLVWHP VWXGLDW L

PRGHOHSDU LDOH

Prin sistem

UHIHULWRDUHODRFRPSRQHQW

DXQXLVLVWHP

vQ HOHJHP XQ DQVDPEOX RUGRQDW GH HOHPHQWH

$FHDVWD vQVHDPQ  F  VLVWHPXO 6 HVWH FXQRVFXW DIL DOF WXLW GLQWU

QXP U

-un

n de elemente componente, ei (i =1,2,,n), pentru care se

FXQRVFGHDVHPHQHDUHOD LLOHGLQWUHDFHVWHDHi

, ej), cu

i,j = 1,2,,n. ntr-R DERUGDUH PDL FRPSOH[

 VH SRDWH FRQVLGHUD F 

VWUXFWXUD VLVWHPXOXL DGLF  PXO LPHD UHOD LLORU

ntre componente,

SUHVXSXQH QX QXPDL UHOD LL GH WLS GXEOHW SHUHFKH FL L WULSOHW

quartet etc.
Pentru a delimita sfera de cuprindere a unui sistem, n
WHUPLQRORJLDGHVSHFLDOLWDWHVHvQWkOQHVFLQR LXQLOHGHPDFURVLVWHP
L GH VXEVLVWHP Q IRQG L DFHV

tea sunt tot sisteme, fiecare n sine,

QXPDLF DXRVIHU PDLPDUHUHVSHFWLYPDL PLF GH FXSULQGHUHvQ

UDSRUW FX VLVWHPXO GH UHIHULQ
vQ FDUH FHO GH UHIHULQ

 $VWIHO PDFURVLVWHPXO HVWH VLVWHPXO

 VH UHJ VHWH FD R FRPSRQHQW  LDU

subsistemul este sistemXO FH HVWH LQFOXV vQ FHO GH UHIHULQ

 FD XQD

din componentele acestuia.

([LVW  DD FXP V D DPLQWLW GHMD L DOWH FULWHULL GH FODVLILFDUH

FXPVXQWQDWXUDIL]LF DHOHPHQWHORUPRGHOXOXLQDWXUDPDWHPDWLF 

D UHOD LLORU LQFOXVH QDWXUD YDULDELOHORU PRGXO GH

GHWUDWDUHDUHDOLW

construire, modul

LLD

Macrosistem
Sistem R

SA
1

SC

3
2

SB

Fig. 4 -0DFURVLVWHPVLVWHP$%&5

subsistem (1,2,3)

GHUHIHULQ

Q FH SULYHWH XQ PRGHO GDW HO SRDWH IL LQFOXV VLPXOWDQ vQ
GLIHULWH

FODVH

GH

PRGHOH

GXS 

FULWHULXO

GXS 

are se face

FODVLILFDUHD 6  SUHVXSXQHP FD H[HPSOX XQ FD] SDUWLFXODU DO

PRGHOXOXL GH SURJUDPDUH D VWUXFWXULL SURGXF LHL PRGHOXO VWUXFWXULL
RSWLPHDSURGXF LHLvQFDUHVXQWGHILQLWH

n QXP

UXOGHVRUWLPHQWHIDEULFDWH

j indice pentru identificarea sortimentului (j = 1,2,,n)

m QXP

UXOGHUHVXUVHXWLOL]DWHvQIDEULFD LH

i indice pentru identificarea resursei (i = 1,2,,m)

c  LQGLFDWRU VFRS DGLF

 SHQWUX H[SULPDUHD RELHFWLYXOXL

XUP ULWvQVWUXFWXUDUHDSURGXF LHLSUH XQLWDUSURILWXQLWDU

xj FDQWLWDWHDGHSURGXF LHSHQWUXVRUWLPHQWXOM
aij FRQVXPXOVSHFLILFGHUHVXUV i pentru sortimentul j
bi YROXPXOGLVSRQLELOSHQWUXIDEULFD LHGLQUHVXUVDL
xjmin 

FDQWLWDWHD

PLQLP 

DFFHSWDW 

D

VH

IDEULFD

GLQ

sortimentul j
xjmax 

FDQWLWDWHD PD[LP  DFFHSWDW  D VH IDEULFD GLQ

sortimentul j
(xjmin 0,

xjmax 0,

xjmin < xjmax)

&XDFHVWHQRWD LLPRGHOXOVHSRDWHVFULH
IXQF LDVFRSIXQF LDRELHFWLY

max c j x j

(14)

j=1

UHVWULF LLOHGHIDEULFD LH

a
j=1

ij

x j bi ,

i = 1,2,,m

(15)

j = 1,2,, n

(16)

FRQGL LLVXSOLPHQWDUH

x j min x j x j max ,

Modelul este simbolic (matematic), determinist, static, de

decizie, microeconomiFSDU LDOQSOXVVHPDLSRDWHDG

XJDF HVWH

un model liniar, cu variabile continue.

Pentru decizia la nivelul firmei este interesant de semnalat
F PRGHOXOIXUQL]HD] RVHDP GHLQIRUPD LLFXXQFDUDFWHUFXWRWXO

deosebit.
$SDU vQWkL LQIRUPD LLOH GDWH GH VROX LD PRGHOXOXL DGLF 
YDORULOH SULYLQG FDQWLWDWHD RSWLP  GH SURGXF LH [j

pentru fiecare

VRUWLPHQW Q DO GRLOHD UkQG VXQW GH VHPQDODW LQIRUPD LLOH UH]XOWDWH

(deduse) din primele:

YDORDUHD PD[LP  D IXQF LHL VFRS F

valoarea

reprezentnd, de exemplu,

PD[LP  D SURGXF LHL UHVSHFWLY D SURGXF LHL PDUI 

SRVLELODVHIDEULFDDYkQGFDXQDGLQLPSOLFD LLSHQWUXSURFHVXO

decizional nivelul de angajare n contractele de livrare;

cuantumul consumului din resursele disponibile bi*, avnd ca

LPSOLFD LL SHQWUX SURFHVXO GHFL]LRQDO QLYHOXO GH DFKL]L LL vQ

contractele de aprovizionare.
QDOWUHLOHDUkQGSRWILVHPQDODWHLQIRUPD LLOHSDUYHQLQGGLQ
UH]ROYDUHDXQRUSUREOHPHGHULYDWHGLQFHDLQL LDO SUREOHPD

(14) (16)).
$VWIHODYHPvQYHGHUHSUREOHPDGXDO GHIRU

ma:

min b i x i

(17)

i =1

a
i =1

ij

xi cj ,

j = 1,2,,n

(18)

DOH F UHL VROX LL [i UHSUH]LQW  SUH XULOH XPEU  DOH VXUVHORU

respectiv cuantumul cX FDUH DU SXWHD FUHWH YDORDUHD IXQF LHL VFRS
primare c* n cazul n care volumul disponibil din resursa iDUFUHWH
FXRXQLWDWH$FHVWSUH HYLGHQWQXHVWHXQSUH GHSLD

SHUPLWH

LHUDUKL]DUHD LPSRUWDQ HL UHVXUVHORU vQ FD]XO GDW FD L GHWHUPLQDUHD

FkWLJXOXLQHWFQFHV DURE LQHSULQDSURYL]LRQDUHDFXRXQLWDWHvQ

plus din resursa i UHVSHFWLY SUH XO XPEU

SUH XOXQLWDUGHSLD

 DO DFHVWHLD [i

) minus

DOUHVXUVHL

i (fie pi):

c n = xi - pI

(19)

De asemenea, avem n vedere (n acest al treilea rnd)

SRVLELOLWDWHD GHWHUPLQ ULL UHJUHWXOXL SHQWUX R DQXPLW  GHFL]LH
3UHVXSXQHP F  XQD GLQ UHVWULF LL ILH

b m1 VH UHIHU

 OD FRQVXPXO GH

HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  3UHVXSXQHP vQ FRQWLQXDUH F  IXQF LD VFRS HVWH

YDORDUHD SURGXF LHL PDUI  L F  D IRVW OXDW  GHFL]LD SURJUDPXOXL GH

SURGXF LH [j  Q DFHVW FD] YDORDUHD SURGXF LHL PDUI  HVWH F

FRQVXPXO GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  DIHUHQW  HVWH

trebui V

, iar

b*m1 . Decidentul ar

WLHFHPRGLILF ULDULQWHUYHQLGDF HOQXDUDYHDFDVFRSR

YDORDUHPD[LP DSURGXF LHLPDUI FLXQFRQVXPPLQLPGHHQHUJLH

HOHFWULF  L DVWD FX DWkW PDL PXOW FX FkW HQHUJLD HOHFWULF  DU IL R
UHVXUV  VFXPS  3HQWUX D RE LQH DVWIHO GH LQIRUPD LL VH UH]ROY  R
SUREOHP  GHULYDW  GLQ 

  vQ VHQVXO F

 IXQF LD VFRS DU

deveni consumul de energie

n

min a m1 j x j

(14.1)

j =1

UHVWULF LLOH P1

+1, m1+1, m1 P DU U

PkQH DFHOHDL FD L

FRQGL LLOH VXSOLPHQWDUH  L V DU DG XJD vQ SOXV R UHVWULF LH

SULYLQGSURGXF LDPDUI

c
j =1

xj > 0

(15.1)
**

6ROX LDDFHVWHLSUREOHPHDUIL[j

consumului de enHUJLHHOHFWULF

HYLGHQW

(evident c**< c*DSURGXF LHLPDUI

, care ar da o valoare bm**1 a

(b*m*1 < b*m1 LRYDORDUHF**

([LVW  DFXP SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D IDFH XQ FDOFXO GH HILFLHQ

SULYLQG  VSRUXO GH SURGXF LH PDUI  vQUHJLVWUDW vQ SUREOHPD 
 ID

 GH SUREOHPD 

de problema (14.1) -)LHHDFHVWFRHILFLHQWGHHILFLHQ

c** c*
bm1 b*m*1

1) -  vQ FRPSDUD LH FX VSRUXO GH

FRQVXP GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  SUHVXSXV GH SUREOHPD    ID

e=

(20)

care DUDW
UHDOL] ULL

 FH YDORDUH GH SURGXF LH PDUI  VH SLHUGH SHQWUX FD]XO
XQXL

FRQVXP

PLQLP

GH HQHUJLH

HOHFWULF 

SLHUGHUH

XQLWDU 
$FHDVW SLHUGHUHHVWHGHILQLW FDUHJUHWvQFD]XOSDUWLFXODU

presupus mai sus 

UHJUHWXO SULYLQG SURGXF LD PDUI  SHQWUX

PLQLPL]DUHDFRQVXPXOXLGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULF 8QDVWIHOGHUHJUHW

poate fi determinat pentru oricare din resursele luate n considerare

n model.