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( cm)


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.

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( Railroad")
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=1,219 . ,
.

 ,
60-90 cm ( 1765. )


13. 1767 (Coalbrookdale)
- .
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5-6t
1,52m 11,4cm

.

"Waggonway"- , .
, ,
.
( 1 cm )
( ) ,
"Tramroad" (
) .

"Tramroad.

 13.
1767.

 1776. (John Curr) (L" ),

, "Tramroad".
1797. . .
"TRAMROAD" " "
, "TRAMROAD"
/ ,
.
"RAILROAD"
"TRAMROAD" . 1781..
"RAILROAD" !
(William
Jessop) 3 = 91,5 cm,
.
1789. , ,
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/ Railway".
die eiserne Bahn", Eisenbahn",
. " "
"".

 (John Curr)

ramroad"
(
XVIII )

(
1789. .)



.
30
.
" "
(John Birkenchaw), 21. 1820. ,
4,5m.
,
.

 (John
Birkenchaw) 1820.

(Waggonway) 1830.


1769. ,
(James Watt) 1783. .

, .
(Richard Trevithick)
1804. . .
, 500 10 t
9 (14,5 km). 21. 1804.
:

10 t , 14,5 km 4 5
.
8km/h.
.
,
.


(Richard Trevithick) 1804.

 1805. ,
. 1808.
:

.

, .
. ,
.

Trammwaggon" ""
. ,
(George Stephenson). ""
1810. :
(Stationary Engine),
Locomotive Engine",
"".


, ,
.

: 8,8 km
9653 ,
1468 .


(George
Stephenson), Killingworth . 1814.
1825. 16
Killingworth Railway ,
.
,

, .


.
, ,

.
(Nicolaus Wood), Killingworth
1825. ,

.
Killingworth 10 .
"
".

 27. 1825.
, - ,
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, 90 t.
19km/h.

, Locomotion Nr. 1".

-
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.
,
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.
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 - 4
8 , Killingworth
Waggonway.

( 15. 1830.)
1/2 .
4 8 1/2 , 1435
mm,
( ).
Robert Stephenson & Comp. ,

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Killingworth
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.


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0,06

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0,02

0,97

0,08

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.

25m
75-80 m.

3x2

1350

25m

75 80 m

20 120 m

[t/sat]

80 000 t
(40
2000t)

76 000 t
(2000
38t)

8 100 t
(6
1350 t)

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>250km/h 500
(
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(TGV)

460km

460km

270km/h

800km/h

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153km/h

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14mm

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1000 mm. .

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(,
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:
Vr 160 km/h
(
Vr > 250 km/h,
Vr >300 km/h).



AGC (European agreement on main international railway lines):

( ),
( ).


.


.




.

, :
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.



.

, .

p [t/m]

P [t/oson]
'
P=12t

p=3,5 t/m

'

p=4,0 t/m

p=5,0 t/m

p=6,4 t/m

3
4

"
P=14t
3

P=16t

B
P=18t

B1

C
P=20t

D
P=22,5t

C2

D2

p=7,2 t/m

C3

D3

p=8,0 t/m

C4

D4

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B2

 325
:
', ", , B1, B2, C2, C3, C4, D2, D3, D4,
[t/]
[t/m].
UIC,
, B1, B2, C2, C3, C4, D2, D3 D4.
325
: ' ".
UIC

, "",
UIC, B (p=5t/m).

.

Uobiajeni slovni znaci

PKP
BDZ
CFR
MAV
SP
BR
JZ
CH
SJ
TCDD
NSB
DB
OBB
CFL
NS
SBB/CFF
DSB
SNCF

eleznice
Poljske dravne eleznice
Bugarske dravne eleznice
Rumunske eleznice
Maarske dravne eleznice
Svajcarske privatne eleznice
Britanske eleznice
bive Jugoslovenske eleznice
Grke eleznice
vedske dravne eleznice
Dravne eleznice Republike Turske
Norveke dravne eleznice
Nemaka savezna eleznica
Austrijske savezne eleznice
Nacionalno drutvo Luksemburkih eleznica
Holandske eleznice
Svajcarske savezne eleznice
Danske dravne eleznice
Nacionalno drutvo francuskih eleznica

Kategorija
C3
D4
C3
C2
C3
C2
C2
C4
D2
B2
C2
D4
B2
D4
C2
C3
C2
C4

 ,
,
UIC-a.

:
Tf = Sv(Tv+Kt*Ttv)+Sm(Km*Tm+Kt*Ttm) [brt/dan] :
v -
,

m -
,
tv-
,
tm -
,

m-
m=1,15, :
m=1,30 20t (
50% ), 22,5t ( 25%
),
m= 1,45 22,5 t

( 50% ),
20t ( 75% ),

t - ,
1,40,
Sv Sm - , :
Sv ,
Sm (

).

 Sv Sm
V [km/h]

Sv

Sm

V<60km/h

1,00

1,00

60 km/h<V< 80 km/h

1,05

1,05

80km/h<V<100km/h

1,15

1,15

100 km/h<V<130 km/h

1,25

1,25

130 km/h<V<160 km/h

1,35

160 km/'h<V<200 km/h

1,40

200 km/h<250km/h

1,45

250 km/h<V

1,50


: ( 325 )
: - -
:

f,
[brt/dan]

1.

Tf >130.00 brt/dan

2.

130.000 > Tf > 80.000 brt/dan

3.

80.000 > Tf > 40.000 brt/dan

I : - I

4.

40.000 > f > 20.000 brt/dan

5.

20.000> f >5.000 brt/dan

: - II

6.

5.000 < f

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K=Kd * ld + K * l + Kp [din/t]
K -
[din/t],
d -
() 1 km [din/tkm],

- 1
[din/tkm],
Ld -
[km],

L - [km],
Kp - [din/t].



.
Kd' * ld' + K' * l'+ Kp' > Kd" * ld" + K" * l" + Kp" [din/t]


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Ps - .



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 r = 1
,
( .).
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1 ( r = 1,05-1,10).
80% ,
( t= 11t ;
p = 29t) t/p=11/(0.8*29)=0.50.


.

 ,

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