Robertson 1

Rees Robertson
Mr. Moberly
Writing 10
16 February, 2015
Annotated Bibliography
"Removing Children from the Adult Criminal Justice System."Campaignforyouthjustice.org.
N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2015.
In his/her research paper, Removing Children from the Adult Criminal Justice System,
The Campaign for Youth Justice discusses why juveniles should not be convicted in the adult
justice system. The Campaign for Youth Justice supports this claim by using large amount of
research data accumulated over the past decade. The authors purpose is to explain why children
are not viable to be subjected to adult charges in order to change legislation in the government to
repeal or make changes to laws concerning this subject. The Campaign for Youth Justice uses
scholarly tone with his/her legislative audience.

Ziedenberg, Jason. "You're an Adult Now: Youth in the Adult Justice System."Static.nicic.gov.
N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2015.
In his, scholarly journal, Youre an Adult Now: Youth in the Adult Criminal Justice
System, author Jason Ziedenberg explains the issues in legislation when charging a juvenile as
an adult. Jason Ziedenberg develops this explanation by supporting it with possible fixes for this
issue while supporting his evidence with previous studies. Ziedenbergs purpose is to reform

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legislation dealing with child imprisonment in order to make future changes in the laws related to
juveniles being prosecuted as adults. Jason Ziedenberg uses an informative tone with his welleducated audience.

Castro, Estivaliz. "Treat Kids as Kids: Why Youth Should Be Kept in the Juvenile
System." Www.jjustice.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2015.
In his/her research article, Treat Kids as Kids: Why Youth Should be Kept in the
Juvenile System, authors Estivaliz Castro, David Muhammad, and Pat Arthur attack the issue
that children are not fit nor are able to withstand the adult criminal court system. Castro,
Muhammad, and Arthur supports this claim by using substantial amount of data found in
previous research and explaining the effects of trying children as adults. The authors purpose is
to reform laws and make changes in how children can be tried in order for their audience to
understand the pitfalls of this judicial system and to want to make a change about it. Castro,
Muhammad, and Arthur use a serious tone with their mostly adult audience.

Allard, Patricia. "Prosecuting Juveniles in Adult Court: Perspectives from Policymaker and
Practitioner." Sentencingproject.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2015.
In his/her research journal, Prosecuting Juveniles in Adult Court: Perspectives from
Policymaker and Practitioner, authors Patricia Allard and Malcom Young challenge that the
reliance on the criminal court for prosecuting juveniles actually raises crime rates and therapeutic
programs are more affective programs combatting crime and violent acts in juveniles.
Allard and Young develops this challenging view points by supporting it with evidence

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disclaiming the transfer of youth to adult court, and a large amount of background information
on the subject. Patricia Allard and Malcom Youngs purpose is to make changes in the criminal
justice system in order for their audience to understand the effects that juveniles face when they
are tried as adults. The authors use an informative tone with their public audience.

DeFrances, Carol. "Juveniles Prosecuted in the State Criminal Court."Www.bjs.gov. N.p., n.d.
Web. 10 Feb. 2015.
In his/her statistical analysis of juvenile prosecution, Juveniles Prosecuted in the State
Criminal Court, authors Carol DeFrances and Kevin Strom explain the statistical stand point of
children being tried as adult although there is no particular stand point on the graphs and tables.
DeFrances and Strom support their writing with large amount of statistical data of amounts of
children tried as adults, the change in rates of crimes by juveniles, states that have certain laws in
affect, etc. DeFrances and Stroms purpose is to explain how crime rates and laws have changed
over the past decade in order for their audience to understand juvenile convictions from a
statistical viewpoint. The authors use a serious tone with their public audience.

Baruwa, Buki. "Should Juveniles Be Transferred to Adult Court in the Criminal Justice
System." Www.trace.tennessee.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2015.
In his/her research article, Should Juveniles be transferred to Adult Court in the Criminal
Justice System, author Buki Baruwa attacks the issue of children being tried as adults.
Author Baruwa supports this claim by describing the treatment juveniles receive in the criminal
justice system, discuss policy rationales for why juveniles should not be treated as adults, and

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discussed the recidivism and rehabilitation of the criminal justice system. Baruwas purpose is to
understand the issues with the criminal justice system in order to make changes and reform the
justice system to make it better suited for juveniles. Baruwa uses an informational tone with his
older, well-educated audience.
Khan, Huma. "Juvenile Justice: Too Young for Life in Prison?"Www.abcnews.com. N.p., n.d.
Web. 10 Feb. 2015.
In his article, Juvenile Justice: Too Young for Life in Prison? author Huma Khan
condemns the issue of children tried as adults. Khan develops/supports this argument by
explaining a specific instance of a child tried in adult court and explaining how the courts have
changed these laws. Khans purpose is to change how juveniles are tried in order to make a
change in the laws that with-hold the transfer of juveniles into the adult judicial system. The
author uses an emotional tone with his public audience.
Gonzalez, Jessica. "Transferring Juvenile Offenders: A Practice in Need of
Reform." Www.academia.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2015.
In his/her research paper, Transferring Juvenile Offenders: A Practice in Need of
Reform, author Jessica Gonzalez examines the issue of children tried as adults. Jessica
Gonzalez develops/supports this examination by supporting her claims using exerts from several
other scholarly article. Gonzalezs purpose is to explain the problems with trying children as
adults and giving viable reforms in law in order to make her audience support her claims and
understand the issue that is at hand. The author uses an illustrative tone with her wide array of
audiences.

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(Sources that are not my main supporting evidence)
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/juvenile/stats/kidslikeadults.html
stats on if children tried as adults lowers crime rates in reoffenders.
http://www.eji.org/childrenprison
Lobbyist for ending child imprisonment.
http://www.eji.org/childrenprison/reform
Challenges faced by children when they are release into the adult world after
imprisonment.
http://www.eji.org/childrenprison/deathinprison
Reforms on legislation that impose that children cannot be sentenced to death if its
a non-homicide crime.
https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/232434.pdf
stats on crime rates of juveniles and waived petitions.
http://kidsnotadults.blogspot.com/2012/11/juvenile-justice-pros-and-cons-on.html
pros and cons of trying children as adults.
http://support2ndchance.blogspot.com/2011/10/10-reasons-why-juveniles-shouldnot-be.html
reasons why children should not be tried as adults.

Through reading over these researches and articles, I have gotten a better idea of what I
can talk about in my personal research essay. There is a large amount of information that was not
present to the public for many years, and now it is all at the tips of their fingers. I think that
refining my research is going to move towards ways that the criminal justice system can make
changes to make a better way of dealing with juvenile who commit crimes. They say that some
juveniles need to be harshly punished due to the statue of their crimes. The juveniles do not
understand how the adult criminal justice system works, and most of the time get longer
sentences than adults that commit the same crime. This is an area that needs to be addressed.
Teens brains are not fully developed, which gives them a different thinking pattern than those of

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adults. I think that this information supports the idea that repeals or reforms need to be put forth
to stop the prosecutions of children as adults. Secondly, most youth in the adult system were tried
for minor crimes. There is no reason for a child to be tried as an adult in a minor crime. Many
states have changed their legislative policies so that juveniles tried as adults must have
committed heinous crime such as murder in the first degree or rape. These children are held in
jails and prisons and forced to withstand the adult criminal system. In this system, juveniles are
30% more likely to be sexually assaulted or physically assaulted from the other inmates and the
jail guards. Being tried as an adult also puts a barrier on children when they are released. Before
they have even become an adult they have a criminal record that keeps them from job
opportunities, education, etc. The information that I am deciding to use was mostly scholarly
articles, rather than blogs and google searches. The scholarly article are less general and deal
with single issues that plague juveniles that have been tried as adults.