The Later Cold War Period and

The Fall of Communism

Spielvogel Chapters 29 & 30

AP European History

Post WII Review

Climate of the Cold War in Europe
UN (1945)
Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Containment
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
Berlin Airlift (1948-49)
Soviet interventions in Berlin (1948/49), Poland/ Hungary (1956)
US interventions in Greece, Turkey, Berlin, W. Europe, Korea
Yugoslavia Tito
De-Stalinization in the USSR under Khrushchev, Stalinization in E.
Europe
Social Democratic Model in Western Europe
Relative prosperity/move toward unity in Western Europe (welfare state,
ECSC/EEC) vs. Stagnating Eastern Europe (Soviet dependency)

Decolonization

The Third World as a Battleground

Korea
Israel (1948)
Egypt (US/Soviet refusal to involve) Britain
Pan-Arabism
Pakistan, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Latin America,
Suez Canal Crisis
British/French Losses (Inda 1947, Indochina, Algeria 1962, Africa)

Economic Recovery
Marshall Plan 1947-1957 creation of a
Western European market
Ambitions social welfare programs after
1945 social market economic order
combined capitalist market mechanisms
with commitment to social welfare
France nationalization measures capitalist
planned economy
Britain Labour govt modern welfare state
established w/in five years

Berlin (1948-9)
March 1948 talks in
London about the
formation of a West
German state *boycotted
by Soviets*
June 1948 West
Germanys formation is
announced (w/ new
currency)
Soviet seizure of German
factories
Re-establishment of
German Communist Party
in Soviet zone
Economic merging of
western German zones
and Berlin Blockade

Berlin Air Lift

Soviets close off access to West Berlin
Berlin Airlift 8,000 tons of provisions in 324 days
Dilemma of Western powers
Soviet desire to avoid war & lifting of blockade

Formalization
of the division
of Germany

West - Federal Republic of

Germany May 1949
East - German Democratic
Republic October 1949

Tensions Rise
Nuclear Arsenal Build-up
Military alliances form
1949 NATO is formed (CENTO, SEATO)
1949 Soviets develop the Atomic Bomb
1955 Warsaw Pact is formed in response to NATOs decision to
rearm West Germany

Early 1950s both sides have hydrogen bombs / air forces

British/French nuclear arsenals in 1950s
China 1960s
ICBMs in late 1950s
Use of one nuclear weapon massive retaliation
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
Build up of weapons neither side could use
Trend toward fighting by proxy converting the third world to
eachs way of life
1960s Kennedy/Khrushchev ban on testing nuclear weapons
non-proliferation treaties

Confrontation of the Superpowers

Soviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb,
1949

Cold War Crises and

Confrontations

The Suez Crisis (1956)

Egyptian President Gamal Abdel
Nasser goes to war with Israel and
nationalizes the Suez Canal
The British and French intervene
militarily, but the United States refuses
to
The Soviet Union protests the military
intervention, but also does not intervene
Result was Egypt maintains control of
the canal, while the United States and
Soviet Union show constraint in
attempting to avoid war
Destroyed
Egyptian tanks
and vehicles
litter the Sinai
following
heavy fighting,
1956

More Cold War Confrontations

The Soviets shoot down a U-2 aircraft that was spying in Russian airspace (1960)
Khrushchev demands apology from President Eisenhower, but does not get
one, nixing a planned summit between the two world power leaders

The Berlin Wall (1961) tired of refugees leaving East Germany for free West
Berlin, the East Germans and Soviets build a wall separating the two parts of the
city the United States protests, but does little else

 Peter Fechter, 18 shot

trying to escape to E.
Berlin became an icon of
the brutality of the wall b/c
he fell on the border strip
on the east side
Onlookers in West Berlin
could do nothing

The Cuban Missile Crisis

(1962)
Fidel Castro topples
dictatorship in Cuba
and becomes
Communist leader
Soviet Union plants
missiles in Cuba
In response President
John Kennedy
blockades Cuba and
demands the removal of
the missiles
Seemingly at the brink
of nuclear war
Khrushchev backs
down and the Soviets
pull out
Soviet Union and United
States sign test ban treaty in
1963

France and Vietnam

Communist, anti-colonial, and nationalistic
Vietnam leader Ho Chi Minh declares
Vietnams independence from France in
1945
Civil war breaks out in 1947
The French are crushed at Dien Bien Phu
Peace accord in 1954 splits Vietnam in two
North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh and the communists
South Vietnam French controlled

Vietnam and the Cold War

The United States, believing that North Vietnam was a puppet of the
Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China, form the Southeast
Asia Treaty Organization to combat the communists
France withdraws from South Vietnam in 1955, leaving Vietnamese
political groups to fight for its power
United States supports Ngo Dinh Diem, a strong anti-communist
nationalist (but certainly not for democracy)
The National Liberation Front with its military wing the Viet Cong
make it a goal to overthrow Diem
Diem becomes more repressive
In 1963, Diem is assassinated by an army coup, supported by the United
States

The United States, hoping for popular support in South Vietnam,

support Nguyen Van Thieu to be in charge
Kennedy is assassinated and his successor Lyndon Johnson steps up
the commitment to South Vietnam, especially after an ALLEGED
(McNamara) attack on an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin

The Vietnam War

19651973 major bombing attacks of Vietnam
At wars peak 500,000 American troops are stationed in Vietnam
58,000 Americans killed
1969 Vietnamization President Nixons policy to gradually
withdraw troops from Vietnam
Peace negotiations start in 1968, but no treaty until 1973
1975 South Vietnamese troops evacuate country, but are routed
by the North Vietnamese, turning all of Vietnam over to the
communists / South Vietnam capital renamed Ho Chi Minh City
Vietnams results in the U.S.:
War hurt American prestige
Many European nations felt the United States neglected them to fight
an aggressive colonial war
Produced enormous divisions and debates in the United States

China and the Cold War

Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
Victory in 1948
Collectivization of all farmland and most
industry and commerce nationalized, 1955
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 19661976
Red Guards

Nixon visited China and met with Mao Zedong

in 1972
Strained relations Between China/USSR since
Khrushchev
Further Isolation of USSR

 Peter Fechter, 18 shot

trying to escape to E.
Berlin became an icon of
the brutality of the wall b/c
he fell on the border strip
on the east side
Onlookers in West Berlin
could do nothing

Fall of the Soviet Union

Recall: Stalins continued repression and

emphasis on heavy industry until his death
in 1953; Khrushchevs de-Stalinization and
failed economic policies

Recall - Stalinization
Historic German Enemy Buffer zone of
pro-Soviet communist states active
enforcement
One-Party Police States censorship, secret
police, limited expression (religious/cultural)
Centrally planned economies defined national
roles e.g., E. Germany heavy industry,
Romania oil, Bulgaria agriculture
Collectivization of Agriculture est. of
communally owned/operated farms vs. peasant
ownership (exceptions of Poland/Hungary)

Propaganda vs.
Reality: Stalin's
forced starvation of
Ukrainian peasants
was especially hard
on children.

Fence along the East/West border in Germany (near

Witzenhausen-Heiligenstadt)

Nikita Khrushchev

Khrushchevs de-Stalinization policy (1956 speech)

Some intellectual freedom, limited role of police,
decentralized the economy, focus on consumer
goods, closed some of the Siberian prison camps
Attempt/Failure to increase productivity of
collective farms
Death of Stalin ushers in a spirit of rebellion
RESULT: Drive
to de-emphasize
de-Stalinization

Germany (1953)

Poland (1956)
Wladyslaw Gomulka elected
own socialist path
Halted collectivization of
agriculture
Relaxed economic controls
Maintained Warsaw Pact

Hungarian Uprising (1956 )

Popular ouster of Stalinist leader and selection of
Imry Nagy
Declared independence, withdrew from Warsaw Pact
Soviets Invaded 100,000 deaths (Nagy hanged)
Janos Kadar collaborates w/ Soviets and preserves
reforms
Reform not to interfere with Soviet Sph of

Soviet
response to
the Hungarian
Uprising
(1956)

Rule of Leonid Brezhnev

(1964-1982)
Head of Comm. Party and State
no experimentation
Control of army/state-owned industrial
enterprises

Use of Brezhnev Doctrine (Russian

Truman Doctrine) in Czechoslovakia
(1968) Prague Spring
Response to liberal (anticensorship/mixed market economic)
reforms Alexander Dubek
(playwright and future president)
"socialism with a human face
**Brezhnev to Communist Party in
Czechoslovakia: The development of events in your country
evokes in us deep anxiety. It is our firm conviction that the offensive of
the reactionary forces, backed by imperialists, against your Party and the
foundations of the social system in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic,
threatens to push your country off the road of socialism and that
consequently it jeopardizes the interests of the entire socialist system

Leonid
Brezhnev

Poland and Hungary - Dtente

Poland Solidarity
movement (Lech Walesa)
Supported by workers,
intellectuals, Catholic
Church
(Pope John Paul II)
Movement grew until
1981
Walesa/leaders arrested,
union outlawed
(underground, military
rule imposed
Hungary (early 1960s)
Janos Kadars reforms
Legalized small businesses
Communism with a
capitalist facelift

Brezhnev (cont.)

Climate of Dtente and *cultural*

relaxation of authoritarian rule
Achieved nuclear parity w/ US 1972
SALT agreement
Formidable space program, scientific
community/Olympic
Ailing Soviet Economy
Continued emphasis on heavy industry
(in the emerging computer age)
Problems with heavy / inefficient
central planning & bureaucracy
Guaranteed employment,
absenteeism, limited incentives,
complacency, drunkenness
Bad harvests of mid 70s reliance on
capitalist countries for grain
Patronage/Corruption in the Communist
Party
Recognition by some of need for reform
(Yuri Andropov 1982-85) support for
Gorbachev

SALT I froze each side's number

of ICBMs and submarinelaunched ballistic missiles
(SLBMs) at current levels for
five years.
The United States under
President Gerald Ford, along
with the Soviet Union and other
European nations, sign Helsinki
Accord recognizing the Soviet
sphere of Eastern Europe as long
as human rights are protected
SALT II (1977-79)
Broke down w/ invasion of
Afghanistan (Carter/Reagan)

Rule of
Mikhail Gorbachev
(1985-1991)

Mikhail Gorbachev

REFORMER
socialism with a human face
Perestroika restructuring of
Soviet economy along more
capitalist lines
Production of consumer goods
Decentralize inefficient stateenterprises
Struggle w/in bureaucracy
New Thinking
Withdrawal from Afghanistan
Arms limitations (INF)
Greater autonomy for Eastern
Europe committed to nonintervention

Glasnost openness part of Perestroika

Pravda state newspaper
Vehicle of announcing policy changes
Began to report corruption/dissent
Samizdat underground paper went mainstream
Decrease in censorship, increased internal
criticism/comparisons
Chernobyl (1986) impact
Difficult politics (overhaul vs. hardliners)
Small farmers leasing of land
Govt sole ownership
Transition of the party power to state institutions:
Congress of Peoples Deputies (1989)
Competitive elections (2/3 members elected by
popular vote)
Political parties legalized in 1990
(suspension of article 6 *comm. monopoly*
Elected Gorbachev President
Popularity in the West
Divorcing the Communist Partys strangle hold on the
state

Gorbachevs attempt
to deal with forces
unleashed by reforms
Opposition by:
Conservative hard-liners
Liberal reformers
Boris Yeltsin (elected
President of Russian
Republic in 1991)

Economic stagnation
difficult economic
conditions
Bread shortages, price
hikes
Domestic popularity
declined

Boris Yeltsin

Impact of Gorbachevs Reforms

Announced end of intervention in Eastern Europe
Poland June 1989 Communist parliament democratic
elections Solidarity Party Lech Walesa
Germany November 1989 unification
Soviets sanctioned unification of Germany
Hungary
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia Velvet Revolution
Romania repressionassassination on xmas
EOY eastern bloc GONE
Abroad a hero of the West
At home an enemy to the hardline conservatives

Effects of perestroika & glasnost

Rise of ethnic tensions
Nationalist movements
Lithuanian Independence (1990) condemned by Gorbachev
Elections of presidents of Soviet Republics - Yeltsin voted
President of Russia in June 1991 (Gorbachev head of USSR)
Gorbachev negotiates union treaty autonomy for 15
republics to take effect in August 1991

August 1991 Failed right-wing coup

Fear of conservatives of dissolution of USSR
Failed b/c of lack of planning, distrust of army, peoples
resistance
Yeltsin-resisted the coup (gained popularity)
Gorbachev-didnt align himself with Yeltsin (lost popularity)

Acceleration of USSRs disintegration Gorbi resists

Defections of Ukraine, then Russia/Ukraine/Belarus
Replacement by Commonwealth of Independent States
(Comm. Party outlawed)
Resignation of Gorbachev (12/25)
December 1991 Soviet Union ceased to exist

Fall of the Soviet Union

External Factors
Limits of Dtente (1970-1978)
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
Carter withdrew US from 1980 Olympics &
embargoed grain to USSR
Reagan harsh rhetoric Evil Empire, defense
spending/tax cuts - US from creditor to largest
debtor nation
Military aid to Mujahedeen (Afghanistan)
Arms build-up Strategic Defense Initiative Star
Wars
Soviets would not keep pace debilitating
(US/USSR)

Presidencies of Russia since dissolution of USSR

Boris Yeltsin (1991-1999)
October 1993 dissolved legislature new elections
hardliners refused to leave violence in Parliament (100 dead)
December 1993 new constitution greater presidential power
Eventual return of Communists/Socialists to parliament
Commitment to capitalist reform in the face of public
uncertainty
Continued opposition by organized crime mobs
Opposition to secession of Chechnya (1994-1996)
Yeltsins reelection in 1996

Vladimir Putin
(1999 2008)
(2012 Present)

Vladimir Putin

Continued opposition to
Chechens, despite
growing terrorist activity
Increasingly repressive
policies
South Ossetia/Georgia
Ukraine
Resurgence of Russian
nationalism
Continued uneasy
relationship with the
West (natural gas/oil)

Dmitry Medvedev (May 7, 2008 - ???)

Putin to serve as prime minister
how much real power will Medvedev really
have?

Dmitry Medvedev

Conformity to The Fall of Communism

in Eastern Europe
Push Factors
Lacking technology
High Oil Prices
Inefficient enterprises
(industries/agriculture)
Recessions (1970s/80s)
Public debt
Popular political
consciousness
Western economic
cooperation (ECSC, EC)

Lack of Restraining Factors

Soviet/Authoritarian uneven
ability to prevent escape
Active suppression often
necessary limited military
resources
Economic stresses Inability to suppress all
grassroots political/social
movements
Gorbachev
perestroika/glasnost

Conformity to The Fall of

Communism in Eastern Europe
Poland
Gomulka reformer later repression
Price increases ended his tenure

Edward Gierek, 1971,

Extensive borrowing leads to austerity
measures
Price increases, workers strikes

Solidarity

Lech Walesa (b. 1943)

10 million workers
Support by Pope John Paul II
General Wojciech Jaruzelski martial law
1981
Solidarity movement driven underground
Perestroika Solidarity pushed for free
elections (1990) ousted Communist
leadership
Walesa Nobel Peace Prize

Conformity to The Fall of

Communism in Eastern Europe
Hungary
Janos Kadar in power for more
than 30 years
Moves slowly toward legalizing
small private enterprises
Strong political control
decentralized economy
capitalism with a facelift
1980s stagnation/debt
Movement w/in Communist party
to push Kadar out held multiparty elections in 1988
Nagy/rebel leaders of 1958
honorable burial
Removal of iron curtain from its
borders w/ Austria (May 1989)
flood of E. German refugees

The Berlin Wall 1961 -1989

www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZCwlKiiZrs

Conformity to The Fall of

Communism in Eastern Europe
East Germany
Erich Honecker (1961-1989)
Use of Stasi (movie The Lives of Others) trailer
Strongest Economy in E. Europe
Close ties w/ West Germany mistrustful (Berlin
Wall)
The Wall Must Go (1987) popular protests
against
Gunter Schabowski and the mistake that rocked the
world.

US MEDIA COVERAGE OF THE FALL OF THE BERLIN

WALL
Peter Jennings, ABC News -- NOVEMBER 9, 1989
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnCPdLlUgvo&feature=chan
nel
Peter Jennings, ABC News -- NOVEMBER 10, 1989 -- Live from
Berlin, Germany
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snsdDb7KDkg&feature=rela
ted

East Germany free elections

March 18, 1990

Political reunification
October 3, 1990

Conformity to The Fall of

Communism in Eastern Europe
Czechoslovakia
Gustav Husak decentralization and normalization
after Prague Spring
Inspired by revolts in Poland, Hungary, East Germany
Mass demonstrations through 1988 into 1989 led to the
collapse of the Communist government in 1989
Vaclav Havel was in control of the government
Velvet Revolution democratic tradition smooth
transition
Leader of the Czecho-Slovak Republic - 1989
Velvet Divorce Czech Republic/Slovakia 1993

Conformity to The Fall of

Communism in Eastern Europe
Romania
Nikolae Ceausecu (1965-1989) heavy handed oppressive
Communist rule
Independent pose in foreign policy
Opposed Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia 1968
Friendly relations with Western Nations
Debt austerity contrasted w/ lavish lifestyle
Secret Police Securiate
Revolts in reaction to revolts across Eastern Europe
Regular Army (Revolutionary) Securiate
Capture of Ceausecu & family execution on x-mas day
Emergence of the National Salvation Front transitional reform
movement ( democracy/capitalism DIFFICULT )

Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania

Topics for Wednesday

Landscape of Western Europe during the late Cold War
Disintegration and ongoing political crisis in
Yugoslavia
Modern European Politics & The European Union
The US & Europe since the end of the Cold War
Modern Issues feminism, terrorism, immigration,
globalization, the digital age, environmental issues
Culture, Art, Music

A Culture of Protest
A Revolt in Sexual Mores
Permissive Society morals/manners
Sexual Revolution

Sex ed., decriminalization of homosexuality (Sweden)

Birth Control Pill
Sale of pornography, prostitution
Divorce/Infidelity rates up

A Culture of Protest (Cont.)

Drug culture (Timothy Leary and LSD)
Rebellion vs.
Corrupt old order, capitalism/consumerism/imperialism
Hundreds of thousands of students are enrolled in universities in
the United States and Europe
Increased access to university
Student rebellion started in the United States and spread to Europe
in the 1960s
United States protesting Vietnam War
France (1968) New Left protesting the government of
Charles de Gaulle (rightist politics, Algerian Crisis (1962),
high nuclear/defense spending, deficits, high consumer prices)
Czechoslovakia (1968) protested communism and the Soviets
Success/failure of student demonstrations?
No immediate overhaul of European society
Vietnam war unpopular, womens movement

In 1968 a student rebellion in Paris threatened to bring down the

government of Charles De Gaulle. This was only one example of the
explosion of student activity that rocked the West in the late 1960s.

In 1968 a student rebellion in Paris threatened to bring down the

government of Charles De Gaulle. This was only one example of the
explosion of student activity that rocked the West in the late 1960s.

A Culture of Protest (Cont.)

The Feminist Movement
Ties to the US Civil Rights Movement
Universal Suffrage achieved after WWII
Womens Liberation and Simone de Beauvoir
Women as other or lesser than male gender

Betty Friedan The Feminine Mystique (1963)

Organizing to battle against
Subtle (media portrayal, upbringing) oppression
and
Overt (underpayment, political representation,
underemployment) oppression

National Organization for Women (NOW) 1966

A Culture of Protest (Cont.)

RESULTS?
Women in leadership positions (Scandinavia)
Margaret Thatcher (UK), Golda Meir (Israel),
Indira Gandhi (India)
Reproductive rights access to birth control,
legalized/less-restricted abortion, UN programs
for female literacy, contraception

Western European National

Politics
Late Cold War Period

General Trends
Recessions 1973-74/1979-83
Lack of demand for European goods
Inflation, unemployment, high oil prices (1973)
stagflation
Political impacts

Great Britain
Margaret Thatcher (1979-1990) and Thatcherism
A neoliberal movement (strong military,
free-market economy, denationalization, antilabor)
Free markets, financial discipline, firm control
over public expenditure, tax cuts, nationalism,
'Victorian values' (of the Samuel Smiles self-help
variety), privatisation and a dash of populism.
Nigel Lawson (Thatchers Chancellor of the Exchequer)

Political changes of Prime Minister Margaret

Thatcher
Broke power of the labor unions
Austerity to control inflation (hit education, N.
industrial areas negatively)
Firmly established welfare state

Hard line toward communism

Rebuilds the military
1982 - Falkland War Argentina

Attempts flat tax riots

Great Britain: Thatcher then Blair

Post WWII
Older/less advanced economic
infrastructure
High unemployment
Adjustment from its position
in the late 19th C end of
Empire
Problems of Northern Ireland
IRA Catholics/Nationalists
vs.
Protestants/Loyalists/British
Direct rule from London,
1972
Troubles late 1960s-1998

Great Britain
Post-Thatcher Britain
John Major (Conservative)
1990-1997
Tony Blair (Labour)
1997-2007
Centrist (Clinton)
Lap Dog of the Bush
Administration Iraq War,
War on Terror
Gordon Brown (Labour)
2007-2010
David Cameron (Conservative)
2010 -

France
Economic crises 1970s political shift to the
left
Socialist Party National Assembly
Franois Mitterrand (1916-1995) , 1981-1995
Social Democratic policies
Froze prices/wages to attack budget deficit and stabilize
inflation
Increased minimum wage
Expansion of social benefits (5th wk vacation, 39-hr
work week, more progressive income taxes)
Nationalization steel, banking, space, electronics,
insurance (overreach re-privitization)
Victory in 1988

Economic weaknesses of the 1990s

Unemployment 10.6% (1993)

France (cont.)
Jacques Chirac (1995-2007)
Unemployment
Anti-immigration sentiment
2005, 2007 Paris riots
Anti-American sentiment
A Move to the Right
Nicolas Sarkozy
(2007-2012)
and to the Left
Francois Holland
(2012-Present)

West Germany
Adenauer (successful presidency)
Economic resurgence, aligned w/ US (NATO,
commitment to democracy, anti-communist,
reconciliation with Jews (Christian Democrat)

Post-Adenauer (after 1963) Social Democrats

Willy Brandt 1969-1974 Ostpolitik robust but not
full diplomatic relations w/ East Germany
Resignation 1974
Helmut Schmidt 1974 Economic reforms
eliminated deficit

German Unification
Helmut Kohl (1982-1998) - Christian Democratic Union
Unification RECALL demonstrations/refugees in E.
Germany under Honecker
Rapid Reunification
Economic boom (1980s) had stalled reunification provided
Kohl with political capital
Problems with Union
Underdeveloped East vs. Prosperous West
Tax increase, reduction in social benefits - resentment
Monetary problems 1:1 ratio decision - immigrant
workers in East German industries
Stasi Files
Kohls legacy Overseeing German Reunification, Maastricht
Treaty
Gerhard Schroeder (1998-2005) (Social Democrat) Anti-Iraq
War (2003)
Angela Merkel (Christian Democrat) 1st Female Chancellor

Trouble in the Balkans:

Yugoslavia Civil War, Collapse,
International Intervention

Civil War and the Collapse of

Yugoslavia
Artificiality of
Yugoslavia
*1919*
Emperor Tito as
the strong-arm
adhesive (Serbs,
Croats, Slovenes,
Albanians)
His death
(1980)
eventually
leads the
country into
chaos and
civil war

Collapse of Titos League of Communists - RECALL

Eastern European Reform movements of 1989
1990 Separatist movements Slovenia, Croatia,
Bosnia-Herzegovinia & Macedonia sought federalist
structure independence
Rejection of separatist movements by
Nationalist leaders Slobodan Milosevic in Serbia
Accommodation of Serbian minorities (Croatia, B-H)

Franjo Tudjman in Croatia gain authority

Milosevic

1991 Slovenia and Croatia declare independence from Yugoslavia

June 1991 Milosevic sent Yugoslavian Army (Serbian) into Slovenia
September - Croatia
Civil war erupts in 1992 between Serbs and Croatians
Serbia accuses Croatia of fascism, while Croatia accuses Serbia of being a Stalinist regime
Milosevic captures 1/3 of Croatia
Both forces attempt to divide up Bosnia-Herzegovina (US/Europe considers B-H, Croatia,
Slovenia independent states early 1992
Muslims in Bosnia are caught in the middle and are subject to ethnic cleansing by the
Serbs (forced removal, concentration camps, mass rapes) 250,000 Bosnians killed, 2 M
displaced (1/1995 - Massacre at Srebrenica)

Counter attack by Muslim/Bosnian Army & Croatian Army regained Bosnian

territory
NATO, led by the United States (Clinton), does strategic bombing of Serbia to
remove the Serbs from Sarajevo
November 1995 peace agreement signed in 1995 in Dayton, Ohio

Serbs again force NATO into action by attacking Albanians in Kosovo

in 1999
1989 Milosevic Kosovo denied autonomous status outlawed
Albanian language
1993 Kosovo Liberation Army formed (KLA) Serbian army
retaliates
An air campaign the largest since World War II is sent to
protect the ethnic Albanians
2000 revolution overthrows Milosevic
New Serbian government hands Milosevic over to international
tribunal on June 28, 2001
Died in prison 2006
Early 2008, 45 Serbs, 12 Croats and 4 Bosnians were
convicted of war crimes by the ICTY
Massive NATO troop presence still in Bosnia
Lingering hatred between Kosovo Albanians and Kosovo Serbs
2004 Serbia and Montenegro
2006 Montenegrin independents

Destruction of Sarajevo. An elderly parishioner walks through the ruins of St. Marys
Roman Catholic Church in Sarajevo. The church was destroyed by Serb shelling in May
1992.

Delegates of the
International
Association of
Genocide Scholars
(IAGS) examine an
exhumed mass
grave of victims of
the July 1995
Srebrenica
massacre, outside
the village of
Potocari, Bosnia
and Herzegovina.
July 2007.